初升高英语衔接班 第8讲 非谓语动词之不定式

☆（八）非谓语动词之不定式所谓非谓语动词，顾名思义也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词（但与助动词结合可构成“进行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”），非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。

一、不定式作主语1.一般置于句首：To see one time is better than to hear one hundred times.2.常见用it代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾：It's our duty to serve the people．3.在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it作形式主语。

常见：Is it a good idea to plant some flowers there？不可以说：*Is to plant some flowers there a good idea？二、不定式作表语连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义动词do时，表语常可用不带to的不定式。

例如：My idea is to have a trip on Sunday．The only thing I can do now is wait at home.三、不定式作动词宾语1.动词＋不定式：The girl asked to see the headmaster．常见的跟带to的不定式结构作宾语的动词有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide，demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。

但help后的不定式常可省掉的，如：They helped（to）do the cleaning this morning.2.动词十疑问词（why除外）＋不定式：We must find out what to do next.常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有：decide，find out，forget，know，learn，remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。

3.形式宾语it十宾语补足语十不定式I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster．有时也用：形式宾语it＋宾语补足语＋for＋名词＋不定式：All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.后接以上结构的常用动词有：feel，find，make，think，count等。

四、不定式作介词宾语一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。

但在以下两种情况则可以。

1.在介词but／except之后接不定式作宾语。

如果but／except前有实义动词do，but／except 后的不定式通常不带to；如果but／except前没有实义动词do，but／except后的不定式—般要带to。

试比较：They could do nothing but wait for the teacher to arrive.He seldom comes except to ask for help.2.介词＋疑问词（why除外）＋带to的不定式They are talking about where to spend their holiday.Everyone has his own idea of how to do it.五、不定式作宾语补足语这类结构常见的有：1.动词＋宾语＋带to的不定式They warned us not to go out at night.后接“宾语＋带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage，forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，call on，wait for，show, how，teach／teach how，tell／tell how等。

2.动词十宾语＋不带to的不定式：Did you notice anyone take away my raincoat？后接“宾语十不带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，watch，listen to, notice，observe等。

注意：1)feel十宾语＋to be的不定式时，to不可省略。

2)let变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。

3)have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。

4)see，hear，make，listen to, notice，observe变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to的不定式：That made us wait for five years. ＞＞＞We were made to wait for five hours.六、不定式作定语不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。

I have no wish to become a sailor.1.不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系1)动宾关系：Do you have anything else to say？（anything是to say的逻辑宾语）I have a lot of things to do. (to do与a lot of things之间存在逻辑动宾关系。

)2)说明修饰的名词的内容：She has a wish to go back to her home village.（不定式说明wish的具体内容）3)主谓关系：The next man to come is Mr.．Green（the next man是to come的逻辑主语）2.“不及物动词不定式＋介词”作后置定语如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修饰的名词发生联系：They had no house to live in．There is nothing （for us）to worry about.当不定式修饰time，place或way时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如：They had no place to live.（一般不加in）There is still plenty of time to finish the work.This is the way to wash my teeth．3.不定式用在the first，the second以及the last，the only等后，或用在最高级后作定语。

He loves parties；He is always the first to come and the last to leave.She was the last one to hand in her paper．七、不定式作状语1.表示目的：He was running to catch the bus.不定式作目的状语时，前后常加in order或so as。

如：He came here in order to learn from you.I went early so as not to miss the train.注意：to或in order to引起的状语可放在句首或句尾：而so as to引起的状语只能放在句中或句尾。

2.表示结果：They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配：1)so…as to “如此…以致……”Would you be so kind as to lend me your dictionary？2)such…as to“如此……以致¨…·”He is such a fool as to think that he'll be a king.3)enough to “足以……”This sea fish looks almost good enough to eat.He didn't jump high enough to win a prize.4)too…to… “太…而不（以致不）…”He was too young to understand all that.但要注意，在以下句子中的too…to并无否定意义：不定式也不表示结果：I shall be only too pleased to get home．（only too =very）They were too anxious to leave. （too＝very）It's too kind of you to have told me that.（不定式作主语）You are too ready to quarrel with others.（不定式作ready的状语）5)不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。

试比较He went to the Internet bar to see his friend.（表目的）He went to the Internet bar only to see his teacher.（表结果）3.表示原因：We jumped with joy to hear the news.从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不同，试比较：The woman wept to obtain sympathy.（目的：为获得同情）The woman wept to become all tears.（结果：泪流满面）The woman wept to hear the bad news.（原因：因闻此坏消息）八、不定式的复合结构1.for＋名词或代词宾格＋带to的不定式如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for引起的短语来表示：It will be a mistake for us not to help them。

We'd better find some work for the students to do．2.of＋名词或代词＋带to的不定式在it作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of引起的短语表示：It's kind of you to think so much of us. （=You are so kind to think so much of us.）常见能用于这类结构的形容词有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。