欧洲文化知识总括

《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Unit 11、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896（当代奥运会）4、Ancient Greek epics were created by Homer.5、They events of Homer‘s own time. （F）（They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）; in the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles（之首）《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”（恋母情结）—→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》（劳伦斯）③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”.Perfection----IbsenClimax----Bernard ShawC. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides the human”D. Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece.To be specific，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）Wordsworth）13、History （Historical writing）※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war（between Greeks and Persians）This war is called Peloponnesian wars.只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

※“The greatest historian that ever lived.”（有史以来最伟大的历史学家）—→Thucydides —→war （Sparta，Athens and Syracuse）14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St. Paul. Democritus （Materialism）16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘s ElementsIt was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. （历史地位）②Archimedes选择：Give me a place to stand，and I will move the world.谁的理论（Archimedes）18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格名词解释19、The famous temples：The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. （罗马征服希腊的标志）22、From 146 B.C.，Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.Greek that of the eastern half.23、Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.24、The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。

25、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.26、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods：republic and empire.27、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato‘s republic.28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.29、north：Scotland east：Armenia and Mesopotamia30、名解Pax Romana33、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians.34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.35、After 395，the empire was divided into East （the Byzantine Empire）and West.36、Ciceronian style37、Julius Caesar commentaries“I came，I saw，I conquered.”38、Virgil----Aeneid 阿尼德39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world‘s first vast interior space.40、The Colosseum41、Sculpture---She-wolf42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly.论述简答一、What is the limitation of “Democracy”in ancient Greece？（名解简答）（How do you understand “Democracy”in ancient Greece？What is the difference between “Democracy”in ancient Greece and modern democracy？）答：①Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”，but in Greece by “the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.②Women，children，foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？答：①Probably around 1200 B.C.， a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.②Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion ear ly in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science，philosophy，literature，art and historical writing in Athens.③The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.④In the second half of the 4th century B.C.，Greece was conquered by Alexander，king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered，whenever Greek culture was found.⑤Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.，the Romans conquered Greece.三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？答：（1）、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.3、Democritus①the atomic theory.②materialism.（2）、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn‘t written works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world，it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues，Apology，Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world，it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.（2）、Five contending schools1、The Sophists①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”。