英文逻辑关系词
常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧
常见的八种逻辑关系1，并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2，递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more3，因果关系:becaus e, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4，转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5，让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6，列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7，举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely8，总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一：“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性(没逗号);2)、非限定性(有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长--- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长--- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二：“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home. 我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四：“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).（2006年, 49题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来. e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五：“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六：“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句,也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七：“同位语+ 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八：“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.技巧之九：“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语(介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语(较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语(较长):将其译为一个分句.e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十：“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一：“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句(六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三：“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四：“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于"e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.成都的美是语言不能形容的.。
英语写作表逻辑关系的关联词
12.
对一个话题进行总结
对一个话题进行总结：on the whole; in short; all in all; in general; in brief；to sum up；in conclusion; in summary； to conclude； in a word. Eg: On the whole, the area of desert in the world is growing every year. In short, the film was the best I’ve ever seen.
4.表让步
4.表让步: although; though; while; even if/though; while; as倒装句；疑问词-ever; no matter +疑问词; despite; in spite of; however; in any case; Eg: While I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive.
12.
2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要 由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为 启、承、转、合。“启”就是开 头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折 ，“合”是综合或总结。
（1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡 词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…, As the proverb says…, It goes without saying that…, It is clear/obvious that…, Many people often ask …
英语句子之间的逻辑关系
英语句子之间的逻辑关系1. 英语中有哪些逻辑关系1、并列关系 And、andalso、or、neither。
nor、either。
or、likewise、similarly、equally、in the same way、as well as、same。
as 2、递进关系Then、also、besides、additinally、furthermore、in addition、what is more、indeed、even 3、因果关系Because、for、since、as、thus、hence、therefore、so、o(such)。
that、so that、consequently、according to 、due to、as a result、because of 、in that、in response to/with、for this reason、lead to 、too。
to、With 4、转折关系 But、however、yet、on the contrary、in fact、by contrast、on the other hand、while、unfortunately、whereas、unlike、rather than 、instesd of、contrary to 5、让步关系 Although、though、even though、even if、nevertheless、despite、in spite of 6、列举关系 first-second-last of all、first-then、to begin with -to continue/next on one hand-on the other hand、for one thing、for another thing、one、another、some、others、still others 7、举例关系such as、for example、for instance、of these/those/them、to illustrate、as an illustration、more specifically speaking、namely 8、总计关系 in brief、in short、in a word、in general、in conclusion、altogether、to sum up、to summarize、to conclude、to generalize、to put it in one word、above all。
英语常用逻辑词
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its , the disadvantages of … is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Obviously, in every aspect, …This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive. 英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise oneRecentaly the problem has been brought into focus.Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ..."Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare...., such delimma we often meet in daily life...., the story still has a realistic significance.There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ...Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:>From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ...In short...在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。
英语写作中的逻辑关系词详析
英语写作中的逻辑关系词详析作文中的逻辑联系词一直都是帮助考生提高自己成绩的至宝。
我们在写英文复杂句的时候其实就是将两个或两个以上的句子用连接词连接起来的。
前面没有连接词的主+谓+宾的结构叫做主句，而前面加了连接词的主+谓+宾叫做从句。
而如果是多个句子的叠加，则结构如下。
主句+连词+从句+连词+从句英文复杂句的本质其实就是这么简单，当然我们还能写出更加困难的复杂句，但从满分范文可以看出，真正确保了核心结构才能写出满分的句子。
相反的，我们在写考试作文的时候一定要避免为了写难句而写难句(being difficult just for difficulty’s sake).很多同学一相情愿的写出很多的“难句”，却忽视了作文实用加准确的要求，从而难得高分。
所以考生们在平时练习作文的时候提高自己的联系词实用的熟练度和准确度就是提高考试作文质量的最佳途径。
转折关系词1， While; whereas; whilst：用在句首或是句中都是可以的，表示主句和从句的对比，也就是说这三个词均用来表示句中对比，是不能当成句首副词来用的。
EgThis is based on the belief that identical twins share all the same genes whereas all the fraternal twins share only half the same genes.While environmentalists are quick to blame the increased carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, the truth is that nobody knows whether a similar warming-and the later cooling-occurred before the advent of temperature-related technology in the 1900s.2， by/in contrast:用在句首，表示它之前的一个句子和它后面引导的句子之间的对比，也就是表示句间对比。
搜索引擎中常用的逻辑关系语法是AND、OR、NOT
搜索引擎中常用的逻辑关系语法是AND、OR、NOT搜索引擎中常用的逻辑关系语法是：AND、OR、NOT 在填写搜索关键词时，AND(与)用"&"来表示；OR(或)用"|"来表示；NOT(非)用"！"来表示。
例如想要查找广州或北京的房地产情况但不要期楼资料，可在查找关键词处用"(广州|北京)&房地产！期楼"作为查询关键词(引号不用写)。
多词汇查询方法：使用"，"分隔号和使用"+、-"连接号。
在搜索中用"，"号可分隔多个条件，例如想查找有关广州、北京、上海的相关内容，可在查询处输入" 广州，北京，上海"(引号不写)。
如果你想要的资料应含有"广州"，但是不要"北京"，而"上海"则可有可无，这样，你可用"+广州，-北京，上海"作为查询关键词。
以上搜索语法对各种搜索引擎都适用，但各个搜索引擎本身又有各自的特点。
因此，在使用搜索引擎时，充分利用他们各自的优点，可得到最佳及最快捷的查询结果。
百度搜索的语法功能-- 提炼关键词固然是网络搜索最重要的一项技能，配合一些语法功能使用则可以让搜索事倍功半。
下面列出百度常用的一些语法：1.双引号--精确匹配比如，我想搜索含有"河北省清苑县冉庄地道战"字样的网页，就要将上述11 字加以双引号，这样搜索出来的结果就是精确含有"河北省清苑县冉庄地道战"这11 个连续字串的网页。
2.intitle--关键词在网页标题中intitle：xxx 表示搜索目标为标题含有关键字"xxx"的网页。
3.filetype--对搜索对象做格式限制例：霍金黑洞filetype：pdf 搜索的结果就是含有关键词"霍金"、"黑洞"的pdf 文档。
英语逻辑关系词
英语文章强调文字之间的严格逻辑关系，这些逻辑关系通过逻辑连词来具体体现。
因此，掌握丰富的连词，是让英文文章组织结构完善，逻辑清晰的必备神器。
因果关系…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that… in view of owing to; since; so; …so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about… therefore; thus; obviously; evidently次序（顺接关系）first…second…third…and so forth; next; then; following this; at the s ame time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon并列关系and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too递进关系Accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…; in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; while; now; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then时空关系 afterwards; as soon as; at least; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; f or a start; meanwhile; in the meanwhile; while; now; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then转折关系yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of条件关系 as long as; even if; even though; if (it is) necessary; once provided that; unless; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once重复关系in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above比较关系 apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact举例关系a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for;a s regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say对比关系after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; where; conversely; on the one hand… on the hand hand…; contrary to; conversely unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary oppose to; whereas; while强调关系 definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; never; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specially; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is总结关系 accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; hence; all i n all。
英文逻辑关系词
一．并列关系coordinating relationAnd :conj. 和，与；就；而且；但是；然后granted, et, but, yet, onlyOr:conj. 或，或者；还是either, ossiaAnd also:Neither ….nor:Either…or:Not only….but also:Along with:沿（顺）着；连同…一起；与…一道；随同…一起Thai is to say:As well as:也；和…一样；不但…而且as well as除……之外；既as well as.除as well as everything以及一切in the same way:同样地；以同样的方式二．递进关系Also:adv. 也；而且；同样conj. 并且；另外Than:conj. 比（用于形容词、副词的比较级之后）；除…外（用于other等之后）；与其…（用于 rather等之后）；一…就（用于 no sooner等之后）prep. 比；超过Additionally:adv. 此外；又，加之In addition:另外，此外Furthermore:adv. 此外；而且and furthermore而且furthermore-而且Moreover furthermore而且moreover-furthermore进一步说furthermore ad. moreover而且；此外furthermore ad.而且moreover—furthermore进一步说furthermore ad.而且moreover, furthermore且moreover adv. 而且；此外what is more而且what is even more甚至更多what is more important更重要的是and what is more而且indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等）...accordingly 于是indeed 的确surely 无疑 ...Apart from远离，除…之外；且不说；缺少besides adv. 此外；而且prep. 除…之外And besides更何况aside from除…以外Aside from除Aside from hands除手以外apart/aside from除了三、引出新对象About：prep. 关于；大约adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的adv. 大约；周围；到处n. 大致；粗枝大叶；不拘小节的人concerning prep. 关于；就…而言v. 涉及；使关心（concern的ing形式）；忧虑regarding prep. 关于，至于就…….而言with regard to adv. 关于；至于as for关于，至于as to至于，关于；就……而论in terms of依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词四，因果关系Because of adv. 因为；由于Since conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来For prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于conj. 因为As ad. 同样地,像prep. 当做conj. 当...之时,像...一样,因为Thus adv. 因此；从而；这样；如此conj. 因此So ad. 如此,如是,如...那样 conj. 所以,因此,所以Hence adv.此；今后Therefore：adv. 因此；所以consequently adv. 因此；结果；所以accordingly adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著due to adv. 由于；应归于thanks to由于，幸亏in the light of根据，按照；当作However, in the light of the new development, we have reinforced our security systems in all our airports, ".in response to响应；回答；对…有反应Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system in response to otherwise harmless substanceson account of由于；因为；为了…的缘故" ...on account of the number of pine trees that grow in the gorge of the mountain in which it is situated.Given adj. 赠予的；沉溺的prep. 考虑到v. 给予（give的过去分词）given that假定；只要是；已知；考虑到Considering prep. 考虑到；就...而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到（consider的ing形式）Seeing that鉴于，由于；因为"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."In that因为；由于；既然in respect that因为in group that以便in order that以便；为了；目的在于A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world, after Africa.Now that既然；由于The F.C.C.chairman also wants to extend all six principles to wireless carriers now that their phones access the Internet.As a result of adv. 因此，由于；作为…的结果For the reason由于；因为Owing to由于，因为…It's a supposition that whatever the object of theory might be, - theory itself must-- owing to whatever intellectual constraints one can imagine-- be of such and such a form.In view of adv. 鉴于；考虑到in the view of…根据……的观点By(in) virtue of 由于，凭借On grounds of 以…为理由；根据…The supreme court later o verturned the ruling on grounds of mistaken identity.as a consequence 因此，结果I think all those goals are still possible, but I think that as a consequence to the war on Iraq, we took our eye off the ball.as a consequence of因此；由于…的结果We have got an enormous amount of work to do, and people down in the Gulf, particularly businesses, are still suffering as a consequence of this disaster."五，转折关系But conj. 但是；而是；然而adv. 仅仅，只prep. 除…以外however adv. 无论如何；不管怎样conj. 然而；可是yet adv. 还；但是；已经conj. 但是；然而instead of代替；不是…而是…rather than而不是；宁可…也不愿on the contrary反之by contrast相比之下；与之相比unfortunately adv. 不幸地六．让步Although conj. 虽然，尽管Though adv. 可是，虽然；不过；然而conj. 虽然；尽管prep. 但Even though虽然，即使even if though纵然even if / though即使；尽管even though/if即使；尽管Neverthelessadv. 然而，不过；虽然如此conj. 然而，不过Despiteprep. 尽管，不管n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱In spite of 尽管；不管，不顾Anyway adv. 无论如何，不管怎样；总之notwithstandingadv. 尽管，仍然prep. 尽管，虽然conj. 虽然"How can we empower our president and the Congress and the government to start to move the country forward, notwithstanding the differences we have, "as conj. 因为；随着；虽然；依照；当…时prep. 如同；当作；以…的身份adv. 同样地；和…一样的while conj. 虽然；然而；当……的时候n. 一会儿；一段时间vt. 消磨；轻松地度过7.比较关系Like vt. 喜欢；想；愿意vi. 喜欢；希望prep. 像；如同adj. 同样的；相似的n. 爱好；同样的人或物adv. 可能conj. 好像Unlike adj. 不同的，不相似的prep. 和…不同，不像By prep. 通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在……之前adv. 通过；经过；附近；白俄罗斯In contrast与此相反；比较起来whereasconj. 然而；鉴于；反之8表时间关系When wheneverBefore prep. 在…之前，先于adv. 以前；在前conj. 在…以前；在…之前After adv. 后来，以后prep. 在……之后conj. 在……之后adj. 以后的after all 毕竟；终究go after 追求，追逐ever after 从此以后一直after hours adv. 下班；工作完毕后 adv.后来，以后since, subsequently prep.在……之后in theback of adj.以后的succeedingsinceconj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来meanwhileconj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来in the meantime 在此期间；于此际9条件Ifconj. （表条件）如果；即使；是否；（表假设）假如n. 条件；设想Only if只要……就；只是在……的时候If only只要；要是…多好In case of万一；如果发生；假设unlessconj. 除非，如果不prep. 除…之外as long as 只要；和…一样长suppose that假如supposing that conj. 假如；不妨去…吧v. 假使；让；猜想（suppose的ing形式）but for conj. 要不是；如果没有failing n. 失败；缺点，过失；弱点prep. 如果没有…adj. 失败的v. 失败；不及格（fail 的ing形式）10例Such as 比如；诸如For examplen. 例子；榜样vt. 作为…的例子；为…做出榜样vi. 举例For instancen. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例Of these 这些Amongprep. 在…中间；在…之中To illustrate 说明显示Like to take an example to take sth for exampleSpeaking namely 说话即11总结构On the whole基本上，大体上；就全体而论In short总之；简言之In a word总之；简言之All in all 总而言之；头等重要的东西In conclusion 总之最后In summary总之概括起来In general总之，通常；一般而言12表强调Above all 首先尤其是In effect实际上；生效In fact 事实上，实际上In any case 无论如何13顺序关系Last of all 最后finally 最后。
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇（CommonlogicalwordsinEnglishWriting）
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇（Common logical words in EnglishWriting）1。
并列关系此外，除此之外，同样，此外，还有，例如，更重要的是，例如2。
转折关系虽然，然而，相反的，但是，尽管如此，然而，，否则，尽管三.顺序关系第一，二，第三，等等，然后，后，前，下4。
因果关系因此，因此，由于这个原因，因此，因此，因此，由于5。
归纳关系因此，最后，因此，总之，因此，总之，总之，总之，一个词。
几个用得比较多的句子：就我而言，……的优点大于缺点。
然而……的缺点是不可否认的。
总的来说/总之/简而言之/一句话，……是真的，结果是正面的，也有负面的。
但我们可以努力使消极影响降到最低程度。
显然，在各个方面，…图表之间的比较明确和…至于其他三个，虽然增长率不高，但确实令人印象深刻。
英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A，B，“…”（某事物），“某人”（某人），要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换。
开头：当谈到……时，有人认为…今天有一场公开辩论…是一种常见的方式…，但这种做法明智吗？最近这个问题已经成了焦点。
提出观点：现在人们越来越意识到…现在是我们探索真理的时候了…历史上这种问题更加明显。
进一步提出观点：…但这只是历史的一部分。
另一个同样重要的方面是…A只是众多效果中的一个。
另一个是…此外，其他原因是…提出假想例子的方式：假设…试想一下，如果…期待是合理的…这并不奇怪…举普通例子：例如（例如），……比如A、B、C等等（等等）一个很好的例子是…这是一个特别的例子…引用：最伟大的早期作家之一说…“知识就是力量”，这是remard…“……”。
这是某人的评论（批评/表扬…）。
“……”。
我们经常听到这样的话吗？。
讲故事（先说故事主体），这个故事并不罕见。
…，在日常生活中我们经常会遇到这样的困境。
…，故事仍然具有现实意义。
提出原因：原因有很多…为什么....一件事，…这个问题的答案涉及很多因素。
任何对此问题的讨论都不可避免地涉及到…第一个原因可以明显看出。
英语作文逻辑词大全
英语作文逻辑词大全以下是一些常用的英语逻辑词大全：1. 因果关系：- because（因为）- since（因为）- as a result（结果）- consequently（因此）- therefore（因此）- thus（因此）- hence（因此）- so（所以）2. 条件关系：- if（如果）- unless（除非）- provided that（条件是）- on the condition that（条件是）- in case（万一）- as long as（只要）- so long as（只要）- assuming（假设）3. 比较关系：- similarly（同样地）- likewise（同样地）- in the same way（以相同的方式）- in a similar manner（以类似的方式）- on the other hand（另一方面）- whereas（然而）- while（同时）- unlike（与...不同）4. 强调关系：- especially（尤其）- particularly（特别是）- notably（值得注意的是）- significantly（显著地）- importantly（重要地）- above all（尤其是）- indeed（确实）- in fact（事实上）5. 顺序关系：- firstly（首先）- secondly（其次）- thirdly（第三）- finally（最后）- eventually（最终）- subsequently（随后）- in conclusion（总结起来）- to sum up（总之）6. 解释关系：- in other words（换句话说）- that is to say（也就是说）- to put it simply（简单来说）- for example（例如）- for instance（例如）- such as（例如）- namely（也就是说）- in particular（特别是）。
英语关联词大全
英语关联词大全英语关联词是用于连接不同句子、段落或思想的词汇。
它们在写作和口语表达中起到了至关重要的作用，帮助我们组织思维、展开论述并使文本流畅易读。
以下是一份英语关联词的大全，分为不同的类别。
一、逻辑关联词逻辑关联词用于连接句子、段落或思想的逻辑关系。
它们帮助我们在表达观点、论证和思路转换时建立有效的逻辑连接。
1.并列关联词（Addition）：用于表示相似、补充或并列的关系。
例如：and, also, moreover, in addition,furthermore, as well as, besides, not only… but also, etc.2.对比关联词（Contrast）：用于表示对比和相反意义。
例如：but, however, on the other hand, in contrast,nevertheless, whereas, yet, although, despite, etc.3.因果关联词（Causation）：用于表达原因和结果的关系。
例如：because, since, as a result, thus, therefore,consequently, so, hence, etc.4.条件关联词（Condition）：用于表示条件和假设的关系。
例如：if, unless, provided that, in case, as long as, on condition that, etc.5.目的关联词（Purpose）：用于表达目的和意图。
例如：in order to, so that, for the purpose of, with the aim of, etc.6.概括关联词（Summary）：用于总结和概括前文。
例如：in conclusion, to sum up, all in all, in short, etc.二、时间关联词时间关联词用于表示事件或行为发生的顺序、时间关系和时间段。
句间关系 英文
句间关系是指句子之间在语法、逻辑和语义上的关联和影响。
在英语中，句间关系通常通过连词、介词、助词等语法结构来表达。
句子的结构和意义往往受到其他句子和语篇的影响，因此句间关系对于理解句子的含义和构建语篇结构非常重要。
在英语中，句间关系通常可以归为以下几类：1. 顺承关系（Sequence）：两个句子按照时间、空间或逻辑顺序相连，通常使用诸如"then"、"next"、"afterwards"等连词表示。
2. 并列关系（Parallelism）：两个句子在语法和意义上是并列的，通常使用诸如"and"、"or"、"but"等连词表示。
3. 转折关系（Contrast）：两个句子在语义上形成对比，通常使用诸如"however"、"nevertheless"、"in contrast"等连词表示。
4. 解释说明（Explanation）：一个句子对另一个句子进行解释、说明或进一步阐述，通常使用诸如"because"、"in other words"、"that is"等连词表示。
5. 因果关系（Cause-Effect）：两个句子之间存在因果关系，通常使用诸如"because"、"since"、"so that"等连词表示。
这些句间关系对于理解句子的含义和构建语篇结构非常重要。
通过正确使用语法结构和词汇，可以表达清晰、连贯和有逻辑的语篇。
同时，句间关系也可以帮助读者更好地理解句子的含义和文章的整体结构，从而更好地理解和记忆文章的内容。
在英语写作中，掌握句间关系的运用是非常重要的。
良好的句间关系可以使文章更加流畅、自然、有条理，同时也能够提高文章的可读性和理解度。
英语中常见的逻辑关系
英语中常见的逻辑关系不少考生提到在备考英语四级考试时，发现阅读中有不少句子超出自己的理解范围。
对于这些句子，我们需要从语法的角度去完全把握。
但是如果是在考试中遇到不能理解的句子时，考生比较偏向于一遍一遍地读句子，最后不但没读懂还浪费了时间，影响下面的答题。
下面我们来看看英语四级阅读中常见四种逻辑关系的解析.1. 因果关系因：because、because of、for、as、since、in that、on account of、with果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果抒发词外，隐性的因果同样就是不容忽略的一个关键部分。
隐性因果：a 引致(因-果)：cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce如：the increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，存有lead to则表示了引致的意思，即为结果，而so that更进一步则表示了后面的结果，所以可以充份认定这段话存有因果关系的逻辑。
b 由…而来(果-因)：result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to例如：“the extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficulty of r eversing or even slowing the proce.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
高考英语底层逻辑知识点
高考英语底层逻辑知识点在高考英语考试中，掌握好底层逻辑知识点是非常重要的。
这些底层逻辑知识点可以帮助我们有效地解答题目，提高阅读和写作能力。
下面，我们将探讨一些重要的底层逻辑知识点。
一、主题句和关键词在阅读理解题中，主题句和关键词是非常重要的底层逻辑知识点。
主题句通常位于段落的开头或结尾，它概括了整个段落的中心思想。
关键词则是与主题相关的词汇，通过寻找关键词可以帮助我们快速定位到相关信息。
例如，主题句可以是"Climate change is a pressing global issue"，而关键词可以是"rising temperatures"、"extreme weather events"等。
二、因果关系在文章中，因果关系是常见的逻辑关系之一。
了解因果关系可以帮助我们更好地理解文本，提高阅读理解的能力。
常见的因果关系词有"because"、"so"、"as a result"等。
例如，"因为车祸，他错过了重要的会议"，中文中可以用"因为"来表示因果关系，而英文则可以用"because"来表达。
三、对比与对应对比与对应也是常见的逻辑关系。
通过对比与对应，我们可以更好地理解文章的意义和作者的观点。
常见的对比与对应关系词有"but"、"however"、"on the other hand"、"in contrast"等。
例如，"他工作非常努力，但是他的成绩却不理想"，中文中可以用"但是"来表示对比，而英文则可以用"but"来表达。
四、举例和解释在阅读理解题中，举例和解释是常见的逻辑关系。
英语四级阅读理解常见四种逻辑关系
2017年6月英语四级阅读理解常见四种逻辑关系*1. 因果关系因：because、because of、for、as、since、inthat、on account of、with 果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly 因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果： A 导致(因-果)：cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce 如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees. 在这段话中，有lead to表示了导致的意思，即结果，而so that更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、beattributable to 如：“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
英语递进关系的关联词
英语中表示递进关系的关联词有很多，以下是一些常见的：Furthermore：表示“而且，此外”，用于递进上文所述的内容，提供更多信息或证据。
Moreover：也表示“而且，此外”，用于进一步加强上文所述内容的说服力。
Additionally：与上述两个词类似，表示“此外，还有”，用于补充上文内容。
In addition：也表示“此外”，用于引入一个新的点或补充说明。
What's more：类似于“而且”，用于进一步强调上文内容，常用于口语中。
Besides：表示“除此之外”，用于提供更多信息或证据。
Furthermore, in addition, and moreover 这些关联词有时可以混用，但在同一段落中不要连续使用太多，以免内容重复。
Likewise：表示“同样地”，用于引入一个与前面相似的观点或事实。
Similarly：也表示“同样地”，用于引入与前面相似的内容。
Additionally, also, and furthermore：这些关联词类似，都用于添加信息，可以在同一段落中交替使用。
Furthermore, it follows that, and hence：这些关联词用于引出逻辑上的推断或结论。
Similarly, in the same way, and just as：这些关联词用于比较两个事物或情况的相似性。
What's more, not only, and besides：这些关联词用于强调上文所述内容的重要性或补充相关信息。
In fact：表示“事实上”，用于引出一个加强上文所述内容的事实或证据。
Finally, lastly, and in conclusion：这些关联词用于引出文章的结论或总结。
这些递进关系的关联词可以根据具体语境选择使用，以使文章更加连贯和易于理解。
英文写作中的逻辑关系词
英语连接词连接词的意义分类表递进moreover, in addition, what is more ，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.表层次on the one hand, … on the other hand; first, … second, … finally;表强调firstly, … secondly, … finally …; first, … then … etc.表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently,表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc.表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc.表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate.表时间later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. first after a few days eventually at that time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on表顺序first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.表可能presumably, probably, perhaps.表解释in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表递进What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表让步although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even thou gh, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表转折however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas表原因for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.表结果as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.表总结on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, tosummarize, in short.其他类型连接词Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently,commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,表空间near to far from in the front of beside behind to the right to the left on theother side of表举例for example to name a few, say , such as表递进in addition furthermore what ’ s more what ’ s worse表对比whereas while as opposed to by contrast by comparison表示时间与频率的词汇:in general, every, some, after, on the whole, usually, most,at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rarely, before, meanwhile.表示附加的词:additionally, as well as, just as, again, along with, also, further, furthermore, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, in addition to,引出例子:for example, namely, for instance, as an example, that is表示转折:although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though, however, on the other hand, otherwise得出结论:all in all, in consequence, in brief, as a result, the point is, in conclusion, therefore, hence, in sum.表示增加的过渡词：also ，and ，and then ，too ，in addition ，furthermore ，moreover ，again ，on top of that ，another ，first second third 等。
常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧【】
常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧【最新】-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII常见的八种逻辑关系1，并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2，递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more 3，因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4，转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while,whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5，让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6，列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7，举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, toillustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely 8，总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, toconclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一：“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性 (没逗号);2)、非限定性 (有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长 --- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长 --- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二：“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home.我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四：“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).（2006年, 49题)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来.On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五：“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛. He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六：“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句, 也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七：“同位语 + 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八：“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.技巧之九：“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语 (介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语 (较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语 (较长):将其译为一个分句.With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十：“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一：“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句 (六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等. The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三：“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四：“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于". Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的". They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于". I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.成都的美是语言不能形容的.。
英语短文逻辑关系词汇
短文逻辑关系词汇（标识语）1．最高级-est/most / chief / primary / main / leading2．唯一: only / unique / prefer /perfect3．因果cause / lead to / contribute to / thanks to / owing to / question / answer / why / reason4．序数词first , second/ another / the other / next / last / in addition / on the other hand5．解释namely / in other words / that is / that is to say6．强调especially / particularly / almost / usually7.总结all in all / in brief / to conclude / at last / in summary / in short8.动词：show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce1、因果：as, since, because, Considering for reason that , That‟s whybecause of , owing to, on account, as a result of, for the sake of ,due to, result from, thanks to, attribute ..to ..cause, lead to, bring about, contribute to, result in, account for, responsible for, to blame for, and so, Therefore, Thus, hence, As a result,For this reason, Accordingly, As a consequence, so… that…, too…to…2、强调:especially actually particularly essentially apparently rarely reallywith the exception of as a matter of fact3、转折: but/however/though/nevertheless On the contrary, However ..., But on the other hand..., Conversely ..., By contrast …, ...whereas different.4、递进: also/ in addition additionally Besides Apart from, Aside from, Moreover, Furthermore What‟s more…5、其他: in other words to put it another way in regard to seldom hardly …三、关键动词：□point out / advance / suggest / advice / emphasize / comment / explain / require / conclude / insist / maintain / hold it true that / believe / stick to / criticize / refute / prove / try to / attempt to / intend to / plan to / dream of / decide to / resolve to / determine to / object to / support / advocate / approve / agree / disapprove / disagree / prefer / claim / declare / deny / admit / endanger / mean四、关键名词□The point / idea / view / opinion / truth / fact / cause / reason / problem / question / answer / solution / explanation / threat / challenge / dilemma / difficulty / method / gist / propose / object / goal / motive / attitude / reaction / plan / first step / only way / controversy / conflict / dispute / argument / proof / evidence / advice / suggestion / proposal / request / requirement / standard / limitation / decision / intention / effect / result / consequence / duty / responsibility / task / danger / trouble / crisis / barrier / hope / possibility / exception /surprise is ……五、结束用语In short/brief.……Briefly…...Summing up/Summarizing/To conclude/In conclusion……As a result…...In general…...Generallyspeaking…...All in all…...By and large……On the whole…...On thisbasis…...Given all these短文逻辑关系词汇(标识语)1.最高级-est /最好/首席/主/主要/领先2.唯一:只有/独特的/更喜欢/完美3.因果cause /导致有助于由于/谢谢问题/回答/为什么/原因4.序数词first,二、另一个其他/下个最后增加/另一方面5.解释namely /换句话说这是这是说6.强调especially /特别是/通常差不多在7.总结all简单/结论/最后总之/短8.动词:显示/记注/通知/说/发音1、因果:作为,因为,因为考虑到原因,这就是为什么因为,由于时,由于,由于,为了,由于,由于,由于、属性…. .原因,导致,导致,有助于,占,导致,负责,造成,因此,因此,因此,因此,因此,因为这个原因,因此,作为一种后果,所以………,也对…2、强调:尤其是实际上特别本质上显然很少真的除了作为一个事实3、转折:但是/然而尽管不过相反,不过…,但另一方面……,反之…,相比之下……而不同。
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一．并列关系coordinating relationAnd :conj. 和，与；就；而且；但是；然后granted, et, but, yet, onlyOr:conj. 或，或者；还是either, ossiaAnd also:Neither ….nor:Either…or:Not only….but also:Along with:沿（顺）着；连同…一起；与…一道；随同…一起Thai is to say:As well as:也；和…一样；不但…而且as well as除……之外；既as well as.除as well as everything以及一切in the same way:同样地；以同样的方式二．递进关系Also:adv. 也；而且；同样conj. 并且；另外Than:conj. 比（用于形容词、副词的比较级之后）；除…外（用于other等之后）；与其…（用于 rather等之后）；一…就（用于 no sooner等之后）prep. 比；超过Additionally:adv. 此外；又，加之In addition:另外，此外Furthermore:adv. 此外；而且and furthermore而且furthermore-而且Moreover furthermore而且moreover-furthermore进一步说furthermore ad. moreover而且；此外furthermore ad.而且moreover—furthermore进一步说furthermore ad.而且moreover, furthermore且moreover adv. 而且；此外what is more而且what is even more甚至更多what is more important更重要的是and what is more而且indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等）...accordingly 于是indeed 的确surely 无疑 ...Apart from远离，除…之外；且不说；缺少besides adv. 此外；而且prep. 除…之外And besides更何况aside from除…以外Aside from除Aside from hands除手以外apart/aside from除了三、引出新对象About：prep. 关于；大约adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的adv. 大约；周围；到处n. 大致；粗枝大叶；不拘小节的人concerning prep. 关于；就…而言v. 涉及；使关心（concern的ing形式）；忧虑regarding prep. 关于，至于就…….而言with regard to adv. 关于；至于as for关于，至于as to至于，关于；就……而论in terms of依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词四，因果关系Because of adv. 因为；由于Since conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来For prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于conj. 因为As ad. 同样地,像prep. 当做conj. 当...之时,像...一样,因为Thus adv. 因此；从而；这样；如此conj. 因此So ad. 如此,如是,如...那样 conj. 所以,因此,所以Hence adv.此；今后Therefore：adv. 因此；所以consequently adv. 因此；结果；所以accordingly adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著due to adv. 由于；应归于thanks to由于，幸亏in the light of根据，按照；当作However, in the light of the new development, we have reinforced our security systems in all our airports, ".in response to响应；回答；对…有反应Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system in response to otherwise harmless substanceson account of由于；因为；为了…的缘故" ...on account of the number of pine trees that grow in the gorge of the mountain in which it is situated.Given adj. 赠予的；沉溺的prep. 考虑到v. 给予（give的过去分词）given that假定；只要是；已知；考虑到Considering prep. 考虑到；就...而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到（consider的ing形式）Seeing that鉴于，由于；因为"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."In that因为；由于；既然in respect that因为in group that以便in order that以便；为了；目的在于A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world, after Africa.Now that既然；由于The F.C.C.chairman also wants to extend all six principles to wireless carriers now that their phones access the Internet.As a result of adv. 因此，由于；作为…的结果For the reason由于；因为Owing to由于，因为…It's a supposition that whatever the object of theory might be, - theory itself must-- owing to whatever intellectual constraints one can imagine-- be of such and such a form.In view of adv. 鉴于；考虑到in the view of…根据……的观点By(in) virtue of 由于，凭借On grounds of 以…为理由；根据…The supreme court later o verturned the ruling on grounds of mistaken identity.as a consequence 因此，结果I think all those goals are still possible, but I think that as a consequence to the war on Iraq, we took our eye off the ball.as a consequence of因此；由于…的结果We have got an enormous amount of work to do, and people down in the Gulf, particularly businesses, are still suffering as a consequence of this disaster."五，转折关系But conj. 但是；而是；然而adv. 仅仅，只prep. 除…以外however adv. 无论如何；不管怎样conj. 然而；可是yet adv. 还；但是；已经conj. 但是；然而instead of代替；不是…而是…rather than而不是；宁可…也不愿on the contrary反之by contrast相比之下；与之相比unfortunately adv. 不幸地六．让步Although conj. 虽然，尽管Though adv. 可是，虽然；不过；然而conj. 虽然；尽管prep. 但Even though虽然，即使even if though纵然even if / though即使；尽管even though/if即使；尽管Neverthelessadv. 然而，不过；虽然如此conj. 然而，不过Despiteprep. 尽管，不管n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱In spite of 尽管；不管，不顾Anyway adv. 无论如何，不管怎样；总之notwithstandingadv. 尽管，仍然prep. 尽管，虽然conj. 虽然"How can we empower our president and the Congress and the government to start to move the country forward, notwithstanding the differences we have, "as conj. 因为；随着；虽然；依照；当…时prep. 如同；当作；以…的身份adv. 同样地；和…一样的while conj. 虽然；然而；当……的时候n. 一会儿；一段时间vt. 消磨；轻松地度过7.比较关系Like vt. 喜欢；想；愿意vi. 喜欢；希望prep. 像；如同adj. 同样的；相似的n. 爱好；同样的人或物adv. 可能conj. 好像Unlike adj. 不同的，不相似的prep. 和…不同，不像By prep. 通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在……之前adv. 通过；经过；附近；白俄罗斯In contrast与此相反；比较起来whereasconj. 然而；鉴于；反之8表时间关系When wheneverBefore prep. 在…之前，先于adv. 以前；在前conj. 在…以前；在…之前After adv. 后来，以后prep. 在……之后conj. 在……之后adj. 以后的after all 毕竟；终究go after 追求，追逐ever after 从此以后一直after hours adv. 下班；工作完毕后 adv.后来，以后since, subsequently prep.在……之后in theback of adj.以后的succeedingsinceconj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来meanwhileconj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来in the meantime 在此期间；于此际9条件Ifconj. （表条件）如果；即使；是否；（表假设）假如n. 条件；设想Only if只要……就；只是在……的时候If only只要；要是…多好In case of万一；如果发生；假设unlessconj. 除非，如果不prep. 除…之外as long as 只要；和…一样长suppose that假如supposing that conj. 假如；不妨去…吧v. 假使；让；猜想（suppose的ing形式）but for conj. 要不是；如果没有failing n. 失败；缺点，过失；弱点prep. 如果没有…adj. 失败的v. 失败；不及格（fail 的ing形式）10例Such as 比如；诸如For examplen. 例子；榜样vt. 作为…的例子；为…做出榜样vi. 举例For instancen. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例Of these 这些Amongprep. 在…中间；在…之中To illustrate 说明显示Like to take an example to take sth for exampleSpeaking namely 说话即11总结构On the whole基本上，大体上；就全体而论In short总之；简言之In a word总之；简言之All in all 总而言之；头等重要的东西In conclusion 总之最后In summary总之概括起来In general总之，通常；一般而言12表强调Above all 首先尤其是In effect实际上；生效In fact 事实上，实际上In any case 无论如何13顺序关系Last of all 最后finally 最后。