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自动化专业英语中英文对照

自动化专业英语中英文对照

自动化专业英语中英文对照retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性(无功)分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self – excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady – state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的insulator string 绝缘子串neutral 中性的zero sequence current 零序电流sinusoidal 正弦的square 平方corona 电晕,放电bypass 旁路voltmeter 电压表ammeter 电流表micrometer 千分尺thermometer 温度计watt-hour meter 电度表wattmeter 电力表private line 专用线路diameter 直径restriking 电弧再触发magnitude 振幅oscillation 振荡auxiliary 辅助的protective gap 保护性间隙放电receptacle 插座lightning arrester 避雷装置bushing 套管trigger 起动装置stress 应力deterioration 损坏,磨损spark gap 火花放电隙traveling-wave 行波wye-connected 星形连接enclosure 设备外壳live conductor 带电导体fuse 熔断器structural 结构上的out-of-step 不同步的resynchronize 再同步synchroscops 同步指示器automatic oscillograph 自动示波器nominally 标称sampling 采样potential transformer 电压互感器fraction 分数switchyard 户外配电装置hazard 危险bushing 高压套contact 触点energize 励磁trip coil 跳闸线圈over-current relay 过电流继电器armature 衔铁pickup current 始动电流release current 释放电流solenoid relay 螺管式继电器induction-disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器inverse time relay 反时限继电器hydraulic 液力的dashpot 阻尼器pneumatic 气动的permanent magnet 永磁体electrical stressing 电气应力deviation 偏差third harmonic voltage 三次谐波电压induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self – excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩。

自动化专业英语全文翻译

自动化专业英语全文翻译

《自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文主编-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。

自动化专业英语第四版课文翻译

自动化专业英语第四版课文翻译

自动化专业英语第四版课文翻译Unit 1现在工业电子系统使用的是被称为晶体管的装置。

每一类型的晶体管有区别于其他晶体管的不同特点和操作条件。

在讨论的第一部分,我们来关注双极性晶体管。

从结构上看,这个晶体管被描述为双极性的,是因为它有两个不同的电流载体极性。

空穴是阳极电流载体,而电子是阴极电流载体。

这两个不同性质的半导体晶体通过一个公共部分连接在一起。

这个装置的结构类似于两个二极管背靠背连接,其中一个晶体充当另外两个晶体的公共部分。

中间的材料通常被做得比外面的两片都要薄。

图1.1表示的是此晶体管的结构,原件名称,和不同双极性晶体管的语义符号。

一个双极性晶体管主要被用做放大器来限制流经它的电流。

电流从电源流入发射极,经过基极,再流出集电极。

集电极的电流量通常被定义为晶体管的输出量。

集电极电流由基极电流中的一小部分控制。

这个关系被描述为电流增量或β。

数学表达式如下:电流增量=集电极电流:基极电流。

公式中希腊字母△表示变化的值。

它用来表示当有交流输入时晶体管的响应。

这种类型的状态被称为动态特性。

公式中的△的省略部分表示直流或静态工作条件。

所有从发射极进入晶体管的电流被定义为发射极电流。

集电极电流Ic通常小于Ie。

Ie和Ic的不同归因于基极电流。

从数学角度看,Ib=Ie-IcUnit 2一个运算放大器的内部结构相当复杂,常常包含大量的分立元件。

一个运算放大器的使用者通常不需要关心它的内部结构。

然而,对于如何理解内部电子电路的完成却是有所帮助的。

这就允许使用者来观察设备是如何工作的,以及表明它作为一个功能单元的一些局限性。

运算放大器的内部电子线路可以被分为三个功能单元。

图1.7即是一个运算放大器内部功能的简图。

注意每一个功能都被附在一个三角形内。

电子图表中用三角形来表示放大功能。

这个简图显示了运算放大器有三个基本的放大功能。

这些功能一般叫作放大级。

一个放大级包含一或更多有源器件,所有相联元件需实现放大。

第一阶段或一个运算放大器的输入常常是一个差动放大器。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述:自动化专业是现代工程技术领域中的重要学科,涵盖了自动控制系统、机器人技术、工业自动化等多个方面。

在学习和实践中,掌握和理解自动化专业的英文术语和翻译是非常重要的。

本文将从五个大点出发,详细阐述自动化专业英语原文和翻译的相关内容。

正文内容:1. 自动控制系统(Automatic Control System)1.1 控制器(Controller)1.2 传感器(Sensor)1.3 执行器(Actuator)1.4 反馈(Feedback)1.5 稳定性(Stability)2. 机器人技术(Robotics)2.1 机器人(Robot)2.2 机械臂(Manipulator)2.3 传感器(Sensor)2.4 视觉系统(Vision System)2.5 自主导航(Autonomous Navigation)3. 工业自动化(Industrial Automation)3.1 自动化生产线(Automated Production Line)3.2 人机界面(Human-Machine Interface)3.3 传感器网络(Sensor Network)3.4 电气控制(Electrical Control)3.5 数据采集(Data Acquisition)4. 自动化软件(Automation Software)4.1 PLC编程(PLC Programming)4.2 HMI设计(HMI Design)4.3 数据分析(Data Analysis)4.4 模拟仿真(Simulation)4.5 系统集成(System Integration)5. 自动化工程(Automation Engineering)5.1 项目管理(Project Management)5.2 自动化设计(Automation Design)5.3 系统调试(System Debugging)5.4 故障诊断(Fault Diagnosis)5.5 性能优化(Performance Optimization)总结:综上所述,自动化专业英语原文和翻译是自动化工程师必备的技能之一。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Manufacturing Industry: An OverviewIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry, revolutionizing production processes and enhancing efficiency. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the concept of automation in the manufacturing sector, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and future prospects. It also includes a translation of the text into English.Section 1: Definition and Importance of AutomationAutomation refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In the manufacturing industry, automation is essential for streamlining operations, reducing costs, and improving product quality. It allows companies to achieve higher production rates, increased precision, and improved safety standards.Section 2: Benefits of Automation in Manufacturing2.1 Increased ProductivityAutomation enables manufacturers to produce goods at a faster rate, leading to increased productivity. With the use of advanced robotics and machinery, repetitive tasks can be performed efficiently, allowing workers to focus on more complex and creative aspects of production.2.2 Enhanced Quality ControlAutomated systems ensure consistency and accuracy in manufacturing processes, leading to improved product quality. By minimizing human error, automation reduces defects and variations, resulting in higher customer satisfaction and reduced waste.2.3 Cost ReductionAutomation helps in reducing labor costs by replacing manual work with machines and robots. Although initial investment costs may be high, long-term savings are significant due to increased efficiency and reduced dependence on human labor.2.4 Improved Workplace SafetyAutomation eliminates the need for workers to perform hazardous or physically demanding tasks. Robots and machines can handle tasks that pose risks to human health and safety, thereby reducing workplace accidents and injuries.2.5 Increased FlexibilityAutomated systems can be easily reprogrammed to adapt to changing production requirements. This flexibility allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market demands, introduce new products, and customize production processes.Section 3: Challenges in Implementing Automation3.1 Initial InvestmentImplementing automation requires substantial capital investment for purchasing and integrating machinery, software, and training. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may face financial constraints in adopting automation technologies.3.2 Workforce AdaptationAutomation may lead to job displacement, as certain tasks previously performed by humans are now handled by machines. Companies need to provide training and re-skilling opportunities to ensure a smooth transition for their workforce.3.3 Technical ComplexityAutomation systems often involve complex integration of various technologies, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and data analytics. Companies must have skilled personnel capable of managing and maintaining these systems effectively.Section 4: Future Trends in Automation4.1 Collaborative RobotsCollaborative robots, also known as cobots, are designed to work alongside humans, assisting them in tasks that require precision and strength. These robots can improve productivity and safety by working in close proximity to humans without the need for extensive safety measures.4.2 Internet of Things (IoT) IntegrationThe integration of automation systems with the Internet of Things allows for real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes. IoT enables seamless communication between machines, sensors, and data analytics platforms, leading to predictive maintenance and optimized production.4.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)AI technologies, such as machine learning and computer vision, enable automation systems to learn and adapt to new situations. AI-powered robots can analyze data, make decisions, and perform complex tasks with minimal human intervention, revolutionizing the manufacturing industry.Conclusion:Automation has become an integral part of the manufacturing industry, offering numerous benefits such as increased productivity, enhanced quality control, cost reduction, improved workplace safety, and increased flexibility. While challenges exist, such as initial investment and workforce adaptation, the future of automation looks promising with the emergence of collaborative robots, IoT integration, and artificial intelligence. Embracing automation technologies will undoubtedly pave the way for a more efficient and competitive manufacturing sector.Translation:自动化在创造业中的应用:概述简介:自动化在创造业中扮演着重要的角色,革新了生产过程,提高了效率。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation has become an integral part of various industries, including the field of engineering. It involves the use of technology and machines to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. This text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of automation in the engineering field, covering its importance, applications, and future prospects. Additionally, an English translation of the original text will be provided.Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in engineering processes. By automating repetitive and time-consuming tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and critical aspects of their work. It also reduces the risk of human errors, leading to higher quality output. Moreover, automation enables engineers to monitor and control systems remotely, enhancing safety and minimizing operational risks.Applications of Automation in Engineering:1. Manufacturing and Assembly: Automation is extensively used in manufacturing industries to streamline production processes. Automated systems can perform tasks such as assembly, welding, and material handling with precision and speed. This leads to increased production rates, reduced costs, and improved product quality.2. Robotics: Robotics is a significant application of automation in engineering. Robots are used in various sectors, including automotive, healthcare, and aerospace industries. They can perform complex tasks with high accuracy, consistency, and repeatability. Examples include robotic arms used in assembly lines and surgical robots in medical procedures.3. Control Systems: Automation is vital in control systems, which regulate and optimize various engineering processes. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are commonly used to automate tasks such as temperature control, pressure regulation, and flow management. This ensures efficient operation and minimizes manual intervention.4. Energy Management: Automation plays a crucial role in energy management systems, optimizing energy consumption and reducing waste. Automated systems can monitor and control energy usage in buildings, factories, and power plants. This leads to energy savings, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability.Future Prospects of Automation in Engineering:The future of automation in engineering looks promising, with several emerging trends and technologies. Some of these include:1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is revolutionizing automation by enabling machines to learn, adapt, and make decisions. Machine Learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to optimize processes and predict failures. AI-powered systems can also perform complex tasks that were previously only possible for humans.2. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT connects various devices and systems, allowing them to communicate and share data. In engineering, IoT enables remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and real-time data analysis. This leads to improved efficiency, reduced downtime, and enhanced decision-making.3. Digital Twin: A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system or process. It allows engineers to simulate and optimize operations, predict performance, and identify potential issues. Digital twins enable engineers to make informed decisions and improve system performance.4. Cybersecurity: As automation becomes more prevalent, ensuring the security of automated systems is crucial. Cybersecurity measures are essential to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities. This includes implementing secure communication protocols, encryption techniques, and access control mechanisms.Translation:自动化在工程领域的应用介绍:自动化已成为包括工程领域在内的各个行业的重要组成部分。

自动化专业英语 原文和翻译 P1U5

自动化专业英语 原文和翻译 P1U5

第五单元A Types of DC Motors直流电机分类The types of commercially available DC motors basically fall into four categories: ⑴permanent-magnet DC motors, ⑵series-wound DC motors, ⑶shunt-wound DC motors, and ⑷compound-wound DC motors. Each of these motors has different characteristics due to its basic circuit arrangement and physical properties.[1]现在可以买到的直流电机基本上有四种:⑴永磁直流电机,⑵串励直流电机,⑶并励直流电机,⑷复励直流电机。

每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路和物理特性的不同而具有不同的机械特性。

Permanent-magnet DC Motors永磁直流电机The permanent-magnet DC motors, shown in Fig. 1-5A-1, is constructed in the same manner as its DC generator counterpart. The permanent-magnet DC motor is used for low-torque applications.When this type of motor is used, the DC power supply is connected directly to the armature conductors through the brush/commutator assembly. The magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets mounted on the stator. The rotor of permanent magnet motors is a wound armature.永磁直流电机,如图Fig. 1-5A-1所示,是用与直流发电机同样的方法建造的。

自动化专业英语课文翻译1.2

自动化专业英语课文翻译1.2

Lesson 1.2 What is Feedback and What are Its Effects?•The motivation of using feedback, illustrated (说明) by the examples in Section (1), is somewhat oversimplified.第一节事例中,应用反馈的动机有些过于简单•In these examples, the use of feedback is shown to be for the purpose of reducing the error between the reference input and the system output.在这些例子中,应用反馈的目的是减小参考输入和系统输出间的误差•However, the significance of the effects of feedback in control systems is more complex than is demonstrated by these simple examples.然而,在控制系统中应用反馈的重要性要比这些简单例子所示的复杂得多•The reduction of system error is merely (仅仅) one of the many important effects that feedback may have upon a system.减少系统误差只是反馈对系统产生的重要作用之一•We show in the following sections that feedback also has effects on such system performance characteristics as stability (稳定性), bandwidth (带宽), overall gain (总增益), disturbance (扰动), and sensitivity (灵敏度).在下面的章节里,反馈还能对系统的下列运行特性产生影响:稳定性,带宽,总增益,扰动和灵敏度•To understand the effects of feedback on a control system, it is essential that we examine this phenomenon in a broad sense.为了理解反馈对控制系统的作用,我们需要从广义的角度来检验这个现象•When feedback is deliberately (有意地) introduced for the purpose of control, its existence is easily identified.当反馈被有意地引入控制中时,(我们可以)很容易地识别出它来•However, there are numerous situations wherein (在什么地方) a physical system that we normally recognize as an inherently non-feedback system turn out to have feedback when it is observed in a certain manner.但是在很多情况下,我们通常认为的本质上非反馈的物理系统,在某些特定的观察方式下,也会表现出反馈的特性•In general, we can state that whenever a closed sequence of cause-and-effect relationships (因果关系) exists among the variables of a system, feedback is said to exist.一般来说,每当系统变量间存在一个有因果关系的闭路序列时,我们可以说系统存在反馈•The viewpoint will inevitably (不可避免地) admit feedback in a large number of systems that ordinarily would be identified as nonfeedback systems.这种观点不可避免地承认了大量的最初被认为是非反馈系统的系统都存在反馈•However, with the availability (有效性,可用性) of the feedback and control system theory, this general definition of feedback enables numerous systems,•with or without physical feedback, to be studied in a systematic way once the existence of feedback in the sense mentioned previously is established.随着反馈和控制理论的应用,一旦上述意义上的反馈的存在被建立,这种通用的反馈定义可以使大量的系统得到更系统化的研究,而不管有没有物理上的反馈。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the field of engineering has revolutionized various industries, making processes more efficient and reducing human error. As a result, there is a growing demand for professionals who are well-versed in automation technologies and can communicate effectively in English. In this text, we will provide a standard format for an original English text and its translation in the field of automation.Original English Text:Title: Automation in Manufacturing ProcessesIntroduction:Automation has become an integral part of manufacturing processes, with the aim of improving productivity, reducing costs, and ensuring consistent quality. This article explores the various aspects of automation in manufacturing and its impact on the industry.1. Definition of Automation:Automation refers to the use of technology and control systems to operate and control machinery and processes without human intervention. It involves the use of sensors, actuators, and computer systems to perform tasks that were previously carried out by humans.2. Benefits of Automation in Manufacturing:- Increased productivity: Automation allows for faster and more efficient production processes, leading to higher output and reduced lead times.- Cost reduction: By automating repetitive tasks, companies can reduce labor costs and minimize the risk of human error.- Improved quality control: Automation ensures consistent product quality by eliminating variations caused by human factors.- Enhanced safety: Dangerous tasks can be automated, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries in the workplace.3. Types of Automation in Manufacturing:a. Fixed Automation:Fixed automation involves the use of specialized machinery designed for a specific task or product. It is suitable for high-volume production with little or no variation in product design.b. Programmable Automation:Programmable automation utilizes computer-controlled systems that can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks or produce various products. It is suitable for medium-volume production with some level of product variation.c. Flexible Automation:Flexible automation combines the advantages of fixed and programmable automation. It involves the use of computer-controlled systems that can be reprogrammed to handle a wide range of products and tasks. It is suitable for low-volume production with high product variation.4. Challenges in Implementing Automation:While automation offers numerous benefits, its implementation can pose challenges. Some common challenges include:- High initial investment: Automation systems can be expensive to implement, requiring significant capital investment.- Workforce transition: Automation may lead to job displacement, requiring companies to provide retraining opportunities for affected employees.- Technical complexity: Implementing automation systems requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which may not be readily available.- Integration with existing systems: Integrating automation systems with existing machinery and processes can be complex and time-consuming.Conclusion:Automation has transformed manufacturing processes, offering increased productivity, cost reduction, improved quality control, and enhanced safety. Understanding the different types of automation and the challenges involved in its implementation is crucial for professionals in the field. As the demand for automation specialists continues to grow, proficiency in English communication is essential for effective collaboration and knowledge sharing in the global industry.Translation (Chinese):标题:制造过程中的自动化介绍:自动化已成为制造过程的重要组成部分,旨在提高生产效率,降低成本,并确保一致的质量。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述:自动化是现代工程技术领域中的重要学科,它涉及到自动控制系统、机器人技术、传感器技术等多个领域。

在自动化专业中,学习和掌握英语是必不可少的,因为英语是国际通用语言,也是自动化领域中的重要交流工具。

本文将介绍一些常见的自动化专业英语原文和翻译,以帮助学习者更好地理解和运用这些术语。

一、自动化概念及应用1.1 自动化定义英文原文:Automation refers to the use of technology to control and operate processes or systems without human intervention.翻译:自动化是指利用技术来控制和操作过程或系统,无需人为干预。

1.2 自动化应用领域英文原文:Automation is widely applied in manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and many other industries.翻译:自动化广泛应用于制造业、交通运输、医疗保健等许多行业。

1.3 自动化优势英文原文:Automation offers advantages such as increased productivity, improved efficiency, and enhanced safety.翻译:自动化提供了增加生产力、提高效率和增强安全性等优势。

二、自动控制系统2.1 自动控制系统定义英文原文:An automatic control system is a set of devices that manage and regulate the behavior of a system or process automatically.翻译:自动控制系统是一组设备,能够自动管理和调节系统或过程的行为。

2.2 自动控制系统组成英文原文:An automatic control system consists of sensors, actuators, controllers, and communication networks.翻译:自动控制系统由传感器、执行器、控制器和通信网络组成。

自动化专业英语(王宏文主编)课文翻译完整版

自动化专业英语(王宏文主编)课文翻译完整版

PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ———————————- 3B Three—phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———- ————- - — 5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip—flop ———————- ——8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices - ———- - ——- —11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —- —- - ————- ——-15B Closed—loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines - ——————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System - - - - - ——- —- ——22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ———- - - ——- ———27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation ——- - —29UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response - - ———————30B Steady State—- - ——- - ———- ——- ———31UNIT 3A The Root Locus —- - ————————- —32B The Frequency Response Methods:Nyquist Diagrams —————33UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods:Bode Piots - —- ——34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control,the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network—induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。

自动化专业英语教程(王宏文)第二版全文翻译

自动化专业英语教程(王宏文)第二版全文翻译

《自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。

自动化专业英语(王宏文)全文翻译

自动化专业英语(王宏文)全文翻译

UNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。

如果网络不包含能源,如电池或发电机,那么就被称作无源网络。

换句话说,如果存在一个或多个能源,那么组合的结果为有源网络。

在研究电网络的特性时,我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。

因为网络由无源电路元件组成,所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性.就电阻来说,电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出,欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。

在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中u=电压,伏特;i =电流,安培;R = 电阻,欧姆。

纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义,法拉第定律指出:电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。

因此可得到:U=Ldi/dt 式中di/dt = 电流变化率,安培/秒;L = 感应系数,享利。

电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。

因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分,因此得到的等式为u= ,式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。

由定义可知,电流等于电荷随时间的变化率,可表示为i = dq/dt。

因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量,或dq = i dt,那么等式(1-1A-3) 可写为式中C = 电容量,法拉。

归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和(1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。

注意,图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向,因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。

有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能,例如,电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能,发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。

有源电气元件存在两种基本形式:电压源和电流源。

其理想状态为:电压源两端的电压恒定,与从电压源中流出的电流无关。

因为负载变化时电压基本恒定,所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。

另一方面,电流源产生电流,电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。

虽然电流源在实际中不常见,但其概念的确在表示借助于等值电路的放大器件,比如晶体管中具有广泛应用。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Abstract:This document provides a comprehensive overview of the field of automation, including its definition, applications, and current trends. It also includes a detailed explanation of key terms and concepts related to automation. The document aims to serve as a resource for professionals and students in the field of automation, as well as anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of this rapidly evolving discipline.1. IntroductionAutomation is the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. It involves the design, development, and implementation of systems that can operate autonomously or semi-autonomously. Automation has revolutionized various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and agriculture, by increasing efficiency, productivity, and safety.2. Definition and ScopeAutomation encompasses a wide range of technologies and processes, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and control systems. It involves the integration of hardware and software components to create intelligent systems capable of performing complex tasks. The scope of automation includes industrial automation, process automation, home automation, and office automation.3. Applications of Automation3.1 Manufacturing AutomationManufacturing automation involves the use of machines and robotic systems to automate production processes. It includes tasks such as assembly, packaging, material handling, and quality control. Automation in manufacturing has led to increased production rates, improved product quality, and reduced labor costs.3.2 Transportation AutomationTransportation automation aims to automate various aspects of transportation systems, including vehicles, traffic control, and logistics. It includes technologies such as autonomous vehicles, intelligent transportation systems, and automated warehouses. Automation in transportation can enhance safety, reduce congestion, and optimize resource utilization.3.3 Healthcare AutomationHealthcare automation involves the use of technology to streamline healthcare processes and improve patient care. It includes electronic medical records, telemedicine, robotic surgery, and automated drug dispensing systems. Automation in healthcare can enhance accuracy, reduce errors, and improve overall efficiency.3.4 Agriculture AutomationAgriculture automation focuses on automating agricultural processes to increase productivity and reduce labor requirements. It includes technologies such as precision farming, automated irrigation systems, and robotic harvesting. Automation in agriculture can optimize resource usage, improve crop yields, and minimize environmental impact.4. Key Terms and Concepts4.1 RoboticsRobotics is the branch of automation that deals with the design, construction, and operation of robots. Robots are programmable machines capable of carrying out tasks autonomously or under human supervision. They can be used in various industries for tasks that are dangerous, repetitive, or require high precision.4.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)Artificial Intelligence refers to the ability of machines to mimic human intelligence and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as speech recognition,decision-making, and problem-solving. AI is a key component of many automation systems, enabling machines to learn from data and adapt to changing conditions.4.3 Machine LearningMachine Learning is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that allow machines to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without explicit programming. Machine learning algorithms are used in various automation applications, such as image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive maintenance.4.4 Control SystemsControl systems are used to monitor and regulate the behavior of machines and processes. They involve sensors, actuators, and feedback mechanisms to maintain desired performance and stability. Control systems are essential in automation to ensure accurate and reliable operation of automated systems.5. Current Trends in Automation5.1 Internet of Things (IoT)The Internet of Things refers to the network of interconnected devices that can communicate and exchange data. IoT enables automation by connecting physical objects to the internet, allowing remote monitoring and control. It has applications in various domains, such as smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare.5.2 Big Data AnalyticsBig Data Analytics involves the use of advanced analytics techniques to extract insights from large and complex datasets. In automation, big data analytics can be used to optimize processes, detect anomalies, and make data-driven decisions. It enables predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and continuous improvement.5.3 Collaborative RobotsCollaborative robots, also known as cobots, are designed to work alongside humans in a shared workspace. They are equipped with sensors and safety features to ensure safe interaction with humans. Collaborative robots are increasingly used in manufacturing, healthcare, and other industries to enhance productivity and flexibility.Conclusion:Automation is a rapidly evolving field with significant implications for various industries and society as a whole. This document has provided an in-depth overview of automation, including its definition, applications, key terms, and current trends. It serves as a valuable resource for professionals and students in the field of automation, as well as anyone interested in understanding the fundamental concepts and advancements in this exciting discipline.。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译P1U6

自动化专业英语原文和翻译P1U6

第六单元A AC Machines交流机In troductio n简介The electrical mach ine that conv erts electrical en ergy into mecha ni cal en ergy, and vice versa, is the workhorse in a drive system. A machi ne is a complex structure electrically, mechanically, and thermally.Although machines were introduced more than one hun dred years ago, the research and developme nt in this area appears to be n ever-e nding. However, the evoluti on of machi nes has bee n slow compared to that of power semic on ductor devices and power electr onic con verters.Traditi on ally, AC machines with a constant frequency sinusoidal power supply have been used in con sta nt-speed applicatio ns, whereas DC mach ines were preferred for variable-speed drives. But in the last two or three decades,we have seen extensive research and development efforts for variable-frequency, variable-speed AC machine drive tech no logy, and they will progressively replace DC drives. In most cases, new applicati ons use AC drives.将电能转换成机械能或将机械能转换成电能的电机是传动系统中的主要组成部分。

自动化专业英语翻译

自动化专业英语翻译

Control Engineering and TechnologySome Advances in TechnologyControl engineering is driven by available technology and the pace of the relevant technology advances is now rapid . In this section we mention a few of the advances in technology that currently have ,or will have ,an impact on control engineering . More specific details can be found in the Notes and References at the end of this chapter.1.3 控制工程和技术1.3.1 一些技术上的进步控制工程是由可用的技术和相关技术快速进步的步伐所推动的。

在本节中,我们提到的一些目前拥有或将要拥有的技术进步以及它在控制工程上的影响。

更具体的细节可以在本章末尾的注释和参考中被找到。

note n. 注释,说明;[金融] 票据reference n. [图情] 参考文献;参照;推荐信Integrated and Intelligent SensorsOver the past decade the technology of integrated sensors has been developed . Integrated sensors are built using the techniques of microfabrication originally developed for integrated circuits ; they often include the signal conditioning and interface circuitry on the same chip, in which case they are called intelligent sensors. This signal conditioning might include, for example, temperature compensation. Integrated sensors promise greater reliability and linearity than many conventional sensors, and because they are typically cheaper and smaller than conventional sensors, it will be possible to incorporate many more sensors in the design of control systems than is currently done.集成智能传感器在过去的十年中集成传感器的技术已经得到了发展。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译英文原文:Automation in the field of engineering has brought about significant advancements and revolutionized various industries. With the help of cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions, automation has become an integral part of many processes, increasing efficiency and productivity.In the field of automation engineering, professionals are responsible for designing, developing, and implementing automated systems and machinery. These systems are designed to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, reducing the risk of errors and improving overall performance.Automation engineering involves the use of various tools and technologies such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robotics, and computer-aided design (CAD) software. These tools enable engineers to design and control complex systems, ensuring smooth operations and optimal performance.One of the key benefits of automation in engineering is the ability to streamline processes and reduce manual labor. By automating repetitive tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and critical aspects of their work, leading to increased productivity and higher quality output.Moreover, automation plays a crucial role in enhancing safety in various industries. By replacing human workers with automated systems, the risk of accidents and injuries can be significantly reduced. Automated systems are designed to follow strict safety protocols and can perform tasks in hazardous environments that may be dangerous for humans.In addition to improving efficiency and safety, automation also offers cost-saving benefits. Although the initial investment in automation technology may be high, the long-term savings in labor costs and increased productivity outweigh the initial expenses.Automation can also lead to reduced material wastage and improved resource management.Automation engineering professionals play a vital role in the design and implementation of automated systems. They are responsible for conducting thorough analysis, developing system requirements, and ensuring seamless integration of automation technology into existing processes. They also provide technical support and troubleshooting expertise to address any issues that may arise.In conclusion, automation in the field of engineering has revolutionized various industries by increasing efficiency, productivity, and safety. Automation engineering professionals play a crucial role in designing and implementing automated systems, utilizing cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions. With the continuous advancements in automation technology, the future of engineering looks promising, with even greater possibilities for improved performance and streamlined processes.中文翻译:自动化在工程领域带来了重大的进步,并对各行各业进行了革命性的改变。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译英文原文:Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering, and stabilization of ships, aircraft, and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.自动化是一种通过至少的人力辅助来执行过程或者程序的技术。

自动化或者自动控制是使用各种控制系统来操作设备,例如机械、工厂中的工艺流程、锅炉和热处理炉、电话网络的开关、船舶、飞机和其他应用和车辆的控制和稳定,从而实现最小化或者减少人类干预。

一些过程已经彻底自动化。

Automation plays a crucial role in various industries and sectors, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and many others. It involves the use of advanced technologies and control systems to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and reduce human error.In the manufacturing industry, automation is used extensively to carry out repetitive tasks, such as assembly line operations. This not only speeds up production but also ensures consistent quality and reduces the risk of accidents. Robots and robotic systems are commonly employed in manufacturing plants to handle tasks that are dangerous or require high precision.在创造业中,自动化被广泛应用于执行重复性任务,例如流水线操作。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automated Professional English Original Text and TranslationOriginal Text:Automation plays a crucial role in the field of engineering, particularly in the domain of industrial processes. It involves the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce human intervention, increase efficiency, and improve productivity.In the context of the automation industry, professionals need to have a strong command of English to effectively communicate and collaborate with international partners and clients. Therefore, it is essential for students studying automation to develop their English language skills, especially in technical and professional contexts.The curriculum for automation majors should include courses that focus on English for specific purposes, such as technical writing, presentations, and negotiations. These courses should provide students with the necessary vocabulary, grammar, and communication strategies to effectively convey complex technical information in English.In addition to language skills, automation professionals should also be familiar with industry-specific terminology and concepts. They should have a solid understanding of automation systems, robotics, control systems, and programming languages commonly used in the field. This knowledge will enable them to effectively communicate and work with colleagues and clients from different countries.Furthermore, automation professionals should be aware of the latest advancements and trends in the industry. They should stay updated on new technologies, regulations, and best practices. This can be achieved through continuous professional development, attending conferences, workshops, and participating in online forums and communities.Translation:自动化在工程领域中起着至关重要的作用,特别是在工业过程领域。

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第二部分 控制理论第1章1.1控制系统的引入人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程。在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实。控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大。回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船、气垫船、高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统。以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统。对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科。控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识。计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展。通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置。开环控制系统开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统,图2.1单容液位控制系统我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现。这个系统不是精确的系统,本系统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度。图2.2描述了这个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系,图2.2液位控制系统框图这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图。箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及输出流出系统。这个控制系统没有反馈连接,这种反馈缺失用术语描述为开环。图2.3描述场效应管控制的直流电机控制切断轮恒速运转。一旦有木料接触到切断轮的表面,将对驱动转矩产生一个干扰转矩,在假定控制信号保持恒定的情况下,导致切割轮的转速下降。干扰的加入位于电机与负载之间,如图2.4所示。图2.3 晶闸管控制直流电机图2.4 带有干扰情况下晶闸管控制直流电机干扰转矩,以及其他的输入,对开环系统的控制的精确性产生严重的影响,这种系统由于不存在反馈,所以根本就不可自动的修正输出。闭环控制系统闭环控制系统源自于输入端的来自于输出端的输出信号的精确复制。偏差检测器源于输入与输出信号之间偏差。闭环控制系统一直对输出信号起控制作用直到输出与输入的偏差信号为零。在闭环控制系统中,输出与输入的任何偏差都能被自动的进行修正。通过适当的设计,系统将能克服任何干扰以及原件情况的变化对系统所产生的影响。图2.5单容液位自动控制系统图2.6 闭环控制系统框图图2.5阐述了图2.1所描述的单容液位控制系统的另一种形式。这个系统可变化的情况下,保持液位h在与期望的精确地误差范围内。如果以在输出流量V1液位不是设定值,将产生一个偏差电压。这个电压经过放大加到控制输入流量V2的电机上,通过改变输入流量修正液位,该系统的系统框图如图2.6所示。由于存在反馈,这种系统被称为闭环系统。图2.4所示的晶闸管控制直流电机系统的另一种形式即:自动调速系统如图2.7所示。反馈系统可以在干扰转矩存在的情况下使电机的转速保持相对不变。该系统的反馈部分由将转速转换为电压信号的转速计充当。为了输出期望转速与实际转速的偏差信号,差动放大器产生用于改变直流电机励磁电流的偏差信号来修正到期望的输出转速。图2.7 晶闸管控制直流电动机的自动控制系统反馈控制用于控制位置、转速以及加速度即自动驾驶在民用以及军事工业中是很常见的。反馈控制系统有他的优点,同样也具有一些列的缺点,应为反馈的存在,会使系统存在震荡,通过适当的设计,可以实现在系统稳定的前提下利用这些优点。1.2拉普拉斯变换与传递函数拉普拉斯变换拉普拉斯变换对解决一般的描述系统的方程有帮助。通常将变量的拉普拉斯变换形式写成其大写形式,如:y(t)的拉普拉斯变换形式为Y(s)。在这些符号中,微分方程中的t代表时域而拉氏变换中的s代表复数域。对此,有如下定义:式中,L{ }表示拉普拉斯变换,我们用如下形式表示拉普拉斯反变换:需要注意的是:虽然y(t)表示实数方程,但其拉普拉斯变换Y(S)表示的是关于复变函数s的复数方程。整个过程的完成需要大量的复数运算,单我们不关心进行拉普拉斯反变换所进行的运算。相反,在对于系统框图的动态描述中,我们将简单的用到一些关于某些不同方程拉普拉斯变换的结论。拉普拉斯变换是线性运算所以非常适合于描述线性运动系统。拉普拉斯变换的微分性质如下:式中,y(i)(0)表示i阶微分的初始条件,拉普拉斯变换的积分性质表示如下:拉普拉斯变换还有另外一条使用的性质,这条性质被称作终值定理:规定了二者的极限值。利用拉普拉斯变换求解方程当线性系统的的物理关系使用微积分方程描述之后,系统的动态特性的分析可以通过解方程以及与初始条件结合而得出。下例所示的为拉普拉斯变换在求解线性微分方程的应用。这种按步骤从原始方程消除时间以及时间的微分的最终结果是得出一个关于s的代数方程。这个方程然后再用来变换为关于时间的方程。最后一步包含了利用拉普拉斯反变换直接解决问题。例:考虑如下线性微分方程:设初始条件为:对式(2.7)两边同时进行拉普拉斯变换可得如下方程:带入初始条件并求解Y可得如下方程:如果对式(2.9)进行部分分式展开,可得如下方程:式(2.10)的拉普拉斯反变换为:该结果包含两个部分:1表示稳态性能,-4e-3t+5-2t表示瞬态性能,检验稳态性能,根据式(2.7)所示的终值定理:传递函数的概念为了便于分析与设计,控制系统通常用一组微分方程来描述。框图是用来直观地描述方程的内部关系的一种图。每一个原件都是用其自身的传递函数来描述的,传递函数定义为模块的输出与输入的比。在用传递函数描述模块时,假设模块已处于稳态以及零初始条件。图2.8线性系统框图考虑图 2.8所示的框图,对于该系统而言,唯一的假设就是系统的输入与输出之间服从线性关系。并且该系统为定常系统,可用如下形式表示:在零初始条件下,式(2.13)对应的拉普拉斯变换可写为:比C(S)/R(S)称为模块的传递函数,并且完全的描述了系统的特性。令模块的传递函数表示为G(S),可得:设系统处于零初始状态,则输出的拉普拉斯变换为:基本线性反馈系统如图2.9所示G(s)和H(s)分别表示系统前向通道与反馈通道的传递函数,他们分别构成了串联装置与反馈环。整个系统的传递函数C(s)/R(s)为:图2.9一般单闭环反馈系统框图第2章2.1控制系统的性能指标工业系统与装置的设计都需要满足一定的性能要求,或者使系统具有一些特定的性能。这些性能指标必须绝对严格,这对于何时能对手头的工作实现足够好的设计非常有用,出于在更多的复杂、不同、昂贵的系统设计中取得结果几乎不变的较好的质量。自动控制系统不容马虎。数量反馈的系统的控制行为包括稳态和暂态响应,这两类相应通常用于描述反馈控制系统的性能指标。反馈系统的稳态性能通常描述为系统的稳定性和精确性。稳定性在买描述系统的性能指标之中时极其重要的一部分。系统必须是稳定的,即使系统受控制信号,闭环内任何部位的其他输入,供电系统变化以及反馈参数变化等情况的影响的时候。稳态精度是反馈控制系统的另外一个重要的性能。设计者通常会尽力设计使系统对期望的输入具有最小的偏差。理论上,对于控制系统,理想的情况是在位置,速度,加速度以及无差的高阶导数变化的情况下维持系统稳定的输出。这种性能是不实际并且不可实现的。所幸,对于实际的系统而言,其对精确度的要求没有这么严格。系统的稳态性能的判断可以根据终值定理完成,该定理的拉普拉斯变换形式已由式(2.6)给出。我们接下来考虑单位反馈系统,如图2.10所示,稳态误差E(s)对于输入R(s)的关系如下式:图2.10 单位反馈系统稳态误差表达式如下:输入R(s)可以是多种标准信号中的一种,闭环系统的稳态误差可以被认为是开环系统的传递函数的形式。控制工程常见的输入是位置,速度和加速度。阶跃,斜坡和抛物线输入分别是这些物理量的简单的数学表达式。在确定系统的稳态误差时,设系统具有如下标准形式:式中:S N=位于复平面原点处的重极点K=表达式的增益在动态相应情况下,规定出有意义的变量特性是比较困难的,因为模型在动态过程中的相对权重取决于输入,在动态过程中很难判断。通常使用的性能指标的设置为:将系统置于阶跃相应下。通过说明三个延迟时间,超调量,调整时间,系统的相应被限制在了图 2.11所示的阴影边界之中。可以说明包含了这些阶跃响应限制条件系统在任何输入的情况下的动态响应都是可接受的。动态性能指标的定义如下图所示:图2.11 单位阶跃响应性能指标1.延迟时间:定义响应从0到稳态值的50%所需要的时间称为延时时间,如图2.11所示。2.超调量:阶跃响应的峰值定义为M pt,达到峰值的时间称为T p,则,超调量百分数定义如下:式中:Css稳态值或终值c(t)3.调整时间:定义为输出均匀的达到位于稳态输出值的两侧或一侧的均匀的范围之内所经历的时间,特别的,此处的范围可指定为:±5%、±2%或者±1%,分别对应的调整时间。同样,约束条件可以从系统的频率响应得出。大的带宽意味着系统可以跟随迅速变化的输入(信号包含了其傅里叶变换形式中的高频部分),频率响应中大的谐振峰值意味着动态响应中的欠阻的正弦曲线。因此,闭环系统频率响应的带宽B和谐振峰值的高度Mp能够大概对应地指示系统的性能指标中的延迟时间和超调量。这些参数的性能指标限制区域内闭环系统频率响应的量级如图2.12所示。闭环系统的带宽并不能方便的反应性能指标,响应频率ωr通常仅仅应用于频率响应的领域。一个可选择的用于限制频域动态响应的方法是规定最小的增益裕量与相角裕量,这种方法仅仅适用于开环系统。图2.12 闭环频率响应指标以下是三组备选的关于动态响应性能指标的常用设置:1.闭环阶跃响应:延迟时间(或上升时间),超调量,调整时间。2.闭环频率响应:谐振峰值,带宽或谢振频率。3.开环频率响应:增益裕量,相角裕量。2.2 二阶系统由频域观点可知,系统需要考虑闭环系统传递函数分母中s的最高次,时域中,需要考虑描述系统动态特性的被控参数的最高阶导数。描述系统时,系统的阶数事非常重要的参数。二阶系统对于控制工程而言非常重要。这种形式的系统描述了许多控制程序的动态特性,如伺服系统,空间驾驶控制,化工过程,生物工程,飞机控制系统,轮船控制等。值得关注的是很多控制系统的设计都是基于二级系统进行分析的。虽然常见的控制系统都是高阶的,但是这些系统可以近似成二阶系统,在合理的精确度范围之内对系统进行近似以实现准备的设计目标。更加精确的解决方案可以通过二阶系统的性能上延伸来实现。我们以直流电机通过变速箱拖动负载的系统为例来研究。这种系统很常见,用一个共同的拉普拉斯变换的数学描述形式描述了机械与电子理论的结合。该系统的原理图如图 2.13所示。在该装置中,系统的设定值通过电位器的形式产生。电位器的角位置θd 通过电位器的传递函数Kp(单位:伏/弧度)产生一个成比例的双极性电压。这个电压与另外一个电位器测量的负载达到的位置进行比较。电位计与相加点的系统框图如图2.14所示。由于电动机需要的电压比从求和点直接获得的电压大,所以偏差电压一般情况下都通过一个放大器接到电动机上。放大器可看做一个在大多数情来看待,传递函数如图2.14所示。放大器输出电压驱动电动况下可调节的增益Ka机。应当知道的是电动机之所以旋转是由于两个磁场相互作用的结果,两个磁场一个是静止的而另外一个是旋转的,电机的调速通过控制这两个磁场其中一个的强度来实现。静止磁场的产生可以通过给励磁线圈通电流来实现,对于小型电机,可以通过使用永久磁铁来产生静止磁场。旋转磁场可以通过为电枢线圈通电流产生。根据基尔霍夫定律以及牛顿第二定律,可得电动机的传递函数如下:为电机转矩系数,单位式中:R为励磁绕组的电阻;L为励磁绕组的电感;Km是:N2/A;J为电机轴的转动惯量;c为总阻尼,包括电机轴的。图2.13 电机位置负载图2.14 位置控制系统框图引入图2.14右侧,则闭环传递函数可写为:将电位器的KP从该式可以看出关于系统的输入与输出之间关系的微分方程是二阶的;因此位置控制系统是二阶的。二阶系统的标准形式如下:表示无阻尼自然振荡角频率。系统可以通过这些量描述。式中:ζ表示阻尼比,ωn随后的系统分析将使用一些广义上的符号,系统框图如图2.25所示,通过回顾电机控制,位置控制系统将不断地以物理为基础得出结论。图2.15 广义闭环传递函数阶跃响应我们假设系统处于零初始状态,并且输入为单位阶跃。那么R(s)=1/s,输出的拉普拉斯变换可以写成:若系统为欠阻尼,即ζ<1,那么,阻尼自然振荡角频率定义为:接着输出结果为:进行反变换后:式中:同理,可以得出过阻尼(ζ>1)情况下的结果:理解阻尼时的结果(ζ=1):图2.16所示为在ω=1rad/s情况下,不同阻尼比ζ时的输出,识别ζ<1时n的情况很重要,如下图:图2.16 二阶系统阶跃响应1.在ωd时,系统震荡2.系统由于指数-ζωn而衰减震荡,超调量取决于ζ的值3. .4.5.。

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