流行病学绪论ppt课件
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(1796) 接种牛痘 预防天花
开创了主动免疫的先河
施民安. 琴纳发现牛痘预防天花的经过. 见:钱宇平, 主编. 流行病学18 研究实例 (第1卷). 北京: 人民卫生出版社，1984. p38-42.
In 1979 WHO declared that smallpox has been eliminated in the whole world. Smallpox eradication should be attributed to his research .
24
London Epidemiological Society (1850)
全世界第一个流行病学学会 标志着流行病学学科的形成
25
-John Snow (1848-1854)
26
The great French Bacteriologist
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He established the Germ theory
diseases Urban versus rural mortality Rural migration to the city First attempts at a life table
出生时男性多于女性， 但男性死亡高
婴儿死亡率高 发病呈季节变动 比较急性与慢性疾病 城市与农村死亡比较 农村象城市流动 首次尝试寿命表
-Hippocrates (460-377 BC) A First Epidemiologist
《Epidemic Ⅰ》 《Epidemic Ⅲ》 《On Airs, Waters and Places》
-中国：“疫”、“时疫”、“疫疠”
6
一、学科形成前期-18世纪
自从有人类文明到18世纪. 这期间,该
流行病学一直医学实践必不可少的部分
医学 Medicine
2
医学之母 The mother of medicine
Because, the epidemiology is from macro point of view to observe the any question. e.g. from macro point of view to study the disease and health.
研究方法从调查分析到定性和定量结合，宏观与微观结 合 (3) Social behavior factors is very important 社会行为因素非常重要 (4) There are more other related Branch of epidemiology emerge 有更多的流行病学相关分支出现
因为流行病学是从宏观观察问题， 亦即从宏观研究疾病和健康
3
History Definition Methods Principle Application Features Prospect
历史 定义 方法 原理 应用 特点 展望
CONTENTS 目录
4
Brief History of Epidemiology 流行病学简史
Development of Epidemiology
20世纪40、50 年代-
（Modern Epidemiology）
40s-50s of 20 century
5
Earlier stage: ----- 18th century
From there is the human history of civilization to the 18th century. During this time ,This discipline( branch) not yet forms, but had its embryonic form.
Put important words:
Standard mortality,
Person year、
Dose-response relationship、
P=I×D
22
William Farr (1807-1883)
在英国首创人口和死亡的常规资料收集 提出许多流行病学的重要概念：标化死 亡率、人年、剂量反应关系、患病率 患病率＝发病率×病程
19
Sir Percivall Pott: 1775
English surgeon in London We all best known for “Pott’s fracture” He is one of earliest accounts of cause and
effect linkage for an occupational carcinogen. He found that the scrotal cancer was particularly in the workers of Chimney (stovepipe) cleaning
疾病谱 研究领域从 传染病—非传染病---健康
29
Ten leading causes of death 1900 and 1990
30
Children of Polio 脊髓灰质炎患儿
31
Features （特点）:
（2）Research method from Survey and analysis to qualitative and quantitative combined, and macroscopic and microscopic combined
Excess of males over females among births but higher mortality in males
High infant mortality rate Seasonal variation in
morbidity Acute versus chronic
◦ 学科形成前期
Before the form of
-18世纪
Epidemiology
◦ 学科形成期
--1700s
18世纪末-20 世纪初
Forming of Epidemiology
End of 1700s—
◦ 学科发展期（现代 流行病学时期）
beginning of 20 century
His contribution is the first time to introduce
Statistics to Epidemiology
《Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality》
12
John Graunt (1620-1674)
Manufacture animal vaccine:
-anthrax,
-fowl cholera,
-swine erysipelas
-Rabies---virus---vaccine
Pasteurization– 600C –30’
the new useful disinfection method
流行病学绪论
Introduction of Epidemiology
1
Basic medicine Clinical medicine Preventive medicine
基础医学 临床医学 预防医学
Epidemiology has always been a
necessary part of medicine practice.
现代流行病学的奠基人之一 公共卫生运动的领导者之一
23
-London Epidemiological Society (1850) established
It is a first one in the world
It is showed that the discipline already formed
(20th Century 40’s, 50’s ------now)
Features （特点）:
(1) Spectrum of disease :
The study area extended from communicable diseases--- to Non-communicable /chronic disease --- to health
欧洲黑死病
8
1347-1351年 鼠疫导致2400万人死亡 9
Italy-- Venice ---- the earliest quarantine
15th Century : The people in order to avoid the infectious disease spreading, the request external ships must Away (outside) from the port 40 days .That is (quadraginta (latin =40)) →. 1423: set up first infectious diseases hospital
14
2. Form stage
Lind .James 1716—1795
- A surgeon of English navy - By means of Epidemiologic experiment
Discovered Orange prevent
scurvy
Start the experimental Epidemiology
-John Graunt (1620-1674)
Use death data to study distribution of disease Make first life table calculate expectation of life Summarizes death process with probability of survival and death Producce control group idea
利用死亡数据进行死亡分布及规律性研究 创制了第一张寿命表，计算期望寿命 用生存概率和死亡概率来概括死亡经历 提出设立比较组的思想
将统计学引入流行病学领域
《Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality》
13
Graunt’s Observations
学科（ 分支） 尚未形成，但已形成雏形.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 第一个流行病学家
主要的流行病学著作： 《Epidemic Ⅰ》 《Epidemic Ⅲ》 《On Airs, Waters and Places》
中国：“疫”“时疫”“疫疠”
7
The Black Death in Europe ca.1300s
20
英国外科医生 以“Pott’s 骨折著称 他最早将职业致癌物与病 因联系起来 他发现阴囊癌为烟筒清洁 工所特有
Sir Percivall Pott: 1775
21
Байду номын сангаас
William Farr (1807-1883)
Statistician (English )
First person who routine collect population and death data in England
15
二、学科形成期
James Lind (1716-1794) VitC缺乏 – 坏血病 (1747) 开创了流行病学临床试验的先河
16
-Edward Jenner (1796) He used cowpox immunization in preventing
smallpox.
17
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
27
第一节 流行病学发展史
伟大的法国微生物学家
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
微生物理论 (germ theory) 开发了鸡霍乱、炭疽、猪丹毒疫苗 减毒的微生物可以用作免疫 提出狂犬病是由一种显微镜看不到 的物质传播的（即病毒），并开发 疫苗治疗和预防狂犬病 巴斯德杀菌法
28
3, Development stage （发展阶段）
中国：隋朝开设“疠人坊” (leprosy hospital) 隔离麻风病人
10
意大利威尼斯－最早的检疫
14世纪 外来船只必须在港外停留检疫40天 quadraginta (拉丁语，意思为40) → quarantine 1423年成立了首家传染病隔离医院
中国：隋朝开设 “疠人坊”以隔
离麻风病人
11
开创了主动免疫的先河
施民安. 琴纳发现牛痘预防天花的经过. 见:钱宇平, 主编. 流行病学18 研究实例 (第1卷). 北京: 人民卫生出版社，1984. p38-42.
In 1979 WHO declared that smallpox has been eliminated in the whole world. Smallpox eradication should be attributed to his research .
24
London Epidemiological Society (1850)
全世界第一个流行病学学会 标志着流行病学学科的形成
25
-John Snow (1848-1854)
26
The great French Bacteriologist
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He established the Germ theory
diseases Urban versus rural mortality Rural migration to the city First attempts at a life table
出生时男性多于女性， 但男性死亡高
婴儿死亡率高 发病呈季节变动 比较急性与慢性疾病 城市与农村死亡比较 农村象城市流动 首次尝试寿命表
-Hippocrates (460-377 BC) A First Epidemiologist
《Epidemic Ⅰ》 《Epidemic Ⅲ》 《On Airs, Waters and Places》
-中国：“疫”、“时疫”、“疫疠”
6
一、学科形成前期-18世纪
自从有人类文明到18世纪. 这期间,该
流行病学一直医学实践必不可少的部分
医学 Medicine
2
医学之母 The mother of medicine
Because, the epidemiology is from macro point of view to observe the any question. e.g. from macro point of view to study the disease and health.
研究方法从调查分析到定性和定量结合，宏观与微观结 合 (3) Social behavior factors is very important 社会行为因素非常重要 (4) There are more other related Branch of epidemiology emerge 有更多的流行病学相关分支出现
因为流行病学是从宏观观察问题， 亦即从宏观研究疾病和健康
3
History Definition Methods Principle Application Features Prospect
历史 定义 方法 原理 应用 特点 展望
CONTENTS 目录
4
Brief History of Epidemiology 流行病学简史
Development of Epidemiology
20世纪40、50 年代-
（Modern Epidemiology）
40s-50s of 20 century
5
Earlier stage: ----- 18th century
From there is the human history of civilization to the 18th century. During this time ,This discipline( branch) not yet forms, but had its embryonic form.
Put important words:
Standard mortality,
Person year、
Dose-response relationship、
P=I×D
22
William Farr (1807-1883)
在英国首创人口和死亡的常规资料收集 提出许多流行病学的重要概念：标化死 亡率、人年、剂量反应关系、患病率 患病率＝发病率×病程
19
Sir Percivall Pott: 1775
English surgeon in London We all best known for “Pott’s fracture” He is one of earliest accounts of cause and
effect linkage for an occupational carcinogen. He found that the scrotal cancer was particularly in the workers of Chimney (stovepipe) cleaning
疾病谱 研究领域从 传染病—非传染病---健康
29
Ten leading causes of death 1900 and 1990
30
Children of Polio 脊髓灰质炎患儿
31
Features （特点）:
（2）Research method from Survey and analysis to qualitative and quantitative combined, and macroscopic and microscopic combined
Excess of males over females among births but higher mortality in males
High infant mortality rate Seasonal variation in
morbidity Acute versus chronic
◦ 学科形成前期
Before the form of
-18世纪
Epidemiology
◦ 学科形成期
--1700s
18世纪末-20 世纪初
Forming of Epidemiology
End of 1700s—
◦ 学科发展期（现代 流行病学时期）
beginning of 20 century
His contribution is the first time to introduce
Statistics to Epidemiology
《Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality》
12
John Graunt (1620-1674)
Manufacture animal vaccine:
-anthrax,
-fowl cholera,
-swine erysipelas
-Rabies---virus---vaccine
Pasteurization– 600C –30’
the new useful disinfection method
流行病学绪论
Introduction of Epidemiology
1
Basic medicine Clinical medicine Preventive medicine
基础医学 临床医学 预防医学
Epidemiology has always been a
necessary part of medicine practice.
现代流行病学的奠基人之一 公共卫生运动的领导者之一
23
-London Epidemiological Society (1850) established
It is a first one in the world
It is showed that the discipline already formed
(20th Century 40’s, 50’s ------now)
Features （特点）:
(1) Spectrum of disease :
The study area extended from communicable diseases--- to Non-communicable /chronic disease --- to health
欧洲黑死病
8
1347-1351年 鼠疫导致2400万人死亡 9
Italy-- Venice ---- the earliest quarantine
15th Century : The people in order to avoid the infectious disease spreading, the request external ships must Away (outside) from the port 40 days .That is (quadraginta (latin =40)) →. 1423: set up first infectious diseases hospital
14
2. Form stage
Lind .James 1716—1795
- A surgeon of English navy - By means of Epidemiologic experiment
Discovered Orange prevent
scurvy
Start the experimental Epidemiology
-John Graunt (1620-1674)
Use death data to study distribution of disease Make first life table calculate expectation of life Summarizes death process with probability of survival and death Producce control group idea
利用死亡数据进行死亡分布及规律性研究 创制了第一张寿命表，计算期望寿命 用生存概率和死亡概率来概括死亡经历 提出设立比较组的思想
将统计学引入流行病学领域
《Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality》
13
Graunt’s Observations
学科（ 分支） 尚未形成，但已形成雏形.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 第一个流行病学家
主要的流行病学著作： 《Epidemic Ⅰ》 《Epidemic Ⅲ》 《On Airs, Waters and Places》
中国：“疫”“时疫”“疫疠”
7
The Black Death in Europe ca.1300s
20
英国外科医生 以“Pott’s 骨折著称 他最早将职业致癌物与病 因联系起来 他发现阴囊癌为烟筒清洁 工所特有
Sir Percivall Pott: 1775
21
Байду номын сангаас
William Farr (1807-1883)
Statistician (English )
First person who routine collect population and death data in England
15
二、学科形成期
James Lind (1716-1794) VitC缺乏 – 坏血病 (1747) 开创了流行病学临床试验的先河
16
-Edward Jenner (1796) He used cowpox immunization in preventing
smallpox.
17
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
27
第一节 流行病学发展史
伟大的法国微生物学家
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
微生物理论 (germ theory) 开发了鸡霍乱、炭疽、猪丹毒疫苗 减毒的微生物可以用作免疫 提出狂犬病是由一种显微镜看不到 的物质传播的（即病毒），并开发 疫苗治疗和预防狂犬病 巴斯德杀菌法
28
3, Development stage （发展阶段）
中国：隋朝开设“疠人坊” (leprosy hospital) 隔离麻风病人
10
意大利威尼斯－最早的检疫
14世纪 外来船只必须在港外停留检疫40天 quadraginta (拉丁语，意思为40) → quarantine 1423年成立了首家传染病隔离医院
中国：隋朝开设 “疠人坊”以隔
离麻风病人
11