蒙古帝国 Mongols
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Conquest of Russia Capture of Baghdad Conquest of southern China
Strong Equestrians and Archers
• The Mongols were oriented around extreme mobility. They carried their houses with them, drank their own horse's blood to stay alive, and could travel up to 62 miles per day. • They had an elaborate prioritymail-system which allowed orders to be transmitted rapidly across Eurasia. • Mongol archers were very deadly and accurate
Mongols
“The Mongols made no technological breakthroughs, founded no new religions, wrote few books or dramas”
Why historically significant?
a conduit [not a creator] of civilization
– Their arrows could kill enemies at 200 meters (656 feet)
Mongol War Equipment
• The warrior carried a protective shield made of light leather armor
– which was impregnated with a lacquer-like substance in order to make it more impervious to penetration by arrows, swords and knives, and also to protect it against humid weather
• Timing: fragmes
Impact of the Mongols
• “The Mongols created a single economic, cultural, and epidemiological world system”
Chronology of the Mongol Empire
• 1206-1227 • 1211-1234 Reign of Chinggis Khan Conquest of northern China
• 1219-1221
• 1237-1241 • 1258 • 1264-1279
Conquest of Persia
To compare…
Imagine if… “the U.S., instead of being created by a group of educated merchants & wealthy planters, had been founded by one of its illiterate slaves, who, by the sheer force of personality, charisma, & determination, liberated America from foreign rule, united the people,… invented a new system of warfare, marched an army from Canada to Brazil, and opened roads of commerce in a free-trade zone that stretched across the continents.” – Jack Weatherford in Genghis Khan
What were the key factors that allowed fewer than 125,000 nomadic warriors to build the largest empire in world history? • Military prowess • Adaptation of local societies / talents
– – – – Mongol Exchange New methods of warfare Trade from Venice to Beijing and beyond Demographic change via the plague and major population shifts – Altered the political histories of Russia, China, Europe – Unparalleled cultural diffusion
A Quick Background…
• Nomads • Genghis Khan chosen leader • Need for water leads to conquest - Central Asia lacked rain for agriculture • Greatest Opportunity was trade – horses!
Mongols
• Declared themselves to be descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
• Called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: Mongols conquered steppe tribe Tartars, but because so many Tartars rose to prominence in the Mongol Empire, the name became synonymous with Mongols.
Strong Equestrians and Archers
• The Mongols were oriented around extreme mobility. They carried their houses with them, drank their own horse's blood to stay alive, and could travel up to 62 miles per day. • They had an elaborate prioritymail-system which allowed orders to be transmitted rapidly across Eurasia. • Mongol archers were very deadly and accurate
Mongols
“The Mongols made no technological breakthroughs, founded no new religions, wrote few books or dramas”
Why historically significant?
a conduit [not a creator] of civilization
– Their arrows could kill enemies at 200 meters (656 feet)
Mongol War Equipment
• The warrior carried a protective shield made of light leather armor
– which was impregnated with a lacquer-like substance in order to make it more impervious to penetration by arrows, swords and knives, and also to protect it against humid weather
• Timing: fragmes
Impact of the Mongols
• “The Mongols created a single economic, cultural, and epidemiological world system”
Chronology of the Mongol Empire
• 1206-1227 • 1211-1234 Reign of Chinggis Khan Conquest of northern China
• 1219-1221
• 1237-1241 • 1258 • 1264-1279
Conquest of Persia
To compare…
Imagine if… “the U.S., instead of being created by a group of educated merchants & wealthy planters, had been founded by one of its illiterate slaves, who, by the sheer force of personality, charisma, & determination, liberated America from foreign rule, united the people,… invented a new system of warfare, marched an army from Canada to Brazil, and opened roads of commerce in a free-trade zone that stretched across the continents.” – Jack Weatherford in Genghis Khan
What were the key factors that allowed fewer than 125,000 nomadic warriors to build the largest empire in world history? • Military prowess • Adaptation of local societies / talents
– – – – Mongol Exchange New methods of warfare Trade from Venice to Beijing and beyond Demographic change via the plague and major population shifts – Altered the political histories of Russia, China, Europe – Unparalleled cultural diffusion
A Quick Background…
• Nomads • Genghis Khan chosen leader • Need for water leads to conquest - Central Asia lacked rain for agriculture • Greatest Opportunity was trade – horses!
Mongols
• Declared themselves to be descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
• Called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: Mongols conquered steppe tribe Tartars, but because so many Tartars rose to prominence in the Mongol Empire, the name became synonymous with Mongols.