库伦分析法-英文版-coulometry资料

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When [Ag+] reduces to 10-7mol.L-1, cathodal potential is EAg+/Ag = 0.800+0.059lg(1×10-7) = 0.386V U分= 1.23+0.47 – 0.386=1.31V
此时,Cu2+尚未开始析出(Why?)。可见通过控制外加电位,
度已很低),Ce3+开始被氧化:
然后:
Ce3+ - e-
Ce4+
Ce4+ + Fe2+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+
由于C3+离子是过量存在的,因而就稳定了 阳极电位并防止了 氧的析 出.从反应可知,阳极上虽然发生了铈离子的氧化反应,但所产生的高 价铈离子同时又将Fe2+离子氧化为Fe3+离子,因此,电解时所消耗的总 电量与单纯Fe2+离子完全氧化为Fe3+离子的电量是相当的.
§6-7 Automatic Coulometric assay Self-study Problems
●What advantages do Coulometric titration have ? ●Please state the principles of mass fraction determination of
●Constant current source
45~ 90V乙型干电池串联可变高电阻
晶体管恒电流源
●电流强度测量 用电位计测定流经与电解池串联 的标准电阻R上的电压降iR而得。
●时间测量 可用计时器(如 电子计数式频率 计)或停表测量。
§6-6 Advantages and Applications of Coulometric titration methods
Netty Pt cathode
Pt wire anode
AgNO3 solution
●Titration Coulometer
●Gas Coulometer (hydrogen-oxygen Coulometer)
Electrolysis solution: 0.5mol.L-1
K2SO4 or Na2SO4
可以实现Ag+, Cu2+分离
控制电位电解法
实际分析中,工作电极(通常为阴极)的电位是随着电解 过程的进行而不断变化的,而且阳极电位及电解电流也是可变 的。因此,凭借控制外加电压来控制阴极电位,从而进行分离 存在一定的困难。通常通过下列装置来控制阴极电位。
Potentiometer Reference electrode
电解分析包括: ●电重量分析 ●库仑分析
库仑分析要求: ●工作电极上只发生单纯的电极反应 ●current efficiency requires 100%
§6-2 Controlled potential electrolysis
不同金属离子具有不同的分解电压,在电解分析中,金属离子大 部分在阴极析出,要达到分离目的,就需要控制阴极电位。 阴极电位 的控制可由控制外加电压而实现.例如:
Because R is very small, iR is neglectable
Overpotential of anode
Overpotential of metal electrode is neglectable
In fact, as the electrode reaction progresses, applied voltage will be changeable, it can be seen from following result
Electromagnetic stirrer
§6-3 Controlled Potential Coulometry
Apparatus setup of controlled potential coulometry is the same as controlled potential electrolysis. Because coulombic analysis is carried out by determining the coulomb passing an electrolytic cell during electrolyzing, an series-wound (串联) accurate coulometer is necessary.
由此典型例子可以看出应用第二种类型的优越性.它不仅可以稳定 工作电极电位而避免副反应发生,而且由于用于电解产生试剂的物 质可以大量存在,使本法可以在较高的电流密度下进行电解(可以高 达20mA/cm2),进而提高测定速度.
电解完成后,根据通过的电流和电解时间应用下式计算出被测物质
的质量(g):
m itM 96487n
Coulometer Potentiometer
Coulometer (库仑计)
库仑计本身也是一种电解电池,可以应用不同的电解反应来构成。
■Silver Coulometer (weight Coulometer)
On cathode: Ag+ + e- → Ag
On anode: 2H2O - 4e-→O2 + 4H+
On cathode: Ag+ + e- → Ag On anode: 2H2O - 4e- → O2 + 4H+ EoO2/H2O=+1.23V
When Ag starts to deposit, cathodal potential is:
EAg+/Ag = 0.800 + 0.059lg0.01= 0.682V ∴ U分=(1.23+0.47)-0.682=1.02V
U分 =(Ea + wa)-(Ec + wc)+ iR
Where w is overpotential
Example
0.01mol.L-1 Ag+ and 1mol.L-1Cu2+, sulfate medium, [H+] =1mol.L-1 EoAg+/Ag = +0.800V, EoCu2+/Cu = +0.345V
m
=
MQ 96487n
=
M n
• it 96487
Where m is mass of analyte in or of deposited substance on the electrode during electrolysis, n is the number of electrons transferred per mole of analyte, F is Faraday’s constant(96487C. mol-1), M is molar mass. A Coulomb is also equivalent to an A• s, thus for a constant current, i , the charge is given as
1
Cathode: 2H2O +2e-→2OH- +H2 Anode: 4OH- +-e-→O2 + 2H2O
0.1742mL ofຫໍສະໝຸດ mixed gas of H2 and
O2 is obtained per Coulomb of
charge at standard state
2
The mass of deposited substance is given by
• Equipment of auto-Coulometric titration
§6-1 Faraday’s law of electrolysis
During an electrolysis, the absolute amount of analyte is proportional to the total charge Q in Coulombs
§6-4 Constant current Coulometric titration
恒电流库仑滴定简称库仑滴定,是建立在控制电流电解基础上的 一种分析方法。它可按以下两种类型进行: ▲被测定物质直接在电极上起反应。 ▲在试液中加入大量某种物质,使此物质经电解反应后产生一种 事试实剂上,,然单后纯被按测照定第物一质种与类所型产进生行的分试析剂的起情反况应很。少,一般都是 按照第二种类型进行的 ,也有按两种类型混合的分析方法。
在试液中加入大量某种物质使此物质经电解反应后产生一种试剂然后被测定物质与所产生的试剂起反应事实上单纯按照第一种类型进行分析的情况很少试剂然后被测定物质与所产生的试剂起反应
Instrumental analysis
Chapter 6 Coulometry
Prof. Yang Wu
Outline
• Faradaic electrolysis law & summary of Coulometry
Q=it
Where t is the electrolysis time, if current varies with time,
then the total charge is given by
i
∫Q = t i dt 0
∫i dt t
法拉第电解定律有两层含义: ● 电极上发生反应的物质的量与通过体系的电量成正比 ● 通过相同量的电量时,电极上沉积的各物质的质量与其M/n成正比。
按第二种方法进行,不但可以测定在电极上不能起反应的物质, 而且还易于使电流效率达到100%。
例如,在测定Fe2+时,是利用如下的反应:
Fe2+
Fe3+ + e-
当Fe2+浓度降低到一定程度后,为了保证电极上无其它负反应 发生。 如
2H2O
O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
常加入过量Ce3+,当阳极电位正移至一定数值时(此时Fe2+浓
●Current integral Coulometer (electronic Coulometer)
i
∫i dt
Problems
t
During controlled potential Coulometric operation, sometimes, you must bubble inert gas (eg. N2) or even keep a gentle N2 flow over electrolysis system, or even carry out pre-electroysis at a more negative potential than the decomposition potential of analyte, please give a explanation for its necessity.
• Principle and equipment of controlled potential Coulometry
• Principle and equipment setup of constant current Coulometric titration
• Advantages and applications of Coulometric titration
m = V M / (0.1742×96487n)
= V M / (16779n)
1.Thermostat, 2. electrodes
If using 0.1mol.L-1 (N2H5)2SO4 to substitute K2SO4, then we may get hydrogen-nitrogen Coulometer
carbon in steel sample and determination of H2S content in atmosphere using automatic Coulometric assay
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