2022高考英语二轮专项精品：阅读理解(20)

2022高考英语二轮专项精品：阅读理解（20）
1
Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this change in colour? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from the nearby fields.
Components of Soil
Soil is made up of a number of layers (层) , each having its own distinctive colour and texture. The upper layer is known as the litter. It acts like a blanket，limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients, oxygen, and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil, a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.
Soil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain, wind, frost, and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow，and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the soil in Eastern Canada ，for example ，was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared 12,000 years ago. Water Beneath the Soil
Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes，ponds, and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation(渗透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.
As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers.This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.
Soil pH
Soil can be acidic, neutral, or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed，and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it.
The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal ，oil and gasoline，humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned，gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed，soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil，and also become easily attacked by diseases.
【文章大意概括】本文是一篇科普文，介绍了土壤的构成与土壤的pH关于植物生长的阻碍。

1、、The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called________.
A. litter
B. topsoil
C. humus
D. subsoil
【详解剖析】考查细节明白得。

依照文章第二段中的“The to psoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant...which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour.This layer is usually rich in nutrients”可知给植物提供必要营养的土层是topsoil layer。

【最佳选项】 B
2、、According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface.
B. The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil.
C. Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil.
D. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth.
【详解剖析】考查细节判定。

依照文章第二段中的“Below the topsoil is the subsoil，a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter.This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus”可知，并不是土层深，它的颜色就深。

【最佳选项】 B
3、、We can infer from the passage that the water table lies________.
A. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer
B. in the subsoil layer above bedrock
C. between the subsoil layer and bedrock
D. in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil
【详解剖析】考查细节明白得。

依照文章第四段中的“Eventually th e water reaches a layer called the water table.Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate”可知water table是位于bedrock之上的一个土层，它是独立存在的不属于其他层，因此选项C正确。

【最佳选项】 C
4、、The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and m inerals from soil are________.
A. rushed away into the river
B. cleaned and purified by water
C. destroyed and carried away by water
D. mixed with water and become part of it
【详解剖析】考查词义推测。

依照本句中的“...and carries them to deeper layers”可知营养物质是在被水溶解之后才被带到更深的土层中去的。

【最佳选项】 D
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2
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not IQ, a generally bad predictor of success.I nstead, it’ s purposeful practice.Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’ d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’ t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction.
Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or, shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self.It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join.It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field.She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error focused. By practising in this way，she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors，pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room — dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’ s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.
【文章大意概括】你依旧认为天才由基因决定，认为自己不可能成为天才吗？一项新的研究说明：成功并不取决于人的IQ，而是通过后天有目的的训练得来的。

1．The passage mainly deals with________.
A. the function of IQ in cultivating a writer
B. the relationship between genius and success
C. the decisive factor in making a genius
D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction
【详解剖析】主旨大意题。

这篇文章要紧讲了决定成功的要紧因素并不是IQ，而是些后天的、有目的的训练和努力。

因此C项正确。

A、B两项不符合文章意思；D项不具体。

【最佳选项】 C
2．By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could________.
A. come to understand the inner structure of writing
B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday
C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes
D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security
【详解剖析】细节判定题。

依据文章第二段的“This would give her a primary knowledg e of her field.She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.”可知A项正确。

【最佳选项】 A
3．In the girl’ s long painstaking training process，________.
A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success
B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance
C. she acquires the magic of some great achievements
D. she comes to realize she is “hard wired” to write
【详解剖析】细节明白得题。

依照文章第三段的“By practising in this way，she delays the automatizing process.Her mind wants to turn conscious，newly learned skills into unconscious，automatically perfomed skills.”可知B项正确。

【最佳选项】 B
4．What can be concluded from the passage?
A. A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one’ s success.
B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.
C. As to the growth of a genius, IQ doesn’ t matter, but just his/her efforts.
D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.
【详解剖析】推理判定题。

文章要紧讲述：一个人的成功并不是由IQ决定的而是通过后天的努力训练得来的。

D项“重要的不是你是谁而是你做了什么”符合文章主旨大意。

【最佳选项】 D。