chapter 1 of M. P.
英语口语8000句-Chapter 1
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昨晚你熬夜了? Did you stay up late last night? Did you go to bed late last night? *stay up late 或go to bed late “睡得晚”、“熬夜”。
把被子叠好。 Let's fold up the futon /'fuːtɒn/. *fold 意为“折叠”,fold up 意为“叠好”、“叠整齐”;futon 原本是日文,现在英文 中 也逐渐使用,意为“被子”。 Let's put the futon away. (把被子收起来吧。)
我还困着呢。 I'm still sleepy. I'm still drowsy [ˈdraʊzi].
我还打哈欠呢。 I'm still yawning.
昨天的酒还没醒呢。 I have a hangover.
我是个夜猫子。 I'm a night person. I'm not. (我可不是。) I'm a morning person. (我喜欢早起。)
今天你干什么? What are you doing today? We're having a track [træk] and field meeting. (今天我们开运动会。)
你快点儿,我们该迟到了。 If you don't hurry, we'll be late. Okay, Okay. (知道了,知道了。)
你醒了吗? Are you awake? *get up 是动词,表示“起床”、“起”的动作。awake 是形容词,表示“醒了”、“没 睡”的状态 I am now. (我刚醒。)
国际酒店服务英语 Chapter 1 Unit 4 Information service
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General Knowledge Conversation Text
Exercises
General Knowledge
What role does the information desk
play in a hotel?
<BACK
ral Knowledge
• What role does the information desk play in a hotel?
The hotel information desk plays an important part in the hotel. It is generally located near the hotel entrance or faces the entrance. As soon as the customer enters the main lobby, he/she can see it. Its goal is to provide more convenient service to guests.
<BACK
HOME
NEXT>
General Knowledge
• What role does the information desk
play in a hotel?
• messaging and credit card services
• 8 hours per day foreign currency exchanging
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HOME
NEXT>
Conversation
• Scene: A Guest Asks for Service Information • R: Receptionist G: Guest
曼昆中级宏观经济学(英文) (1)
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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没有单一的模型能够说明我们关注的所 有问题:
Why does the cost of living keep rising? Why are millions of people unemployed? Why are there recessions? Can
policymakers do anything? Should they? What is the government deficit? How does
对古典经济学理论的著名 批评:
长期是对当前事情的一个误导。在长期中我们
都会死。如果在暴风雨季节,经济学家只能告
诉我们,暴风雨在长期中会过去,海洋必将平
静,那么他们给自己的任务就太容易且无用了
总需求与总供给 41
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
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P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
Chapter 1 复变函数与积分变换(英文版)
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Polar
representation
of
complex
numbers
simplifies the task of describing geometrically the
product of two complex numbers. Let z1 r1 (cos1 isin 1 ) and z2 r2 (cos 2 isin 2 ) .
As a result of the preceding discussion, the second equality in Th3 should be written as arg z1z2 arg z1 arg z2 (mod 2 ) . “ mod 2 ” meaning that the left and right sides of the equation agree after addition of a multiple of 2 to the right side. Theorem 4. (de Moivre’s Formula). If z r (cos isin ) and n is a positive integer, then z n r n (cos n isin n ) . Theorem 5. Let w be a given (nonzero) complex number with polar representation w r (cos isin ), Then the n th roots of w are given by the n complex numbers
a 0i
to stand for a
. In other words, we are this
chapter1_参考答案
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1.计算机存储数据的基本单位是()A.bitB.ByteC.字D.字符2.多年来,人们习惯于以计算机主机所使用的主要元器件的发展进行分代,所谓第四代计算机使用的主要元器件是()A.电子管B.晶体管C.中小规模集成电路D.大规模和超大规模集成电路3.在计算机的不同发展阶段,操作系统最先出现在()A.第一代计算机B.第二代计算机C.第三代计算机D.第四代计算机4.运算器的主要功能是进行()A.只做加法B.逻辑运算C.算术运算和逻辑运算D.算术运算5.计算机硬件的五大基本构件包括运算器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备和()A.显示器B.控制器C.磁盘驱动器D.鼠标器6.关于冯.诺依曼计算机,下列说法正确的是()A.冯.诺依曼计算机的程序和数据是靠输入设备送入计算机的寄存器保存的B.冯.诺依曼计算机工作时是由数据流驱动控制流工作的C.冯.诺依曼计算机的基本特点可以用“存储程序”和“程序控制”高度概括D.随着计算机技术的发展,冯.诺依曼计算机目前已经被淘汰7.冯.诺依曼计算机的核心思想是(),冯.诺依曼计算机的工作特点是()(1) A.采用二进制 B.存储程序 C.并行计算 D.指令系统(2)A.堆栈操作 B.存储器按内容访问C.按地址访问并顺序执行指令D.多指令流单数据流8.一个完整的计算机系统包括()A.主机、键盘、显示器B.主机及外围设备C.系统软件与应用软件D.硬件系统与软件系统9.下列软件中,不属于系统软件的是()A.编译软件B.操作系统C.数据库管理系统D.C语言程序解析:计算机的软件分为系统软件和应用软件。
系统软件是为了计算机能正常、高效工件所配备的各种管理、监控和维护系统的程序及其有关资料。
系统软件主要包括如下几个方面:(1)操作系统软件,这是软件的核心(2)各种语言的解释程序和编译程序(如BASIC语言解释程序等)(3)各种服务性程序(如机器的调试、故障检查和诊断程序等)(4)各种数据库管理系统(FoxPro等)10.某单位的人事档案管理程序属于()A.工具软件B.应用软件C.系统软件D.字表处理软件11.下列选项中,描述浮点数操作速度的指标是()A.MIPSB.CPIC.IPCD.MFLOP12.半个世纪以来,对计算机发展的阶段有过多种描述。
商务谈判(双语)chapter1
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In negotiation people should know the following:5W1H :
1、掌握商务谈判概念 、 2、理解并掌握谈判的原则 、 3、理解谈判的特点,并掌握国际商务谈 、理解谈判的特点, 判的特点 4、初步了解国际商务谈判的主要内容 、
请阅读教材1.1 请阅读教材 Introduction,然后 , 回答下列问题: 回答下列问题:
1、Do you have any experience of negotiating 、
with anyone? 2、Please share your experience with us. 、
1.2 Concepts &Characteristics of &Characteristics Business Negotiation Q1、 What is negotiation? 、 Q2、Why do people negotiate? 、 ? Q3、What are Characteristics of 、 Business Negotiation ?
homework(10%) Attendance record & homework(10%) Notes (10&) Final exam (80%)
Liulinglinglll@ 13407316200
chapter one Introduction and Overview of
作业: 作业:
查阅2005年11月 查阅2005年11月8日,中美 2005 签署的《 签署的《关于纺织品和服装 贸易的谅解备忘录》相关资 贸易的谅解备忘录》 回答: 料,回答: 1)中美双方签署这个协议 的共同利益是什么? 的共同利益是什么? 2)谈谈应该如何理解互利 互惠的原则? 互 Correct Understanding of the Features of IBN 对国际商务谈判的特点的正确理解 1.5 The Main Content of Negotiation on International Business
外研社2023人工智能英语-VR版教学课件Unit-1
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START WITH AI
The following are famous robots in movies. Do you know them? Match them with their names.
小艾说
5
Fun Reading
人工智能是一个很大的话题, 也是一 个广阔的世界,让我们从了解它的前 世今生开启这一旅程吧。
JOURNEY WITH AI Intensive Reading
A few milestones in AI history
1 Artificial intelligence is the hot topic of our times. The concept is not actually all that new: as long ago as 1637, the philosopher Descartes thought seriously about the possibility that machines would one day think and make decisions.
1
Practical Reading
2
Intensive Reading
3
Extensive Reading
5
Fun Reading
小艾说
无论说明书是长是短,或简或繁,你都 可以通过浏览目录, 大致了解全貌,提 高阅读效率。常见的说明书一般有产品 介绍、安装步骤、操作步骤、保养与清 洁、疑难解答、参数说明、保修条款等 部分。
Chapter1复习
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Chapter 1Marketing: Managing Profitable Customer RelationshipsMultiple Choice1.Marketing seeks to create and manage profitable customer relationships by delivering_____ to customers.petitive pricesb.superior valuec.superior serviced.superior promotion(b; Easy)2.The marketing manager at Sunshine Car Washes is holding a training session for newemployees. She stresses that perhaps the most important concept of modernmarketing is _____.a.customer relationship managementb.e-mail advertisingc. a quality Web sited.properly trained sales people(a; Moderate)3.This business is now the best-known name on the Net.a.Barnes and Nobleb.Microsoftd.America Online(c; Easy)4.Jeff Bezos, founder of , wants to deliver a _____ to every customer.a.special experienceb.superior valuec.wide selection of productsd.none of the above(a; Easy) delivers all of the following benefits except one. Choose it.a.huge selectionb.good valuec.convenienced.no refund, credit only policy(d; Challenging)6.Selling on the Web presents serious challenges. has made large initialinvestments in computer systems, distribution centers, and _____.a.customer acquisitionb.inventoryc.employee trainingd.employee benefits(a; Moderate)7.Many experts predict that the future will belong to retailers who offer both “clicks”and _____.a.major discountsb.bricksc.superior locationsd.superior promotion(b; Easy)8.You have learned at work that today’s successful companies at all levels have onething in common: they are strongly customer focused and heavily committed to _____.a.obtaining the best CEOsb.increasing wealth to stockholdersc.marketingd.employee motivation(c; Moderate)9._____ is managing profitable customer relationships.a.Managementb.Controlc.Marketingd.Human Resources(c; Easy)10.The twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superiorvalue and to _____.a.keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfactionb.keep and grow current customers by delivering competitive pricingc.keep and grow current customers by delivering friendly serviced.all of the above(a; Challenging)11.Highly successful companies know that if they take care of their customers,_____ will follow.a.frequent word of mouthb.market sharec.profitsd.market share and profits(d; Moderate)12.Marketing is more than _____ and advertising.a.distributionb.promotionc.sellingd.customer service(c; Easy)13.Today, marketing must be understood in terms of making a sale and _____.a.satisfying customer needsb.understanding customer valuec.customers’ self imagesd.brilliant advertising(a; Easy)14.Marketing is not only an exchange and managerial process, it is a _____.a.numbers gameb.social processc.cultural processd.subcultural process(b. Moderate)15.You have learned from experience as well as from this course that the most basicconcept underlying marketing is that of _____.a.selling and advertisingb.customer satisfactionc.retaining customersd.human needs(d; Easy)16.As a new assistant marketing manager trainee, you learn in an orientation meetingthat _____ are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture andindividual personality.a.wantsb.demandsc.self conceptsd.desires(a; Moderate)17.Tommy Wang now has the buying power to purchase the computer system he haswanted for the last six months. Tommy’s want now has become a _____.a.needb.necessityc.demandd.none of the above(c; Easy)18.What do companies call a set of benefits that they promise to consumers to satisfytheir needs?a.marketing offerb.value propositionc.demand satisfactiond.need proposition(b; Moderate)19.You are preparing a combination of products, services, information, and experiencesto a market to satisfy needs and wants. What are you preparing?a.value propositionb.demand satisfactionc.tactical pland.marketing offer(d; Challenging)20.We must learn a valuable lesson in marketing. Many sellers make the mistake ofpaying more attention to the specific products they offer than to the _____ produced by those products.a.benefitsb.experiencesc.benefits and experiencesd.value satisfaction(c; Moderate)21.Smart marketers look beyond the attributes of the products and services they sell.They create brand _____ and brand _____ for consumers.a.awareness; preferenceb.recognition; preferencec.meaning; preferenced.meaning; experiences(d; Challenging)22.By orchestrating several services and products, companies can create, stage, andmarket brand _____.a.meaningb.experiencesc.awarenessd.preferences(b; Moderate)23.The difference between customer value and customer satisfaction is that value is thedifference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the _____.a.costs of delivery of the productb.cost of obtaining the productc.cost of competing productsd.cost of the lost experience(b. Moderate)24.We can safely say that when a customer’s purchase lives up to his or her expectations,the customer is experiencing this state of being.a.customer valueb.self-esteemc.self-actualizationd.customer satisfaction(d; Moderate)25.At work, customers decide to satisfy needs and wants through exchange. Whatoccurs at this point?a.sellingb.customer servicec.marketingd.transaction marketing(c; Challenging26.Marketing consists of actions taken to build and maintain desirable _____ with targetaudiences involving a product, service, idea, or other object.a.exchange transactionsb.exchange relationshipsc.exchange processesd.exchange communications(b; Easy)27.This group of buyers share a particular need or want that can be satisfied throughexchange relationships.a.segmentb.target marketc.marketd.buying group(c; Easy)28._____ means managing markets to bring about profitable exchange relationshipsby creating value and satisfying needs and wants.a.Sellingb.Promotingc.Marketingd.Relationship marketing(c; Easy)29.Li Wei has an interesting job. He is involved in getting, keeping, andgrowing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superiorcustomer value. What is his job?a.general managerb.supervisorc.marketing managerd.sales manager(c; Challenging)30.Marketers are not concerned with serving all customers in every way. Rather, theywant to serve selected customers that they can serve_____.a.profitablyb.with superior customer servicec.welld.well and profitably(d; Moderate)31.Marketing managers are concerned with ways to deal with demand. They may needto find, increase, _____, or even _____ demand.a.avoid; slowb.change; reducec.maximize; changed.change; modify(b; Challenging)32.The five alternative concepts under which organizations conduct their marketingactivities include the production, _____, selling, marketing, and societal marketing concepts.a.promotionb.pricingc.distributiond.product(d; Moderate)33.We have learned by sad experience that the product concept can lead to marketing_____.a.failuresb.myopiac.problemsd.incongruences(b; Moderate)34.Jolene’s firm believes that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s productsunless the firm undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. Jolene’s firm is practicing the _____.a.production conceptb.marketing conceptc.selling conceptd.relationship concept(c; Easy)35.Most firms practice the selling concept when they face _____.a. a crisisb. a recessionc.fierce competitiond.overcapacity(d; Moderate)36.To practice the marketing concept, an organization must deliver the _____ better thancompetitors.a.desired satisfactionsb.attractive pricesc.level of serviced.advertising campaign(a; Moderate)37.Jonathan Nonis works in sales for a telemarketing firm. His firm uses the sellingconcept which takes a (an) _____ approach.a.outside-inb.myopicc.inside-outd.marketing concept(c; Easy)38.Herb Kelleher of Southwest Airlines uses the marketing concept in his successfulorganization. His perspective of having a customer department uses a (an) _____ perspective.a.outside-inb.externalc.inside-outd.modern(a; Challenging)39.Customer-driven marketing usually works well when _____ and when customers_____.a. a clear need exits; are easy to identifyb.customers know what they want; can afford itc. a firm can deliver the goods desired; are thoroughly researchedd. a clear need exists; know what they want(d; Challenging)40.Mary Tanaka enjoys her work at Times Designs, Pte Ltd. Her organizationunderstands customer needs even better than customers themselves do and creates products and services that will meet existing and latent needs, now and in the future.Mary’s firm practices _____ marketing.a.customer-drivenb.customer-drivingc.relationshipd.none of the above(b; Challenging)41.Now many companies are beginning to think of _____ interests as well as their owncustomers’ needs.a.society’sb.stockholders’c.investors’d.lenders’(a; Easy)42.The societal marketing concept seeks to establish a balance between consumer short-run wants and consumer_____.a.short-run costs and profitsb.short-run ethicsc.long-run welfared.health(c; Moderate)43.You find yourself in a new job. Your marketing manager is heavily involved in theprocess of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. Your manager is concerned with which one of the following?a.database managementb.Web site hitsc.relationship managementd.customer relationship management(d; Moderate)panies today face some new marketing realities that mean there are fewercustomers to go around. Changing demographics, _____, and overcapacity in many industries are great concerns.a.more sophisticated competitorsb.higher unemploymentc.slowing incomesd.9/11(a; Challenging)45._____ is an important concept when we realize that losing a customer means losingmore than a single sale. It means losing the entire stream of purchases that thecustomer would make over a lifetime of patronage.a.Heuristics profitc.Customer lifetime valued.Relationship marketing(c; Moderate)46.Experience has taught us that the key to building lasting customer relationships is tocreate superior customer value and _____.a.satisfactionb.great servicepetitive pricesd.long-term relationships(a; Easy)47.Customers buy from stores and firms that offer the highest _____.a.value for the dollarb.customer perceived valuec.level of customer satisfactiond.both b and c(b; Challenging)48.Since customers tend to act on perceived values, they often do not judge productvalues and costs _____.a.reliablyb.accuratelyc.objectivelyd.accurately or objectively(d; Moderate)49.Tommy Gray attempts to deliver customer satisfaction every day in his AudioExpressions installation business. He is a smart operator who knows that the key to this goal is to match _____ with _____.a.customer expectations; competitive pricespany performance; competitive pricesc.customer expectations; company performancepany performance; unique products(c; Moderate)50.All of the following are associated with highly satisfied customers except one.a.They are less price sensitive.b.They remain loyal for a longer period.c.They spend a higher percentage of their discretionary income on personal items.d.They talk favorably to others about the company and its products.(c; Moderate)51.Shania works hard with her Internet customers to create an emotional relationship forher customers with the products and services she and her staff sell. She and her staff have created _____.a.customer delightb.customer satisfactionc.customer valued.customer loyalty(a; Challenging)52.Beyond simply retaining good customers, marketers want to constantly increase their“share of customer.” Describe what this means in marketing terms.a.Marketers want to increase their market share.b.Marketers want to increase the share they get of the customer’s purchasing intheir product categories.c.Marketers want to increase the profit margin with this target market.d.none of the above(b; Challenging)53._____ is one of the best ways to increase share of customer.a.Selling uping bait and switchc.Cross sellingd.Relationship selling(c; Easy)54.Karrie Romanov wants to capture the full essence of customer relationshipmanagement. Which of the following will Karrie take into consideration?a.own the customers for lifeb.capture their lifetime valuec.build overall customer equityd.all of the above(d; Moderate)55.Is the following statement true? Clearly, the more loyal the firm’s customers, thehigher the firm’s customer equity.a.nob.yesc.maybed.cannot tell accurately(b; Easy)56.Surveys show that in markets with few customers and high margins, sellers want tocreate _____ with key customers.a.basic relationshipsb.relationship marketingc.extreme partnershipsd.full partnerships(d. Moderate)57.Some firms find themselves in markets with many low-margin customers. AsAssistant Marketing Director, what type of relationship would you develop with these customers?a.full partnershipsb.basic relationshipsc.relationship marketingd.key customer marketing(b; Challenging)58.Many organizations today realize that in addition to providing financial benefits tocustomers, they must also add _____ benefits.a.socialb.emotionalc.rationald.psychographic(a; Easy)59.By supplying customers with special equipment or computer linkages that help themmanage their orders, payroll, or inventory, a business marketer would be building customer relationships by adding _____.a.greater customer serviceb.partnership marketingc.structural tiesd.none of the above(c; Moderate)60.You have just read a report in a leading business magazine. It states that the majormarketing developments as we enter the new millennium can be summed up in what single theme?a.relationship marketingb.connectingc.partneringworking(b; Challenging)61.You will learn that marketing ultimately involves attracting, keeping, and _____profitable customers.a.trackingb.placing in a databasec.growingd.none of the above(c; Moderate)62.We can say that the major force behind the new “connectedness” is explosiveadvances in information, transportation, and _____.puter telecommunicationsb.improved market researchc.better-trained marketing departmentsd.Web sites(a; Easy)63.A tremendous advantage of modern communication and advertising tools is thatmarketers can zero in on selected customers with carefully _____.a.selected customer profilesb.customized productsc.flexible pricing rangesd.selected targeted messages(d; Moderate)64.You have just been told by your supervisor at work that a New Economy hasemerged. What is the technology behind this new force?a.the Internetb.Web sitesc.voice maild.cell phones(a; Easy)65.Pete Santina has just realized something that he needs to tell his marketing manager atwork. Pete knows that today few firms still practice true _____.a.production orientationb.sales orientationc.mass marketingd.market segmenting(c; Moderate)66.Many marketers use a concept today to determine which customers can be servedprofitably and which ones cannot. They target the winning ones for pampering.What is this concept called?a.selective relationship managementb.target marketingc.market segmentingd.selective targeting(a; Challenging)67.There is a trend today to do away with unprofitable customers. This ends upimproving the _____ of the firm.a.databaseb.profitabilityc.imaged.customer relationships(b; Moderate)68.In addition to connecting more deeply with customers, many companies are alsoconnecting more _____.a.directlyb.frequentlyc.inexpensivelyd.none of the above(a; Easy)69.Suzie Chan strengthens her company’s connections with partners all along the supplychain. What type of management is she using?a.outside partneringb.supplier connectingc.channelingd.supply chain(d; Easy)70.Most companies realize that they need partners to go beyond supply chainmanagement. What do we call this association?a.strategic alliancesb.strategic planningc.partneringd.mutual reciprocity(a; Moderate)71.Today, in countries around the world, managers are going beyond a local view of thecompany’s industry and competitors. _____ opportunities are becoming morecommon.a.Globalb.Ethnicc.Subculturald.Internal(a; Easy)72.Your authors have expressed that in the next century winning companies may well bethose that have built the best _____.a.channels of distributionb.sales forcec.global networksernmental relations(c; Moderate)73.Many firms today are taking a proactive orientation by becoming more socially and_____ responsible.a.environmentallyb.financiallyc.ethicallyd.all of the above(a; Challenging)74.Today, which of the following types of organizations use various marketing strategiesin addition to larger corporations?a.small businessesb.minority owned businessesc.not-for-profit organizationsd.all of the above(d; Easy)ernmental agencies are becoming more involved in marketing as the years pass.When a local government advertises keeping the area’s streams and water supply cleaner, it is involved in _____.a.green marketingb.social marketing campaignsc.demarketingd.environmental marketing(b; Challenging)76.Is it true that every type of organization can connect through marketing?a.yesb.noc.maybed.cannot be determined(a; Easy)77.A more modern view of marketing is that it has evolved from customer acquisition tocustomer _____.a.involvementb.carec.exploitationd.service(b; Easy)78.The old marketing view emphasized trying to make a profit on each sale rather thantrying to profit by managing what value?a.customer lifetime valueb.customer satisfaction indexc.cognitive dissonanced.all of the above(a; Challenging)79.Which word is missing from the following statement? Marketers need to _____,create, communicate, and deliver real value to customers.a.findb.understandc.explored.seek(b; Easy)80.Modern companies are improving their customer knowledge and customer _____.a.appreciationb.awarenessc.connectionsd.none of the above(c; Easy)True – False81.It is safe to say that today’s most important marketing concept is customerrelationship management.(True; Easy)82.The best-known dot com business name in the world is Ebay.(False; Moderate) is an outstanding marketing company. The key to its future is itsrelationships with its customers.(True; Easy)’s unique blend of benefits includes huge selection, good value,convenience, and customer satisfaction.(False; Moderate)85.Internet-based companies tend to spend tremendous outlays on customer acquisition. (True; Moderate)86.Like , today’s successful companies at all levels have one thing incommon – they are strongly supplier focused and heavily committed to cost savings. (False; Challenging)87.The simplest definition of modern marketing is managing profitable customerrelationships.(True; Easy)88.A thorough definition of marketing tells us that it is a business and managerialprocess by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.(False; Moderate)89.The difference between human needs and wants is that needs are states of feltdeprivation.(True; Easy)90.Harry Porter is addressing customer needs by putting forth a set of benefits hepromises to consumers to satisfy them. Harry is concerned with valueproposition.(True; Moderate)91.Smart marketers look beyond the attributes of the products and services they sell.They create brand meaning and brand experiences for consumers.(True; Moderate)92.Customer value in relation to a purchase depends on how well the product’sperformance lives up to the customer’s expectations.(False; Moderate)93. Marketing management is interested in serving all customers in every way toremain competitive in today’s markets.(False; Moderate)94. At times it becomes necessary to reduce demand for some products and services.When the government tries to reduce smoking of tobacco products, it adds more tax to the products and is practicing demarketing.(True; Easy)95. Aminah’s law office has developed a new format and wording for wills. The staffbelieves they offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features. Her law office is practicing the production concept.(False; Moderate)96. The selling concept holds that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’sproducts unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. (True; Easy)97. Your department holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowingthe needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction better than competitors do. Your department is practicing the selling concept. (False; Moderate)98. We say that the selling concept is an inside-out perspective.(True; Challenging)99. The major difference between customer-driving marketing and customer-drivenmarketing is that the former considers existing and latent needs, now and in thefuture.(True; Easy)100. The societal marketing concept questions whether the pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between consumer short-run and long-run welfare. (True; Moderate)101. One Asian company, Kao, Japan’s largest toiletries group ‘wants to make a larger contribution to society to make life easier for people’. This firm practices societal marketing.(True; Moderate)102. Your supervisor is concerned with the entire stream of purchases each customer makes over the lifetime of his or her patronage. We call this customer lifetimevalue.(True; Easy)103. Customers buy from businesses that offer the highest customer perceived value. (True; Easy)104. A smart company tries to delight customers by promising more than it can deliver and delivering more than it promises.(False; Moderate)105. Loyal customers must be more than satisfied, they must be highly satisfied. (True; Easy)106. To increase their “share of customer”, a firm concentrates on retaining as many customers as possible over their lifetimes.(False; Challenging)107. To practice customer equity, a company must be concerned with the total combined customer lifetime values of all major purchasers of its products. (False; Challenging)108. In order to develop full partnerships with key customers, firms should add financial and social benefits to customer purchases.(True; Moderate)109. The major marketing development of our day is summed up in a single theme called “connecting.”(True; Moderate)Essay110. Define marketing in more than one way.In its simplest definition it is managing profitable customer relationships. It alsomeans satisfying customer needs. Marketing is applied as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.(Easy; pp. 4 and 5)111. How do marketers differentiate between needs, wants, and demands?Marketers realize that humans have needs when they are in a state of feltdeprivation. These needs take on the form of wants as they are shaped by culture and individual personality. When backed by buying power, wants becomedemands. Companies research demands and supply the needs that drive them. (Easy; p. 5)112. Explain marketing management in today’s terms.Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets andbuilding profitable relationships with them. This involves getting, keeping, andgrowing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superiorcustomer value. Thus, marketing management involves managing demand, which in turn involves managing customer relationships.(Moderate; p 10)113. Distinguish between value proposition and marketing offer.Companies address needs by putting forth a value proposition, which means a set of benefits that they promise to consumers to satisfy their needs. It is fulfilledthrough a marketing offer which offers some combination of products, services,information, or experiences to satisfy needs and wants in the market. (Challenging; p. 6)114. Describe the five marketing management orientations.The production concept holds that consumers will favor products that areavailable and highly affordable. The product concept holds that consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovativefeatures. Those who follow the selling concept hold that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling andpromotion effort. Using the marketing concept means that achievingorganizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target marketsand delivering satisfactions better than competitors do. The societal marketingconcept holds that the firm should determine the needs, wants, and interests oftarget markets.(Challenging: pp. 10 - 12)115. Explain customer relationship management.Customer relationship is no longer defined as a customer database managementactivity. It is now the overall process of building and maintaining profitablecustomer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction.(Easy; p. 13)116. Discuss strategies for building lasting customer relationships.Determining the customers’ lifetime values is the place to start. Next, customerperceived value and satisfaction must be built and delivered. When a firm builds customer loyalty and retention, it grows its share of customers and its “share ofcustomer” through customer relationships and equity(Challenging; pp. 13 - 16)117. Analyze the major challenges facing marketers heading into the new “connected”millennium.Marketers must connect faster and better with customers. The latest technologies must be used to ensure delivery of time-based competition. Web sites and e-commerce must be fine-tuned to connect with more carefully selected customers.Many companies are connecting directly with customers to customize their mix of products and services. Partnership relationship and supply chain managementmust be built with strategic alliances to make those domestic and globalchallenges.(Challenging; pp. 17 - 22)118. Explain why is such a successful company. uses the latest in Web technology to build strong, one-to-onecustomer relationships based on creating genuine customer value. It turns a long-term profit as a result. This company has amassed 35 million customers by being relentlessly customer driven. A special experience is delivered to every customer to build customer loyalty.(Moderate; pp. 3 and 4)21。
Chapter 1 Introduction
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Topography
• China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east. Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains 33%.
Hale Waihona Puke • It was during the Xia Dynasty that the institution of slavery began. There are many legends describing the life of the people in this period, especially of the three sage kings after Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan---Yao, Shun and Yu. Yao made great contributions to the lunar calender. His successor, Shun, was physically and intellectually gifted and was a man with great virtues.
the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class on the basis of the worker-peasant alliance.
新编金融英语教程 Chapter1 Money
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• depository institutions
the U.S. Treasury 美国财政部
• fiat money
unit of account计量单位
• financial claim
• medium of exchange
• monetary aggregate
• money market deposit accounts (MMDAs)
M3
M3 consists of everything in M2 plus some illiquid assets. The assets include large deposits, repurchase agreements, European dollars, institutional money, and market mutual funds.
1.3 Language Notes
III. Sentences
1. It occurred because gold and silver merchants or banks would issue receipts to their depositors – redeemable for the commodity money deposited. 2. Economists make a distinction between money in the form of currency, demand deposits, and other items that are used to make purchases and wealth, the total collection of property to store value. 3. They consist of demand deposits, which are non-interest-earning checking accounts issued by banks, and other checkable deposits, which are interest-earning checking accounts issued by some depository institutions. 4. Even though these other assets are not used to make transactions, they are all highly liquid, so they are often referred to as near monies. 5.In other words, in a barter system, the exchange can take place only if there is a double coincidence of wants between two transacting parties.
Chapter 1 命题逻辑 - 1
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数理逻辑的内容:
古典数理逻辑: 命题逻辑、谓词逻辑 现代数理逻辑: 公理化集合论、递归论、模型论、证明论
9
逻辑是探索、阐述和确立有效推理原则的学科,最早由 古希腊学者亚里士多德创建的。用数学的方法研究关于推理 、证明等问题的学科就叫做数理逻辑,也叫做符号逻辑。 利用计算的方法来代替人们思维中的逻辑推理过程,这 种想法早在十七世纪就有人提出过。
p
T T F F
q
T F T F
p ⊕q
F T T F
设P、Q是两个命题,P异或Q是一个复合命题,记作P ⊕ Q Exclusive OR 。
P 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 P⊕Q 0 1 1 0
例7
今天晚上我在家看电视或去剧场看戏。
令P:今天晚上我在家看电视。
Q:今天晚上我去剧场看戏 例7中的命题可表示为P ⊕ Q(异或),或者表示 为(P∧¬ Q)∨(¬ P∧Q)。 由于“⊕”可用“∨”,“ ∧”和“ ¬ ”表示,故 我们不把它当作基本联结词。
例5 设P:我们去看电影。Q:房间里有十张桌子。则P ∧ Q表示“我们去看电影并且房间里有十张桌子。”
注意:一个命题只可能有两个真值0或1. 两个命题在进行运算时,并不在乎其 实际命题之间是否有联系. 只想是把两个真值进行运算. 不用考虑实际含义.
3. 析取“∨” Disjunction inclusive ‘or’
4. 蕴含“→” Implication
由命题P和Q利用“→”组成的复合命题,称为蕴 含式复合命题,记作“P→Q”(读作“如果P,则Q”)。
当P为真,Q为假时,P→Q为假,否则
P 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 P→Q 1 1 0 1
Chapter 1 PPT
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LinguisticsTime allocation:Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics(2 weeks)Chapter 2 Speech Sounds (2 weeks)Chapter 3 Lexicon (2 weeks)Chapter 4 From Word to Text (2 weeks)Chapter 5 Meaning (2 weeks)Chapter 6 Language and Cognition (2 weeks)Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and Society (2 weeks)Chapter 8 Language in Use (2 weeks)Chapter OneInvitation to Linguistics(1) Teaching aims:Let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.(2) Teaching difficulties:design features of language;functions of language;some important distinctions in linguistics;1.1 Why study language?Myths about language:⏹Language is only a means of communication.⏹Language has the form-meaning correspondence.⏹The function of language is to exchange information.⏹English is more difficult to learn than Chinese.⏹Black English is not standard and should be reformed. Fundamental views about language:⏹Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and withoutinstruction.⏹Language operates by rules.⏹All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.⏹Everyone speaks a dialect.⏹Language slowly changes.⏹Speakers of all language employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.⏹Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.⏹Writing is derivative of speech.What is language? (p. 2)Different senses of the word “language”:1. Language is human speech;2. the ability to communicate by this means;3. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings;4. the written representation of such a system (Webster's New World Dictionary)What is language?Our understanding and definition:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.How do you understand the underlined words?⏹A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will.⏹e.g. He the table cleaned. (×)⏹The child the street alone crossed. (×)⏹bkli (×) xbo (×)⏹Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between alinguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.⏹Different language have different words for the same object.椅--chair;桌--table; 玫瑰--rosePeople might call a rose something else.⏹Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.⏹Vocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms.e. g. Small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or read indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.⏹Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.“Language Acquisition Device”(LAD)What does it mean to“know’’ a language?1. knowing the sounds that are part of thelanguage and those that are note.g. Bach ch German sound outside the English sound system ,2. knowing which sounds may start a word, end a word, and follow each othere.g. English spelling & pronounciationph- phrase, phone, elephantpf- What’s the word?3. knowledge of a language enables you to combine words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences, to be able to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard beforeNoam Chomsky calls this ability ---the part of the creative aspect of language use.4.knowing what sentences are appropriate in various situationsThere are formal and informal situations. People also use formal and informal language in their communication.A professor talking with somebody:with another professor in the office;with the dean;with a child;with his wife;1.3 Design features of languageA question for you to consider:What makes our language advantageous over animal languages?e.g. the singing of the birdsthe dancing of the beesthe bark of the dogs1.3.1 Arbitrariness(任意性)(p. 4)According to Saussure, Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the formof linguistic signs bare no natural relationship to their meanings.⏹There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.⏹e.g. A dog might be a pig if only the first person of group of persons had used it for a pig.⏹Language is therefore largely arbitrary.Onomatopeic words⏹The linguistic sign and its meaning⏹They are words that sound like the sounds that describe.⏹In English: Bang, cuckoo, tick-tack, jingle, clink, crack, etc.⏹In Chinese: 叮咚,叮呤,咕咚,轰隆,咣铛But there are only few of these compared with the total number of words in one language.Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelAccording to systemic-functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.When we make up sentences, we must obey grammar rules. The sentences must be constructed according to the grammar of arrangement.Look at the sentences on p.5, which sentence is acceptable?1. He came in and sat down.2. He sat down and came in.3. He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and convention⏹The relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.⏹The linguistic forms and meaning are conventionally accepted.⏹When we learn a foreign language, the conventionality of the language is much more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.1.3.2 Duality(二重性)Look at the definition given by Lyons (1981: 20) on p.5: Language has two levels of structures:1. Sounds: (secondary units) a sequence of segments which lack anymeaning in themselves;The only function of the sounds is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning.2. Words: (primary units) Language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units.⏹The secondary units are meaningless.⏹The primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning. Discuss the following statement:Many animals communicate with special calls. But animal communication system do not have this design feature. Remember the following statements:(P. 6)⏹The lowest level of language consists of dozens of bits of meaningless sounds which occur in champs that we call syllables. A syllable is the smallest meaningless unit that is normally spoken. Scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words. With thousands of words we associate millions of meanings.⏹ A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements—tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of English.1.3.3 Creativity(创造性)⏹Creativity refers to the ability that we all have to construct and understand an definitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.⏹The grammar rules and the words are finite, but thesentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.⏹Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.⏹Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have nevercome across that usage before.Examples of sentences:⏹He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduateswho ...⏹She killed the man that visited the jeweler that made the ring that won the prize that was given at the fair that was held …1.3.4 Displacement(移位性)⏹Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.⏹Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.Look at the two groups of words:Group A: Group B:Confucius North PoleGeorge Washington AmericaWilliam Shakespear Big BenKing George Sydney Opera HousePeople use language to describe the people and the places far away from them.1.4 Origin of Language⏹Scripture in the Bible:In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with the god, and the Word was God.And the lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and they begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.(P. 8)⏹The bow-wow theory⏹The pooh-pooh theory⏹The yo-he-ho theory1.5 Functions of LanguageWe know that⏹Language is a tool for people to have communication.⏹Language is a tool for people to know the world.⏹Language is a tool for people to create artistic works.⏹For Jakobson, language is above all for communication.⏹In his famous article, Linguistics and Poetics, he defined six primary factors of any speech event, namely:⏹addresser, addressee, context, message, code, contact. (P.9)⏹ 1. Referential(所指功能)-- to convey message and information;⏹ 2. Poetic(诗学功能)-- to indulge in language for its own sake;⏹ 3. Emotive(感情功能)-- to express attitudes, feelings, emotions;⏹ 4. Conative(意动功能)-- to persuade and influence others through commands and requests;⏹ 5. Phatic(交感功能)-- to establish communion with others⏹ 6. Metalingual function(元功能)-- to clear up intentions and meanings;1.5.1 Informative(信息功能)⏹People use language to record facts and express thoughts. For example:a speaker / writer: supply informationa listener / reader: receive information1.5.2 Interpersonal function(人际功能)⏹It is the most important sociological use of language. People use language to establish and maintain status in a society and have different communicative roles.For example:The ways people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.Dear Sir, Dear Professor,sincerely yours;Which sentence do you use if you speak politely?⏹Would you please pass me the salt?⏹Pass me the salt.⏹I need some salt.⏹I have been waiting for a long time.⏹You must stop using it. It is my turn.1.5.3 Performative(施为功能)⏹This function of language is to change the social status of persons. For example:⏹I apologize. (In the process of speaking the sentence, the speaker has already carried out the act of saying sorry to the listener. )⏹I advice you to give up smoking. ( In the process of speaking the sentence, the speaker has already carried out the act of giving advice. )1.5.4 Emotive function(感情功能)⏹It is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for / against sth. or sb.For example:My goodness! (surprise)Dame it! (dislike or hatred)What a sight! (appreciation and like)Wow, Ugh, Ow (surprise, sympathy)1.5.5 Phatic communion(交感性谈话)⏹Some seemingly meaningless expressions are used to maintain good personal relations.Ritual exchanges about health, weather, etc.For example: Good morning. God bless you.Nice day. Good luck.Nice to meet you.1.5.6 Recreational function(娱乐功能)⏹The use of language for the sheer joyFor example:⏹Entertainment program⏹Verbal duelings: one person begins a few lines and challenges his opponent tocontinue the content or provide a rejoinder in a similar rhythm and rhyme scheme.⏹Children’s nursery rhymes;⏹Poetry writing: the pleasure of using language for its sheer beauty;1.5.7 Metalingual function(元功能)⏹Language is used to talk about itself.For example:1. Book (a word)Write a book to talk about “book”.2. Change the linear order of the sentence to organize a written text into a coherent one.For example:The lion chased the unicorn all around the town.All around the town the lion chased the unicorn.1.6 What is linguistics?(P. 14)Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or as the scientific study study of language.It has firmly established its place as a major branch of humanity and social science as well.1.7 Main branches of linguistics(Students are suggested to read this section by themselves.)⏹Phonetics 语音学⏹Phonology 音系学⏹Morphology 形态学⏹Syntax 句法学⏹Semantics 语义学⏹Pragmatics 语用学1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as he point of departure. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. English has approximately forty-five phonemes. If you repeat the /p/ sound ten times, each production will vary slightly for some physiological reasons. In addition, the /p/ sound differs from that in poor or soup because each is influenced by the surrounding sounds. Even so, each /p/ sound is similar enough so as not to be confused with another phoneme.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language, many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes. Morphemes serve different purposes. Some derive new words by changing the meaning or the part of speech, others only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word. As morphemes are pairings of sounds with meanings, there are many complexities involved.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. These specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words word classes and other sentence elements. We know that words are organized into structures more than just word order.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences. The following are what the key concepts look like: semantic components, denotation of words, sense relations between words such as antonymy and synonymy, senserelations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 1.8 Macrolinguistics(Students are suggested to read this section by themselves.)psycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAnthropological linguisticsComputational linguistics1.9 Important distinctions of linguistics⏹Descriptive vs. prescriptive⏹Synchronic vs. diachronic⏹Langue & parole⏹Competence and performance1.9.1 Descriptive vs prescriptive(描写式与规定式)⏹In our textbook (P. 19): Don't say X. People don't say X.⏹The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.⏹The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.⏹If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.(e.g. Grammar)⏹In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively.⏹The grammarians then tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all.⏹Some usages were prescribed to be learned by heart, followed accurately or avoided altogether.⏹The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.1.9.2 Synchronic vs diachronic(共时与历时)(p. 20)⏹Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study and most linguistic studies are of this type.A Grammar of Modern EnglishA Grammar of Modern GreekThe Structure of Shakespeare’s EnglishThey can be the description of a single present / past state of language.⏹The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.1.9.3 Langue and parole(语言与言语)⏹Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as langue and parole.⏹Langue and parole are French words; Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.⏹Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.⏹Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events.⏹Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.1.9.4 Competence and performance(语言能力与语言应用)⏹This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in hisAspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965).⏹Competence refers to the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance refers to the in linguistic communication. actual realization of this knowledgeDiscuss:Can a person who has perfect knowledge (excellent competence) of his language have excellent performance?⏹According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized set of rules about his language, this enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.⏹Despite his perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e. g., slips of the tongue, and unnecessary pauses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and embarrassment.Major points in this chapter:To sum up, students need to be familiar with the following points:⏹What is language?⏹Design features of language⏹Functions of language⏹Important distinctions of linguistics。
01-Chapter One PPT
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meaning of a message
'bottom-up' processes
To use linguistic knowledge to understand the meaning of a message.
To build meaning from lower level sounds to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings in order to arrive at the final message.
Chapter 1 Comprehensive Listening Skills and Listening Competence
讲师 课程
1 Comprehensive Listening Skills and Competence
Listening processes listening skills and methods listening competence
meaning of message lexical meanings
grammatical relationships
words
sounds
1.1 Listening process
top-down process
Listening hension
bottom-up process
While Sara seems to represent the majority of the students' opinions on the matter, there are some who have their doubts. "Security cameras take away our privacy," states a male student at the school. A few like him agree that the constant surveillance may make the most innocent students feel nervous. School is designed to be a safe learning environment, and no child should feel insecure. But because the district has assured that the video will not be viewed on a regular basis and only at a time when a situation arises, it can be argued that invasion of privacy will be minimal.
chapter1 第一章
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Concepts in statistics1. However, this statistic conceals that levels of nitrogen dioxide have changed little since 1983.2. An average is a statistic of central tendency.3. Statistics are numerical quantities calculated from a sample or samples.4. Statistics is a range of techniques or procedures for collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data.Classification of statistics⎩⎨⎧推断性描述性statistics erential statistics e descriptiv statistics infDescriptive statistics: 1) simple summary of the data 1+1=2 4x3=12 5-4=1 2) describe the basic features of the data 3) unchangeable 1+1=2 ≠34) quantitative description + graphical method5) objective description: observations and statistics 6) average deviation chapter 2 Inferential statistics1) inferences based on the descriptive statistics 76 in a test score 2) more or less subjective3) a conclusion beyond the data 4) from chapter 4 onPopulation and sampleShort stories by O. HenryA Blackjack Bargainer A Call LoanA Chaparral Christmas Gift A Chaparral Prince A Little Local Colour A Little Talk About Mobs A Matter Of Mean Elevation A Newspaper Story A Poor Rule A Sacrifice Hit A Technical ErrorAn Afternoon MiracleBest-sellerBlind Man's HolidayBuried TreasureCalloway's CodeChristmas By InjunctionConfessions Of A HumoristCupid A La CarteGeorgia's RulingHe Also ServesHearts And CrossesHearts And HandsHygeia At The SolitoMadame Bo-peep, Of The RanchesNo StoryOne Dollar's WorthOut Of NazarethRound The CircleRus In UrbeSchools And SchoolsSeats Of The HaughtySociology In Serge And StrawSuite Homes And Their RomanceThe Caballero's WayThe CactusThe Detective DetectorThe Dog And The PlayletThe Gift Of The MagiThe Handbook Of HymenThe Head-hunterThe Hiding Of Black BillThe Higher AbdicationThe Higher PragmatismThe Hypotheses Of FailureThe Indian Summer Of Dry Valley Johnson The Last LeafThe Marry Month Of MayThe Missing ChordThe Moment Of VictoryThe Pimienta PancakesThe Princess And The PumaThe Ransom Of MackThe Ransom Of Red ChiefThe Red Roses Of ToniaThe Reformation Of CalliopeThe Roads We TakeThe Rose Of DixieThe Rubber Plant's Story The Snow ManThe Song And The SergeantThe Sparrows In Madison Square The Sphinx AppleThe Theory And The Hound The Third Ingredient The Whirligig Of Life The World And The Door Thimble, Thimble To Him Who Waits Tommy's BurglarTwo Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen 警察与赞美诗带家具的房间 托宾的掌纹 麦琪的礼物 二十年后最后一片常春藤叶 财神与爱神 失算五月是个结婚月 艾基·舍恩斯坦的春药 心理分析与摩天大楼 失语症患者逍遥记 一笔通知放款 好汉的妙计 剪狼毛 决斗各有所长的结局 部长的良策 几位侦探 一千元 幽境过客 “真凶”伯爵和婚礼的客人 无缘 似戏非戏 寻找巧遇的人 托尼娅的红玫瑰 生活的波折 卖冤仇 多情女的面包::inf ⎩⎨⎧website population inite population finite populationFrequency , relative frequency, probabilityFrequency is the observed number of occurrences.Demo of Wordsmith3 with Brown CorpusRelative frequency is the proportion of the frequency of one observation over the total frequencies of all the observations.class 1 class 2 class 3 class 4 class 576 76 35 45 7678 69 78 78 4567 67 67 67 6798 98 67 98 9870 86 70 65 6746 46 46 46 4698 98 45 98 8770 34 70 36 7073 73 73 73 7384 84 84 84 8991 87 78 77 91average 77.36364 74.36364 64.81818 69.72727 73.54545Probability: the average of averages.Classifications of variables and levels of measurementVariable able ible1. conceptual definition of variablesVariable: independent variable: variables manipulated by the researcher.Dependent variable: variables measured from the subjects2. operational classification of variables:1) nominal level of measurement2) ordinal level of measurement3) interval level of measurement4) ratio level of measurement四、变量及其测量水平研究语言首先要确定具体研究的语言现象(又称观察值),它可能是语言学理论知识,如音位、形位、单词、短语、句子、段落或语篇;也可能是语言习得及学习策略;或是语言测试理论与实践。
《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习练习题及答案
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EX for English Linguistics (chapter1—6)Chapter I IntroductionI. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .2.Chomsky defines “c ”as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.3. L refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.4 D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s .8. Human capacity for language has a g basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a linguistics.11. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.14. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the i function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of real or imaginary world.15. The t function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. pragmaticC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. culturalChapter 2:PhonologyII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.An affricate______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2.A_________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b ________ sounds.4.Of all the speech organs, the t _________ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p ________ of articulation.6.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing outagain is called a s ______.7.S ________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_______ rules.9.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with thediacritics is called n transcription.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.11.P _________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.13.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the p cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.14.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just likephonemes.15.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.II. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acousticB. articulatoryC. AuditoryD. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative3.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8. 2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC.suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesChapter 3:MorphologyI. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A root______ is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.2. A m______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. B______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.6. A c________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. stylisticC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”,“degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. fiveChapter 5 SemanticsI. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lettergiven:1. S______can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R _____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_____.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h _____.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.7. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.8.C_______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.9. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.10. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism3.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes4.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis5.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above6._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense7.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy8. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms9. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable10. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl”and “woman”differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT11.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic features12. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different inspelling and meaning. They are _______.A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones13. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell14. The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms15. A word with several meanings is called ________word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multipleChapter 6:PragmaticsI.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1.P_______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u_________.5.The meaning of a sentence is a ______, and decontextualized.6.C________ are statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.7.P________ are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.8. A l________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.9.An i_______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.10.An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.II.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. IntrinsicD. logical3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. A sentence is a________concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to state, or describe, saying what the speaker believes to be trueB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicature10. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specifiedin the utterance.A. directivesB. expressivesC. commissivesD. representatives11. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded thefamous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones12. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics aremore interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. utterenceD. sentence13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the study of meaning, _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context14. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _________ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act15. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” _________ “He ran the redlight”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includesChapter 1I. 1. descriptive petence 3. Langue 4. Duality 5. arbitrary6.socialinguistics7. syntax8. genetic9. Performance 10.applied11. productive 12.scientific 13. social 14 .ideational 15. TextualII.1.A 2.D 3. C 4. D 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12. B 13.AChapter 2I. 1.affricate 2. Articulatory 3.bilabial 4.tognue 5.places6.stop7.Suprasegmental8.sequential9.narrow 10.intonation11.Phonology 12. Alveolar 13. pharyngeal 14.Tones 15.sentenceII. 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.D 7. A8. B 9.C 10.D 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. CChapter 3I. 1. Root 2. Morpheme 3.Bound 4.derivational 5.suffixpound7. CompoundII.1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.C 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10.A11. B 12.C 13. C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.Chapter 5I.1. Semantics 2.direct 3. Reference 4.synonyms 5.homophones6.relational7.Relational8. Componential9.semantic 10.namingII. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D11.A 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.AChapter 6I.1.Pragmatics 2.context 3.illocutionary 4.utterance 5.abstract6.Constatives7.Performatives8.locutionary9.illocutionary 10.expressive II.1. A 2. C 3.D 4. B 5. C 6.C 7. A 8.A 9.D 10.B11. C 12.C 13.D 14. B 15. A。
数学物理方法chapter-1
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不妨让引用科学家柯朗在《数学物理方法》一书
(德文版 序言)中的一段话加以描述,柯朗写道:
“从17世纪以来,物理的直观,对于数学问题和方法
是富有生命力的根源,然而近年来的趋向和时尚,已
将数学与物理间的联系减弱了,数学家离开了数学的 直观根源,而集中推理精致和着重于数学的公设方面,
甚至有时忽视数学与物理学以及其他科学领域的整体 性.而且在许多情况下,物理学家也不再体会数学家的 观点,这种分裂,无疑地对于整个科学界是一个严重的 威胁,科学发展的洪流, 可能逐渐分裂成为细小而又细 小的溪渠,以至于干涸,因此,有必要引导我们的努力转
z r(cos i sin )
称为复数的三角表示式. 即为
z r cos ir sin r(cos isin) z cosArgz isinArgz
定义 1.2.6 复数的指数表示 利用欧拉(Euler) 公式
ei cos i sin 我们可以把任意非零复数 z x iy r cos i sin 表示
第一章 复数与复变函数
要求掌握:
1. 复数:复数运算和复数的各种表示方法; 模与幅角; 2. 曲线和区域的判断:简单曲线、简单闭曲 线;单、复(或多)连通区域;有、无界区 域;区域(开、闭区域);映射的概念; 3. 复变函数的极限和连续; 4. 复球面与无穷远点概念;
重点:复数的运算和各种表示法; 复变函数极限的概念;
《数学物理方法》
参考资料:
第一部分 复变函数论 (含积分变换)
第二部分 数学物理方程 第三部分 特殊函数
参考资料(教材)
第四部分 计算机仿真
数学物理思想
数学思想是人类创造性思维最具活力的体现
爱因斯坦相对论的建立便是最有力的佐证。将数学思 想方法应用于现代高科技各专业技术领域,并构建成典 型的(物理)模型和解决问题的方法是数学思维和现代 专业技术领域的结晶,从而形成科学研究中实用性很强 的数学物理方法。它既利用精妙的数学思想,又联系具 体的研究任务和研究目标, 建立数学物理模型,给出解决 方法,是思维和研究任务、数学和物理模型有机结合的 方法,是统一数学思想和物理模型的系统化理论。脱离 了数学思维,具体研究任务失去了理论指导方法;脱离 了所研究的物理模型,作为最具生命力根源的数学思维 没有发挥其解决实际问题的巨大潜能。既非数学思想, 也非物理模型本身能达到尽善尽美,只有两者的有机结 合才能形成推动人类科学技术赖以发展的最有成效的动 力之源。
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①学科目的和任务 相似(以提高组织 效率为目标) 。 ②管理心理学为管 理学提供心理依据 (管理学必然涉及 人的心理活动规律 )。
行为科学有
广、狭
义之分。
广义并非一门独立的学科,而是一 个学科群。按照美国管理百科全书 的定义,“行为科学是运用自然科 学的实验和观察方法,研究在自然 和社会环境中人的行为及低等动物 行为的科学,已经确认的学科包括 心理学、社会学、社会人类学及其 它学科类似的观点和方法。”从这 个意义上说,行为科学的应用范围 相当广泛,涉及管理、医学、公共 卫生、司法、教育、行政、外交甚 至建筑工程等诸多领域(Behavioral Sciences) 。
狭义则只涉及管 理科学中的一门 学科。它通过对 职工工作、生产 中的行为及其产 生原因进行分析 研究,以便调节 组织内部的人际 关系,从而提高 劳动生产效率 ( Behavioral Science) 。
如何理解这三者之间的关系呢?
从历史的角度看: 行为科学或组织行为的出现 实际上是与美国心理学界行 为主义和实用主义思潮的影 响密不可分。行为主义认为, 心理是主观的,要揭示人的 行为规律,科学的方法是探 究环境刺激与人行为反应的 关系,因而反对研究“纯心 理”的现象,必须注重研究 行为。这一观点用于组织人 力资源管理研究,便顺理成 章出现了行为科学和组织行 为学。(三者不同的合理性)
1.管理心理学的学科性质
2.管理心理学与相关学科的关系
高层组织与领导——面临关系全局的、 非常规、非程序化的问题,因而在管理 上,宏观决策能力、把握全局的能力与 胆略,显得特别重要。 基层组织与领导——面临的是局部的、 常规的、例行的、程序化问题,因而程 序化决策能力、具体操作与执行能力, 显得特别重要。 中层组织与领导——面临以上两方面问 题,因而需要有这两方面能力的综合。
心理学是管理心 理学的理论基础。 对管理心理学发 挥基础作用的心 理学学科主要有 普通心理学和社 会心理学。
管理心理学与管理学的关系主要表现在 二者的 联系与区别 上。 联系
区别 管理心理学仅限于研 究组织、群体内部人 的心理与行为规律; 而管理学除了研究人 的管理规律之外,还 包括其他管理活动和 规律,范围比管理心 理学宽得多。
第一章
绪 论
一、管理心理学的研究对象及内容 二、管理心理学的学科性质及其与相 关学科的关系 三、管理心理学的形成与发展
系 统 外 环 境
系 统 内 环 境
技术环境
工作性质、技术水平、产品特点 组织 环境 个体 环境 地位 角色 产 品 输 出
技 资 原 法
术 金 料 规
群体 环境 群体中 个人与 输 入 个人之 间、领 导与被 领导之 间、不 同群体 之间的 关系 图
1988年于东北师范大学教育系学校教 育专业获教育学学士学位; 1999年于北京师范大学教育系教育管 理专业获教育学硕士学位; 2003年3月,成为东北大学技术与社会 研究所在读博士研究生。 主要研究方向为教育行政与学校管理。
个
体
认
知
感觉、知觉、记忆、思维、想像等
喜、怒、哀、乐、惧、动机、意 志等 人在获得和应用知识的过程中, 还会形成各种各样的心理特性, 造成人与人之间的差异。这些稳 固而经常出现的心理特性,包括 能力和人格两个方面。
2.人群关系理论 这里主要讲述 如下两个问题
1.霍桑实验 (20世纪20年代)
闵斯特伯格(W· Munsterberg) , 1863-1916,生于德国,在冯特 的实验室接受过教育,1885年在 莱比锡大学获得心理学博士;后 来移居美国,1892年受聘于哈佛 大学,并创建他的心理实验所; 该所后来成为工业心理学运动的 奠基石。
管理层次与对象不同,管理重点方法与 模式也不一样。
个体层次——重点是职工个体行为积极 性、主动性与创造性的激励与调动; 团体层次——重点是人际沟通、人际关 系与人际冲突的协调,从而增强凝聚力 与士气,提高管理效率;
组织层次——重点是组织设计、组织文 化与气氛、促进组织变革与发展。
管理心理学作为一门交叉学科,必然与管理 学、行为科学、心理学等邻近学科密切相关。 了解这些关系,对于深入理解和掌握管理心 理学的内容及实质意义十分重大。
⑴管理 心理学 与管理 学的关 系
⑵管理 心理学 与行为 科学的 关系
⑶管理 心理学 与心理 学的关 系
人们对管理心理学与行为科学关系的认 识,存在着 分歧。
“一致论”
认为行为科学、管理心理学、 组织行为学本质上一致。因 为三者都研究组织中人的心 理和行为,目的也都是协调 人的行为,提高劳动和工作 效率。尽管管理心理学主要 研究组织中人的心理,行为 科学和组织行为学主要研究 组织中人的行为,但是心理 与行为很难截然分开来研究。
认知
个性 动机
沟通 方式
决策 过程 人事 监督 制度 反 馈
服
务
工作人员 消费者爱好 文化规模
态度
情绪
组织系统内外环境模式图
基于以上分析,我们 可以将管理心理学 界定为:
我们如何理解管理心理学这一概念呢?
研究管理过程中 的心理现象及其规 律的科学,即研究 组织系统内部成员 之间,在相互作用 过程中所表现出来 的心理现象及其规 律的科学。 ⑷管理心理学着重研究 组织系统的内环境(见 图)。
普通心理学(General Psychology)是 研究正常成人已充分发展了的心理活 动规律的科学。其研究对象和内容前 面已经阐述。
社会心理学(Social Psychology)介于心理 学、社会学、文化人类学等学科之间的一门 边缘性学科。有些学者强调它是心理学的一 门分支,有些则主张它是社会学的分支之一, 还有些学者认为它是一门独立的学科。由此 产生了侧重社会学、心理学以及二者之间的 三类不同的社会心理学定义。
环境和条件 社会活动 管 理 者 计划 组织 领导 控制 社 会 活 动 环境和条件 特 定 目 标
有效资源
社会活动
站在管理对象的角度看,管理可分为两大方面: 一是对“物”的管理:机器、设备、技术、资金及其运作过程 的管理;主要涉及“人-机”关系研究,即“人”适应“机” 以及“机”适应“人”的问题;二是对“人”的管理:主要涉 及“人-人”关系研究,主要强调人的行为动机、人际关系、 团体心理气氛、组织结构及领导行为等等。
“非一致论”
认为三者不能划等号。 因为管理心理学是心理 科学的分支,是心理学 中一门应用理论科学。 它从心理学角度,研究 企业中个体、群体、组 织、领导人的具体心理 活动形式和规律。重点 在基础理论、实验技术、 方法的研究上。(待续)
管理心理学与心理学的关系可做 如下表述
管理心理学对于普通心 理学和社会心理学也有 一定的反作用。随着管 理心理学的发展和研究 的深入,它的许多研究 成果也是普通心理学和 社会心理学的有益补充, 可以促进其理论的进一 步发展和完善。
从发展的角度分析: 由于对管理过程中 人的问题的复杂性 及其学科本身成熟 性的不足,在学科 走向统一前形成不 同观点属于正常现 象,但随着理论研 究的深入,学科体 系的完善,这些差 异性将逐步走向统 一,这是发展的必 然。(三者相同的 合理性) 一句话, 管理心理 学、行为 科学和组 织行为学 三者之间 的关系可 以概括为: 必然由相 互差异最 终走向相 互一致。
情绪和动机
心
理 能力和人格
团
体
心 理
人是社会的实体,人作为社会的成员,总是生活在各种 社会团体中,与其他人结成各种各样的关系,如亲属关 系、朋友关系、师生关系、阶级关系、民族关系、国家 关系等。由于社会团体的客观存在,便产生了团体心理 或社会心理。团体与个体一样,存在着团体需要、团体 利益、团体价值、团体规范、团体舆论、团体意志、团 体目的等心理特征。一个团体由于具有某些特定的心理 特征而区别于其他团体。
1.管理心理学的研究对象
2.管理心理学的研究内容
对于管理心理学学科性质的认识,人们存在差异。有 人认为它是心理学的一个分支,有人则认为它是管理 学的一个分支。我们认为,管理心理学既属于心理学 的一个分支学科,又属于管理学的一个分支学科,是 一门具有多学科交叉性的、多层次性的边缘性学科。
这突出表现为
《心理学与工业效率》一书的主要内容包括:
⑴最适合的人(即识别最适合从事某种工作的人,用 心理学的实验方法在人事选择、职业指导和工作安排 方面作出贡献),研究工作对人的要求; ⑵最适合的工作(即指有了合适的工人,还必须有合 适的工作、方法和手段才能有助于提高工作效率,学 习和训练是最经济的手段和方法,物理和社会因素对 工作效率有较强的影响),寻求确定在什么样的“心 理条件”下,才能从每个人那里获得最满意的产量; ⑶最理想的效果(即指用合理的方法在商业中也同样 可以确保资源合理利用),研究对人的需要施加符合 实业利益的影响的必要性(待续)。
1.心理技术学
心理学运用于企业管理始于心理技术学。心理技 术学实际上是劳动心理学开始发展时的名称。 率先把心理学知识开始应用于工业企业的是法国 心理学家斯特恩(L· Stern),并于1903年提出 “心理技术学”这一概念。 最早进行心理技术学具体研究的是德籍美国心理 学家闵斯特伯格,被誉为工业心理学之父。1912 年,他出版了《心理学与经济生活》,1913年被 译为《心理学与工业效率》。
1.心理技术学
2.人事心理学
总之,上述 三方面内容, 是工业心理 学早期阶段 研究的主要 内容,但仅 限于工业个 体心理学研 究。
3.工程心理学
产生背景
必然性
“科学管理” 严格管理的 不良后果— ——劳资关 系紧张与冲 突,是管理 心理学产生 背景之一。
可能性
20世纪初期, 心理学、社 会学等学科 理论的发展, 为管理心理 学的形成提 供了可能性。
管理心理学的多学科交叉 性特点:
管理心理学的多层次性特点:
这主要体现在两个方面:⑴ 管理心理学是把管理学、 体现在个体行为、团体行为、 心理学、社会学、生理学、 组织行为规律与管理特点上; 医学等学科知识,综合应 ⑵体现在高层、中层与基层 用于管理实践的一门学科。 管理特点上。