高中英语所有语法讲解

高中语法讲解及题型分析
一、时态和语态
（一) 时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。

因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。

1. 一般现在时
用法：
A) 经常性、习惯性动作,常见时间状语有(often,usually,always, sometimes,now and then)；客观事实和普遍真理，谚语（尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。

例：He always helps others
I often go to school at 8 o’clock.
The earth runs around the sun.
（06 辽宁）The father as well as children _____ every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A. is going
B. go
C. goes
D. are going
B) 在时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句里经常用一般现在表示将来时。

例：If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go swimming.
(06上海) Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _______ home.
A. wrote
B. will write
C. have written
D. Write
—Do you have any problems if you ______ this job?
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary….
A. offer
B. will offer
C. are offered
D. will be offered
He will come to see you the moment he ______his work.
A. will finish
B. finishes
C. would finish
D. had finished
C) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来(come)、去(go)、动(move) 、离开（leave)’到达（arrive) ,开始(start)、结束(end)、回来（return),继续(continue)”等的动词）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。

常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。

）
How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）
According to the time-table, the train for Shanghai _____ at 7 o’clock in the evening.
A.leaves
B. has left
C. was left
D. will leave
D) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。

例：Here comes the bus.
There goes the bell。

2.现在进行时(be doing)
用法：1）表示说话时或者近期正在进行的动作。

例：They1. I don't really work here. I _________ until new secretary arrives.
A. just help out
B. have just helped out
C. am just helping out
D. will just help out
2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ________ so rapidly.
A. is changing
B. has changed
C. will have changed
D. will change
以上两道高考题均是在考查现在进行时的用法。

第1 题句意为―我并不是在这里工作，我只是在帮忙，直到新秘书到任‖，正确答案为 C 项；第2 题句意为―因为目前技术变化很快，要挑选一部私人手机是一件不容易的事‖，正确答案为A 项。

are cleaning the classroom now.
2)使用现在进行时注意以下几点：
（1）现在进行时与副词always, usually, forever, constantly, all the time等连用是，表示说话者的某种感情色彩，并非强调动作正在进行。

He is always helping others.
她老是发出噪音。

（翻译）
3)无现在进行是的动词
A. feel, look, smell, taste, sound.
B.表示感情的动词like, love, hate, hope, prefer, refuse,want,wish等。

C.表示存在状态的动词。

Be, exist, remain, stay, obtain.
D.表示占有与从属关系的动词belong, contain, have, own, from.
.表示思考，理解等心理活动的词believe, doubt, forget, know, remember, understand.
3.完成时(have done)
用法：
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。

例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
答案是C) haven't sold。

B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。

此时经常用延续性动词。

时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。

例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged
B) may be challenged D) are challenging
全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。

”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。

可见答案是C) have been challenged。

A) are to challenge 和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。

B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。

C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。

通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

常与just, already, yet，recently,before等副词连用，不与表示过去时间的副
词（ago,last week/year)连用。

例：John has broken his left leg recently.（约翰最近摔断了左腿。

）
(07江苏)──______ you ______ him around the museum yet?
──Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have … shown
B. Do … show
C. Had … shown
D. Did … Show
(07浙江卷) Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where_____ yet.
A. ha sn’t been decided
B. haven’t decided
C. isn’t being decided
D. aren’t decided 注意事项
A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。

现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。

例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。

这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。

）
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。

表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。

）
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。

例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.（终端动词）
C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third……time that……"句型里要求用完成时。

例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。

）
D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。

例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。

）
1.Mother __ __me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.
A. had made…have tried
B. made…have tried
C. has made…tried
D. made…tried
2 ―He ____to draw horses already‖. ―When ______ he ?‖ ― Last year ―
A. learned...has B. learned...did C. has learned...has D. has learned (i)
3.Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there !
A. has got…is
B. has climbed…was
C. got …was
D. climbed…is
4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
A. Did…copy…did
B. Have…copied…have
C. Have…copied…did
D. Did …copy…had
5. ―Why ______ she _______ angry ?‖ ―Because he _____ at her just now .‖
A. did…get…shouted
B. has…got…shou ted
C. did…get…has shouted
D. has…got…has shouted
6. ______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
A. Have …seen…did…see
B. Did …see…did…watch
C. Have…seen…have…seen
D. Did …see…have…seen
1-6 BDACAA
4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。

例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。

）
注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。

例：He has been looking foe the job, recently.
5. 一般过去时
用法：
A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。

例：I saw a film last night.
( 07福建) Danny______ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
A. works
B. is working
C.has worked
D. Worked
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。

特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。

例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。

）
Be used to do sth 习惯做某事
Used to do sth 曾经做过某事
He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。

）
例. Her brother _____be a farmmer ,but now he is a worker.
They ______go swimming in the river in front of my house.
C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。

例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）
注意事项：
A) 注意时间状语的搭配。

一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。

B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。

以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't use to do都对。

Used to do经常与be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。

前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。

C) 一般过去式也可以跟一段时间，但是这段时间是过去的某段时间，并不延续到现在，这是和现在完成时跟短时间的主要区别。

(06重庆) I _____ in London for many years，but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.
A. lived
B. was living
C. have lived
D. had lived
6. 过去完成时(had done)
用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。

就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。

例: Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。

”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。

答案是D)。

其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。

B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。

C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。

而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。

注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。

1) 过去完成时常与过去式同时出现。

例：The bus had gone before we arrived.
2)若有以下时间状语是用过去完成时。

By,by the end of, by the time, until, before, since,后接过去时间的某一短语或者从句。

By the end of last term, I had gained great progress in English.
They became friends again that day. Until then, they ____ to each other for nearly two years. (安徽2007)
A. didn’t speak
B. hadn’t spok en
C. haven’t spoken
D. haven’t been speaking
3)在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"表示一...就..."等句型中，主句要求完成时。

句式：No sooner had +主语+动词过去分词than +句子
Hardly/scarcely had +主语+动词过去分词when, before+句子
例：No sooner had I fallen asleep than he came in.
7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。

例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。

）
注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。

8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
用法：
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。

例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。

）
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。

例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。

）
注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。

9. 一般将来时
用法：
A) 基本结构是will / shall do。

例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。

）
B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于现在进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。

例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。

）
C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。

例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。

）
D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。

强调客观近期内或马上就要要发生的事，一般不与具体的将来时间状语连用。

例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。

）
E) "be to do"的5种用法：
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。

例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。

）
b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。

例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须上床睡觉，不准吵闹。

我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。

）
c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）
例：I am not to pay such a debt?（我无法还得起这么大的一笔债。

）
d) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”（接近if ……want to,或if ……should）
例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage
____________ avoided.
A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
答案是A) is to be。

全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。

”
注意：1）be going to do用来表示按计划或安排要发生的动作，有“准备；打算”的意思。

这种主观意图，一般已做过事先安排，故其实现的可能性较大，其主语常是人。

We are going to have a class meeting this afternoon.今天下午我们打算开班会。

（安排）
e)示根据现有情况、某种迹象，判断将要或即将发生的动作。

此时不含有主观意图，只是表示说话人对客观事态发展的判断或推测，此时主语可以是人，也可以是物。

例如：
Look at the black clouds. It's going to rain.看那些乌云，快要下雨了。

（推测）
I”m not feeling well, I”m going to be ill. 我感觉不是很好，可能要生病了。

（表示说话人的感觉而已）
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。

例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
（别担心，你不会认不出她的。

她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。

）
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。

11. 将来完成时(will have done)
用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。

就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。

其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。

本注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。

12．将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。

）（被动语态）
13．过去完成进行时：had been doing
例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my
10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。

）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。

）（被动语态）
14．过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing
例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。

）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。

）（此句为被动语态）
15．过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done
例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。

但是我错了。

）（此句为被动语态）
16．过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing
例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。

）
二）二）1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。

以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
例：In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)
A. is serving
B. is served
C. serves
D. served
解析B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。

2）has /have been done 现在完成时
例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ___ yet. （上海春2003）
A. are not decided
B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided
D. has not been decided
解析D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。

从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。

3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时
例 A new cinema is being built here．
--- Have you moved into the new house?
---- Not yet, the rooms _____. (NMET1991)
A. are being painted
B. are painting
C. are painted
D. are being painting
解析A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。

后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。

不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。

4）was/were done 一般过去时
例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
T his is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ tr ying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)
A. killed
B. is killed
C. was killed
D. was killing
解析C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。

5）had been done 过去完成时
例By thThe manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ___.（上海春2001）
A. was booked
B. had been booked
C. were booked
D. have been booked
解析B 句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在entered the office这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。

e end o
f last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6）was/were being done 过去进行时
例A meeting was being held when I was there.
7）shall/will be done 一般将来时
例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
The mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
A . cross
B . be crossing
C . be crossed by
D . cross by
8）should/would be done 过去将来时
例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）
例The project will have been completed before July.
10）should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。

其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。

通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。

其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。

1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by 短语)。

例My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。

例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
三、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that 从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。

有：
It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
--- ____ the sports meet might be put off．
-- Yes，it all depends on the weather．
A．I've been told B．I've told
C．I'm told D．I told
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。

例This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.（表事物性质主动表被动)
A. won’t wash out
B. won’t be washed out
C. isn’t washed out
D. isn’t washing out
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give
out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

例How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up
D. were taken place; were set up
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。

例Your reason sounds reasonable.
-- Do you like the material?（感官动词主动表被动题）
-- Yes, it ___ very soft.
A. is feeling
B. felt
C. feels
D. is felt
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。

1．在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)
A. to see
B. to be seen
C. seeing
D. seen
解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。

This page needed ___ again.
A. being checked
B. checked
C. to check
D. to be checked
2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
--- What do you think of the book?
---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time.
A. to read
B. to be read
C. reading
D. being read
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表
示被动含义。

例I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things 是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。

)
试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。

)
I have no more letters ____ ，thank you．
A．to type B．typing
C．to be typed D．typed
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。

这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out 省略了for me）.
It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese．（特别形容词题）
A．write B．to write
C．to be written D．written
5．在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。

例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。

例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁lost time不明确。

）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。

然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

例Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。

1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。

常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。

例The building is under construction( is being constructed).
--- Look! Everything here is under construction.
--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?
A. is being built
B. has been built
C. is built
D. is building
2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。

常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长。