History and Anthology of American Literature 美国文学史及选读 笔记
American History
美国历史
美国全称美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），原为英国殖民地，后因种种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。
到了十八世纪中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三块殖民地，殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟。
但是殖民地与英国之间产生了裂痕，英国继续对北美地区采取高压政策，引起了北美地区居民强烈不满。
从1776年到1783年，北美十三州在华盛顿领导下取得了独立战争的胜利。
美国正式诞生，先后制定了一系列民主政治的法令。
逐步成为一个完全独立的民族主权国家。
美国独立后积极进行领土扩展，美国领土逐渐由大西洋沿岸扩张到太平洋沿岸。
经济发生了显著变化，北部、南部经济沿着不同方向发展。
南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争，又称美国内战。
最终是北方领导的资产阶级获胜统一全国。
1865年开始了重建时期，逐步废除奴隶制，1877年，南部进行民主重建，制订了民主的进步法令，标志着民主重建的结束。
后来美国完成了工业革命，经济实力大增，两次世界大战奠定了美国在资本主义世界中霸主的地位。
冷战开始后和苏联平分天下。
冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。
但是二十世纪八十年代年美国经济情况仍较平稳。
进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命。
5 The development of American literautre 1865-1900 (1)
• The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (1876) • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1883)
• “All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.” -- Ernest Hemingway
• Twain began Huckleberry Finn simply as a sequel to Tom Sawyer, with several narrative threads carried over from the earlier work. Even as he began, however, he must have realized that this was a very different, more authentic work. For the manuscript shows Twain trying to catch the trick, the exact lilt of Huck’s voice: “You will not know about me.”, “You do not know about me.”, and “You don’t know about me.” Only at the third attempt does Twain come up with the right, idiomatic but poetic, start. Like a jazz musician, trying to hit the right beat before swinging into the full melody and the rhythm of the piece, Twain searches for just the right voice, the right pitch and momentum, before moving into the story of his greatest vernacular hero. (p.125)
美国史参考书目(重要必看)
• 张友伦等：《美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革》， 天津教育出版社1992年； • 庄锡昌著：《二十世纪的美国文化》，浙江人民出版 社1993年；陆镜生编著：《美国人权政治──理论和 实践的历史考察》，当代世界出版社1997年； • 托克维尔著：《论美国的民主》，商务印书馆1988年； • 查尔斯· 比尔德等著：《美国文明的兴起》，商务印 书馆1991年； • 邓蜀生著：《世代悲欢美国梦》，人民出版社2002； 康马杰著：《美国精神》，光明日报出版社1988年；
• 5．端木义万主编《美国社会文化透视》，南 京大学出版社,1999. • 6．梅仁毅主编《美国研究读本》（英文） • 7．潘绍中编著《美国文化与文学选集》（An Anthology of American Culture and Literature 1607-1914） 1998年，商务印 书馆 • 8．齐文颖主编《美国史探研》，中国社会科 学出版社2001年
5. 黄安年著《美国的崛起——17-19世纪的美国》中 国社会科学出版社1992年；《 20世纪美国史》河 北人民出版社1989年 6. 来安方编著《英美概况》，河南教育出版社， 1995年 7． American History ，Jonathant Rose ，United States Information Agency , 1989. 8. History of the United States， by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard，Macmillan, March 1921;
(三)资料类
• 1、（美）《美国志－50州现状》 • 2、（美）《总统外传－美国历任总统简介》 • 3、阮宗泽、宋军编《为什么偏偏是美国》北京:世 界知识出版社,1995.9 • 4、黄安年编《百年来美国问题中文书目（18401990)》上、中、下册。 • 5、杨玉圣、胡玉坤编《中国美国学论文综目： 1979-1989》，辽宁大学出版社1991.
谈美国历史作文英语
谈美国历史作文英语Title: Exploring American History Through the Ages。
The history of the United States is a tapestry woven with diverse threads, spanning centuries of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to its rise as a global superpower, American history is a testament to the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people.One of the pivotal chapters in American history is the colonial period, which began in the early 17th century with the arrival of European settlers seeking religious freedom, economic opportunities, and adventure. The establishment of the Jamestown colony in 1607 marked the beginning of permanent English settlement in North America. Over the following decades, more colonies were founded along the eastern seaboard, each with its own unique characteristics and challenges.The colonial era was characterized by conflicts between the colonists and indigenous peoples, as well as tensions with the colonial powers in Europe. The French and Indian War, fought between 1754 and 1763, was a pivotal momentthat reshaped the geopolitical landscape of North America.It also laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, as the colonists chafed under British rule and sought greater autonomy.The American Revolution, which began in 1775 and culminated in the Declaration of Independence in 1776, wasa watershed moment in world history. It was a boldassertion of the principles of liberty, democracy, andself-determination, and it inspired similar movements for independence around the globe. The Revolutionary War,fought between the American colonies and the British Empire, tested the resolve and resilience of the fledgling nation but ultimately resulted in victory for the patriots.The period following the American Revolution was one of nation-building and exploration. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 laid the foundation for the Americanpolitical system, establishing a framework of government based on democratic principles and the separation of powers. The ratification of the Constitution in 1789 ushered in a new era of governance and set the stage for the expansion and growth of the United States.The 19th century was a time of rapid expansion and transformation for the United States. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the young nation, opening up vast new territories for settlement and exploration. The westward expansion fueled by the promiseof manifest destiny brought Americans into conflict with indigenous peoples and other nations, leading to the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of territories such as California and Oregon.The Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, was a defining moment in American history, pitting the northern states against the southern states in a bloody struggleover the issue of slavery. The war resulted in theabolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union, but it also left deep scars on the nation and laid bare thedivisions between North and South.The latter half of the 19th century saw the United States emerge as an industrial powerhouse, fueled by technological innovation, immigration, and westward expansion. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the east and west coasts of the country, facilitating trade and commerce and opening up new markets for American goods.The turn of the 20th century brought new challenges and opportunities for the United States. The Progressive Era, marked by social and political reform, saw the rise of movements for women's suffrage, labor rights, and environmental conservation. The United States also emerged as a global power, flexing its muscles in conflicts such as the Spanish-American War and exerting its influence in regions such as Latin America and the Pacific.The 20th century was a century of highs and lows for the United States, marked by triumphs such as victory in World War II and the Civil Rights Movement, as well astragedies such as the Great Depression and the Vietnam War. Despite these challenges, the United States emerged as a beacon of freedom and democracy, inspiring people around the world with its ideals of liberty, equality, and opportunity.In conclusion, the history of the United States is a rich tapestry of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its colonial beginnings to its emergence as a global superpower, American history reflects the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people. By studying the past, we can gain insights into the forces that have shaped the nation and chart a course for the future.。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
介绍欧美历史的书籍
1. 《美国史纲》（The Outline of American History）：作者是伯纳德·贝林格（Bernard Bailyn），是一本经典的美国历史教科书。
本书涵盖了从殖民地时期到20世纪的美国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
2. 《欧洲史》（A Short History of Europe）：作者是罗伯特·格鲁夫（Robert K. Groueff），是一本全面介绍欧洲历史的书籍。
本书从古代文明到现代社会，详细介绍了欧洲的政治、经济、文化和社会发展。
3. 《西方文明史》（The History of Western Civilization）：作者是罗伯特·汤因比（Robert L. Gordon），是一本全面介绍西方文明历史的书籍。
本书从古代希腊和罗马文明到现代社会，详细介绍了西方文明的发展历程。
4. 《英国史》（A History of England）：作者是约翰·格里高利·吉本（John Gregorich Gibbon），是一本经典的英国历史教科书。
本书涵盖了从古代到现代的英国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
5. 《法国史》（A History of France）：作者是罗伯特·弗莱彻（Robert Flaherty），是一本全面介绍法国历史的书籍。
本书从古代高卢到现代社会，详细介绍了法国的政治、经济、文化和社会发展。
6. 《德国史》（A History of Germany）：作者是约阿希姆·冯·魏茨泽克（Joachim von Wieser），是一本全面介绍德国历史的书籍。
本书涵盖了从古代到现代的德国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
7. 《俄罗斯史》（A History of Russia）：作者是亚历山大·费奥多罗夫（Alexander Voikov），是一本全面介绍俄罗斯历史的书籍。
美国文学史1.Colonial American Lite
3.its Influence on Am literature 1)its optimism has exerted a great influence on American literature 2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism
Introduction Am literature is one of the youngest national literature in the world. It became a colony of Britain in the early 17th century. And the American Independence War stretched from 1776 to 1783. The short history can be divided into several stages: 1.the colonial period It stretched roughly from the settlement of Am in the early 17th C through the end of the 18th. (The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607 in Virginia. Following this one,anothor 3 colonies was set up in Am,including the one by the Puritans---The Massachusetts Bay Colony.)
1 History of American Literature 美国文学史 英语简介
Brief Introduction of the American Literature History
1. The Colonial Period (1607-End of the 18th C) 2. The Romantic Period (19th C-1865) 3. The Age of Realism (1865-1918) 4. The Modern Period (1918-1945) 5. The Postwar Period (1945- )
regarded as one of the American authors writing in the Modernist tradition of the 1920s)
The Modern Period (19181945)
The 1920s African American literature (Harlem Renaissance) Langston Hughes The 1930s Left or socialist-oriented writers: John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
The Age of Realism (18651918)
William Dean Howells Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;
Frank Norris
Dreiser
(McTeagaue,
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记2
History And Anthology of American Literature（2）Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by BartramⅠ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
美国文学史及选读
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
The Literature of Colonial America
Irving:
inspire the American romantic imagination Cooper offers a fictional version of the American national experience of adventure into the wilderness of the west. the frontier and the wilderness in American literature was firstly illustrated in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales.
preparation and participation: You should preview the related reading material in the textbook before each class meeting in order to follow and participate in class discussions.
The
English government originally treated the new continent as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables. A large number of settlers left their home in England and arrived at the continent in early 17th century. They came here to escape from religious persecution and also to seek for an ideal place to worship their thought as true Christians. There were vast expanse of virgin forests, lands and wilderness. These puritans believed that they were chosen by God to establish a new commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, to restore the lost paradise and to rebuild the Garden of Eden.
ahistoryofamericanliterature：美国文学史
A History Of American Literature - Richard GrayDOWNLOAD HEREUpdated throughout and with much new material, A History of American Literature, Second Edition, is the most up-to-date and comprehensive survey available of the myriad forms of American Literature from pre-Columbian times to the present. 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Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe inyourself do better next year!I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。
研究印第安人历史的书
以下是一些关于研究印第安人历史的书籍推荐：1. 《美洲印第安人史》（The History of the American Indians）：作者詹姆斯·默里（James A. Murray），这本书详细介绍了美洲印第安人的历史、文化和社会制度。
2. 《印第安人：北美洲最早的居民》（The Indians: America's First People）：作者乔纳森·吉洪（Jonathan Gitlin），这本书讲述了北美洲印第安人的起源、发展和衰落，以及他们与欧洲殖民者的互动。
3. 《南美洲的印第安人》（The Indians of South America）：作者阿尔贝托·特哈达（Alberto Tiedemann），这本书主要关注南美洲印第安人的历史、文化和现状。
4. 《玛雅人：失落文明的探索》（The Mayans: A Lost Civilization）：作者西蒙·玻利瓦尔（Simon Bolivar），这本书讲述了玛雅文明的发展、衰落及其被西班牙殖民者征服的过程。
5. 《阿兹特克帝国：墨西哥的失落之城》（The Aztec Empire: The Lost City of Mexico）：作者米格尔·莱昂（Miguel Leon），这本书详细描绘了阿兹特克帝国的兴衰，以及其与西班牙殖民者的冲突。
6. 《印第安人宗教研究》（Indian Religion: A Study in Comparative Theology）：作者爱德华·伯内特（Edward Burnett），这本书探讨了印第安人的宗教信仰和实践，以及它们与其他文明的互动。
7. 《美洲土著文化手册》（Handbook of North American Indians）：编辑罗伯特·克雷斯（Robert K. Lowie），这本书是一本关于美洲土著文化的百科全书，涵盖了印第安人的历史、文化、社会和生活方式等方面的内容。
美国历史英语作文
美国历史英语作文The United States has a rich tapestry of history that has shaped the nation into what it is today. From its early beginnings to its current status as a global superpower, the history of America is a story of exploration, struggle, and progress.Early Settlements and ColonizationThe history of the United States begins with the arrival of the first European settlers in the early 17th century. The Pilgrims, seeking religious freedom, landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620. This was followed by the establishment of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown in 1607. The early colonies faced numerous challenges, including disease, harsh winters, and conflicts with Native American tribes.The Struggle for IndependenceThe 18th century was marked by the growing desire for independence from British rule. The Revolutionary War, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, was a pivotal moment in American history. Key figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin played crucial roles in leading the colonies to victory and the eventual signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.Westward Expansion and Manifest DestinyThe 19th century saw the United States expand westward, driven by the belief in "Manifest Destiny" — the idea thatAmericans were destined to spread across the continent. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the California Gold Rush in 1849, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 were all significant events that contributed to the westward expansion.Civil War and ReconstructionThe issue of slavery and the rights of states to secede from the Union led to the American Civil War (1861-1865). The war ended with the defeat of the Confederacy and the abolition of slavery through the 13th Amendment. The Reconstruction era that followed aimed to rebuild the nation and integrate the newly freed slaves into society.Industrialization and ImmigrationThe late 19th and early 20th centuries were characterized by rapid industrialization and a massive wave of immigration. Cities grew, and the economy boomed, but this period was also marked by social and economic inequality, leading to labor movements and progressive reforms.World Wars and the Great DepressionThe United States played a significant role in both World War I and World War II, emerging as a global power. The Great Depression of the 1930s was a severe economic downturn that led to widespread unemployment and poverty, but it also spurred the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.The Cold War and Civil Rights MovementThe post-WWII era was dominated by the Cold War, a period oftension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Domestically, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and1960s fought for racial equality and an end to segregation, culminating in landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Modern Challenges and AchievementsIn recent decades, the United States has faced new challenges, including globalization, technological advancements, andissues of national security. It has also achieved significant milestones, such as the moon landing in 1969 and the election of the first African American president, Barack Obama, in 2008.The history of the United States is a testament to the resilience and determination of its people. It is a historyof growth, change, and the pursuit of a more perfect union.As the nation continues to evolve, it remains a beacon ofhope and opportunity for many around the world.。
colonial America
Early New England Literature
Mainly poets in the 17th century Adapted the style and subject matter of established European poets: Wordsworth, Shelly, Keats. Representative poet: Anne Bradstreet.
Puritans
They regarded themselves as chosen people of God. They embraced hardships, industry and frugality(节俭). They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin.
Roger Williams(1603?-1683)
Purchased land from the Narragansett(纳拉 纳拉 干族(人 北美印第安人的一支 北美印第安人的一支) 干族 人)(北美印第安人的一支 and founded Providence, Rhode Island A key into the language of American on the Narragansett language culture.
New Hampshire Rhode Island New York Pennsylvania Maryland North Carolina Georgia
美国印第安作家路易斯·厄德里克小说近十年研究述评
O c t .2023V o l .43N o .5语文学刊J o u r n a l o fL a n g u a ge a n dL i t e r a t u r eS t u d i e s 2023年10月第43卷第5期[基金项目]国家社会科学基金后期资助项目 区域想象与地方再现:当代美国西南小说研究 (22F WW B 007);中央高校基本科研业务费项目 当代美国西南小说研究 (B 220207014);河海大学优秀硕士学位论文培育项目(422003504)资助㊂[作者简介]胡碧媛,河海大学外国语学院教授,博士,研究方向:英美文学;李岚,河海大学外国语学院硕士研究生,研究方向:英美文学㊂美国印第安作家路易斯·厄德里克小说近十年研究述评ʻ胡碧媛 李岚(河海大学外国语学院,江苏 南京 211100)[摘 要] 美国印第安作家路易斯㊃厄德里克在小说创作上始终保持高产势头,曾获普利策小说奖㊁美国国家图书奖等多项文学大奖,是美国当代印第安文学重要代表人物㊂经过近半个世纪的写作,厄德里克凭借作品中深刻的主题㊁丰富的题材和精湛的写作风格为国内外批评家和读者提供了广泛的分析和解释空间㊂文章对近十年来国内外厄德里克长篇小说研究现状进行梳理,总结近年学界对其小说研究的趋势,以期为国内美国印第安文学研究提供参考㊂[关键词] 路易斯㊃厄德里克; 厄德里克小说; 国内外研究; 研究综述[中图分类号]I 106.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1672-8610(2023)05-0092-06 d o i :10.3969/j .i s s n .1672-8610.2023.05.014 路易斯㊃厄德里克(L o u i s e E r d r i c h ,1954-)是美国富盛名㊁多产的当代印第安女作家㊁诗人㊂作为美国本土文艺复兴第二波的代表,她重点描绘美国北部平原地区多种文化混合及随附的冲突,聚焦北达科他州几代相互关联的家庭及其应对殖民影响的努力㊂从厄德里克的第一部小说‘爱药“(L o v eM e d i c i n e ,1984)至近年新作T h eS e n t e n c e (2021),她的作品包含18部小说㊁3卷诗集,以及大量的非小说和儿童文学作品等㊂经过近半个世纪的辛勤笔耕,厄德里克凭借作品中深刻的主题和精湛的写作风格获得评论界的广泛讨论,曾获普利策小说奖㊁美国国家图书奖㊁欧㊃亨利短篇小说成就奖㊁美国全国书评人协会奖㊁‘洛杉矶时报“最佳小说奖等多项文学大奖㊂作为 在美国创作的最有成就㊁最有前途的小说家之一 [1],厄德里克的作品题材丰富,为批评家和读者提供了广泛的分析和解释空间㊂本文对近十年来国内外厄德里克长篇小说研究现状进行梳理,试图总结近年间学界对其小说研究的趋势,以期为国内学界印第安文学研究提供参考㊂一㊁近十年国外对厄德里克小说的研究国外对厄德里克小说的研究起步较早,从20世纪末到21世纪初,期刊论文的研究对象大多集中于‘爱药“‘甜菜皇后“(T h eB e e t Q u e e n ,1986)和‘痕迹“(T r a c k s ,1988)㊂国外学者大多从后殖民主义㊁女性主义㊁印第安文化研究㊁叙事学㊁生态主义等角29胡碧媛李岚/美国印第安作家路易斯㊃厄德里克小说近十年研究述评度对其创作进行分析,这些成果在一定程度上反映了当代印第安文学研究的整体发展方向和水平㊂经过近十年来学术研究发展,美国学界对厄德里克的研究已初具规模,研究范围涵盖其大部分作品,对后期小说的研究增多,包括其新小说‘守夜人“(T h e N i g h t W a t c h m a n,2020)㊂随着厄德里克小说数量的不断增加,加之文学理论的普及和应用,国外学界对其作品有了更为深入的把握,研究思路也得到了具体细化和拓展㊂(一)后殖民主义研究厄德里克小说关注美国印第安人和欧洲裔美国人历史的复杂交织,展现了她深思熟虑的政治参与,重点书写主人公所处的复杂社区关系,以及在历史创伤后为实践印第安人的自我统治形式而作出的努力,和对持续存在的殖民主义虐待的抵抗㊂有学者写道: 厄德里克避免将一种文化准则置于另一种文化准则之上;她的文学和文化杂交意在解构如欧洲人与原住民的二元对立㊂ [2]151国外近五年研究内容主要侧重文化融合㊁创伤与生存等方面㊂瑞秋㊃格里菲斯(R a c h e l G r i f f i s)围绕‘痕迹“中女性角色关系探讨殖民对女性社区角色㊁女性友谊及女性生存策略的影响,认为小说中女性和殖民受害者关系中的敌意与怨恨实际是欧洲人殖民本土的结果,挑战了父权制和种族主义意识形态[3]㊂厄德里克对多种文化的阐释还体现在时间的处理上,她以时间来回跳跃的故事叙述美国西部相互联系的家庭生活㊂珍妮弗㊃史密斯(J e n n i f e rS m i t h)写道, ‘爱药“中齐佩瓦人的时间观念与美国主流社会的时间标准发生了冲突,厄德里克关注的是齐佩瓦人和白人角色在保留地上交织的生活经历,这个空间存在于美国的内部与边缘 [4]62㊂另外,创伤与生存主题也常出现于厄德里克的小说研究中,这是因为厄德里克不仅为在复杂文化环境中受伤的 混血儿 提供了一个寻求革新与传统融合的可能的未来,并为原住民环境中的自我统治提供了坚实的㊁可持续的背景㊂劳伦斯㊃霍格(W.L a w-r e n c eH o g u e)提到,厄德里克在‘爱药“‘甜菜皇后“‘痕迹“和‘宾果宫“(T h e B i n g o P a l a c e,1994)四部小说中创造了类似福克纳的㊁去中心化的想象空间,其关注的不是血缘印第安人或消失的印第安人的过去,而是文化印第安人㊁混血或全血印第安人对原住民文化和现代美国社会的了解,能够在两者中创造出超越美国和原住民身份的主体性[5]㊂面对如此的困境与需求,厄德里克主张后殖民语境下印第安人的生存策略㊂杰夫㊃汉密尔顿(G e o f fH a m i l t o n)认为‘鸽灾“(T h eP l a g u e o f D o v e s,2008)即对欧美自治的病态提出了控诉,并积极提出一个充满活力的美国本土替代方案[6]㊂辛西娅㊃华莱斯(C y n t h i aR.W a l l a c e)则从小说‘小无马地奇事的最后报告“(T h eL a s t R e p o r t o n t h e M i r a c l e s a tL i t t l eN o H o r s e,2001)中阐释反殖民伦理学,认为厄德里克引导读者认识冲突的文化和价值观所带来的创伤及其他结果,将后殖民理论和文学伦理学形成对话[7]㊂(二)本土文化研究厄德里克曾称美国印第安作家的角色是 讲述当代幸存者的故事,同时保护大灾难后留下的文化核心 [8]23㊂因此,印第安历史文化是研究其小说中原住民生活的关键㊂她的小说呈现了本土历史文化㊁生活方式㊁传统信仰等广泛内容,表达对土地的历史依恋感及家庭和社区价值观,忠实于原住民祖先的神话和艺术愿景,坦率探讨了现代美国原住民和混血美国人面临的文化问题㊂霍格在关于美洲印第安文学的研究中介绍了厄德里克对美洲原住民研究的展现与作用㊂他从20世纪80年代中期和90年代印第安人口从密西西比河以西的保留地发生转移入手,探讨人口转移所引发的美国印第安文学的新复兴,肯定了厄德里克的首部小说‘爱药“对居住在保留地和南达科他州保留地周围小镇上的当代美国印第安人的关注㊂同时,他认为厄德里克小说关注到土地㊁宇宙与原住民间的联系,并对本土传统信仰进行重新阐释,展现了印第安信仰体系[5]㊂简㊃伊39胡碧媛李岚/美国印第安作家路易斯㊃厄德里克小说近十年研究述评姆(J a n e I m)单从植物题材角度切入,探讨小说的印第安性,认为厄德里克使用的植物题材强调了植物的精神层面,巧妙囊括了传统奥吉布瓦族的强烈信仰,包括奥吉布瓦族对土地的历史依恋感以及他们对家园社区的价值观[9]㊂汉密尔顿认为厄德里克对本土部落复原力的呈现体现了劳伦斯㊃格罗斯(L a w-r e n c eW.G r o s s)所说的阿尼希纳贝(A n i s h-i n a a b e g)的 漫画愿景 ,即通过叙述性的自我主张既保留又重新塑造了与祖先的联系[6]㊂同时,在2020年的采访中,安东尼㊃斯托罗(A n t h o n y D o m e s t i c o)与厄德里克专门探讨了其第17部小说‘守夜人“,双方皆提及小说中 本土部落消逝的历史背景 [10],这也体现了厄德里克对本土部落的深切关怀与关注㊂不仅如此,还有部分学者单独探讨了小说中的本土寄宿学校与制度㊁动物㊁植物等与本土文化间的联系,更深入地探讨了印第安历史与文化㊂(三)叙事研究厄德里克的小说写作手法及其所表现的后现代美学一直是学界研究的重要内容㊂她的小说不以时间为序,而通过庞大复杂的家族树在小说中和小说间的故事情节展开叙述㊂这种叙事风格将不同的叙事线索编织在一起,展示了家庭内部和世代之间错综复杂的因果关系,以处理个人间最亲密的依恋的凄美裂痕和历史暴力在社会群体之间划出的鸿沟,经常被拿来与威廉㊃福克纳的叙事风格相比较㊂有学者研究厄德里克小说的循环结构时提到,这种循环结构归功于印第安口头叙事传统[3]152㊂史密斯认为,在循环结构中,厄德里克将地方㊁种族和国家落脚到家庭,家庭在循环的结构化和链接中占据了核心位置[4]62㊂黛博拉㊃麦德森(D e b o r a hL.M a d s e n)强调关注故事的隐秘层面,其在分析‘鸽灾“的不连续的叙事风格及修辞策略时谈及小说中的不可靠叙事[11]㊂科琳㊃班克罗夫特(C o r i n n e B a n c r o f t)则围绕‘鸽灾“的编织叙事分析小说的多重叙事者,认为通过分离和交织的多个叙事线索,既激发了读者对单个角色的依恋,又让其广泛关注社区的相互联系,可以促使读者认识多重主体性[12]㊂米奇㊃尼曼(M i c k iN y m a n)认为也许是因为厄德里克的故事采用了多声部叙事,其既强调循环性又强调线性,以叙事策略中的多个视角以及不稳定的时间,推翻了二元区分[13]92㊂不仅如此,评论家们大多称赞厄德里克的小说叙事兼具抒情散文风格和后现代美学,运用诗意的语言和象征手法㊂尼曼认为厄徳里克不仅擅长时间折叠,她的叙事风格 俏皮而连贯地融合了美国印第安的风格,产生了一部旋转的㊁歌唱的散文作品 [13]92㊂二、近十年国内对厄德里克小说的研究我国真正开始介入厄德里克研究相对较晚,研究重心主要集中在其后殖民主义研究㊁创伤研究㊁生态批评研究㊁叙事研究等方面㊂2008年曾是国内厄德里克研究的转折点,‘爱药“中译本的问世,极大地推动了国内学者对厄德里克作品的关注,目前国内其作品的主要译者为张廷佺教授㊂近年来,国内对于厄德里克作品的引入㊁翻译和评论尚远不能与她的学术地位相称,主要研究作品集中在其成名作及近十年获奖作品‘爱药“‘圆屋“‘鸽灾“,对厄德里克近两年的新小说研究极少㊂近十年间国内只有一篇厄德里克小说的国内研究综述[14],且有一篇陈靓教授的对厄德里克的访谈录[15]㊂(一)后殖民主义研究国内的相关研究主要集中于印第安民族对白人文化的抵抗与对自身文化的坚持㊁殖民创伤两方面㊂在国内高水平期刊方面,陈靓探讨了西方的基督教元素与美国本土宗教文化结合的杂糅模式,认为其强化了印第安人间的情感纽带,是对白人宗教霸权统治的抵抗与颠覆[16]㊂口头文学也是印第安作家返回印第安传统,从边缘发声的策略㊂丁文莉㊁邹惠玲认为在‘痕迹“中,主人公弗勒和纳纳普什以恶作剧者方式打破白人虚伪的谎言,坚持族裔文化身份[17]㊂同样,在陈靓与厄德里克的国内首篇美国印第安作家专访49胡碧媛李岚/美国印第安作家路易斯㊃厄德里克小说近十年研究述评中,也提到了印第安口述文学的精髓在文本中继续传承的意义[15]㊂宋赛南将厄德里克小说中的创伤事件大致分为四类:创伤事故(疾病㊁丧亲㊁丧偶等)㊁战争创伤㊁边缘弱势群体遭遇暴力(女性暴力㊁儿童暴力等)㊁美国土著及某些民族遭遇的殖民创伤[18]㊂在高质量期刊论文中,宋赛南[19]的‘圆屋“书评聚焦小说中的女性性暴力主题;杨恒[20]的论文和朱荣华[21]的论文都关注殖民创伤㊂前者立足于杰弗里㊃亚历山大(J e f f r e y C.A l e x a n d e r)的文化创伤理论解读印第安人和混血族群经历的集体创伤过程及其产生的影响;后者探索恰当的创伤处理方式在振兴印第安文化中的作用㊂硕博论文方面,李文亮的硕士论文认为失根性是作品中创伤事件的主要文化呈现,文化创伤的背后隐含政治话语与殖民话语,影响印第安族裔创伤后的文化生存[22]㊂(二)生态批评研究自然景观里浸透着印第安部落的历史文化传统,有身份认同的重要元素㊂厄德里克小说继承和发扬了印第安人传统的自然观,凸显了人与自然息息相关的共同命运,通过不同的故事抒发生态情怀㊂国内许多学者以生态批评视角关注厄德里克小说中的自然观,以及地域环境等与印第安人本土身份建构的关联等㊂高水平期刊论文方面,秦苏钰通过分析厄德里克对土著人居留地的地域景观和环境的描写,探索作者的印第安传统文化中人类与大地的亲缘关系[23]㊂方丹从生态批评的视角分析小说‘痕迹“所反映的印第安传统宇宙观,认为作者通过再现民族原生文化的神秘,激发人们对重建印第安传统文化的关注与思考[24]㊂陈千谦从环境哲学的角度出发,运用 盖娅假说 中的 雏菊世界 理论对‘爱药“中主人公的命运走势进行深刻剖析,揭示其蕴含的印第安生态整体观[25]㊂张琼认为厄德里克的反乌托邦小说‘永生上帝的未来家园“(F u t u r e H o m eo f t h e L i v i n g G o d, 2017)揭示了人类在进化发生逆转的生态境遇中对自己身体的控制和周围的政治文化失控状态,指出厄德里克的创作从女性身体的生物特征出发揭示了生态危机和文化危机[26]㊂纪秀明关注厄德里克的生态书写,指出印第安族裔与自然生态及个体身份想象的链接,认为厄德里克基于自然与地域的殖民现实,超越种族与地理疆界,探索族裔文化背景下的精神向度与人的自然与健康[27]㊂蔡俊的博士论文则探讨了新的角度,他认为将印第安文化 生态化 的做法是一把双刃剑,在为原住民争取到更多的听众和发言权的同时,也抹杀了印第安社会的现实问题[28]㊂基于生态文学研究,国内近十年来对厄德里克小说进行生态批评研究已呈现热门研究的趋势㊂虽然相关高水平期刊论文较少,却是很多硕博论文研究关注的重点㊂这些研究都为国内厄德里克小说生态批评提供了思考与探索的空间㊂(三)叙事研究厄德里克继承了美国本土的口述传统, 在文本性和历史性这两个关键因子的运用上,厄德里克有着娴熟且精巧的创作技巧 [29],因此,国内学界同样将厄德里克小说叙事策略研究作为重要的研究内容㊂黎会华在分析厄德里克书写历史的策略和建构历史叙事手段的基础上,探讨作者如何通过重构被主流社会忽略的小历史,使被边缘化的奥吉布瓦人获得有效的话语权[30]㊂张琼探讨了‘鸽灾“ 环小说 的多声部独特叙事风格,分析作者叙事暗含的主旋律如何弥合情感冲突和文化矛盾[31]㊂陈靓单独分析了小说中的核心叙述者恶作剧者,认为恶作剧者不仅是作品中的反抗性人物,而且以其解构特质融入文本的叙述层面对历史性进行重构,构建了族裔特色的恶作剧者话语[32]㊂同时,陈靓[33]和纪秀明[27]分别探讨了厄德里克作品中的神秘叙事,认为神秘叙事隐匿背后的关于族裔的意识固然指向探寻与确证族裔身份与生存经验,但其小说以神话的重述改写与反讽对传统身份内涵进行反思与批判,体现了文化生存的杂糅㊂陈靓还讨论了59胡碧媛李岚/美国印第安作家路易斯㊃厄德里克小说近十年研究述评小说‘拉罗斯“的叙事策略,分析现代语境下厄德里克作品族裔性的书写与建构策略,认为文本内部的空间性与族裔性相辅相成,族裔性的动态㊁开放式创作策略赋予文本鲜明的身份特质[29]㊂三、厄德里克小说研究相关启示美国印第安文学研究已经是美国文学研究的一个重要组成部分㊂路易斯㊃厄德里克作为美国当代本土裔文学重要代表人物,其小说在家庭和母性㊁故事讲述㊁治疗㊁环境问题㊁历史意识等方面非常成熟㊂小说情节涉及各种当代问题,包括部落政治㊁土地权利的侵蚀㊁当地学校和政府学校的儿童教育㊁宗教冲突等㊂厄德里克除了表达奥吉布韦人经历的创伤外,还展现了美国印第安民族是坚定而有活力的民族㊂在此基础上,她通过对各种人物进行多重叙述,讲述了复杂的故事,并为讲故事的传统带来了一种叙事不连贯的文学艺术性㊂目前来看,由于厄德里克作品鲜明的主题及叙事风格,后殖民主义研究及叙事研究依旧是国内外厄德里克小说研究的热点㊂同时,厄德里克所创作的生态文学也时刻被关注㊂由于其再现了环境对印第安人命运的影响,笔下印第安人的身份认同又与自然景观紧密联系,因此,学者们多发掘根植于自然的部落文化㊁成员族裔身份危机与自救途径等㊂事实上,国内学界虽然对厄德里克的小说研究不乏新的视角与观点,但数量较少,且未形成系统性研究和普遍影响㊂如蔡俊研究了 边界主题 ,认为 物理边界 的划分是文化 软边界 形成的根源,导致了当代印第安人土地的丧失㊁文化的破碎和家园的失落[34]㊂袁小明从厄德里克小说中的大量贫困形象入手,点明这对美国全民中产的主流话语的背离,凸显了美国本土裔在经济结构中的不利地位[35]㊂但以现有研究成果来看,国内的研究角度相对宏观且片面,研究范围仅局限于厄德里克的经典作品,对厄德里克新小说的研究较少㊂根据以上研究成果综述看,近十年间,对厄德里克的批评与研究趋势,既有继承也有发展,厄德里克的相关研究在不断丰富,且越来越受到国内学界的重视㊂虽然国内针对厄德里克的研究取得了了不起的成果,但相比于英美文学批评仍相对小众㊂由于国内缺乏对美国印第安文化普遍㊁深入㊁准确㊁最新的把握,对厄德里克小说的翻译引入及研究还有待深入㊂希望更多的厄德里克作品可以走进中国批评家和学者的视野,并产出越来越深入且多样的研究成果㊂ʌ参考文献ɔ[1]B e i d l e r,P e t e rG.,B a r t o n G a y.A R e a d e r sG u i d et o t h eN o v e l s o f L o u i s eE r d r i c h[M].C o l u m b i a:U n i v e r s i-t y o fM i s s o u r i P r e s s,2006.[2]G h e y t a s i,S a j j a d,M o h s e n H a n i f.L o u i s e E r d r i c h s T r a c k s:S u r v i v a l o r S u b v e r s i o n[J].E S C:E n g l i s h S t u d i e s i nC a n a d a,2017(1).[3]G r i f f i s,R a c h e lB.F l e u r s K i n s h i p,P a u l i n e s W h i t e-n e s s:H o wC o l o n i z a t i o nS h a p e sF r i e n d s h i p i nL o u i s eE r-d r i c h s T r a c k s[M]//N a v i g a t i n g W o m e n s F r i e n d-s h i p s i n A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e a n d C u l t u r e.C h a m: S p r i n g e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h i n g,2022.[4]S m i t h,J e n n i f e rJ.T h e A m e r i c a n S h o r tS t o r y C y c l e [M].E d i n b u r g h:E d i n b u r g hU n i v e r s i t y P r e s s,2018.[5]H o g u e,W.L a w r e n c e.T h eE m e r g e n c e,R e n a i s s a n c e,a n d T r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f M u l t i c u l t u r a l A m e r i c a n L i t e r a-t u r e f r o mt h e1960s t oT h eE a r l y2000s[J].S y m p l o kē, 2017(1-2).[6]H a m i l t o n,G e o f f.A N e w C o n t i n e n t o f L i b e r t y:E u n o-m i a i n N a t i v eA m e r i c a nL i t e r a t u r e f r o m O c c o mt oE r-d r i c h[M].C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e:U n i v e r s i t y o fV i r g i n i aP r e s s, 2019.[7]W a l l a c e,C y n t h i aR.A C l o u do fU n k n o w i n g:A g o n i s t i cA n t i c o l o n i a lE t h i c s i nL o u i s eE r d r i c h s T h eL a s tR e p o r t o n t h e M i r a c l e sa tL i t t l e N o H o r s e[J].C o n t e m p o r a r y L i t e r a t u r e,2018(4).[8]E r d r i c h,L o u i s e.W h e r eI O u g h tt ob e:A W r i t e r s S e n s e o fP l a c e[M]//W o n g,H e r t h aD a w n.L o u i s eE r-d r i c h sL o v e M e d i c i n e:A C a s e b o o k.N e w Y o r k:O x-f o r dU n i v e r s i t y P r e s s,2000.[9]I m,J a n e.P l a n t L i f e i nL o u i s eE r d r i c h s T h eB e e t Q u e e n [J].S t u d i e s i nA m e r i c a nI n d i a nL i t e r a t u r e s,2021(1).[10]D o m e s t i c o,A n t h o n y.N a m e l e s sG r e a t n e s s:A nI n t e r-69胡碧媛李岚/美国印第安作家路易斯㊃厄德里克小说近十年研究述评v i e w w i t hL o u i s eE r d r i c h[J].C o m m o n w e a l,2020(8).[11]M a d s e n,D e b o r a hL.D i s c o n t i n u o u sN a r r a t i v e,O j i b w e S o v e r e i g n t y,a n d t h e W i i n d i g o oL o g i co fS e t t l e rC o l o n i-a l i s m:L o u i s eE r d r i c h sM a r n W o l d e[J].S t u d i e s i nA-m e r i c a nI n d i a nL i t e r a t u r e s,2016(3).[12]B a n c r o f t,C o r i n n e.T h eB r a i d e d N a r r a t i v e[J].N a r r a-t i v e,2018(3).[13]N y m a n,M i c k i.G l i m p s i n g O j i b w a Y o u t ha n dJ u s t i c eF o u n d i n J o h nT a n n e r s T h eF a l c o n:A N a r r a t i v e o f t h e C a p t i v i t y a n dA d v e n t u r e so f J o h nT a n n e r i nL o u i s eE r-d r i c h s L o v eM e d i c i n e,T h eR o u n d H o u s e,a n d L a r o s e [J].S o u t hA t l a n t i cR e v i e w,2021(4).[14]王静怡,曹丽娜.路易斯㊃厄德里克长篇小说国内研究综述[J].开封教育学院学报,2018(4).[15]陈靓.路易斯㊃厄德里克访谈录[J].英美文学研究论丛,2015(1).[16]陈靓.‘痕迹“和‘爱药“的宗教杂糅特征[J].外国文学研究,2013(2).[17]丁文莉,邹惠玲.‘痕迹“和厄德里克:小说内外的恶作剧者[J].当代外国文学,2013(3).[18]宋赛南.根与路:厄德里克的灾难生存书写研究[D].北京:北京外国语大学,2013.[19]宋赛南.一部聚焦女性性暴力创伤的正义之书 评厄德里克新作‘圆屋“[J].外国文学动态,2013(2). [20]杨恒.历史的记忆共同的伤痛 论路易斯㊃厄德里克‘鸽灾“中的文化创伤书写[J].当代外国文学,2014 (3).[21]朱荣华.‘圆屋“中的文化创伤与印第安文化身份的建构[J].南京师范大学文学院学报,2015(2). [22]李文亮.路易斯㊃厄德里克‘爱药“中的创伤书写[D].济南:山东大学,2016.[23]秦苏珏.地域景观㊁环境与身份认同 ‘爱药“的生态解读[J].国外文学,2010(2).[24]方丹.返魅自然:‘痕迹“中的印第安生态伦理意蕴[J].外语与外语教学,2012(6).[25]陈千谦.‘爱药“中的 雏菊世界 [J].英美文学研究论丛,2017(1).[26]张琼.身体控制与文化失控 论厄德里克的‘永生上帝的未来家园“[J].国外文学,2019(4). [27]纪秀明.生态㊁族群㊁神秘叙事及其他 厄德里克与郭雪波生态文本族群话语探微[J].外语与外语教学, 2020(2).[28]蔡俊.超越生态印第安:论露易丝㊃厄德里克小说中的自然主题[D].南京:南京大学,2011.[29]陈靓.族裔性的空间建构:‘拉罗斯“的叙事策略[J].英美文学研究论丛,2020(2).[30]黎会华.历史事件与小历史书写 解读路易丝㊃厄德里克的‘鸽灾“[J].外国文学,2011(3). [31]张琼.从失控到把控 从‘鸽疫“看厄德里克 环小说 叙事的多声部发展[J].外文研究,2014(1). [32]陈靓.‘四个灵魂“中的恶作剧者叙述[J].外国文学研究,2018(4).[33]陈靓.当代美国本土文学的神话重构 评路易斯㊃厄德里克小说中的 恶作剧者 形象[J].英美文学研究论丛,2013(2).[34]蔡俊.论印第安作家厄德里克小说中的边界主题[J].外国文学研究,2013(3).[35]袁小明.路易斯㊃厄德里克小说中 贫困 研究[J].南京师范大学文学院学报,2018(4).AC r i t i c a lO v e r v i e wo nF i c t i o n s o fN a t i v eA m e r i c a n W r i t e rL o u i s eE r d r i c hS i n c e2011H uB i y u a n L i L a n(C o l l e g e o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e s a n dC u l t u r e s,H o h a iU n i v e r s i t y,N a n j i n g,J i a n g s u,211100)A b s t r a c t:L o u i s eE r d r i c h,aN a t i v eA m e r i c a nw r i t e r,h a s a l w a y sm a i n t a i n e d ah i g h l e v e l o f p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d q u a l i t y i nh e r n o v e l c r e a t i o n.S h e h a sw o nm a n y l i t e r a r y a w a r d s,i n c l u d i n g t h eP u l i t z e r P r i z e f o r F i c t i o n a n d t h eN a t i o n a lB o o kA w a r d,m a k-i n g h e r a n i m p o r t a n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v eo f c o n t e m p o r a r y N a t i v eA m e r i c a nL i t e r a t u r e.A f t e rn e a r l y h a l f ac e n t u r y o fw r i t i n g,E r-d r i c hh a s p r o v i d e d aw i d e r a n g e o f a n a l y s i s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s p a c e f o r c r i t i c s a n d r e a d e r s a t h o m e a n d a b r o a dw i t hh e r p r o f o u n d t h e m e s,r i c hs u b j e c tm a t t e r a n d e x q u i s i t ew r i t i n g s t y l e.T h e a r t i c l e s o r t s o u t t h e c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h o nE r d r i c h s f i c t i o n s a t h o m e a n da b r o a d s i n c e2011a n d s u mm a r i z e s t h e t r e n d so nh e r f i c t i o n s i na c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h,w i t hav i e wt o p r o v i d i n g r e f e r e n c e f o r t h eA m e r i c a ne t h n i c l i t e r a t u r e s t u d i e s i nd o m e s t i c a c a d e m i a.K e y w o r d s:L o u i s eE r d r i c h; E r d r i c h s f i c t i o n s;d o m e s t i c a n do v e r s e a s s t u d i e s;c r i t i c a l o v e r v i e w79。
英美概况American History
Gone with the Wind
The Win of the North
Richmond April-June,1865
1865, the south declared to defeat
Lincoln’s assassination
John Wilkes Booth, the murderer
Civil War (1861-1865)
Causes Process Significance
Economic Confrontation
The North The South
Provide raw materials for British factories
Import British industrial goods Planters own many slaves as their manpower
Union vs. Confederacy
The North
Population 2234万
The South
910万
Industry
Developed
Few
railroads
many
Nearly zero
Military
Not well equipped
Fully armed
Process of Civil War
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1861--1896)
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade!
美国历史书籍推荐经典
美国历史书籍推荐经典
1、《联邦党的由来：一段美国历史》（The Origins of the Federal Party: A History of the United States）：作者Paul Finkelman，本书介绍了美国联邦党的起源，从1790年到1860年，涵盖了美国历史上重要的政治运动。
2、《美国历史：从宪法时代到今天》（American History: From the Constitution to Today）：作者Stephen H. Haber，本书梳理美国历史从1789年的宪法到21世纪的社会变化，阐述了美国社会发展的重要历史事件。
3、《美国独立战争时期：美国精神的根源》（The American Revolution Era: The Roots of American Spirit）：作者Daniel L. Smith-Christopher，本书介绍了美国独立战争时期的历史，以及美国精神的根源，充分展示了美国独立宣言及其后续影响力。
4、《美国内战前夜：解析美国南北冲突》（The Eve of the Civil War: An Analysis of the American North/South Conflict）：作者Linda Sargent Wood，本书从历史、经济、文化等角度，深入探讨了美国南北战争
前夜的政治、历史、文化和思想背景，深刻地分析了美国
南北矛盾的性质及其影响。
5、《美国新史学：20世纪的美国历史》（American New Historians: 20th Century US History）：作者John Strickland，本书介绍了20世纪美国历史变迁，从民族、社会、文化、政治等多个方面分析了美国新史学的发展。
美国历史读后感英语
美国历史读后感英语The United States of America, a nation that has captivated the world with its rich history, diverse culture, and unwavering spirit, has long been a subject of fascination for many. As I delve into the chronicles of this remarkable country, I am struck by the profound impact it has had on the global landscape, both in terms of its political and social influence.The story of the United States is one of resilience, innovation, and the relentless pursuit of freedom. From the revolutionary beginnings that sparked the creation of a new nation, to the tumultuous events that have shaped its trajectory, the American experience is a tapestry woven with threads of triumph and adversity.The American Revolution, a pivotal moment in world history, marked the birth of a nation forged in the crucible of resistance against colonial oppression. The courageous actions of the Founding Fathers, who risked everything to secure the principles of democracy andself-governance, continue to inspire and resonate with people around the world. The Declaration of Independence, a document that has become a beacon of hope for the oppressed, eloquently articulates the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit ofhappiness, setting the stage for the creation of a government that would be of the people, by the people, and for the people.As the young nation navigated the challenges of nation-building, it faced the daunting task of reconciling the ideals of freedom with the harsh realities of slavery. The Civil War, a conflict that tore the country apart, ultimately led to the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union, paving the way for a more just and equitable society. The sacrifices made by those who fought to end the scourge of slavery and uphold the principles of equality serve as a poignant reminder of the ongoing struggle for civil rights in the United States.The 20th century witnessed the United States emerge as a global superpower, a testament to its resilience and adaptability in the face of unprecedented challenges. The two World Wars, the Great Depression, and the Cold War all tested the mettle of the American people, who time and again rose to the occasion with unwavering determination and a steadfast commitment to the ideals of democracy.The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s further solidified the nation's commitment to equality and social justice, as brave individuals and organizations fought tirelessly to dismantle the vestiges of segregation and discrimination. The legacy of leaders likeMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X continues to inspire generations of Americans to champion the cause of equality and human dignity.The technological advancements and scientific breakthroughs that have emerged from the United States have had a profound impact on the world, from the Wright brothers' pioneering flights to the moon landings of the Apollo program. The American entrepreneurial spirit, fueled by a culture of innovation and risk-taking, has given birth to some of the most iconic and influential companies, products, and ideas that have transformed the global landscape.Despite the challenges and complexities that have marked its history, the United States has consistently demonstrated its resilience and adaptability. The nation's ability to reinvent itself, to confront its past shortcomings, and to strive for a more just and equitable future, is a testament to the enduring spirit of the American people.As I reflect on the rich tapestry of American history, I am filled with a deep sense of admiration and appreciation for the remarkable journey that this nation has undertaken. The lessons learned, the sacrifices made, and the progress achieved serve as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of human determination, courage, and the unwavering pursuit of a more just and equitable world.。
介绍欧美历史的书籍
介绍欧美历史的书籍以下是一些关于欧美历史的经典著作：1.《欧洲历史纲要》（A History of Europe）- 罗伯特·杰休（Robert J. Knecht）著。
这本书涵盖了远古时期至20世纪之前的欧洲历史。
它提供了全面的概述，包括政治、文化和经济方面的重要事件和趋势。
2.《罗马帝国衰亡史》（The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire）- 爱德华·吉本（Edward Gibbon）著。
这是一部关于罗马帝国从公元2世纪到15世纪衰落的杰作。
吉本细致地研究了政治、军事和文化方面的变化，并提出了多种因素导致罗马帝国衰亡的理论。
3.《美国的人类学》（The American Pageant）- 托马斯·B·贝利（Thomas A. Bailey）和大卫·M·肯尼迪（David M. Kennedy）合著。
这是一本关于美国历史的教材，涵盖了从初期殖民地时期到现代的政治、社会和经济变革。
4.《被遗忘的美国人：全球历史的一部分》（A People's History of the United States）- 霍华德·辛（Howard Zinn）著。
这本书以不同的视角讲述了美国历史，重点关注了被较传统历史书籍所忽视的人物和事件。
它呈现了从被殖民地人民、奴隶、工人和妇女等角度出发的历史。
5.《现代西方的崩溃：第一次和第二次世界大战》（The Collapse of the Western Civilization: A View from the Future）-威利·特·麦金尼斯（Naomi Oreskes和Erik M. Conway）合著。
这本书以虚构的方式讲述了一个将来人们如何看待21世纪末期和22世纪初期的欧美历史。
这只是一小部分关于欧美历史的书籍，读者还可以根据自己的兴趣进一步探索，深入了解特定时期或主题的更多作品。
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History and Anthology of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial America1.Historical Introduction·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.2.Early New England Literature·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.John Smith1.The first American writer.2.Works:(1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country(3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer IslesWilliam Bradford & John Winthrop1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》John Cotton & Roger Williams1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”.2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害·He was interested in the Indian language·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人·The best of the Puritan poetsPart II The Literature of Reason and Revolution1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America.2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life seculareducation and literature.3.The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.Benjamin Franklin1.是美国著名的思想家，政治家，科学家，发明家，外交家，教育家，作家。
参与起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法,发明了双焦眼镜和玻璃口琴，做了著名的“风筝实验”，发明了避雷针。
是美国启蒙运动，即理性时代的象征。
2.Works：Autobiography《富兰克林自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查年鉴》3.Contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.(2)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Thomas Paine1.“Great Commoner of Mankind”2.Works: The Case of the Officers of the Excise，1772，《税吏事件》Common Sense, 1776,《常识》The American Crisis《美国危机》Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性的时代》Thomas Jefferson1.美国第三任总统，独立宣言的主要起草者之一。
和富兰克林一样是通才，通晓政治学，园艺学，建筑学，考古学，词源学，密码学，测量学等，还身兼作家，律师和小提琴手。
他还创办了维吉尼亚大学。
他在任期间保护农业，发展民族资本主义工业，从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。
2.Works: The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》Philip Freneau1.The most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.2.“Poet of the American Revolution”美国独立革命的诗人，“Father of American Poetry” ,美国文学之父，属于理性时代的诗人3.Works: The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》The Wild Honeysuckle《野生的金银花》The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》Part III The Literature of Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.Features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Am ericans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving1.是美国革命后第一个获得国际声誉的作家，在美国文学史上享有“美国文学之父”的称号。
2.He was the first great prose stylist of American Romanticism, and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Scott and Cooper, and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative of the future.3.Works: A History of New York《纽约外史》The Sketch Book《见闻札记》（收录了The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》等名篇，开创了美国短篇小说的传统）James Frnimore Cooper1.The first important American novelist2.Three kinds of works:(1)Novels about the revolution past: The Spy《间谍》(2) Sea adventures: The Pilot《舵手》(3)Frontier saga: Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》（包括The Deerslayer《猎鹿者》,The Last of the Mohicans 《最后一个莫西干人》,The pathfinder《探路人》,The Pioneers《拓荒者》,The Prairie《大草原》）·The nearest approach yet to an American epic·central figure：Natty BumppoWilliam Cullen Bryant1.美国首位重要的自然派诗人，引导美国诗歌摆脱了古典主义模式的僵硬束缚，使之进入了一个简朴清新的时期。