旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCATION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment –which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction – and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今,随着人民生活水平的提高,追求更高的精神生活,旅游业发展迅速,在国民经济比例不断上升。