国外Advanced Cognitive Psychology课程课件-othermemory

Retrospective/Prospective memory
Retrospective memory
Memory for the past Everything we’ve been talking about up until this point
Prospective memory
Memory for future events, or how we remember to do things at a later time Memory for the execution of delayed intentions Everyday memory Example: Pick up groceries on the way home after work
Challenger explosion 25% provided outright inconsistencies the next day vs. ~3 years later
Schmolck, Buffalo, Squire 2000 O.J.atic events
Memory for traumatic events
Despite all that, some memories have seemingly been discovered, and then corroborated independently in some fashion
Ross Cheit (molested by choir counselor, taped confession of counselor) Frank Fitzpatrick (abused by priest, corroborated by others)
Underestimate prior knowledge
Memory for traumatic events
Prospective studies
Identify individuals on the basis of known trauma histories (so no false memories) and test current recollections of abuse Again some individuals report no memory of event
Best performance
Suggests binding the cue to the action may be most important part of PM process (Guynn, McDaniel, Einstein 2001)
Retrospective/Prospective memory
Voluntary/Involuntary retention
Covers much of the same ground as conscious/nonconscious memory Some memories are actively ‘searched’ for Other times there is recollection without effort
Retrospective survey studies
Questionnaires given to those who’ve experienced some traumatic event A number of respondents claim a time period when they did not remember their trauma
Voluntary/Involuntary retention
Voluntary Deliberate willful retention May reflect automatic processes
Trying to remember some event but doing so because of some priming from the environment
Flashbulb Memories
Highly vivid memory for the details of an event and the setting Evolutionarily adaptive
Good to remember important events that could ensure survival later
Is the distinction necessary? Descriptively, the distinction denotes two very different memory experiences Remains to be seen if it involves different processes
Memory for traumatic events
Can traumatic memories that have been ‘recovered’ be authentic? Some suggest the term ‘discovered’ memories to remain neutral whether memory is true/false or event occurred Studies have shown that: Individuals can remember, even with great detail, things that did not happen (alien abductions, satanic ritual) Participants can be induced to recall things that never happened to them (e.g. lost in the mall [Loftus & Pickrell]) A variety of psychotherapeutic techniques can produce false memories (repeated retrieval attempts, hypnosis, dream interpretation) Therapists that use such techniques are more likely to induce ‘discovered’ memories and have patients that ultimately retract
Involuntary May have conscious recollection of automatically retrieved information Unaware of source (though may determine later) Example: Stupid 80s song gets stuck in your head seemingly out of nowhere
Press a key
Event-based vs. Time-based cues
The cue and action
How reminders can help Guynn, McDaniel, Einstein (1998)
Reminded of cue Reminded of action to be performed Reminded of both
’Nuff said? Problem
No independent corroboration of the trauma People can unknowingly exaggerate their prior degree of forgetting
Memory for traumatic events
Accurate for the most part but not immune to forgetting Two questions: Can they be forgotten completely? Can they be recovered?
Memory for traumatic events
Prospective memory
Basic lab paradigm (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990)
When one sees a target word displayed in some task (e.g. pleasantness rating) perform some action
Is it a special type of memory? How accurate?
Flashbulb Memories
Special mechanism
Seem so much better than other memories
Brown & Kulik (1977)
JFK Vivid and detailed recall 13 years later
Retrospective case studies Similar evidence (and easier to corroborate), but also similar problem of exaggerated forgetting Schooler
Individuals reported they’d forgotten it at a time when they’d reported it to others Forgot-it-all-along effect
Limitations
Asked to report on individual instances of abuse, however one of many repeated instances may be forgotten May forget one but remember other instances of abuse