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DS90LV048A
DS90LV048A3V LVDS Quad CMOS Differential Line ReceiverGeneral DescriptionThe DS90LV048A is a quad CMOS flow-through differential line receiver designed for applications requiring ultra low power dissipation and high data rates.The device is de-signed to support data rates in excess of 400Mbps (200MHz)utilizing Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS)technology.The DS90LV048A accepts low voltage (350mV typical)dif-ferential input signals and translates them to 3V CMOS out-put levels.The receiver supports a TRI-STATE ®function that may be used to multiplex outputs.The receiver also supports open,shorted and terminated (100Ω)input fail-safe.The re-ceiver output will be HIGH for all fail-safe conditions.The DS90LV048A has a flow-through pinout for easy PCB layout.The EN and EN *inputs are ANDed together and control the TRI-STATE outputs.The enables are common to all four re-ceivers.The DS90LV048A and companion LVDS line driver (eg.DS90LV047A)provide a new alternative to high power PECL/ECL devices for high speed point-to-point interface applications.Featuresn >400Mbps (200MHz)switching ratesn Flow-through pinout simplifies PCB layout n 150ps channel-to-channel skew (typical)n 100ps differential skew (typical)n 2.7ns maximum propagation delay n 3.3V power supply designn High impedance LVDS inputs on power down n Low Power design (40mW 3.3V static)n Interoperable with existing 5V LVDS driversn Accepts small swing (350mV typical)differential signal levelsn Supports open,short and terminated input fail-safe n Conforms to ANSI/TIA/EIA-644Standardn Industrial temperature operating range (-40˚C to +85˚C)nAvailable in SOIC and TSSOP packageConnection DiagramFunctional DiagramENABLESINPUTS OUTPUT EN EN*R IN+−R IN−R OUT HL or OpenV ID ≥0.1V H V ID ≤−0.1V L Full Fail-safe OPEN/SHORT or TerminatedHAll other combinations of ENABLE inputs X ZTRI-STATE ®is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.Dual-in-LineDS100888-1Order Number DS90LV048ATM,DS90LV048ATMTCSee NS Package Number M16A,MTC16July 1999DS90LV048A 3V LVDS Quad CMOS Differential Line Receiver©1999National Semiconductor Corporation Absolute Maximum Ratings(Note1)If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications.Supply Voltage(V CC)−0.3V to+4V Input Voltage(R IN+,R IN−)−0.3V to3.9V Enable Input Voltage(EN,EN*)−0.3V to(V CC+0.3V) Output Voltage(R OUT)−0.3V to(V CC+0.3V) Maximum Package Power Dissipation+25˚CM Package1025mW MTC Package866mW Derate M Package8.2mW/˚C above+25˚C Derate MTC Package 6.9mW/˚C above+25˚C Storage Temperature Range−65˚C to+150˚C Lead Temperature Range Soldering(4sec.)+260˚C Maximum Junction Temperature+150˚C ESD Rating(Note10)(HBM,1.5kΩ,100pF)≥10kV (EIAJ,0Ω,200pF)≥1200VRecommended Operating ConditionsMin Typ Max Units Supply Voltage(V CC)+3.0+3.3+3.6V Receiver Input Voltage GND+3.0V Operating Free AirTemperature(T A)−4025+85˚CElectrical CharacteristicsOver Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges,unless otherwise specified.(Notes2,3)Symbol Parameter Conditions Pin Min Typ Max Units V TH Differential Input High Threshold V CM=+1.2V,0.05V,2.95V(Note13)R IN+,+100mV V TL Differential Input Low Threshold R IN−−100mV VCMR Common-Mode Voltage Range VID=200mV pk to pk(Note5)0.1 2.3V I IN Input Current V IN=+2.8V V CC=3.6V or0V−10±5+10µAV IN=0V−10±1+10µAV IN=+3.6V V CC=0V-20±1+20µA V OH Output High Voltage I OH=−0.4mA,V ID=+200mV R OUT 2.7 3.3VI OH=−0.4mA,Input terminated 2.7 3.3VI OH=−0.4mA,Input shorted 2.7 3.3V V OL Output Low Voltage I OL=2mA,V ID=−200mV0.050.25V I OS Output Short Circuit Current Enabled,V OUT=0V(Note11)−15−47−100mA I OZ Output TRI-STATE Current Disabled,V OUT=0V or V CC−10±1+10µAV IH Input High Voltage EN,EN*2.0V CC VV IL Input Low Voltage GND0.8V I I Input Current V IN=0V or V CC,Other Input=V CC orGND−10±5+10µA V CL Input Clamp Voltage I CL=−18mA−1.5−0.8V I CC No Load Supply CurrentReceivers EnabledEN=V CC,Inputs Open V CC915mA I CCZ No Load Supply Current EN=GND,Inputs Open15mAReceivers DisabledSwitching CharacteristicsOver Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges,unless otherwise specified.(Notes3,4,7,8)Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units t PHLD Differential Propagation Delay High to Low C L=15pF 1.2 2.0 2.7ns t PLHD Differential Propagation Delay Low to High V ID=200mV 1.2 1.9 2.7ns t SKD1Differential Pulse Skew|t PHLD−t PLHD|(Note6)(Figure1and Figure2)00.10.4ns t SKD2Differential Channel-to-Channel Skew;same device(Note7)00.150.5ns t SKD3Differential Part to Part Skew(Note8) 1.0ns t SKD4Differential Part to Part Skew(Note9) 1.5ns t TLH Rise Time0.5 1.0ns t THL Fall Time0.35 1.0ns 2Switching Characteristics(Continued)Over Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges,unless otherwise specified.(Notes3,4,7,8)Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units t PHZ Disable Time High to Z R L=2kΩ814nst PLZ Disable Time Low to Z C L=15pF814nst PZH Enable Time Z to High(Figure3and Figure4)914nst PZL Enable Time Z to Low914nsf MAX Maximum Operating Frequency(Note14)All Channels Switching200250MHzNote1:“Absolute Maximum Ratings”are those values beyond which the safety of the device cannot be guaranteed.They are not meant to imply that the devices should be operated at these limits.The table of“Electrical Characteristics”specifies conditions of device operation.Note2:Current into device pins is defined as positive.Current out of device pins is defined as negative.All voltages are referenced to ground unless otherwise speci-fied.Note3:All typicals are given for:V CC=+3.3V,T A=+25˚C.Note4:Generator waveform for all tests unless otherwise specified:f=1MHz,Z O=50Ω,t r and t f(0%to100%)≤3ns for R IN.Note5:The VCMR range is reduced for larger VID.Example:if VID=400mV,the VCMR is0.2V to2.2V.The fail-safe condition with inputs shorted is not supported over the common-mode range of0V to2.4V,but is supported only with inputs shorted and no external common-mode voltage applied.A VID up to V CC−0V may be applied to the R IN+/R IN−inputs with the Common-Mode voltage set to V CC/2.Propagation delay and Differential Pulse skew decrease when VID is increased from 200mV to400mV.Skew specifications apply for200mV≤VID≤800mV over the common-mode range.Note6:t SKD1is the magnitude difference in differential propagation delay time between the positive going edge and the negative going edge of the same channel Note7:t SKD2,Channel-to-Channel Skew is defined as the difference between the propagation delay of one channel and that of the others on the same chip with any event on the inputs.Note8:t SKD3,part to part skew,is the differential channel-to-channel skew of any event between devices.This specification applies to devices at the same V CC, and within5˚C of each other within the operating temperature range.Note9:t SKD4,part to part skew,is the differential channel-to-channel skew of any event between devices.This specification applies to devices over recommended operating temperature and voltage ranges,and across process distribution.t SKD4is defined as|Max−Min|differential propagation delay.Note10:ESD Rating:HBM(1.5kΩ,100pF)≥10kVEIAJ(0Ω,200pF)≥1200VNote11:Output short circuit current(I OS)is specified as magnitude only,minus sign indicates direction only.Only one output should be shorted at a time,do not exceed maximum junction temperature specification.Note12:C L includes probe and jig capacitance.Note13:V CC is always higher than R IN+and R IN−voltage.R IN−and R IN+are allowed to have a voltage range−0.2V to V CC−VID/2.However,to be compliant with AC specifications,the common voltage range is0.1V to2.3VNote14:f MAX generator input conditions:t r=t f<1ns(0%to100%),50%duty cycle,differential(1.05V to1.35V peak to peak).Output criteria:60/40%duty cycle, V OL(max0.4V),V OH(min2.7V),Load=15pF(stray plus probes).Parameter Measurement InformationDS100888-3FIGURE1.Receiver Propagation Delay and Transition Time Test CircuitDS100888-4FIGURE2.Receiver Propagation Delay and Transition Time Waveforms3Parameter Measurement Information(Continued)Typical ApplicationApplications InformationGeneral application guidelines and hints for LVDS drivers and receivers may be found in the following application notes:LVDS Owner’s Manual (lit #550062-001),AN808,AN977,AN971,AN916,AN805,AN903.LVDS drivers and receivers are intended to be primarily used in an uncomplicated point-to-point configuration as is shown in Figure 5.This configuration provides a clean signaling en-vironment for the fast edge rates of the drivers.The receiver is connected to the driver through a balanced media which may be a standard twisted pair cable,a parallel pair cable,or simply PCB traces.Typically,the characteristic impedance ofthe media is in the range of 100Ω.A termination resistor of 100Ω(selected to match the media),and is located as close to the receiver input pins as possible.The termination resis-tor converts the driver output (current mode)into a voltage that is detected by the receiver.Other configurations are possible such as a multi-receiver configuration,but the ef-fects of a mid-stream connector(s),cable stub(s),and other impedance discontinuities as well as ground shifting,noise margin limits,and total termination loading must be taken into account.DS100888-5C L includes load and test jig capacitance.S 1=V CC for t PZL and t PLZ measurements.S 1=GND for t PZH and t PHZ measurements.FIGURE 3.Receiver TRI-STATE Delay Test CircuitDS100888-6FIGURE 4.Receiver TRI-STATE Delay WaveformsBalanced SystemDS100888-7FIGURE 5.Point-to-Point Application4Applications Information(Continued)The DS90LV048A differential line receiver is capable of de-tecting signals as low as100mV,over a±1V common-mode range centered around+1.2V.This is related to the driver off-set voltage which is typically+1.2V.The driven signal is cen-tered around this voltage and may shift±1V around this cen-ter point.The±1V shifting may be the result of a ground potential difference between the driver’s ground referenceand the receiver’s ground reference,the common-mode ef-fects of coupled noise,or a combination of the two.The ACparameters of both receiver input pins are optimized for arecommended operating input voltage range of0V to+2.4V(measured from each pin to ground).The device will operatefor receiver input voltages up to V CC,but exceeding V CC willturn on the ESD protection circuitry which will clamp the busvoltages.The DS90LV048A has a flow-through pinout that allows foreasy PCB layout.The LVDS signals on one side of the de-vice easily allows for matching electrical lengths of the differ-ential pair trace lines between the driver and the receiver aswell as allowing the trace lines to be close together to couplenoise as common-mode.Noise isolation is achieved with theLVDS signals on one side of the device and the TTL signalson the other side.Power Decoupling Recommendations:Bypass capacitors must be used on power e highfrequency ceramic(surface mount is recommended)0.1µFand0.001µF capacitors in parallel at the power supply pinwith the smallest value capacitor closest to the device supplypin.Additional scattered capacitors over the printed circuitboard will improve decoupling.Multiple vias should be usedto connect the decoupling capacitors to the power planes.A10µF(35V)or greater solid tantalum capacitor should beconnected at the power entry point on the printed circuitboard between the supply and ground.PC Board considerations:Use at least4PCB layers(top to bottom);LVDS signals,ground,power,TTL signals.Isolate TTL signals from LVDS signals,otherwise the TTLmay couple onto the LVDS lines.It is best to put TTL andLVDS signals on different layers which are isolated by apower/ground plane(s)Keep drivers and receivers as close to the(LVDS port side)connectors as possible.Differential Traces:Use controlled impedance traces which match the differen-tial impedance of your transmission medium(ie.cable)andtermination resistor.Run the differential pair trace lines asclose together as possible as soon as they leave the IC(stubs should be<10mm long).This will help eliminate re-flections and ensure noise is coupled as common-mode.Infact,we have seen that differential signals which are1mmapart radiate far less noise than traces3mm apart sincemagnetic field cancellation is much better with the closertraces.In addition,noise induced on the differential lines ismuch more likely to appear as common-mode which is re-jected by the receiver.Match electrical lengths between traces to reduce skew.Skew between the signals of a pair means a phase differ-ence between signals which destroys the magnetic field can-cellation benefits of differential signals and EMI will result.(Note the velocity of propagation,v=c/Er where c(thespeed of light)=0.2997mm/ps or0.0118in/ps).Do not relysolely on the autoroute function for differential traces.Care-fully review dimensions to match differential impedance andprovide isolation for the differential lines.Minimize the num-ber or vias and other discontinuities on the line.Avoid90˚turns(these cause impedance discontinuities).Use arcs or45˚bevels.Within a pair of traces,the distance between the two tracesshould be minimized to maintain common-mode rejection ofthe receivers.On the printed circuit board,this distanceshould remain constant to avoid discontinuities in differentialimpedance.Minor violations at connection points are allow-able.Termination:Use a termination resistor which best matches the differen-tial impedance or your transmission line.The resistor shouldbe between90Ωand130Ω.Remember that the currentmode outputs need the termination resistor to generate thedifferential voltage.LVDS will not work without resistor termi-nation.Typically,connecting a single resistor across the pairat the receiver end will suffice.Surface mount1%to2%resistors are best.PCB stubs,component lead,and the distance from the termination to thereceiver inputs should be minimized.The distance betweenthe termination resistor and the receiver should be<10mm(12mm MAX)Probing LVDS Transmission Lines:Always use high impedance(>100kΩ),lowcapacitance(<2pF)scope probes with a wide bandwidth(1GHz)scope.Improper probing will give deceiving results.Cables and Connectors,General Comments:When choosing cable and connectors for LVDS it is impor-tant to remember:Use controlled impedance media.The cables and connec-tors you use should have a matched differential impedanceof about100Ω.They should not introduce major impedancediscontinuities.Balanced cables(e.g.twisted pair)are usually better thanunbalanced cables(ribbon cable,simple coax.)for noise re-duction and signal quality.Balanced cables tend to generateless EMI due to field canceling effects and also tend to pickup electromagnetic radiation a common-mode(not differen-tial mode)noise which is rejected by the receiver.For cable distances<0.5M,most cables can be made towork effectively.For distances0.5M≤d≤10M,CAT3(cat-egory3)twisted pair cable works well,is readily availableand relatively inexpensive.Fail-Safe Feature:The LVDS receiver is a high gain,high speed device thatamplifies a small differential signal(20mV)to CMOS logiclevels.Due to the high gain and tight threshold of the re-ceiver,care should be taken to prevent noise from appearingas a valid signal.The receiver’s internal fail-safe circuitry is designed tosource/sink a small amount of current,providing fail-safeprotection(a stable known state of HIGH output voltage)forfloating,terminated or shorted receiver inputs.1.Open Input Pins.The DS90LV048A is a quad receiverdevice,and if an application requires only1,2or3re-ceivers,the unused channel(s)inputs should be leftOPEN.Do not tie unused receiver inputs to ground orany other voltages.The input is biased by internal highvalue pull up and pull down resistors to set the output toa HIGH state.This internal circuitry will guarantee aHIGH,stable output state for open inputs. 5Applications Information(Continued)2.Terminated Input.If the driver is disconnected (cable unplugged),or if the driver is in a TRI-STATE or power-off condition,the receiver output will again be in a HIGH state,even with the end of cable 100Ωtermination resis-tor across the input pins.The unplugged cable can be-come a floating antenna which can pick up noise.If the cable picks up more than 10mV of differential noise,the receiver may see the noise as a valid signal and switch.To insure that any noise is seen as common-mode and not differential,a balanced interconnect should be used.Twisted pair cable will offer better balance than flat rib-bon cable.3.Shorted Inputs.If a fault condition occurs that shortsthe receiver inputs together,thus resulting in a 0V differ-ential input voltage,the receiver output will remain in a HIGH state.Shorted input fail-safe is not supported across the common-mode range of the device (GND to 2.4V).It is only supported with inputs shorted and no ex-ternal common-mode voltage applied.External lower value pull up and pull down resistors (for a stronger bias)may be used to boost fail-safe in the presence of higher noise levels.The pull up and pull down resistors should be in the 5k Ωto 15k Ωrange to minimize loading and waveform distortion to the driver.The common-mode bias point should be set to approximately 1.2V (less than 1.75V)to be compatible with the internal circuitry.Pin DescriptionsPin Description2,3,6,7R IN+Non-inverting receiver input pin 1,4,5,8R IN−Inverting receiver input pin 10,11,14,R OUTReceiver output pin1516ENReceiver enable pin:When EN is low,the receiver is disabled.When EN is high and EN*is low or open,the receiver is enabled.If both EN and EN*are open circuit,then the receiver is disabled.9EN*Receiver enable pin:When EN*is high,the receiver is disabled.When EN*is low or open and EN is high,the receiver isenabled.If both EN and EN*are open circuit,then the receiver is disabled.13V CC Power supply pin,+3.3V ±0.3V 12GNDGround pinOrdering InformationOperating Package Type/Order NumberTemperature Number −40˚C to +85˚C SOP/M16A DS90LV048ATM −40˚C to +85˚CTSSOP/MTC16DS90LV048ATMTC Typical Performance CurvesOutput High Voltage vs Power Supply VoltageDS100888-12Output Low Voltage vs Power Supply VoltageDS100888-13 6Typical Performance Curves(Continued)Output Short Circuit Current vsPower Supply VoltageDS100888-14Output TRI-STATE Current vsPower Supply VoltageDS100888-15Differential Transition Voltage vsPower Supply VoltageDS100888-16Power Supply Currentvs FrequencyDS100888-17Power Supply Current vsAmbient TemperatureDS100888-18Differential Propagation Delay vsPower Supply VoltageDS100888-19 7Typical Performance Curves(Continued)Differential Propagation Delay vs Ambient TemperatureDS100888-20Differential Propagation Delay vs Differential Input VoltageDS100888-21Differential Propagation Delay vs Common-Mode Voltage DS100888-22Differential Skew vs Power Supply VoltageDS100888-23Differential Skew vs Ambient Temperature DS100888-24Transition Time vs Power Supply VoltageDS100888-25 8Typical Performance Curves(Continued)Transition Time vsAmbient TemperatureDS100888-269Physical Dimensions inches(millimeters)unless otherwise noted16-Lead(0.150"Wide)Molded Small Outline Package,JEDECOrder Number DS90LV048ATMNS Package Number M16A10Physical Dimensions inches(millimeters)unless otherwise noted(Continued)LIFE SUPPORT POLICYNATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION.As used herein:1.Life support devices or systems are devices orsystems which,(a)are intended for surgical implantinto the body,or(b)support or sustain life,andwhose failure to perform when properly used inaccordance with instructions for use provided in thelabeling,can be reasonably expected to result in asignificant injury to the user.2.A critical component is any component of a lifesupport device or system whose failure to performcan be reasonably expected to cause the failure ofthe life support device or system,or to affect itssafety or effectiveness.National SemiconductorCorporationAmericasTel:1-800-272-9959Fax:1-800-737-7018Email:support@National SemiconductorEuropeFax:+49(0)180-5308586Email:europe.support@Deutsch Tel:+49(0)180-5308585English Tel:+49(0)180-5327832Français Tel:+49(0)180-5329358Italiano Tel:+49(0)180-5341680National SemiconductorAsia Pacific CustomerResponse GroupTel:65-2544466Fax:65-2504466Email:sea.support@National SemiconductorJapan Ltd.Tel:81-3-5639-7560Fax:81-3-5639-7507 16-Lead(0.100"Wide)Molded Thin Shrink Small Outline Package,JEDECOrder Number DS90LV048ATMTCNS Package Number MTC16DS90LV048A3VLVDSQuadCMOSDifferentialLineReceiver National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described,no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.。
单位对个人工作鉴定范文(三篇)
单位对个人工作鉴定范文工作以来,该实习生通过自身的不断努力,无论是思想上、学习上还是工作上,都取得了长足的发展和巨大的收获,yjbys先后在某某部门、某某科室、会计科等科室工作过,不管走到哪里,都严格要求自己目前已熟练掌握储蓄、会计、计划、信用卡、个贷等业务,成为____行业务的行家里手。
篇四:公务员工作单位对个人的工作鉴定____同志于____年____月抽调到____工作,在其工作的一年里,能协助组长、配合同事完成组内和办公室领导交办的所有工作,做到了学习勤奋上进、工作踏实肯干、作风正派严谨,在各方面都取得较好的成绩。
现对其鉴定如下:政治坚定。
该同志能以马列主义、____理论、“____”等重要思想为指导,认真贯彻落实科学发展观,坚决执行党的各项方针政策,政治立场坚定。
学习勤奋。
该同志能把学习作为自我完善和提高的重要途径,坚持经常学习政策理论文献和业务知识,做到勤学善思、学以致用,同时,在工作中善于总结好的做法,对涉及灾后重建的法规政策能熟练掌握。
工作务实。
该同志在工作中能坚持用心谋事、务实干事,做到勤勤恳恳、任劳任怨。
该同志作为重建组的工作人员,始终能做到服从领导及办公室主任的安排,认真履行岗位职责,与同事经常加班加点勤奋工作,较好地完成了各项工作任务。
一是积极协助办公室主任做好办公室日常事务处理、重建组与相关单位之间的协调工作,推进了工作整理合力的形成。
如:协助恢复重建项目单位办理开工前的相关手续、布置重建组工作会议事务安排和需各恢复重建项目单位通力合作的重点工作等。
二是发挥自身较丰富的基层工作经历和工作经验,积极向领导谏言献策,为办公室内部管理、重建组工作加快推进尽了一份力量。
成绩斐然。
该同志在抽调期间,用心草拟重建组及其办公室文件和相关材料,协助同事完成领导讲话、工作总结等其他材料的草拟撰写工作。
一年里,该同志草拟、协助草拟的文件就达____余个,材料数____个。
同时协助办公室主任完成重建资料的领取与发放、报表的收集与上报工作。
ethical and legal declarations模板
ethical and legal declarations模板Ethical and Legal Declarations –A Template for Ethical GuidelinesIntroduction:In today's rapidly evolving digital world, ethical and legal considerations play a crucial role in guiding individuals and organizations. T o ensure that all stakeholders understand their responsibilities and rights, it is essential to establish clear ethical and legal guidelines. This article aims to provide a comprehensive template for crafting such declarations, spanning various topics from privacy and data protection to intellectual property rights and fair competition.Section 1: Ethical Principles and Values1.1 Fundamental Principles- Acknowledge the importance of ethical conduct in all aspects of operations.- Promote integrity, honesty, and transparency within the organization. - Respect and uphold human rights, diversity, and equality.1.2 Stakeholder Responsibilities- Identify and prioritize stakeholders and their respective needs and interests.- Safeguard stakeholders' trust and maintain a healthy relationship with them.- Foster long-term sustainability and social well-being.1.3 Best Practices- Promote ethical decision-making processes and encourage employees to act responsibly.- Provide regular training programs to enhance ethical awareness and competence.- Establish mechanisms to report ethical concerns and protect whistleblowers.Section 2: Legal Compliance2.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations- Comply with all relevant laws, regulations, and industry-specific requirements.- Stay updated on legal changes and adapt operations accordingly.- Communicate these legal obligations to all employees and stakeholders.2.2 Data Protection and Privacy- Safeguard individuals' personal data and privacy rights.- Obtain explicit consent for data collection, storage, and usage purposes.- Implement robust security measures to protect against unauthorized access or breaches.2.3 Intellectual Property Rights- Respect and protect intellectual property rights of others.- Obtain necessary permissions or licenses for the usage of copyrighted material.- Encourage innovation while ensuring compliance with relevant patent laws.Section 3: Fair Competition and Anti-Corruption3.1 Competition Laws- Commit to fair trade practices and respect anti-monopoly regulations. - Avoid any anti-competitive agreements, abuse of market dominance, or deceptive practices.- Encourage healthy competition that benefits the industry andconsumers.3.2 Anti-Corruption Measures- Prohibit bribery, extortion, and other forms of corruption.- Maintain accurate financial records and implement effective internal control mechanisms.- Create a culture of transparency and accountability.Conclusion:Crafting an ethical and legal declaration is a critical step towards ensuring responsible conduct and protecting the interests of all stakeholders. By adhering to ethical principles, complying with applicable laws, and promoting fair competition, organizations can build trust, foster innovation, and contribute to a sustainable and ethical future. This template provides a starting point for tailoring ethical and legal declarations to specific contexts and industries, fostering a culture of integrity and responsibility.。
B11-6 光的偏振幻灯片PPT
获得相干光的方法: 分波振面法;分振幅法
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能确定条 纹位置!
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/8
由题意可知I3=I0 / 8,则 θ=45°.
(2) 转动P2,若使I3=I0 / 16,则P1与P2偏振化方向的夹角为
θ=22.5°
P2转过的角度为(45°-22.5°)=22.5°
第五篇《波动光学》复习
1. 了解获得相干光的方法。掌握光程的概念以 及光程差和相位差的关系。能分析确定杨氏 双缝干涉条纹和薄膜等厚干涉条纹的位置。
(2) 原入射光束换为自然光,则
I1=I0 / 2 I2=I1cos260°=I0 / 8
64、一束光强为I0的自然光垂直入射在三个叠在一起的偏振片P1、 P2、P3上,已知P1与P3的偏振化方相互垂直.
(1) 求P2与P3的偏振化方向之间夹角为多大时,穿过第三个偏 振片的透射光强为I0 / 8;
n2 n1
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2
反射光线和折射 光线的传播方向 互相垂直!
当入射光全是P光,反射光和折射将是什么光? 全是S光呢?
律师365合同范本
律师365合同范本合同编号:__________甲方(出租方):__________(以下简称甲方)乙方(承租方):__________(以下简称乙方)鉴于甲方拥有__________(房屋/车辆/设备等)的所有权,并有权出租给他人使用;乙方有意租赁甲方的__________(房屋/车辆/设备等),双方经协商一致,达成以下协议:第一条租赁物品甲方同意将其拥有的__________(房屋/车辆/设备等),出租给乙方使用。
第二条租赁期限本次租赁期限为__________年/月/日起至__________年/月/日止。
第三条租金及支付方式1. 乙方同意每__________(月/季/年)支付租金__________元人民币。
2. 乙方应当于每月的__________日前将租金支付至甲方指定的银行账户,逾期支付的,甲方有权要求乙方支付滞纳金。
第四条使用权乙方有权在租赁期内合理使用所租赁的__________(房屋/车辆/设备等),但不得擅自改变其结构或用途。
第五条维护和保养1. 甲方应当保证所租赁的__________(房屋/车辆/设备等)处于良好状态,并承担其正常的维护和保养责任。
2. 乙方在使用期间应当注意保养租赁物品,如有损坏或故障,应当及时通知甲方进行维修。
第六条违约责任1. 任何一方违反本合同的约定,应当承担违约责任,赔偿对方因此造成的损失。
2. 若乙方逾期支付租金超过__________天,甲方有权解除本合同,并要求乙方立即迁出所租赁的__________(房屋/车辆/设备等)。
第七条合同解除1. 本合同期满后,双方如无异议,可以续签新的租赁合同。
2. 若有一方提前解除本合同,应提前__________(天/月)书面通知对方,并经对方同意后解除合同。
第八条其他约定1. 本合同未尽事宜,双方可另行协商补充,并作为本合同的附件。
2. 本合同一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份,具有同等法律效力。
甲方(盖章):__________ 乙方(盖章):__________签订日期:__________ 签订地点:__________。
律师无利益冲突承诺书模板
律师无利益冲突承诺书模板甲方(委托人):姓名/单位名称:_____________________________________________________________地址:________________________________________________________________________联系电话:____________________________________________________________________乙方(律师事务所/律师):律师事务所名称:______________________________________________________________地址:________________________________________________________________________联系电话:____________________________________________________________________承办律师姓名:________________________________________________________________鉴于甲方拟委托乙方提供法律服务,为确保乙方在提供法律服务过程中不存在利益冲突,保障甲方的合法权益,双方特签订本承诺书。
一、乙方承诺在接受甲方委托之前,乙方已对可能存在的利益冲突进行了全面审查。
经审查,乙方确认在为甲方提供法律服务的过程中,不存在任何可能影响其独立、客观、公正地履行职责的利益冲突情况。
乙方将严格遵守律师职业道德和执业纪律,保守甲方的商业秘密和个人隐私,不利用为甲方提供法律服务的机会谋取任何不正当利益。
在为甲方提供法律服务期间,如发现存在任何可能构成利益冲突的情况,乙方将立即通知甲方,并采取合理措施予以解决,包括但不限于更换承办律师、终止委托关系等。
华律合同范本
华律合同范本甲方(用人单位):_______________________法定代表人:_______________________地址:_______________________联系方式:_______________________乙方(劳动者):_______________________性别:_______________________身份证号码:_______________________地址:_______________________联系方式:_______________________为了明确双方的权利和义务,就乙方为甲方提供劳务服务事宜,根据《中华人民共和国民法典》及相关法律法规的规定,甲乙双方本着平等、自愿、公平和诚实信用的原则,经协商一致,订立本合同。
一、服务内容和方式1. 乙方同意根据甲方的工作需要,为甲方提供劳务服务,工作内容为________________________。
2. 乙方的工作地点为________________________。
3. 乙方的工作方式为________________________。
二、服务期限本合同的服务期限为自______年____月____日起至______年____月____日止,其中试用期为______个月,自______年____月____日起至______年____月____日止。
三、工作时间和休息休假1. 甲方按照国家有关规定,合理安排乙方的工作时间和休息休假。
2. 乙方在工作时间内应认真履行工作职责,不得从事与工作无关的活动。
四、服务费用1. 甲方应按照本合同的约定,向乙方支付服务费用。
2. 服务费用的支付标准为每月人民币______元(大写______元整),支付方式为______。
3. 甲方应在每月的______日前向乙方支付服务费用。
五、社会保险和福利待遇1. 甲方应为乙方缴纳社会保险费,包括养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险。
written,permission模板
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VOLUME 73 NUMBER 247 JULY 2004 M ATHEMATICSOF C OMPUTATION A M E R I C A N M A T H E M A T I C A L S O C I E T YPROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND USAISSN 0025-5718Available electronically at/mcom/Mathematics of ComputationThis journal is devoted to research articles of the highest quality in computational mathematics.Areas covered include numerical analysis,computational discrete mathe-matics,including number theory,algebra and combinatorics,and relatedfields such as stochastic numerical methods.Articles must be of significant computational interest and contain original and substantial mathematical analysis or development of computational methodology.Reviews of books in areas related to computational mathematics are also included.Submission information.See Information for Authors at the end of this issue.Publisher Item Identifier.The Publisher Item Identifier(PII)appears at the top of thefirst page of each article published in this journal.This alphanumeric string of characters uniquely identifies each article and can be used for future cataloging,searching, and electronic retrieval.Postings to the AMS website.Articles are posted to the AMS website individually after proof is returned from authors and before appearing in an issue.Subscription information.Mathematics of Computation is published quarterly. Beginning in January1996Mathematics of Computation is accessible from / journals/.Subscription prices for Volume73(2004)are as follows:for paper delivery, $436list,$349institutional member,$392corporate member,$283member of CBMS organizations;$262individual member;for electronic delivery,$392list,$314institutional member,$353corporate member,$255member of CBMS organizations,$235individual member.Upon request,subscribers to paper delivery of this journal are also entitled to receive electronic delivery.If ordering the paper version,add$15for surface delivery outside the United States and India;$18to India.Expedited delivery to destinations in North America is$17;elsewhere$56.Back number information.For back issues see the /bookstore.Subscriptions and orders should be addressed to the American Mathematical Society, P.O.Box845904,Boston,MA02284-5904USA.All orders must be accompanied by pay-ment.Other correspondence should be addressed to201Charles Street,Providence,RI 02904-2294USA.Copying and reprinting.Material in this journal may be reproduced by any means for ed-ucational and scientific purposes without fee or permission with the exception of reproduction by services that collect fees for delivery of documents and provided that the customary acknowledg-ment of the source is given.This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying for general distribution,for advertising or promotional purposes,or for resale.Requests for permission for commercial use of material should be addressed to the Acquisitions Department,American Math-ematical Society,201Charles Street,Providence,RI02904-2294USA.Requests can also be made by e-mail to reprint-permission@.Excluded from these provisions is material in articles for which the author holds copyright.In such cases,requests for permission to use or reprint should be addressed directly to the author(s). (Copyright ownership is indicated in the notice in the lower right-hand corner of thefirst page of each article.)Mathematics of Computation is published quarterly by the American Mathematical Society at201Charles Street,Providence,RI02904-2294USA.Periodicals postage is paid at Providence,Rhode Island.Postmaster:Send address changes to Mathematics of Computation,American Mathematical Society,201Charles Street,Providence,RI02904-2294USA.c 2004by the American Mathematical Society.All rights reserved.This journal is indexed in Mathematical Reviews,Zentralblatt MATH,Science CitationIndex ,Science Citation Index TM–Expanded,ISI Alerting Services SM,CompuMathCitation Index ,and Current Contents /Physical,Chemical&Earth Sciences.The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the∞guidelines established to ensure permanence and durability.10987654321090807060504MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTATIONCONTENTSVol.73,No.247July2004 Susanne C.Brenner,Convergence of nonconforming V-cycle and F-cycle multigrid algorithms for second order elliptic boundary value problems1041 Susanne C.Brenner,Korn’s inequalities for piecewise H1vectorfields..1067 Jun Zhao,Analysis offinite element approximation for time-dependent Maxwell problems (1089)W.Dahmen,B.Faermann,I.G.Graham,W.Hackbusch,and S.A.Sauter,Inverse inequalities on non-quasi-uniform meshes andapplication to the mortar element method (1107)Jinchao Xu and Zhimin Zhang,Analysis of recovery type a posteriori error estimators for mildly structured grids (1139)C.Carstensen,Allfirst-order averaging techniques for a posteriorifiniteelement error control on unstructured grids are efficient and reliable..1153 Zhiming Chen and Jia Feng,An adaptivefinite element algorithm with reliable and efficient error control for linear parabolic problems (1167)Alan Demlow,Piecewise linearfinite element methods are not localized.1195 Bruno Despres,Lax theorem andfinite volume schemes (1203)K.H.Karlsen,C.Klingenberg,and N.H.Risebro,A relaxation scheme for conservation laws with a discontinuous coefficient (1235)Mao Ye,Existence and asymptotic stability of relaxation discrete shock profiles (1261)Ivan P.Gavrilyuk,Wolfgang Hackbusch,and Boris N.Khoromskij, Data-sparse approximation to the operator-valued functions of ellipticoperator (1297)Mohamed El-Gamel,John R.Cannon,and Ahmed I.Zayed,Sinc-Galerkin method for solving linear sixth-order boundary-value problems1325 D.P.Dryanov,M.A.Qazi,and Q.I.Rahman,Local behaviour ofpolynomials (1345)Allal Guessab and Gerhard Schmeisser,Convexity results and sharp error estimates in approximate multivariate integration (1365)J.M.Pe˜n a,A stable test to check if a matrix is a nonsingular M-matrix1385 Carlos M.Mora,Numerical simulation of stochastic evolution equations associated to quantum Markov semigroups (1393)Bernard Deconinck,Matthias Heil,Alexander Bobenko,Mark van Hoeij,and Marcus Schmies,Computing Riemann theta functions1417 Richard P.Groenewegen,Bounds for computing the tame kernel (1443)Nils Bruin,Visualising Sha[2]in Abelian surfaces (1459)Arjeh M.Cohen,Scott H.Murray,and D.E.Taylor,Computing in groups of Lie type (1477)Joachim von zur Gathen and Michael N¨o cker,Computing special powers infinitefields (1499)David S.Dummit,Brett A.Tangedal,and Paul B.van Wamelen, Stark’s conjecture over complex cubic numberfields (1525)Felix Lazebnik and Andrew Thomason,Orthomorphisms and the construction of projective planes (1547)Pedro Berrizbeitia and T.G.Berry,Biquadratic reciprocity and a Lucasian primality test (1559)Marc Del´e glise,Pierre Dusart,and Xavier-Fran¸c ois Roblot,Counting primes in residue classes (1565)Reviews and Descriptions of Tables and Books (1577)J.C.Mason and D.C.Handscomb4,Stanley Osher and Ron Fedkiw5,M.D.Buhmann6,I.Shparlinski7,R.A.Mollin8No microfiche supplement in this issueEditorial InformationInformation on the backlog for this journal can be found on the AMS website starting from /mcom.In an effort to make articles available as quickly as possible,articles are posted to the AMS website individually after proof is returned from authors and before appearing in an issue.A Consent to Publish and Copyright Agreement is required before a paper will be published in this journal.After a paper is accepted for publication,the Providence office will send out a Consent to Publish and Copyright Agreement to all authors of the paper. 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To help in preparing and verifying references,the AMS offers MR Lookup,a Reference Tool for Linking,at /mrlookup/.When the manuscript is submitted,authors should supply the editor with electronic addresses if available.These will be printed after the postal address at the end of each article.Electronically prepared manuscripts.For thefinal submission of accepted papers, the AMS encourages use of electronically prepared manuscripts,with a strong preference for A M S-L A T E X.To this end,the Society has prepared A M S-L A T E X author packages for each AMS publication.Author packages include instructions for preparing electronic manuscripts,the AMS Author Handbook,samples,and a stylefile that generates the particular design specifications of that publication series.Articles properly prepared using the A M S-L A T E X stylefile and the\label and\ref commands automatically enable extensive intra-document linking to the bibliography and other elements of the article for searching electronically on the Web.Because linking must often be added manually to electronically prepared manuscripts in other forms of T E X,using A M S-L A T E X also reduces the amount of technical intervention once thefiles are received by the AMS.This results in fewer errors in processing and saves the author proofreading time.A M S-L A T E X papers also move more efficiently through the production stream,helping to minimize publishing costs.A M S-L A T E X is the highly preferred format of T E X,but author packages are also available in A M S-T E X.Those authors who make use of these stylefiles from the beginning of the writing process will further reduce their own efforts.Manuscripts prepared electronically in L A T E X or plain T E X are normally not acceptable due to the high amount of technical time required to insure that thefile will run properly through the AMS in-house production system.L A T E X users willfind that A M S-L A T E X is the same as L A T E X with additional commands to simplify the typesetting of mathematics,and users of plain T E X should have the foundation for learning A M S-L A T E X.Authors may retrieve an author package from the AMS website starting from www.ams. org/tex/or via FTP to (login as anonymous,enter username as password, and type cd pub/author-info).The AMS Author Handbook and the Instruction Manual are available in PDF format following the author packages link from /tex/. 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The“Added after posting”section gives the author an opportunity to correct this type of critical error before the article is put into an issue for printing and before it is then reposted with the issue.The“Added after posting”section remains a permanent part ofthe paper.The AMS does not keep author-related information,such as affiliation,current address,and email address,up to date after a paper is initially posted.Once the article is assigned to an issue,even if the issue has not yet been posted to the AMS website,corrections may be made to the paper by submitting a traditional errata article to the Editor.The errata article will appear in a future print issue and will link back and forth on the web to the original article online.Secure manuscript tracking on the Web and via email.Authors can track their manuscripts through the AMS journal production process using the personal AMS ID and Article ID printed in the upper right-hand corner of the Consent to Publish form sent to each author who publishes in AMS journals.Access to the tracking system is available from /mstrack/or via email sent to mstrack-query@.To access by email,on the subject line of the message simply enter the AMS ID and Article ID.To track more than one manuscript by email,choose one of the Article IDs and enter the AMS ID and the Article ID followed by the word all on the subject line.An explanation of each production step is provided on the web through links from the manuscript tracking screen.Questions can be sent to mcom-query@.T E Xfiles available.Beginning with the January1992issue of the Bulletin and the January1996issues of Transactions,Proceedings,Mathematics of Computation,and the Journal of the AMS,T E Xfiles can be downloaded from the AMS website,starting from /journals/.Authors without Web access may request theirfiles at the address given below after the article has been published.For Bulletin papers published in 1987through1991and for Transactions,Proceedings,Mathematics of Computation,and the Journal of the AMS papers published in1987through1995,T E Xfiles are available upon request for authors without Web access by sending email to file-request@ or by contacting the Electronic Prepress Department,American Mathematical Society, 201Charles Street,Providence,RI02904-2294USA.The request should include the title of the paper,the name(s)of the author(s),the name of the publication in which the paper has or will appear,and the volume and issue numbers if known.The T E Xfile will be sent to the author making the request after the article goes to the printer.If the requestor can receive Internet email,please include the email address to which thefile should be sent. Otherwise please indicate a diskette format and postal address to which a disk should be mailed.Note:Because T E X production at the AMS sometimes requires extra fonts and macros that are not yet publicly available,T E Xfiles cannot be guaranteed to run through the author’s version of T E X without errors.The AMS regrets that it cannot provide support to eliminate such errors in the author’s T E X environment.Inquiries.Any inquiries concerning a paper that has been accepted for publication that cannot be answered via the manuscript tracking system mentioned above should be sent to mcom-query@ or directly to the Electronic Prepress Department,American Mathematical Society,201Charles Street,Providence,RI02904-2294USA.Editorial CommitteeREN´E SCHOOF,Dipartimento di Matematica,2a Universit`a di Roma“Tor Vergata”, I-00133Roma,Italy;E-mail:schoof@wins.uva.nlCHI-WANG SHU,Chair.Applied Mathematics Division,Brown University,P.O.Box F,182George St.,Providence,RI02912-0001USA;E-mail:mathcomp@ LARS B.WAHLBIN,Center for Applied Mathematics,657Frank H.T.Rhodes Hall, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853-3801USA;E-mail:awahlbin@ JOSEPH D.WARD,Department of Mathematics,Texas A&M University,College Station,TX77843-3368USA;E-mail:jward@Board of Associate EditorsRANDOLPH E.BANK,Department of Mathematics,University of California San Diego,C-012,La Jolla,CA92093-0001USA;E-mail:reb@ CHRISTINE BERNARDI,Laboratoire d’Analyse Numerique,C.N.R.S.et Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie,B.C.187,4place Jussieu,75252Paris Cedex05,France;E-mail: bernardi@ann.jussieu.frPETER B.BORWEIN,Department of Mathematics and Statistics,Simon Fraser Uni-versity,Burnaby,BC,Canada V6T1Z2;E-mail:pborwein@cecm.sfu.ca DAVID W.BOYD,Department of Mathematics,University of British Columbia,Van-couver,BC Canada V6T1Z2;E-mail:boyd@math.ubc.caSUSANNE C.BRENNER,Department of Mathematics,University of South Carolina, Columbia,SC29208USA;E-mail:brenner@RICHARD P.BRENT,Oxford University Computing Laboratory,Wolfson Building, Parks Road,Oxford OX13QD,England;E-mail:Richard.Brent@ CARSTEN CARSTENSEN,Humboldt University of Berlin,Institute of Mathematics, Sitz:Rudower Chaussee25,Unter den Linden6,D-10099Berlin,Germany;E-mail: mathcomp@math.hu-berlin.deARJEH M.COHEN,Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica,TU Eindhoven,Postbus513, 5600MB Eindhoven,Netherlands;E-mail:amc@win.tue.nlRONALD F.A.COOLS,Department of Computer Science,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Celestijnenlaan200A,B-3001Heverlee,Belgium;E-mail:ronald.cools@cs. kuleuven.ac.beHOWARD ELMAN,Department of Computer Science,University of Maryland,College Park,MD20742-0001USA;E-mail:elman@RICHARD S.FALK,Department of Mathematics,Rutgers University,Hill Center,110 Frelinghuysen Road,Piscataway,NJ08854-8019USA;E-mail:falk@ DANIEL W.LOZIER,National Institute of Standards and Technology,100Bureau Drive,Mail Stop8910,Gaithersburg,MD20899-8910USA;E-mail:dlozier@ ZHI-QUAN LUO,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,McMaster Uni-versity,Room CRL/225,Hamilton,ON Canada L8S4K1;E-mail:luozq@mcmail.cis. mcmaster.caHARALD NIEDERREITER,Department of Mathematics,National University of Sin-gapore,2Science Drive2,Singapore117543,Republic of Singapore;E-mail:nied@math. .sgRICARDO H.NOCHETTO,Department of Mathematics,University of Mary-land,Mathematics Building084,College Park,MD20742-0001USA;E-mail: rhn@STANLEY OSHER,Department of Mathematics,University of California,P.O.Box 951555,Los Angeles,CA90095-1555USA;E-mail:sjo@ HAESUN PARK,Department of Computer Science,University of Minnesota,4-192 EE/CS,200Union Street,Minneapolis,MN55455USA;E-mail:hpark@ JOSEPH E.PASCIAK,Department of Mathematics,Texas A&M University,507B Blocker Hall,MS3368,College Station,TX77843USA;E-mail:pasciak@ LOTHAR REICHEL,Department of Mathematics&Computer Science,Kent State University,P.O.Box5190,Kent,OH44242-0001USA;E-mail:reichel@ IGOR E.SHPARLINSKI,Department of Computing,Macquarie University,Sydney, New South Wales2109,Australia;E-mail:igor@.auFRANK STENGER,School of Computing,University of Utah,Salt Lake City,UT 84112-1102USA;E-mail:stenger@DENIS TALAY,INRIA,2004Route des Lucioles,BP93,06902Sophia Antipolis Cedex,France;E-mail:talay@sophia.inria.frNICO M.TEMME,Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica,P.O.Box94079,1090-GB Amsterdam,Netherlands;E-mail:nicot@cwi.nlHUGH C.WILLIAMS,Department of Mathematics and Statistics,University of Cal-gary,Calgary AB,Canada T2N1N4;E-mail:williams@math.ucalgary.ca JINCHAO XU,Department of Mathematics,Pennsylvania State University,McAllister Building,University Park,PA16802-6401USA;E-mail:xu@(Continued from back cover)Joachim von zur Gathen and Michael N¨o cker,Computing special powers infinitefields (1499)David S.Dummit,Brett A.Tangedal,and Paul B.van Wamelen, Stark’s conjecture over complex cubic numberfields (1525)Felix Lazebnik and Andrew Thomason,Orthomorphisms and the construction of projective planes (1547)Pedro Berrizbeitia and T.G.Berry,Biquadratic reciprocity and a Lucasian primality test (1559)Marc Del´e glise,Pierre Dusart,and Xavier-Fran¸c ois Roblot,Counting primes in residue classes (1565)Reviews and Descriptions of Tables and Books (1577)J.C.Mason and D.C.Handscomb4,Stanley Osher and Ron Fedkiw5,M.D.Buhmann6,I.Shparlinski7,R.A.Mollin8No microfiche supplement in this issue0025-5718(200407)73:247;1-V。
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Legal Retainer Agreement
Legal Retainer AgreementA legal retainer agreement is a contract between a client and a lawyer, which outlines the terms and conditions of their professional relationship. The agreement specifies the scope of legal services to be provided, the fee structure, and the responsibilities of both parties. This document is essential in establishing a clear understanding of the expectations and obligations of both the client and the lawyer.From the client's perspective, a legal retainer agreement provides peace of mind. It ensures that the lawyer will provide the services they need, and that the fee structure is transparent and fair. Furthermore, it establishes clear communication channels and sets expectations for the timeline and outcome of the case. This clarity can help reduce stress and anxiety for the client, who may already be going through a difficult time.For the lawyer, a legal retainer agreement is equally important. It sets the boundaries of the professional relationship and protects the lawyer's interests. The agreement specifies the scope of the legal services to be provided, which helps the lawyer manage their workload and avoid any misunderstandings with the client. Additionally, the fee structure outlined in the agreement protects the lawyer from any disputes over payment.One of the most critical elements of a legal retainer agreement is the scope of legal services. This section outlines the specific legal services the lawyer will provide, such as representing the client in court or drafting legal documents. It also specifies any limitations on the lawyer's services, such as not providing tax advice or representing the client in a particular jurisdiction. This section helps ensure that both parties have a clear understanding of what legal services will be provided.Another essential element of a legal retainer agreement is the fee structure. This section outlines how the lawyer will be compensated for their services, such as an hourly rate or a flat fee. It also specifies any additional expenses the client will be responsible for, such as court fees or travel expenses. This section helps ensure that both parties have a clear understanding of the financial obligations of the legal services.The responsibilities of both parties are also outlined in a legal retainer agreement. The client is responsible for providing accurate and complete information to the lawyer, as well as paying the agreed-upon fees. The lawyer is responsible for providing competent and diligent legal services, as well as keeping the client informed of any developments in their case. This section helps ensure that both parties understand their obligations and responsibilities in the professional relationship.In conclusion, a legal retainer agreement is essential for establishing a clear understanding of the expectations and obligations of both the client and the lawyer. It provides peace of mind for the client, ensures that the fee structure is transparent and fair, and sets clear communication channels. For the lawyer, it sets the boundaries of the professional relationship, protects their interests, and helps manage their workload. The scope of legal services, fee structure, and responsibilities of both parties are critical elements of this agreement. By outlining these elements, the legal retainer agreement can help ensure a successful professional relationship between the client and the lawyer.。
具有法律效力协议书范本
具有法律效力协议书范本甲方(以下简称“甲方”):_____________________地址:_______________________________________________法定代表人:_________________________________________乙方(以下简称“乙方”):_____________________地址:_______________________________________________法定代表人:_________________________________________鉴于甲方和乙方(以下简称“双方”)均有意愿就____________________(以下简称“合作项目”)进行合作,并希望建立长期稳定的合作关系,经双方友好协商,达成如下协议:第一条合作内容1.1 甲方同意根据本协议的条款和条件,向乙方提供___________________(服务/产品/技术)。
1.2 乙方同意根据本协议的条款和条件,接受甲方提供的___________________(服务/产品/技术)。
第二条合作期限2.1 本协议自双方签字盖章之日起生效,有效期至____年____月____日。
第三条权利与义务3.1 甲方的权利与义务:3.1.1 甲方应保证所提供的___________________(服务/产品/技术)符合国家相关法律法规和行业标准。
3.1.2 甲方应按照双方约定的时间、地点和方式向乙方提供___________________(服务/产品/技术)。
3.1.3 甲方应保证在合作期间对乙方提供必要的技术支持和协助。
3.2 乙方的权利与义务:3.2.1 乙方应按照本协议约定的时间和方式向甲方支付相应的费用。
3.2.2 乙方应保证在合作期间对甲方提供必要的协助和配合。
3.2.3 乙方应保证所提供的信息和资料的真实性、准确性和完整性。
第四条费用与支付4.1 双方同意,乙方应向甲方支付的费用总额为人民币(大写)___________________元。
法律效益协议书模板范文
法律效益协议书模板范文甲方(以下简称“甲方”):_____________乙方(以下简称“乙方”):_____________鉴于甲方为依法设立并有效存续的法人或其他组织,乙方为具有完全民事行为能力的自然人,双方本着平等自愿、诚实信用的原则,就甲方委托乙方提供特定服务事宜,经协商一致,达成如下协议:第一条服务内容1.1 乙方同意根据甲方的需求,提供以下服务:_____________。
1.2 乙方应确保其提供的服务符合甲方的要求,并符合相关法律法规的规定。
第二条服务期限2.1 本协议服务期限自______年____月____日起至______年____月____日止。
2.2 如双方同意延长服务期限,应至少提前____天书面通知对方,并签订补充协议。
第三条服务费用及支付方式3.1 甲方应向乙方支付服务费用共计人民币(大写)______________元(¥______________)。
3.2 甲方应于本协议签订之日起____天内支付服务费用的____%作为预付款,余款在服务完成后____天内一次性支付。
3.3 乙方应向甲方开具合法有效的发票。
第四条甲方的权利与义务4.1 甲方有权监督乙方的服务进度,并要求乙方按照甲方的要求提供服务。
4.2 甲方应按时支付服务费用,并为乙方提供必要的协助和支持。
第五条乙方的权利与义务5.1 乙方有权按照本协议约定收取服务费用。
5.2 乙方应保证其提供的服务符合甲方的要求,并在约定的时间内完成服务。
第六条保密条款6.1 双方应对在本协议履行过程中获悉的对方的商业秘密和技术秘密予以保密。
6.2 未经对方书面同意,任何一方不得向第三方披露、泄露或允许第三方使用上述秘密。
第七条违约责任7.1 如甲方未按约定支付服务费用,应按未支付金额的____%向乙方支付违约金。
7.2 如乙方未能按约定提供服务或服务不符合要求,应承担相应的违约责任。
第八条争议解决8.1 本协议在履行过程中如发生争议,双方应首先通过友好协商解决。
华律协议书合同范本
华律协议书合同范本甲方(委托方):________________________乙方(受托方):________________________签订日期:____年____月____日鉴于甲方需要进行__________________(具体业务),乙方具有提供相关服务的能力,双方本着平等自愿、诚实信用的原则,经协商一致,订立本协议书。
第一条服务内容1.1 乙方同意按照甲方的要求,提供________________(具体服务内容)。
1.2 服务的具体要求、标准及完成时间由双方另行约定。
第二条服务费用及支付方式2.1 甲方应向乙方支付服务费用共计人民币______元(¥______)。
2.2 甲方应在合同签订后______日内支付______%的预付款,余款在服务完成后______日内一次性支付。
第三条双方权利与义务3.1 甲方应按时支付服务费用,并提供乙方所需的相关资料和协助。
3.2 乙方应按照约定的时间和质量要求完成服务,并保证服务成果的合法性、有效性。
3.3 双方应保守在合作过程中获悉的对方商业秘密和个人隐私。
第四条违约责任4.1 如甲方未按约定支付服务费用,应按未支付金额的______%向乙方支付违约金。
4.2 如乙方未按时完成服务或服务成果不符合约定要求,应按服务费用的______%向甲方支付违约金。
第五条合同变更与解除5.1 双方协商一致,可以变更或解除本合同。
5.2 任何一方违反合同约定,另一方有权要求解除合同,并要求违约方承担相应的违约责任。
第六条争议解决6.1 本合同在履行过程中发生争议,双方应首先通过协商解决;协商不成的,任何一方均可向甲方所在地人民法院提起诉讼。
第七条其他7.1 本合同自双方签字盖章之日起生效。
7.2 本合同一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份,具有同等法律效力。
甲方(盖章):_____________________授权代表(签字):__________________联系方式:_______________________乙方(盖章):_____________________授权代表(签字):__________________联系方式:_______________________(以下无正文)附件:__________________(如有)注:本范本仅供参考,具体合同内容应根据实际情况调整,并建议在签订前由专业法律人士审核。
华律合同范本
华律合同范本甲方(以下简称“甲方”):_____________________地址:_____________________________________法定代表人:______________________________乙方(以下简称“乙方”):_____________________地址:_____________________________________法定代表人:______________________________鉴于甲乙双方本着平等自愿、诚实信用的原则,就_____________________(以下简称“标的物”)的购买事宜达成如下合同条款:第一条标的物1.1 甲方同意向乙方出售,乙方同意购买以下标的物:- 名称:________________________________________- 规格:________________________________________- 型号:________________________________________- 数量:________________________________________- 单价:________________________________________- 总价:________________________________________1.2 标的物的质量标准应符合_____________________(国家/行业/企业标准)。
第二条交付2.1 甲方应在合同生效后____天内,将标的物交付至乙方指定地点。
2.2 交付时,乙方应进行验收,如有异议,应在交付后____天内书面通知甲方。
第三条付款方式3.1 乙方应在合同签订后____天内支付____%的预付款。
3.2 标的物交付验收合格后____天内,乙方应支付剩余款项。
第四条违约责任4.1 如甲方未能按时交付标的物,应按日支付未交付部分总价____%的违约金。
法律智能意见书
法律智能意见书尊敬的委托人:非常感谢您选择我们的法律智能服务,并且对我们的智能意见书提出了要求。
经过认真分析您提供的相关案情及相关法律条文,我们就该案作出以下法律智能意见。
一、案情概述您在本意见书中提出的案情主要有关一起交通事故纠纷。
据您提供的情况描述,您正在与对方司机就事故的责任和赔偿问题展开协商。
对方司机主张您负有事故责任,并拒绝进行赔偿。
您希望通过法律手段解决此纠纷,并询问了自己的权利和责任。
二、法律分析根据我国相关法律规定,对于交通事故纠纷的赔偿责任,主要应根据交通安全法及《最高法院关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的相关规定进行判断。
交通安全法第一百三十二条规定:道路交通事故发生后,当事人应当立即停车,并采取必要措施,救护伤员,并依照本法第一百三十三条的规定,报警、报告。
根据您提供的情况描述,您在事故发生后及时停车,并采取了必要的措施,救护伤员,并按照法律规定报警,具备了履行法律义务的基本条件。
交通安全法第六十六条规定:机动车发生交通事故造成对方人身伤亡或者财产损失,应当停车,保护现场,及时救助伤者,同时报警。
对方当事人要求采取调解或者调查处理,应当予以支持。
对方当事人要求提供车辆驾驶证、行驶证、机动车交通事故责任强制保险单等证件,机动车驾驶人应当提供。
根据您提供的情况描述,对方司机要求您提供车辆驾驶证、行驶证等证件,您应当依法提供这些证件来配合对方的调查处理。
如果您未能提供上述证件,可能会对您的自身权益产生不利影响。
综上所述,根据您提供的情况描述及相关法律规定,您在交通事故发生后即时停车、救护伤员、报警,并根据对方的要求提供了相关证件,履行了您的法律义务。
因此,我们认为,您在该交通事故纠纷中的责任应当视具体情况而定。
在与对方协商解决纠纷时,您可以适当参考交通安全法,与对方共同商讨解决方案。
三、智能建议在处理交通事故纠纷时,您可以考虑以下建议:1.与对方进行进一步的沟通和协商,寻求达成和解的可能性,争取通过友好协商解决纠纷;2.如无法与对方协商解决,可以向当地公安交警部门报案,并要求对方提供相关证据;3.在与对方进行协商或诉讼过程中,应保留相关证据,例如事发现场的照片、事故认定书、医疗费用收据等,以便于证明您的主张;4.如需要进一步法律专业意见或代理,建议您寻求专业律师协助,以保护您的合法权益。
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今声词相从,唯里巷间歌谣,及《阳关》、《捣练》之类,稍类旧俗。然唐人填曲,多
咏其曲名,所以哀乐与声尚相谐会。今人则不復知有声矣,哀声而歌乐词,乐声而歌怨
词。故语虽切而不能感动人情,由声与意不相谐故也。
成于正月者,幽阴之魄,稍出于东方也。全处幽阴,则不与人接;稍出于东方,故人鬼
可得而礼也;终则復归于幽阴,復其常也。唯羽声独远于他均者。世乐始于十一月,终
于八月者,天地歳事之一终也。鬼道无穷,非若歳事之有卒,故尽十二律然后终,事先
追远之道,厚之至也,此庙乐之始终也。人鬼尽十二律为义,则始于黄钟,终于应钟,
二曰商,次三曰角,次四曰徵,次五曰羽,此谓之序;名可易,序不可易。圜钟为宫,
则黄钟乃第五羽声也,今则谓之角,虽谓之角,名则易矣,其实第五之声,安能变哉?
强谓之角而已。先王为乐之意,盖不如是也。世之乐异乎郊庙之乐者,如圜钟为宫,则
林钟角声也。乐有用林钟者,则变而用黄钟,此祀天神之音云耳,非谓能易羽以为角也。
君声无嫌。六律为君声,则商、角皆以律应,徵、羽以吕应。六吕为君声,则商、角皆
以吕应,徵、羽以律应。加变徵,则从、变之声已渎矣。隋柱国郑译始条具七均,展转
相生,为八十四调,清浊混淆,纷乱无统,竞为新声。自后又有犯声、侧声、正杀、寄
杀、偏字、傍字、双字、半字之法。从、变之声、无復条理矣。外国之声,前世自别为
“胫庙”也。
吾闻《羯鼓录》序羯鼓之声云:“透空碎远,极异众乐。”唐羯鼓曲,今唯有邠州
一父老能之,有《大合蝉》、《滴滴泉》之曲。余在鄜延时,尚闻其声。泾、原承受公
事杨元孙因奏事回,有旨令召此人赴阙。元孙至邠,而其人已死,羯鼓遗音遂绝。今乐
部中所有,但名存而已,“透空碎远”了无余迹。唐明帝与李龟年论羯鼓云:“杖之弊
怨单于。弯弓莫射云中雁,归雁如今不记书。”其四:“旗队浑如锦绣堆,银装背嵬打
回回。先教净扫安西路,待向河源饮马来。”其五:“灵武西凉不用围,蕃家总待纳王
师。城中半是关西种,犹有当时轧吃根勿反。儿。”
《柘枝》旧曲,遍数极多,如《羯鼓录》所谓《浑脱解》之类,今无復此遍。寇莱
公好《柘枝舞》,会客必舞《柘枝》,每舞必尽日,时谓之“柘枝颠”。今凤翔有一老
变;五变合至南吕,南吕无清宫,直至大吕清宫为五变;六变合至夷则,夷则无清宫,
直至夹钟清宫为六变也。十二律,黄钟、大吕、太蔟、夹钟四律有清宫,总谓之十六律。
自姑洗至应钟八律,皆无清宫,但处位而已。此皆天理不可易者。古人以为难知,盖不
深索之。听其声,求其义,考其序,无毫发可移,此所谓天理也。一者人鬼,以宫、商、
者四柜。”用力如此,其为艺可知也。
唐之杖鼓,本谓之“两杖鼓”,两头皆用杖。今之杖鼓,一头以手拊之,则唐之
“汉震第二鼓”也,明帝、宋开府皆善此鼓。其曲多独奏,如鼓笛曲是也。今时杖鼓,
常时只是打拍,鲜有专门独奏之妙。古典悉皆散亡,顷年王师南征,得《黄帝炎》一曲
于交趾,乃杖鼓曲也。“炎”或作“盐”。唐曲有《突厥盐》、《阿鹊盐》。施肩吾诗
云:“颠狂楚客歌成雪,媚赖吴娘笑是盐。”盖当时语也。今杖鼓谱中有炎杖声。
元稹《连昌宫词》有“逡巡‘大遍’凉州彻。”所谓“大遍”者,有序、引、歌、
、嗺、哨、催、攧、衮、破、行、中腔、踏歌之类,凡数十解,每解有数叠者。裁截
用之,则谓之“摘遍。”今人大曲,皆是裁用,悉非“大遍”也。
鼓吹部有拱辰管,即古之叉手管也。太宗皇帝赐今名。
乎养道,此所以变其律也。声之不用商,先儒以谓恶杀声也。黄钟之太蔟,函钟之南吕,
皆商也,是杀声未尝不用也,所以不用商者,商,中声也。宫生徵、徵生商,商生羽,
羽生角。故商为中声。降兴上下之神,虚其中声人声也。遗乎人声,所以致一于鬼神也。
宗庙之乐,宫为之先,其次角,又次徵,又次羽。宫、角、徵、羽相次者,人乐之叙也,
律吕长短体算立成法耳,别有何义?为史者但见其数浩博,莫测所用,乃曰“此阴阳合
德,化生万物者也。”尝有人于土中得一朽弊捣帛杵,不识,持归以示邻里。大小聚观,
莫不怪愕,不知何物。后有一书生过,见之曰:“此灵物也。吾闻防风氏身长三丈,骨
节专车。此防风氏胫骨也。”乡人皆喜,筑庙祭之,谓之“胫庙”。班固此论,亦近乎
唯有一律自然合用也。不曰夹钟,而曰圜钟者,以天体言之也。不曰林钟,曰函钟者,
以地道言之也。黄钟无异名,人道也。此三律为宫,次叙定理,非可以意凿也。圜钟六
变,函钟八变,黄钟九变,同会于卯,卯者,昏明之交,所以交上下、通幽明、合人神,
故天神、地祇、人鬼可得而礼也。自辰以往常在昼,自寅以来常在夜,故卯为昏明之交,
之事也。他均则各主一月而已。”古乐有下徵调,沈休文《宋书》曰:“下徵调法:林
钟为宫,南吕为商。林钟本正声黄钟之徵变,谓之下徵调。”马融《长笛赋》曰:“反
商下徵,每各异善。”谓南吕本黄钟之羽,变为下徵之商,皆以黄钟为主而已。此天地
相与之叙也。人鬼始于正北,成于东北,终于西北,萃于幽阴之地也。始于十一月,而
卷五 乐律一
《周礼》:“凡乐,圜钟为宫,黄钟为角,太蔟为徵,姑洗为羽。若乐六变,则天
神皆降,可得而礼矣。函钟为宫,太蔟为角,姑洗为徵,南吕为羽。若乐八变,即地祇
皆出,可得而礼矣。黄钟为宫,大吕为角,太蔟为徵,应钟为羽。若乐九变,则人鬼可
得而礼矣。”凡声之高下,列为五等,以宫、商、角、徵、羽名之。为之主者曰宫,次
地功之成也,故天以姑洗为羽,地以姑洗为徵。八月生物尽成,地之功终焉,故南吕以
为羽。圆丘乐虽以圜钟为宫,而曰“乃奏黄钟,以祀天神”;方泽乐虽以函钟为宫,而
曰“乃奏太蔟,以祭地祇”。盖圆丘之乐,始于黄钟;方泽之乐,始于太蔟也。天地之
乐,止是世乐黄钟一均耳。以此黄钟一均,分为天地二乐。黄钟之均。黄钟为宫,太蔟
“如贯珠”,今谓之“善过度”是也。如宫声字而曲合用商声,则能转宫为商歌之,此
“字中有声”也,善歌者谓之“内里声”。不善歌者,声无抑扬,谓之“念曲”;声无
含韫,谓之“叫曲。”
五音:宫、商、角为从声,徵、羽为变声。从谓律从律,吕从吕;变谓以律从吕,
以吕从律。故从声以配君、臣、民,尊卑有定,不可相逾;变声以为事、物,则或遇于
边兵每得胜回,则连队抗声凯歌,乃古之遗音也。凯歌词甚多,皆市井鄙俚之语。
余在鄜延时,制数十曲,令士卒歌之,今粗记得数篇。其一:“先取山西十二州,别分
子将打衙头。回看秦塞低如马,渐见黄河直北流。”其二:“天威卷地过黄河,万里羌
人尽汉歌。莫堰横山倒流水,从教西去作恩波。”其三:“马尾胡琴随汉车,曲声犹自
天地之叙,故以之礼天地,五行之叙:木生火,火生土,土生金,金生水。此但不用金
耳,其余悉用。此叙,天地之叙也。何以知其角为先、其次徵、又次宫、又次羽?以律
吕次叙之也。黄钟最长,太蔟次长,圜钟又次,姑洗又次,函钟又次,南吕最短,此其
叙也。此四音之叙也。天之气始于子,故先以黄钟;天之功毕于三月,故终之以姑洗。
中,谓之阳纪;自蕤宾相生,至于应钟而终,谓之阴纪。盖中吕为阴阳之中,子午为阴
阳之分也。
《汉志》言数曰:“太极元气,函三为一。极,中也;元,始也。行于十二辰,始
动于子。参之于丑,得三。又参之于寅,得九。又参之于卯,得二十七。”历十二辰,
“得十七万七千一百四十七。此阴阳合德,气钟于子,化生万物者也。”殊不知此乃求
地之功见于正月,故先之以太蔟;毕于八月,故终之以南吕。幽阴之气,钟于北方,人
之所终归,鬼之所藏也,故先之以黄钟,终之以应钟。此三乐之始终也。角者,物生之
始也。徵者,物之成。羽者,物之终。天之气始于十一月,至于正月,万物萌动,地功
见,天功毕处,则
以宫、商、角、徵、羽为叙,则始于宫声,自当以黄钟为宫也。天神始于黄钟,终于姑
洗,以木、火、土、金、水为叙,则宫声当在太蔟徵之后,姑洗羽之前,则自当以圜钟
为宫也。地祇始于太蔟,终于南吕,以木、火、土、金、水为叙,则宫声当在姑洗徵之
后,南吕羽之前,中间唯函钟当均,自当以函钟为宫也。天神用圜钟之后,姑洗之前,
所以审音而知政也。诗之外又有和声,则所谓曲也。古乐府皆有声有词,连属书之。如
曰贺贺贺、何何何之类,皆和声也。今管弦之中缠声,亦其遗法也。唐人乃以词填入曲
中,不復用和声。此格虽云自王涯始,然贞元、元和之间,为之者已多,亦有在涯之前
者。又小曲有“咸阳沽酒宝钗空”之句,云是李白所制,然李白集中有《清平乐》词四
当其中间,昼夜夹之,故谓之夹钟。黄钟一变为林钟,再变为太蔟,三变南吕,四变姑
洗,五变应钟,六变蕤宾,七变大吕,八变夷则,九变夹钟。函钟一变为太蔟,再变为
南吕,三变姑洗,四变应钟,五变蕤宾,六变太吕,七变夷则,八变夹钟也。圜钟一变
为无射,再变为中吕,三变为黄钟清宫,四变合至林钟,林钟无清宫,至太蔟清官为四
四夷乐。自唐天宝十三载,始诏法曲与胡部合奏。自此乐奏全失古法,以先王之乐为雅
乐,前世新声为清乐,合胡部者为宴乐。古诗皆咏之,然后以声依咏以成曲,谓之协律。
其志安和,则以安和之声咏之;其志怨思,则以怨思之声咏之。故治世之音安以乐,则
诗与志、声与曲,莫不安且乐;乱世之音怨以怒,则诗与志、声与曲,莫不怨且怒。此
尼,犹是莱公时柘枝妓,云“当时《柘枝》,尚有数十遍。今日所舞《柘枝》,比当时
十不得二三。”老尼尚能歌其曲,好事者往往传之。古之善歌者有语,谓“当使声中无
字,字中有声。”凡曲,止是一声清浊高下如萦缕耳,字则有喉、唇、齿、舌等音不同。
当使字字举本皆轻圆,悉融入声中,令转换处无磊块,此谓“声中无字”,古人谓之
角、徵、羽为序者;二者天神,三者地祇,比以木、火、土、金、水为序者;四者以黄