初高中语法衔接系列(一)

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英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)1

英语语法根底知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一局部语法框架词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语〔间宾〕+宾语〔直宾〕按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句：主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句：肯定句/否认句按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句〔通常省去与前句一样的内容〕分反义疑问句：前肯后否；前否后肯祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、制止等，以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第三局部句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大根本句型：主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语〔间宾〕+ 宾语〔直宾〕名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。

We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将承受他们的邀请。

初高中语文衔接——语法常识课件

多了。在冰场上滑冰的是一位姑娘。 • ４.形容词＋的红的是花、绿的是草
练习：判断下列短语的类型
竞选州长
动宾激动不已中补
整修一新中补讲述清楚中补
销售计划
偏正辛勤耕耘
偏正挥手则
偏正不断发生
偏正经济发展
主谓气氛热烈
主谓
风和日丽
并列禁止吸烟
动宾
发展经济动宾
九、量词短语
• 由数词或指示代词加上量词组成。
• １.数量短语：一个、二斤、四里、三次、一回、三只、一碗、
•
两包
• ２.指量短语：这种、那种、这堆、这次、那回。
十、介宾短语
• 由介词加上后面的名词、代词或名词短语组成。 • 介加名、介加代、介加名词短语例如： • 为人民（服务）对群众（说）从现在（起）关于课堂纪
将、就、凭、用、靠、拿 • 表原因、目的的：因、由于、为、为了、为着 • 表对象、关联的：对、对于、关于、替、同、与、跟、和、给、叫、让、被、
将、管、论、顺、连 • 表比较的：比、和、同、与、跟 • 表排除的：除了、除非
（3）连词：连接词、短语或句子的虚词。
• 例如“和、跟、同、与、而、而且、及、以及、不但、不仅、或、或者、虽然、但是、然而、如果、即使、那么、因为、所以、因此”等。
中间（合成的）
（2）动词：动词是表示动作、行为、心理活动或存在变化等的词。
• 表示动作行为：坐、听、看、批评、宣传、保卫、学习、研究、进行、开始、停止、禁止
• 表示存在变化消失：存在、在、有、等于、发生、演变、发展、生长、死亡、消灭
• 表示心理活动：爱、恨、怕、想念、打算、喜欢、希望、害怕、担心、讨厌
（5）叹词：叹词是表示强烈感情或呼唤、应答的词

初高中语法知识衔接

如“把、从、向、朝、为、为了、往、于、比、被、在、对、以、通过、随着、作为、根据、按照、对于等等。
介词可以分为时间介词在星期一，地点介词在教室，方式介词用勺子、按照方法，原因介词因为饿了、对象介词对他说，数量介词和其他介词。
古代常见的介词
以、于、及等
介宾短语
介宾短语是由介词和它的宾语构成的。充当介词宾语的主要是名词、代词和名词短语。例如：
无定代词：或、莫
副词
用来修饰、限制动词或形容词，表示时间、频率、范围、语气、程度等。
如 "很、颇、极、十分、就、都、马上、立刻、曾经、居然、重新、不断"等。
副词通常用在动词、形容词前面。如"就来、马上走、十分好、重新开始"，只有
"很""极"可以用在动词、形容词后面做补语，如"高兴得很、喜欢极了"。
2、疑问代词：用来提出问题。谁什么哪（问人或事物）哪儿那里（问处所）几多少（问数量）多多么（问程度）怎么怎样怎么样（问性质状态）什么怎样什么样（问方式行动）
3、指示代词：用来区别人或事物。这那（指人或事物）这儿这里那儿那里（指处所）
这会儿那会儿（指时间）这么这样这么样那么那样那么样（指性质、状态、方式、行动、程度）这些那些这么些那么些（指数量）每各（指所有的或全体中任何一个）某另别（确有所指，未说明哪一个）
定语（的) （）
状语地 []
补语<补> <>
成分定义
符号
// 主语是谓语陈述的对象，指明说的是“什么人 ”或“什么事物”。

初高中英语衔接 -语法

二、句子成分
• 表语：由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦
实词意义完整能独立作句子成分的词
后四类叫虚词意义不完整不能独立作句子成分的词
二、句子成分
• 补语：补充说明主语or宾语， “主语补足语”及“宾语补足语”
They elected me the study monitor. I was elected the minitor by them.
I find learning English easy. Learning English is found easy.
二、句子成分
• 主语：名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句
The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. What I told you is the truth. They are good friends.
二、句子成分
• 谓语：简单动词或者动词短语构成
初高中语法衔接
词性
1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三

初升高英语衔接之必备基础语法知识

一、词法1、名词（1）名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。

不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。

物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计，都称为不可数名词。

不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。

要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。

要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。

如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。

（2）名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。

B.以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的加-es。

C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。

D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es。

（3）名词的所有格A.单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。

如：the worker’s bike，the Children’s ballB.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加’s。

如：This is Lucy and Lily’s room.These are Kate’s and jack’s rooms.C.如果是通过在词尾加-s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。

如：the students’books，the girls’blouses(另外：如果名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。

如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。

)2、代词人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词（1）人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数they them their theirs themselves（2）物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟一个名词；名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。

li初高中文言语法衔接

名词活用为动词 • 卒中往往语，皆指目陈胜《陈涉世家》
• 目：用眼睛看
形容பைடு நூலகம்活用为动词 • 小信未孚，神弗福也《曹刿论战》
• 福：赐福，保佑
动词用作名词虽乘奔御风不以疾也。《三峡》
奔：飞奔的马
形容词用作名词
其曲中规《劝学》曲：弯度
名词作状语东连吴会，西通巴蜀《隆中对》
东西：向东、向西。
箕畚运于渤海之尾《愚公移山》
被动句
1.用“于、见、“受„于„、见… 于…”表被动 2.用“为”、“为…所…” 表示被动。 3.词语本身含被动，无标志词语。翻译时要将有关词语译成“被”

贤能为之用。舌一吐而二蛇尽为所吞。吾常见笑于大方之家。帝感其诚。《劝学》里可有？
省略句
1.省主语、谓语、宾语“之” 2.省略量词、介词“于”
①疑问代词作宾语，前置在介词前。 ②用“之、是、以”把宾语提前，以强调宾语。“之”是标志，无义。 ②文言否定句中，代词作宾语，宾语前置。
微斯人，吾谁与归？忌不自信。宋何罪之有？唯利是图一言以蔽之时不我待
（1）介词结构“于„„”常放在谓介词结构后置语动词后作补语。或状语后置（2）介词结构“以„„”有时放在谓语动词后作补语。这类补语按现代汉语习惯是放在谓语动词前作状语的，翻译的时候要把它提前用作状语，因此，我们也称它“状语后置”或“介词结构后置”。
——初、高中衔接
文言语法
常见实词常见虚词
文言句式
实词和虚词
• 实词指有实在意义，能够单独充当句子成分，一般能单独回答问题的词语。实词再细分为名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词以及特殊实词拟声词、叹词。它在语法上的四个主要特点：通假字、古今异义、一词多义、词类活用 • 虚词不能充当句子成分的词。虚词再细分为副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词和拟声词六类：高考纲规定的18个：之、而、何、乎、乃、其、若、所、为、焉、也、以、矣、因、于、与、则、者

高中英语学习：英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)-词类与句子成分coolmind

英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词法：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语（间宾）+宾语（直宾）按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句：主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句：肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句（通常省去与前句相同的内容）分反义疑问句：前肯后否；前否后肯祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型：主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语（间宾）+ 宾语（直宾）名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词/名词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词/名词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。

We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。

初升高英语衔接语法部分---句子成份,简单句,并列句,复合句

初高中英语衔接之语法基础第一节句子成分句子由句子成分组成。

句子成分主要分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

一.主语Subject主语是一个句子所要说明的人和物,是句子的主体。

它一般位于句首,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词以及主语从句等来充当。

请划出句子主语，并判断是什么成分做主语。

Knowledge is power.She is a small eater.Three will be enough for us.The injured _____ (send) to hospital at once when the accident happened .To see ___ to believe._____ (read) books is my hobby._______ (我们所需要的东西) is your help.改错1. Visit a museum excites teenagers.2. Disabled should be respected.3. Our school has taken place great changes.二、谓语Predicate谓语是用来说明主语的动作、状态或特征,一般放在主语之后。

谓语有以下几种基本情况1.由一个动词或动词词组构成,无论这个动词是何种时态、语态和语气。

Everything ____ (go) smoothly last month.Thousands of trees _______(plant) every year.They ______(finish) the work so far.They _________(swim) in the river now.2.情态动词+动词We must study English hard.Water can be dangerous.You can’t park here- it's a no parking area.That can’t be Tom-he is studying abroad.May I come in?I may go with you, but I'm not sureShe cried her eyes out. Something terrible must _____(happen).The experiment can _________ (complete) on time.3.连系动词+表语,说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份系动词的数量是有限的,常见的只有十来个,我们把它们分成四组,这样有助于我们记忆系动词。

初高中衔接讲义：句子及句子成分(1)

初高中衔接讲义：句子及句子成分一、句子的定义:句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。

它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。

句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或叹号。

二、句子的种类和类型1.句子按其用途可分为四类1）陈述句，用以陈述事实。

I don’t care what she thinks.2) 疑问句，用以提出问题。

Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he ? / When do we meet again?3)祈使句，用以表示命令，请求等。

Have a good sleep and think it over.4）感叹句，用以表示各种强烈的感情。

What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco! 2.句子按其结构分为四种形式1）简单句，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。

The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.2)并列句，由两个或两个以上的简单句（分句）组成。

结构：⑴分句+并列连词+分句⑵分句；分句（此结构中，分号相当于并列连词，且第二个分句的第一个字母不大写。

）Cotton is falling in prices, and buyers hold off.1Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.3)复合句，由主句和其他从句组成。

结构：主句+从属连词-从句；从属连词-从句+主句注：分析主从句时，应先找出主句，再判断从句类型。

He was an old man who wore thick glasses.4）并列复合句，即含有复合句的并列句。

结构：主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+主句+从属连词+从句主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+分句注：此句型中，并列连词起连接作用，连接前后复句或分句，因此应分别分析前后复句。

初高中衔接(通用版)英语语法讲义汇总(最全版)

初高中衔接（通用版）英语语法讲义汇总（最全版）专题一：名词考点集汇, 讲解和训练【名师点睛】一、名词的数1．单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式. 复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成, 其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s, 例如：book→books, girl→girls, boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys.（2）以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的词加-es, 例如：bus→buses, class→classesbox→boxes, watch→watches, brush→brushes.（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s, 例如：orange—oranges.（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families. 但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s, 如：boy→boys, day→days.（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es. 例如:hero→heroes, potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s. 例如：zoo→zoos, radio→radios, 还有某些外来词也只加-s, 例如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.（6）以f或fe结尾的词, 多数变f为v再加-es, 例如：knife→knives, leaf→leaves, half→halves.复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示.复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s] cups, hats, cakes在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后[iz] glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后[z] beds, dogs, cities, knives（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式, 例如：man→men, wo man→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice.【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词, 其复数形式也是-men和-women. 例如：an Englishman, two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词, 故复数形式为Germans；man, woman 等作定语时, 它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定, 如：men workers, women teachers.有个别名词单复数一样, 例如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等. 但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时, 可以加复数词尾.（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等.（9）数词+名词作定语时, 这个名词一般保留单数形式, 中间加连字符. 例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk.（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式, 如：trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasses.（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中, 不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”, 可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少, 例如：The rich man has a lot of money．There is some milk in the bottle．Is there any water in the glass？I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．（2）用a piece of 这类定语, 例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of teaa cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时, 在容器后加复数, 例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰.二、名词的所有格名词所有格, 用来表示人或物的所有, 以及领属关系.1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s', 例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes.2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's, 如：Children's Day.3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's, 例如：a twenty minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth.4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构, 例如：a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the color of the flowers.5. 双重所有格, 例如：a frie nd of my father's.【注意】如果两个名词并列, 并且分别有's, 则表示“分别有”, 例如：John's and Mary's rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间, 共两间）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（两人各自的自行车）.两个名词并列, 只有一个's, 则表示“共有”, 例如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）.【演练】1．--- Where have you been, Tim?--- I’ve been to ______.A. the Henry houseB. the Henry familyC. The Henry’s homeD. Henry’s2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t fo und it. Why not try ____ .A. three timesB. a third timeC. the third timeD. once4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?--- Certainly.A. s ome bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. f eetC. handD. ear6．There is some _______ on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears7．In England, the last name is the _______ .A. family nameB. middleC. given nameD. full name8．They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.A. GermenB.GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans9．The______ has two _______ .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch10．The little baby has two _______ already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths11．What’s your _______ for being late again?A. ideaB. keyC. excuseD. news12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.--- Thanks.A.ENTRANCEB.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UPD.NO SMOKING14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?A. Children’s DayB. Childrens’s DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?A. the Room 406B. Room 406C. the 406 RoomD. 406 Room 【练习答案】1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B✧初中英语语法大全语法网络图✧专题一名词1、名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名, 团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词✧II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式, 一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es. 现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词, 变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories,city-cities5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词, 或专有名词以y结尾的, 加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-pho tos, auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months,path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的, 现归纳如下：规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-gees e,mouse-mice2 单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3 只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸),looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7 表示“某国人”加-s Ameri cans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglish men, Frenchwomen8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格. 所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s 构成, 二是由介词of加名词构成. 前者多表示有生命的东西, 后者多表示无生命的东西.1. ’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teac hers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys,wo men’s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂, 所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday2 表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4 表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)用于无生命的东西：the legs of the cha ir, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西, 尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed专题二：形容词、副词考点集汇, 讲解和训练【名师点睛】1. 形容词的用法(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语. 例如：Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语）The fish went bad. （作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语）(2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面.I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.(3) 用and 或or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面.起进一步解释的作用.Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.You can take any box away, big or small.(4) the＋形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help the poor.2. 副词的用法(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语.He studies very hard. （作状语）Life here is full of joy. （作定语）When will you be back? （作表语）副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：1)时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间. 常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usua lly, always等. 例如：He often comes to scho ol late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点. 常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, u p, off, on, in, out等. 例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的, 其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形. 常见的方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等.例如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词, 有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语. 常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等. 例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词. 常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等. 例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后. 如果动词带有宾语, 则放在宾语之后. 例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2)频度副词作状语时, 通常放在行为动词之前, 情态动词, 助动词和be动词之后. 例如：He usually gets up early.I’ve never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时, 通常放在被修饰词的后面. 例如：It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didn’t work hard enough.4)副词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之后. 例如：On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副词的用法1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很”, 但用法不同. Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级, 而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级. 例如：She is a very nice girlI’m feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词, 而very则不能. 例如：I don’t like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either这两个副词都表示“也”, 但too用于肯定句, either用于否定句. 例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.3) already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句, yet一般用于否定句. 例如：He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasn’t answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句, 但so表示肯定, neither表示否定.例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物）, 用比较级.Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2) most 同形容词连用而不用the,表示"极,很,非常, 十分".It's most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险.(3)“The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...”表示“越... 就越...”.The more you study, the more you know.(4) “形容词比较级+ and + 形容词比较级”, 表示“ 越来越...”.It's getting hotter and hotter.(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句. 表示两者对比相同.This box is as big as mine.(6) the + 形容词, 表示某种人.He always helps the poor.(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较.Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演练】1．There are many young trees on sides of the road.A. ever yB. eachC. bothD. all2．--- It’s so cold today.--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday.A. more coldB. more colderC. much colderD. cold 3．Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.A. moreB. a littleC. manyD. few4．She isn’t so at maths as you are.A. wellB. goodC. betterD. best5．Peter writes of the three.A. betterB. bestC. goodD. well6．He is enough to carry the heavy box.A. strongerB. much strongerC. strongD. the strongest7．I bought exercise-books with money.A. a few; a fewB. a few; a littleC. a little; a fewD. a little; a little8．The box is heavy for the girl carry.A. too; toB. to; tooC. so; thatD. no; to9．The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to sk ate on.A. longB. highC. thickD. wide10．Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.A. soB. muchC. veryD. too11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test.A. happyB. happilyC. angryD. angrily12. The smile on my father’s face s howed that he was ______ with me.A. sadB. pleasedC. angryD. sorry13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.A. a better; better thanB. a worse; as good asC. a cheaper; as good asD. a more im portant; good as14. ---This digital camera is really cheap!---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.A. cheapB. cheaperC. expensiveD. more expensive15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible.A. oftenB. longC. hardD. soon16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.A. manyB. someC. fewD. more17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name.A. neverB. usuallyC. oftenD. sometimes18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.---Ri ght. The government spoke ______ that.A. highly forB. high ofC. well ofD. highly of19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make. ---We know, Miss Gao.A. The more; the moreB. The fewer; the moreC. The more; the fewerD. The less; the less20. I have ________ to do today.A. anything importantB. something importantC. important nothingD. important something【练习答案】1.C2.C3.D4.B5.B6.C7.B8.A9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B专题三：动词考点集汇, 讲解和训练1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态, 其中常用的有8种, 它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时.（1）一般现在时的基本用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作, 常与表示频度的时间状语连用.时间状语：every…, sometimes,at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理, 客观存在, 科学事实.The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中.Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中, 即使主句是过去时, 从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.I don't want so much.5) 某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等, 在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作.The train comes at 3 o'clock.6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中, 一般现在时代替一般将来时.I'll help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.（2）一般过去时的用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况, 通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词, 词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语.I worked in that factory last year.【注意】1) 过去经常反复发生的动作, 也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达, 例如：I used to go fishing on Sundays.2) “used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态. 例如：This river used to be clean.（3）一般将来时的用法1）表示将来的动作或状态. 例如：I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态. 例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3）表示将来的意愿, 决心, 许诺, 命令等时常用will, 征求对方意见, 主语是第一人称时, 常用shall.I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door?4）be + going + 动词不定式. 也是一种将来时句型, 表示打算, 计划, 最近或将来要作的某事.I am going to Beijing next week.5）be + 动词不定式. 表示有职责, 义务, 可能, 约定, 意图等.There is to be a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6）be about + 动词不定式, 表示马上, 很快作某事.They are about to leave.（4）现在进行时的用法1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作, 它注重现在正在进行的动作, 而不管动作从什么时间开始, 到什么时间结束.What are you doing now?I am looking for my key.2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）.The students are preparing for the examination.3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作, 这些动词有arrive, come, leave, start等.They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态①表示状态的动词, 尤其是静态动词, 如：be, have②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词, 如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等.（5）现在完成时的用法1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作.I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在, 或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态.现在完成时常与for 和since 引导的短语或从句连用.We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的, 强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用.试比较：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了, 不涉及现在）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了. ）（6）过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作. 例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情, 但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态, 强调动作的连续进行, 而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实, 例如：They were building a house last month. （上个月正在建造, 建造好与否不知）They built a new house last month. （上个月建造好了, 动作已经完成）（7）过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态, 过去完成时常和by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用.We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.（8）过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态, 过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中. 例如：They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2.动词的语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态.主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态.（1）被动语态1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be +及物动词过去分词2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者, 某些短语动词如look after, think of, take careof, work out, laugh at等, 也可用于被动语态.The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏.3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式, 变为被动语态时, 该不定式前要加“to”. 此类动词为感官动词, 如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice,watch等. 例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主动形式表示被动意义如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义. 例如：The food tastes good.3.非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to, 但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语, 但表达的意思不同. 这些都是历年中考的重点.（1）非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词, 形容词或副词作用的动词形式, 而不是作谓语的动词形式. 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词, 分词, 动词不定式.（2）不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等, 使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等. 接不定式表示动作的完整性, 真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性, 进行性.I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了. (强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活.（5）用不带to不定式的情况使役动词如：let, have, make等和感官动词如：see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补, 省略to. 在被动语态中则to不能省掉.（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同1) stop to do停止, 中断做某事后去做另一件事.stop doing停止做某事.2) forget to do忘记要去做某事. (未做)forget doing忘记做过某事. (已做)3) remember to do 记得去做某事. (未做)remember doing记得做过某事. (已做)4) try to do努力, 企图做某事.try doing试验, 试着做某事.5) go on to do做了一件事后, 接着做另一件事.go on doing继续做原来做的事.6) mean to do打算、想mean doing意味着4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法.1) say表示讲话, 作为及物动词使用, 后跟宾语或宾语从句.He said he would go there.It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“讲话”, 一般作为不及物动词使用, 而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语.Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope, please?3) talk表示“谈话”, 是不及物动词, 与to , about, with等连用, 才可宾语.What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告诉, 讲述”是及物动词, 可以带双宾语或复合宾语.She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法.1) look强调“看”这个动作, 是不及物动词, 常与at连用, 然后接宾语.Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see指“看见”某物, 强调的是结果.They can't see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?3) watch 指的是“观看”, “注视”之意.The twins are watching TV now.He will go to watch a volleyball match.4）read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意.Don't read in the sun.I like to read newspapers when I am free.(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别.1) borrow意思为“借入”, 常常与from连用, 是非延续性动词, 表示瞬间即能完成的动作.Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.May I borrow your dictionary?2) lend 是“借出”之意, 常常与to连用, 同borrow一样, 是非延续性动词, 只表示瞬间即能完成的动作.Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.Could you lend us your radio, please?3) keep是“保存”的意思, 动作可以延续.How long can the recorder be kept?The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法.1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”. 指将某物或某人从别处“带来”.Bring me the book, please.May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?2) take意思是“拿走”, “带走”, 把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意.It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.Mother took the little girl to the next room.3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思, 指随身携带, 有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义, 不表明来去的方向.Do you always carry a handbag?Th e box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get是去某处将某物拿回来.Please go to my office to get some chalk.There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?(5) wear, put on和dress的区别1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思, 可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等, 强调“穿着”的状态.Tom always wears black shoes.He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思, 可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等. 着重于穿戴的动作.It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.He put on his hat and went out of the room.3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词, 有“穿着”“打扮”的意思. 作“穿着”解时, 只用于穿衣服, 不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套. 作为及物动词用时, 它的宾语是人, 不是衣服. dress sb. （给某人穿衣服）, 而wear作“穿着”用时, 也是及物动词, 但它的宾语是物, 不是人, 即wear sth.（穿着衣物）.She always dresses well.Get up and dress quickly.Mary is dressing her child.(6) take, spend 和use的用法.1) take指做某事用多少时间, 句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to dosth.It took me three days to finish the work.It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱. 句型是：Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.She spent more t han 500 yuan on that coat.He didn't spend much time on his lessons.He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.3) use表示使用工具、手段等.Do you know how to use the computer?Shall we use your car?(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别.1) reach是及物动词, 后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语.After the train had left, they reached the stationWe reached the top of the mountain at last.2) get是不及动词, 常与to连用, 再接名词, 后面接表示地点的副词时, 不用to, getto常用于口语中.When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.My sister was cooking when mother got home.3) arrive是不及物动词, 表示到达一个小地方时, 用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in.The soldiers arrived at a small villageThe foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.【演练】1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.A. are talkingB. talkC. will talkD. talked2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday.A. teachesB. taughtC. will teachD. had taught3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.A. have seenB. was seeingC. sawD. see4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very。

初升高英语衔接语法汇总之-名词. (共48张PPT)

• E.g. Mary is a great honor to our class. • What a surprise you gave us all.
• 可数和不可数名词的不定量的表示：
• 利用单位词：“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”量词有单复数形式，of只能加原形
• a bottle of, a pair of, a piece of, a drop of water, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, an article of furniture, a bowl of rice, a kilo of salt, a grain of sand,
以s结尾，表示单数，没有复数意义的词： economics, the United States/Nations, maths,
news, physics, politics
• 不可数名词：无复数形式，也不能由不定冠词a/an限定；包括物质名词和抽象名词
• 专有名词：BBC英国广播公司 Mark Twain马克·吐温 the West Lake西湖
• 九、主谓一致 • 1. 语法一致原则 • 2. 意义一致原则 • 3. 就近一致原则
• 十、情态动词 • can, could, be able to • may, might • must, have to • should, ought to • need, dare • shall, will, would • 其他情态动词的用法
变f或fe为v再加-es
thieves, wives, lives, leaves, knives, shelves, halves
既可直接加-s，也可变f或fe 为v再加-es

高中英语教学课件：初升高英语衔接语法汇总之——非谓语动词及主谓一致

• ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
•
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到
这儿。
• （6）作状语： • ①表目的：
• He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
• She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
议要出席。
• 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，
• 如：
•
He found a good house to live in. 他找到
了一个居住的好房子。
•
The child has nothing to worry about. 这
个孩子无忧无虑。
•
What did you open it with? 你用什么打
处的。
•
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
•
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
•
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
•
（2）作表语：
•
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
了，我们什么也看不见。
• The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。
• （7）作目的状语：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾
• To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他讲话的方式。

初高中英语语法衔接学案-词法、句子成分和结构

初高中英语语法衔接专题专题一十大词性简讲一、名词（n.）1.定义：表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。

e.g. Tom, scientist, doctor, feeling, Internet, Shanghai, animal2.名词的句法功能1) The book is well worth reading.2) He knew 6 languages.3) They elected him monitor.4) Is it a color TV?5) I watch a football match last night.二、代词（pron.）1.定义：代词是代替名词的词。

英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词，关系代词。

2.分类单数复数1）人称代词主格：I, you, he, she, it we, you, they宾格：me, you, him, her, it us, you, them2）物主代词形容词：my, your, his, her, its our, your, their名词：mine, your, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs3)反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselvesitself4)指示代词this, that these, those5)相互代词宾格: each other, one another所有格：each other’s, one another’s6)不定代词可数：each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither不可数：much, (a) little可数/不可数：all, some, none, such, any, other复合不定代词：anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody,nothing, everybody, everyone, everything7)疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what8)连接代词：who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ver), which(ever), what(ever)9)关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as三、形容词（adj.）1.定义：形容词用于修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质和特征，在句中可作：定语、表语、补语或状语。

2初高中语文语法衔

谓语陈述的对象，指出谓语说的是“谁”，或者“什么”。
经常用的词或短语:
名词社会主义好。代词他天天锻炼身体。
（2）谓语：对主语加以陈述，说明主语“做什
么”、“怎么样”或者“是什么”。
经常用的词或短语：
动词他走了。/ 敌人全被消灭了。形容词身体健康。/ 叶子红了。短语他又说又笑。 /中国地大、物博、
2、今年春节期间，这个市的210辆消防车、3000多名消防官兵，放弃休假，始终坚守在各自执勤的岗位上。分析：“消防车”不可以“放弃休假”。这是主谓搭配不当。
注意四：并列短语会出现歧义
例：他背着总经理和副总经理偷偷地把这笔钱分别存入了两家银行。
分析：“他背着总经理和副总经理”有歧义，可读为“他背着/总经理和副总经理” 或“他背着总经理/和副总经理”。
数量词
这是两个人的游戏。
名词
我们欣赏颐和园的湖光山色。
代词
这是我的书。
短语
小舟驶进了风平浪静的港湾。
“的”字作为标志
（5）状语：修饰、限制动词、形容词的一种成分，
放在谓语之前，或是主语之前用逗号隔开。
经常用的词或短语：
副词
他刚来北京。
代词
你不能这样说话。
介词结构
我妹妹从北京来了。
短语
小红很高兴地说着自己的经历。
山坡上。 3、这小姑娘的镇定、勇敢、乐观的精神鼓舞了我。 4、闰土的心里有无穷无尽的希奇的事。 5、现状和习惯往往束缚人的头脑。 6、老师鼓励大家学好功课。 7、他告诉了我这个消息。
划分以下句子成分
1、今年麦子的收成是几年来收成最好的一年。 2、由于游泳技术的提高，为开展旅游活动提
供了条件。 3、附近的妇女、老人和孩子许多都跑来了。 4、接到任务，我们大家有既光荣又愉快的感

初高中英语衔接语法第一讲：总述与音标

高中英语【知识回顾】为什么学音标？1.看到音标就会读单词。

2.会读可以帮助记忆单词。

3.正确的发音可以听懂听力录音。

4.遇见陌生的单词可以凭借音标知识正确读出单词，不会音标的往往读错。

找出划线部分读音不同的单词。

( )1.A.ask B. basket C. table D. grass( ) B. grade C. that D. late( )3.A.like B. kite C. my D. city( )4.A.second B. mess C. cinema D. February( )5.A.season B. beach C. read D. great( )6.A.month B. sixth C. with D. birthday( )7.A.he B. egg C. dress D. bed( )8.A.duck B. much C. music D. lunch( )9.A.go B. hot C. not D. coffee( )10.A.room B. school C. look D. goose( )11.A.flower B. how C. brown D. yellow( )12.A.house B. young C. out D. ground( )13.A.any B. animal C. many D. friend( )14.A.water B .want C. what D. watch( )15.A.walked B. jumped C. kicked D. wanted( )16.A.rain B. train C. said D. paint( )17.A.forty B. worker C. born D. horse( )18.A.today B. play C. stay D. Sunday( )19.A.goat B. old C. do n’t D. hot( )20.A.try B. my C. why D. happy根据音标写单词：_______[fæmili] [plei] _______ [fɔks][tə′geðə] [meni] [taigə]【中考真题】21. Where’s my English ________ / bʊk /? I can’t find it. （济南市2015年初三学业水平考试）A. backB. bookC. bakeD. bike22. —Does Tom ________ / pleɪ / basketball every weekend?—Yes, he does.A. playB. placeC. plantD. plan23. There’s a lot of work to do. Can you _______ / help / me?A. haveB. keepC. helpD. hope24. My uncle does exercise _______ / 'evrɪ / day. He’s really healthy.A. veryB. everyC. evenD. early25. They think the people in Jinan are _______ / 'frendlɪ /.A. friendlyB. freshC. finallyD. fairly【知识预览】单词拼写：1. It is a little difficult to c___________ someone when he or she is excited.2. She i__________ the doctor’s advice, continuing to work day and night and then her illness became evenworse.3. After the terrible hurricane,the whole house was destroyed e______________.4. Let the children do morning exercises o_______ in order to keep healthy.5. One of the legs of the chair has got l_________. It’s not safe if you sit on it.6. The boy felt u_________ because he didn’t do well in the exam.7. This is the best s______ of TV plays I have watched since October 1st.8. You showed a great deal of c___________ for her son’s illness.9.The t_________came soon after the lightning.10.The new president will come into p______next month.选词填空：2)I___________the story as soon as you tell me.3)There has been___________car accidents at the crossing.4)__________these figures,and you will get your answer.5)I'm sorry I have knocked off your book,but I didn't do it___________.6)When I stood____________with Yang Liwei,I couldn't help feeling respect to this national hero.7)You seem to____________depression.What's the problem?8)Most teachers_________greatly____________the growth of their students.完成句子:1. 我第一眼就喜欢上了这套房子。