Defective FA uptake modulates insulin responsiveness metabolic responses to diet in CD36 null mice

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化学及化工专业英语词汇(U-Z)_生物化学英语词汇

化学及化工专业英语词汇(U-Z)_生物化学英语词汇

ubbelohde method 乌伯娄德法ubbelohde viscometer 乌伯娄德粘度计ubiquinone 乌比醌类udex process 伍德克思法ullmann reaction 乌尔曼反应ultimate analysis 元素分析ultimate effect 后效应ultimate vacuum 极度真空ultra accelerator 超促进剂ultra high molecular weight polymer 超高分子量聚重物ultra red ray drying 红外线干燥ultracentrifuge 超离心机ultracentrifuge method 超离心法ultrafilter 超滤器ultrafilter membrane 超过滤膜ultrafiltration 超细过滤ultrafine fiber 超细纤维ultrafine particle 超细粒子ultrafine powder 超细粉ultramarine 群青ultramicro analysis 超微分析ultramicrochemistry 超微量化学ultramicron 超微粒子ultramicroscope 超倍显微镜ultrasonic flowmeter 超声波量计ultrasonic fractography 超声波断层显微分析ultrasonic wave 超声波ultraviolet absorber fixative 紫外线吸收固定剂ultraviolet photography 紫外线照相ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射ultraviolet ray microscope 紫外线显微镜ultraviolet ray transmitting glass 紫外线透过玻璃ultraviolet rays 紫外线ultraviolet spectrophotometry 紫外线分光光度测定法ultraviolet stabilizer 紫外线稳定剂umber 棕土umpire analysis 仲裁分析unbleached pulp 未漂白纸浆unbranched molecule 无支链分子unburned brick 砖坯uncertainty principle 测不准原理uncertainty relation 测不准关系uncharged species 无电荷化学种undecanal 十一醛undecane 十一烷undecanoic acid 十一酸undecyl alcohol 十一醇undecylenic acid 十一碳烯酸undecylenic alcohol 十一碳醇undecylic acid 十一酸undercoat 底涂undercooling 过冷undercure 欠硫化underexposure 照射不足underglaze color 釉底颜料underground gasification 地下气化underground water 地下水undervulcanization 欠硫化uneven dyeing 染色不匀unhairing 去毛uniaxial crystal 单轴晶体uniaxial orientation 单轴取向uniform convergence 均匀收敛uniform motion 等速运动uniformity 均质性uniformity coefficient 均匀系数unimolecular layer 单分子层unimolecular reaction 单分子反应uninflammability 不燃性union colorimeter 联合比色计union yarn 混纺纱unit cell 单位晶格unit matrix 单位矩阵unit of heat 热量单位unit operation 单元操作unit process 单元过程unit time 单位时间unitary matrix 幺正矩阵univalent 一价的univariant system 单变系universal bridge 万用电桥universal constant 通用常数universal developer 万用显影剂universal gas constant 通用气体常数universal indicator 通用指示剂unpaired electron 不成对电子unsaponifiable matter 不皂化物unsaturated bond 不饱和键unsaturated compound 不饱和化合物unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱烃unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液unsaturation 不饱和unshared electron pair 未共享电子对unstable compound 不稳定化合物unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unsteady state 非稳定态untreated oil 未处理油料unusual valency 异常原子价unvulcanized rubber 未硫化橡胶upflow 上流上升气流uramil 乌拉米尔uranate 铀酸盐uranic acid 铀酸uranic oxide 三氧化铀uranine 荧光素钠uraninite 晶质铀矿uranium 铀uranium dioxide 二氧化铀uranium fluoride 氟化铀uranium glass 铀玻璃uranium oxide 氧化铀uranium series 铀系uranium tetrafluoride 四氟化铀uranium trioxide 三氧化铀uranyl acetate 醋酸双氧铀uranyl chloride 氯化双氧铀uranyl compound 铀酰化合物uranyl nitrate 硝酸双氧铀uranyl salt 铀酰盐uranyl sulfate 硫酸双氧铀uranyl uranate 八氧化三铀urate 尿酸盐urea 尿素urea adduct 尿素加合物urea anhydride 氨基氰urea chloride 氨基甲酰氯urea formaldehyde resin 脲醛尸urea nitrate 硝酸脲urea resin 尿素尸urea resin varnish 尿素尸清漆urease 尿素酶ureide 酰脲urethane 尿烷urethane resin 尿烷尸uric acid 尿酸uridine 尿核甙uridine diphosphate glucose 尿甙二磷酸葡糖甙uridylic acid 尿甙酸urobilin 尿胆素urobilinogen 尿胆素原urocanic acid 尿刊酸urochrome 尿色素urokinase 尿激酶uronic acid 糖羰酸uropepsin 尿胃蛋白酶uroporphyrin 尿卟啉urotropine 乌洛托品ursodeoxycholic acid 胆烷酸ursolic acid 乌酸urushiol 漆酚used oils 废油usnic acid 松萝酸uviol glass 透紫外线玻璃uzarigenine 乌沙甙元vacancy 空格点vacant lattice point 空格点vaccine 菌苗vacuole 液泡vacuum apparatus 真空装置vacuum condensing point 真空冷凝点vacuum crystallizer 真空结晶器vacuum desiccator 真空干燥器vacuum distillation 真空蒸馏vacuum dryer 真空干燥器vacuum drying 真空干燥vacuum evaporation 真空蒸发vacuum evaporation coating 真空镀膜vacuum evaporator 真空蒸发器vacuum filter 真空过滤器vacuum filtration 真空过滤vacuum flask 真空瓶vacuum forming 真空成型vacuum gage 真空计vacuum plating 真空镀膜vacuum pump 真空泵vacuum pump oil 真空泵油vacuum technique 真空技术vacuum tube glass 真空管玻璃vacuum type insulation 真空式绝缘vadose water 渗廉vagotonine 迷走紧张素valence 价valence angle 价角valence bond 价键valence bond method 价键法valence electron 价电子valence fluctuation 原子价起伏valence force field 价力场valence isomerism 价异构性valence state 价态valence valence 离子价valency 价valency angle 价角valency control 原子价控制valentinite 锑华valeraldehyde 戊醛valeramide 戊酰胺valerianic acid 戊酸valeric acid 戊酸valerolactam 戊内酸胺valerolactone 戊内酯valeronitrile 戊腈valine 缬氨酸value of isotope mixture 同位素混合物价值valve oil 润阀油vamidothion 蚜灭多van der waals' equation of state 范德瓦耳斯状态方程van der waals' force 范德瓦耳斯力van der waals' molecule 范德瓦耳斯分子van slyke method 范斯莱克测定法vanadate 钒酸盐vanadic acid 钒酸vanadinite 钒铅矿vanadium 钒vanadium carbide 碳化钒vanadium compound 钒化合物vanadium dichloride 二氯化钒vanadium oxide 氧化钒vanadium oxytrichloride 三氯氧化钒vanadium sulfide 硫化钒vanadyl chloride 氯化氧钒vanillin 香草醛vapor bath 蒸汽浴vapor liquid equilibrium 气液平衡vapor lock 汽封vapor loss 蒸汽损失vapor nozzle 蒸汽喷嘴vapor phase 汽相vapor phase cracking 汽相热裂vapor phase polymerization 汽相聚合vapor phase reactor 汽相反应器vapor pressure 蒸汽压vapor pressure curve 蒸气压力曲线vapor pressure thermometer 蒸汽压式温度计vaporization 蒸发vaporization heat 蒸发热vaporizer 汽化器variable resistance 变阻器variational method 变分法variational principle 变分原理variety 变种varnish 清漆vaseline 凡士林vaseline oil 凡士林油vasotocin 加压催产素vat acid 隐色酸vat color 瓮染料vat dye 瓮染料vat dyeing 瓮染vector product 矢积vegetable acid 植物酸vegetable casein 植物性酪素vegetable dye 植物染料vegetable fiber 植物纤维vegetable gum 植物胶vegetable oil 植物油vegetable parchment 植物羊皮纸vegetable wax 植物蜡vehicle 载色料vellum 羊皮纸vellum paper 羊皮纸velocimeter 临仪velocity constant 速度常数velocity indicator 速度指示器veneer 胶合板vent hole 通气孔ventilation 换气ventilator 风扇venturi meter 文丘里测量计venturi scrubber 文丘里除尘器veratrine 藜芦碱veratrole 藜芦醚verdigris 铜绿verification 检验vermiculite 蛭石vermilion 银珠veronal 佛罗那vertical boiler 竖式锅炉very low temperature 超低温vesicant agent 糜烂性毒气vesicant gases 糜烂性毒气vessel 容器vetiver oil 香根草油vibrating screen 振动筛vibrating sieve 振动筛vibration 振动vibration separation 振动分级vibration viscometer 振动粘度计vibrational energy 振动能vibrational quantum number 振动量子数vibronic coupling 振动耦合vickers hardness tester 维克硬度试验机victoria green 维多利亚绿vinalon 维尼龙vinegar 醋vinometor 酒度计vinyl acetate 醋酸乙烯酯vinyl alcohol 乙烯醇vinyl chloride 氯乙烯vinyl chloride copolymer 氯乙烯共聚物vinyl cyanide 丙烯腈vinyl ester 乙烯基酯vinyl ester resin 乙烯基酯尸vinyl ether 乙烯醚vinyl fluoride 氟乙烯vinyl formate 甲酸乙烯酯vinyl isobutyl ether 乙烯基异丁基醚vinyl polymer 乙烯基聚合物vinyl resin 乙烯基尸vinyl salicylate 水杨酸乙烯酯vinylacetylene 乙烯基乙炔vinylamine 乙烯胺vinylation 乙烯化vinylidene chloride 偏二氯乙烯vinylon 维尼纶vinyltoluene 甲苯乙烯vinyon 维尼昂vioform 氯碘喹啉violanthrone 蒽酮紫violet pigment 紫色颜料viomycin 紫霉素virial 维里virial coefficient 维里系数virial expansion 维里展开virtual memory 虚存储virus 病毒visbreaking 减粘裂化viscoelasticity 粘弹性viscoelastometer 粘弹计viscometer 粘度计viscometric degree of polymerization 粘度法聚合度viscose 粘胶液viscose process 粘胶法viscose rayon 粘胶法人造丝viscose yarn 粘胶丝viscosity 粘度viscosity breaking 减粘裂化viscosity gravity constant 粘度比重常数viscosity index 粘度指数viscosity index improver 粘度指数改善剂viscosity law 粘度法则viscosity stabilization 粘度稳定化viscous flow 滞流粘性流viscous fluid 粘滞铃viscous force 粘力viscous liquid 粘性液体visible rays 可见光线visual colorimeter 目测比色计visual method 目视法visual pigment 视色素vitamin 维生素vitamin b26 潘氨酸vitamin b3 核黄素vitamin d 钙化醇vitamin k2 叶绿醌vitamin k4 甲萘醌vitamin pp 烟酰胺vitamine b2 硫胺素vitellin 卵黄磷朊vitrain 镜煤vitreous state 玻璃态vitrification 玻璃化vitrification range 瓷化温度范围vitrified brick 烧结砖vitrit 镜煤型vivianite 蓝铁矿void 空隙voidage 空隙度volatile acid 挥发酸volatile matter 挥发物volatile oil 精油volatile solvent 挥发性溶剂volatility 挥发度volatility product 挥发度积volatilization 挥发volcanic ash 火山灰volcanic rock 火山岩volta cell 电池voltage 电压voltage drop 电压降voltage stabilizer 电压稳定器voltammetry 伏安测量法voltmeter 电压表voltol oil 高压电油volume 容积volume density 体积密度volume elasticity 体积弹性volume fraction 体积分率volume percent 容积百分数volume resistance 体积阻力volume viscosity 体积粘性volumeter 体积计volumetric analysis 容量分析volumetric factor 容量因数volumetric flask 量瓶volumetric solution 滴定液vomiting gas 呕吐性毒气vortex 涡流vorticity 涡度vulcanite 硬橡胶vulcanizate 硫化橡胶vulcanization 硫化vulcanization accelerator 硫化促进剂vulcanization coefficient 硫化系数vulcanization curve 硫化曲线vulcanization rate 硫化速率vulcanization retarder 阻硫化剂vulcanized fiber 硬化纸板vulcanized oil 硫化油vulcanized rubber 硫化橡胶vulcanizer 硫化器硫化装置vulcanizing agent 硫化剂vulcanizing apparatus 硫化器硫化装置vulcanizing press 加压硫化机vultex 硫化橡浆wagner meerwein rearrangement 瓦米重排酌wagner reagent 瓦格纳试剂wake 尾流walden's inversion 瓦耳登转化walden's law 瓦尔登规则wall friction 墙面摩擦wall lining 墙衬wall paint 墙漆wall plaster 刷墙粉wallach reaction 瓦拉赫反应wallach rearrangement 瓦拉赫换位wallantoin 尿囊素walnut oil 核桃油wandering of zero point 零点偏移war gas 毒气战剂warfarin 杀鼠灵wash oil 洗油washed coal 洗煤washed ore 洗矿washer 洗涤器washing 洗涤washing agent 去垢剂washing bottle 洗涤瓶washing effect 洗涤效应washing liquid 洗涤液washing powder 洗涤粉washing soap 洗衣皂washing soda 苏打晶体waste 废物waste acid 废酸waste gas 废气waste heat 废热waste heat boiler 废热锅炉waste lye 废液waste oil 废油waste oil regeneration 废油再生waste paper 废纸waste product 废产物waste rubber 废橡胶waste water 废水watch glass 表面皿watch oil 钟表油water absorbing capacity 吸水本领water absorbing power 吸水能力water absorption 吸水率water absorption tube 吸水管water analysis 水分析water bacteria 水生细菌water bath 水浴water cement ratio 水灰比water circulation 水循环water color 水合颜料water content 含水量water cooler 水冷却器water cooling 水冷却water coulombmeter 水解电量计water electrolyser 水电解槽water electrolysis 水电解water equivalent 水当量water gage 水位指示器water gas 水煤气water gas generator 水煤气发生器water gas reaction 水煤气反应water glass 水玻璃water jacket 水冷套water level 水准water line paint 水线涂料water measuring tube 量水管water meter 水量计water of crystallization 结晶水water of hydration 水合水water paint 水性漆water permeability 渗水性water pipe 水管water purification 水的净化water purifier 净水器water purifying plant 净水设备water repellent 防水剂water resistance 抗水性water seal 水封water separator 水分离器water softener 软水剂water softening 水的软化water softening apparatus 水软化器water soluble oil 水溶性油water soluble vitamin 水溶性维生素water solution 水溶液water tank 水槽water test 水的试验water tube boiler 水管锅炉water vapor 水蒸汽water vapor permeability 水蒸汽渗透性waterproof agent 防水剂waterproof paint 防水涂料watt 瓦wave equation 波动方程wave function 波动函数wave height 波高wave number 波数wave optics 波动光学wavelength 波长wavellite 银星石wax 蜡wax bleaching 蜡漂白wax candle 蜡烛wax cement 蜡胶粘剂wax fractionation 蜡分馏wax paper 蜡纸waxing 上蜡weak acid 弱酸weak base 弱碱weak complex compound 弱络合物weak electrolyte 弱电解质wear 磨耗weatherability 耐气候性weathering 风化酌weathering test 风化试验weaving 编织weed killer 除草剂weighing 称量weighing accuracy 称量准确度weighing bottle 称瓶weighing buret 量滴定管weight distribution curve 重量分布曲线weight loss on heating 加热失重weight percent 重量百分数weights 法码weissenberg effect 韦森堡效应welding 焊接welding process 焊接法wernerite 方柱石weston normal cell 韦斯顿标准电池wet analysis 湿法分析wet and dry bulb hygrometer 干湿球湿度表wet assay 湿分析法wet blending 湿掺和wet box 湿气箱wet bulb thermometer 湿球温度表wet cell 湿电池wet collodion process 湿珂珞酊法wet gas 湿气wet grinder 湿磨机wet grinding 湿磨wet grinding mill 湿磨机wet process 湿法wet purification 湿式提净wet quenching 湿淬火wet rotary mill 湿式转磨碎机wet spinning 湿法纺丝wet steam 湿蒸汽wet sterilization 蒸汽杀菌wet strength 湿强度wet vapor 湿蒸汽wettability 可湿性wetting 润湿wetting agent 湿润剂wetting power 润湿力whale oil 鲸油wheat starch 小麦淀粉wheel ore 车轮矿whey 乳清whirepool elutriation 涡液洗浮分析法white arsenic 砒霜white bole 瓷土white cement 白水泥white discharge 拔白印花white factice 白油膏white garnet 白榴石white gold 白金white heat 白热white lead 铅白white lead ore 白铅矿white liquor 白液white oil 白油white pigment 白色颜料white precipitate 白降汞white spirit 石油溶剂white sugar 白糖whiting 白垩whole milk 全乳whole pipet 移液吸管wide mouthed bottle 广口瓶wild rubber 野生橡胶wild yeast 野生酵母willemite 硅锌矿williamson's synthesis 威廉逊合成wilson cloud chamber 威尔逊云室wine vinegar 葡萄酒醋winkler gas generator 温克勒煤气发生器winkler gasifier 温克勒煤气发生器winkler titraion 温克勒滴定winter oil 耐冻油wintergreen oil 冬青油wire 金属丝wire brush 钢丝刷wire gauze 铁丝网wire glass 铁丝网玻璃wire screen 网筛wire sieve 网筛witherite 碳酸钡矿witt theory 威特理论wohl ziegler reaction 沃尔齐格勒反应wolfram 钨wolframate 钨酸盐wolframic acid 钨酸wolframite 钨锰铁矿wollastonite 硅灰石wood adhesive 木材胶粘剂wood alcohol 木精wood ash 木灰wood cellulose 木纤维素wood charcoal 木炭wood chemistry 木材化学wood distillation 木材干馏wood fiber 木纤维wood flour 木粉wood gas 木气wood meal 木粉wood oil 桐油wood pitch 木沥青wood preservative 木材防腐剂wood pulp 木浆wood stain 木染料wood sugar 木糖wood tar 木焦油wood turpentine oil 木材松节油wood vinegar 木醋酸wood's alloy 伍德合金wood's metal 伍德合金woodward hoffmann rule 伍德沃德霍夫曼定则wool 羊毛wool fat 羊毛脂wool grease 羊毛脂wool washing 洗毛wool wax 羊毛脂woolen yarn 粗纺毛纱work hardening 加工硬化workability 和易性working electrode 工诅极working temperature 操茁度working voltage 工诅压wormwood oil 苦艾油wort 麦芽汁woulff's bottle 沃尔夫瓶wrapping 包装wrapping machine 包装机wrapping paper 包装纸writing paper 书写纸wulfenite 钼铅矿wulff process 伍尔夫法wurtz reaction 孚兹反应wurtzite 纤维锌矿x ray analysis x 射线分析x ray astronomy x 射线天文学x ray crystallography x 射线晶体学x ray diagram x 射线图x ray diffraction x 射线衍射x ray diffraction analysis x 射线衍射分析x ray diffraction camera x 射线衍射照相机x ray diffractometer x 射线衍射仪x ray diffration pattern x 射线衍射图x ray flourescence analysis x 射线荧光分析x ray goniometer x 射线测角仪x ray intensity x 射线辐射强度x ray interferometer x 射线干涉仪x ray microanalyser x 射线微区分析器x ray protected glass 防 x 射线玻璃x ray spectrograph x 射线摄谱仪x ray spectrometer x 射线分光计x ray spectrometry x 射线光谱分析法x ray spectrophotometer x 射线分光光度计x ray spectroscopic analysis x 射线光谱分析x ray spectroscopy x 射线分光术x ray spectrum x 射线光谱x ray tube x 射线管x rays x 射线xanthation 黄原酸化xanthene 口山烃xanthine 黄质xanthineoxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthogenate 黄原酸盐xanthogenic acid 氧荒酸xanthone 氧杂蒽酮xanthophyll 叶黄素xanthoprotein 黄朊xanthoprotein reaction 黄色蛋白反应xanthopterin 黄蝶呤xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xanthydrol 口山吨氢醇xenocryst 捕获晶xenon 氙xenon lamp 氙灯xerogel 干凝胶xylan 木聚糖xylene 二甲苯xylenol 二甲苯酚xylenol blue 二甲酚蓝xylenol orange 二甲酚橙xylenol resin 二甲苯酚尸xylidine 二甲代苯胺xylitol 木糖醇xylol 二甲苯xylose 木糖yarn 纱线yeast 酵母yeast strain 酵母菌株yellow enzyme 黄酶yellow mercuric oxide 黄色氧化汞yellow phosphorus 黄磷yellow pigment 黄色素yellow precipitate 黄降汞yellow prussiate 亚铁氰化钾yellow wax 黄蜡yellow wood 黄颜木yellowing 黄色化yield 收得率yield phenomenon 屈服现象yohimbine 育亨宾yolk 蛋黄yperite 芥子气ytterbium 镱ytterbium chloride 氯化镱ytterbium hydroxide 氢氧化镱ytterbium metaphosphate 偏磷酸镱ytterbium nitrate 硝酸镱ytterbium oxide 氧化镱ytterbium oxychloride 氯氧化镱ytterbium sulfate 硫酸镱yttrium 钇yttrium bromide 溴化钇yttrium carbonate 碳酸钇yttrium chloride 氯化钇yttrium fluoride 氟化钇yttrium hydroxide 氢氧化钇yttrium iodide 碘化钇yttrium nitrate 硝酸钇yttrium oxide 氧化钇yttrium phosphate 磷酸钇yttrium sulfate 硫酸钇yttrium sulfide 硫化钇zaffer 花绀青zeeman effect 塞曼效应zein 玉米朊zeolite 泡沸石zeotrope 非共沸混合物zero adjustment 零点蝶zero group 零族zero method 零位法zero order reaction 零级反应zero point energy 零点能zero position 零位zero potential 零电势zerogel 零凝胶zeta potential 界面动电势ziegler catalyst 齐格勒催化剂zinc 锌zinc acetate 醋酸锌zinc acid 锌酸zinc arsenate 砷酸锌zinc blende 闪锌矿zinc bromide 溴化锌zinc carbonate 碳酸锌zinc chlorate 氯酸锌zinc chloride 氯化锌zinc chromate 铬酸锌zinc dust 锌粉zinc fume 锌蒸汽zinc iodide 碘化锌zinc nitrate 硝酸锌zinc oxide 氧化锌zinc oxide paper 氧化锌纸zinc peroxide 过氧化锌zinc phosphate 磷酸锌zinc phosphide 磷化锌zinc plate 锌板zinc powder 锌粉zinc sulfide 硫化锌zinc sulfite 亚硫酸锌zinc vitriol 锌矾zinc white 锌白zincate 锌酸盐zincing 镀锌zincite 红锌矿zineb 代森锌zinkenite 辉锑铅矿zircon 锆石zircon porcelain 锆英石瓷zircon refractory 锆英石耐火材料zirconate 锆酸盐zirconia 氧化锆zirconium 锆zirconium carbide 一碳化锆zirconium chloride 氯化锆zirconium dioxide 二氧化锆zirconium hydroxide 氢氧化锆zirconium nitrate 氢氧化锆zonal structure 带状构造zoochemistry 动物化学zoosterol 动物甾醇zwitter ion 两性离子zymase 酶zymogen 酶原zymology 酶学zymometer 发酵计zymosterol 霉菌甾醇。

参考文献及对应bioworld抗体-8月2号

参考文献及对应bioworld抗体-8月2号
7.8 7.8 7.4
中科院上海药物所 Cell Research 南京大学模式动物 molecular and cellular biology 研究所 河北医科大学 Journal of Hepatology
第二军医大学长海 Journal of Hepatology 医院 上海交通大学 南京医科大学 上海瑞金医院 Biomaterials The Journal of Neuroscience Oncogene
德国Greifswald大 Free Radical Biology & Medicine 学 Journal of Controlled 复旦大学药学院 Release 中科院苏州纳米所 Nanotoxicology 南京大学模式动物 The Journal of Biological Chemistry 研究所 The Journal of Biological 台湾医学科学院 Chemistry 台湾大学 南京医科大学 The Journal of Biological Chemistry The Journal of Biological Chemistry
文献题名(需要全文可以和我联系, 文献题名 需要全文可以和我联系, 需要全文可以和我联系 fengzhanbo@)
Identification of Claudins by Western Blot and Immunofluorescence in Different Cell Lines and Tissues Acetylation Targets the M2 Isoform of Pyruvate Kinase for Degradation through Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy and Promotes Tumor Growth Prostaglandin E Signaling and Bacterial Infection Recruit Tumor-Promoting Macrophages to Mouse Gastric Tumors RN181 suppressed tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibition of the ERK/MAPK pathway p28GANK Overexpression Accelerates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Invasiveness and Metastasis via Phosphoinositol 3-Kinase/AKT/HypoxiaInducible Factor-1a Pathways Cholesterol sequestration by nystatin enhances the uptake and activity of endostatin in endothelium via regulating distinct endocytic pathways. D-peptide inhibitors of the p53–MDM2 interaction for targeted molecular therapy of malignant neoplasms Lithium, an anti-psychotic drug, greatly enhances the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells PDK1 Regulates Vascular Remodeling and Promotes EpithelialMesenchymal Transition in Cardiac Development New insights into the antifibrotic effects of sorafenib on hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis p53-insensitive PUMA down-regulation is essential in the early phase of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice Endothelial cells dysfunction induced by silica nanoparticles through oxidative stress via JNK/P53 and NF-kB pathways Hippocampal Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates the Stress-Related Depressive Behaviors of Glucocorticoids by Downregulating Glucocorticoid Receptor IRX1 influences peritoneal spreading and metastasis via inhibiting BDKRB2-dependent neovascularization on gastric cancer

分子生物学词汇(F)_生物化学英语词汇

分子生物学词汇(F)_生物化学英语词汇

f factor f因子fab fragment fab片段[免疫球蛋白上结合抗原的片段]fabavirus 蚕豆病毒组[一组植物病毒,模式成员是蚕豆萎蔫病毒] face centered lattice 面心点格face mask 面具face protector 面具face shield 面罩facilitated diffusion 易化扩散,促进扩散facilitation 易化(作用),促进(作用)facilitatory region 易化区factor 420 420因子[即辅酶f420,为产甲烷细菌所特有,在紫外光下产生蓝绿色荧光]factor i (凝血)因子ifacultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌[在有氧条件下也能发酵产能并维持正常生长繁殖的厌氧菌]facultative heterochromatin 兼性异染色质facultative parthenogenesis 兼(性)孤雌生殖faint band 模糊条带familial adenomatous polyposis 家族性多发性腺癌[fap是一种抗癌基因]far infrared 远红外farnesol 法尼醇,麝子油醇farnesyl transferase 法尼基转移酶farnesylcysteine 法尼半胱氨酸farnesylpyrophosphate 法尼焦磷酸,焦磷酸法尼酯farr technique farr技术,法尔技术[测定抗体绝对量的放射免疫技术]farwesternblotting farwestern印迹法,蛋白质检测(的)蛋白质印迹法[例如用标记的激酶或重组蛋白来检测印迹膜上与之作用的蛋白]fasciclin 成束蛋白[参与轴突的成束]fast atom bombardment 快(速)原子轰击fast atom bombardment ion source 快(速)原子轰击离子源fast component 快组分[复性反应中首先复性的高度重复序列] fast gree 固绿fast ion bombardment 快(速)离子轰击fast protein liquid chromatography 快速蛋白质液相层析fast red 固红fastidious microorganism 苛求菌[一切难于培养生长或要求苛刻生长条件的细菌]fatty acid desaturation 脂肪酸脱饱和fatty acyl carnitine 脂酰肉碱favism 蚕豆病fc fragment fc片段[免疫球蛋白上的可结晶片段]fc receptor fc受体feature 特征,特性fed batch cultivation 补料分批培养fed batch system 补料分批(培养)系统feedstock 原种(贮存物)feline leukemia virus 猪白血病病毒female gamete 雌配子fenchane 葑烷fenchane derivative 葑烷衍生物fenthion 倍硫磷,肟硫磷fermentability 可发酵性fermentation capacity 发酵(能)力[表示微生物发酵底物的强度]fermented dairy product 发酵奶制品fermentograph 发酵图谱fermicute 硬壁(细)菌[胞壁含有厚层肽聚糖和磷壁酸的革兰氏阳性菌和放线菌]fernane 羊齿烷fernane type 羊齿烷型ferredoxin 铁氧还蛋白ferritin 铁蛋白ferritin labeling 铁蛋白标记法ferrochelatase 铁螯合酶ferroin 邻菲咯啉亚铁离子ferromegnetism 铁磁性fertility 能育(性)fertility factor 致育因子ferulic acid 阿魏酸feruloyl esterase 阿魏酸酯酶fervenulin 热诚菌素fetal calf serum 胎牛血清fetuin 胎球蛋白fetus 胎,胎儿fetus at risk 风险胎儿[可能患遗传病]feulgen reaction 富尔根反应feulgen stain 富尔根染液fiber antigen [噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber diffraction 纤维衍射fiberglass 纤维玻璃fibril 原纤维,元纤fibrillar center (核仁)纤维中心fibrillarin (核仁)纤维蛋白fibrillin 原纤蛋白[成纤维细胞的一种胞外微原纤维蛋白] fibrillogenesis 原纤维生成fibrin 血纤蛋白fibrin sealant 血纤蛋白粘合剂fibrin stabilizing factor 血纤蛋白稳定因子fibrinogen 血纤蛋白原fibrinolysin (血)纤(蛋白)溶酶fibrinolysis (血)纤(蛋白)溶(解)fibrinolytics 纤溶剂,溶纤物fibrinopeptide 血纤肽fibroblast 成纤维细胞fibroblast growth factor 成纤维细胞生长因子fibrocyte 纤维细胞fibroglycan 纤(维蛋白)聚糖[成纤维细胞的一种蛋白聚糖]fibroin 丝心蛋白fibromodulin 纤调蛋白(聚糖)[一种可调节原纤维生成的蛋白聚糖] fibronectin 纤连蛋白fibronectin type iii module 纤连蛋白iii型组件[由7条反平行beta链形成beta桶结构]fibrous protein 纤维状蛋白ficin 无花果蛋白酶ficoll 400 [商]菲可400,水溶性聚蔗糖400[分子量为400kd,可形成等渗的密度梯度,为pharmacia公司商品]fidelity 保真性,忠实性field desorption 场解吸field flow fractionation 场流分级(分离)法filament 纤丝filament bundling protein 纤丝成束蛋白(质)filament severing protein 纤丝切割蛋白(质)filamentous actin (纤)丝状肌动蛋白filamentous bacteriophage 丝状噬菌体filamentous fungi 丝状真菌filamentous microorganism 丝状微生物filamentous phage 丝状噬菌体filamentous type colony 丝状(型)菌落filamin [肌动蛋白]细丝蛋白[可使微丝发生交联]filial generation 子代[亲代所产生的后裔世代]filling 填补(反应)film electrophoresis 薄膜电泳filopodia (复)丝足filopodium 丝足filovirus 线状病毒filter aid 助滤剂filter hybridization 滤膜杂交fimbriae (复)[噬菌体]伞毛;菌毛fimbrial antigen 菌毛抗原fimbrin [肌动蛋白]丝束蛋白fimbrium [噬菌体]伞毛;菌毛fingerprint 指纹,指纹结构[例如核酸或蛋白质的酶切消化物在双向电泳中显示的特征结构];指纹技术fingerprint technique 指纹技术fingerprinting 指纹法,指纹分析[dna或蛋白质分析技术]first division segregation 第一次分裂分离first generation 第一代first messenger 第一信使first signal system 第一信号系统fischer projection 费歇尔投影式fission 裂体生殖;裂变fission yeast 裂殖酵母fissiparity 裂体生殖fixed lipid 固定脂,基本脂[作为组织结构成分而不受营养与机体活动的影响]fixed virus (狂犬病毒)固定毒flagella (复)鞭毛flagellae (复)鞭毛flagellar antigen 鞭毛抗原,h抗原flagellar basal body 鞭毛基体flagellin 鞭毛蛋白flagellum 鞭毛flanking region 侧翼区,旁侧区flanking sequence 侧翼序列,旁侧序列flash chromatography 急骤层析(法)flash evaporation 闪蒸flash fermentation 急骤发酵(法)flash sterilization 急骤灭菌(法)flavane 黄烷flavin 黄素flavin adenine dinucleotide 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin mononucleotide 黄素单核苷酸flavivirus 黄病毒flavobacterium 黄杆病毒flavodoxin 黄素氧还蛋白flavoenzyme 黄素酶flavohemoglobin 黄素血红蛋白flavone 黄酮flavonoid 类黄酮,黄酮类化合物flavonol 黄酮醇flax retting 亚麻浸渍flexibility 柔性[生物大分子活动程度的量度] flexible chain 柔性链floatation 浮选floc 絮凝物flocculate 絮凝物flocculating agent 絮凝剂flocculating yeast 絮凝酵母flocculation 絮凝(作用),结絮(作用)flocculation precipitation reaction 絮凝沉淀反应flocculence 絮凝法floor plate 底板flora 区系;菌群floral induction 成花诱导floral stimulation 成花刺激floridean starch 红藻淀粉florigen 成花素flotation 浮选;浮式离心flow cell 流动池flow cell sorter 流式细胞分选仪flow cytometer 流式细胞仪flow cytometry 流式细胞(计量)术flow injection analysis 流动注射分析flow programmed chromatography 程序变流层析flow programming 程序变流flow sorter 流式(细胞)分选仪flowering hormone 成花素flowing chromatogram 流动层析谱fluctuating variation 彷徨变异fluid mosaic model [膜的]流动镶嵌模型,流体镶嵌模型fluidity 流动性,流度fluidization 流化flunitrazepan 氟硝安定[催眠镇静药]fluor 氟;荧光剂fluor apatite 氟磷灰石fluoranthene 莹蒽fluorene 芴fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl 芴甲氧羰基[可用作氨基保护剂] fluorescein 荧光素,荧光黄fluorescein isothiocyanate 异硫氰酸荧光素fluorescence body 荧光小体fluorescence quenching 荧光猝灭fluorescence yield 荧光产额fluorescin 荧光蛋白,荧光素[如见于绿脓杆菌]fluorination 氟化fluoroacetate 氟乙酸;氟乙酸盐、酯、根fluoroacetyl coenzyme a 氟乙酰辅酶afluorochrome 荧光燃料fluorodeoxyuridine 氟脱氧尿苷fluorograph 荧光(自)显影图fluorography 荧光(自)显影(术)fluorography enhancer spray 荧光(自)显影增效喷雾剂fluorophore 荧光团fluorospectrophotometer 荧光分光光度计fluorospectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法fluorothymidine 氟胸苷fluorouracil 氟尿嘧啶fluorouridine triphosphate 氟尿苷三磷酸flush end 平端flux 流(动);融化focal adhesion 粘着斑focal adhesion kinase 粘着斑激酶focal contact 粘着斑fodrin 胞衬蛋白,胞影蛋白[来自非红细胞,但与血影蛋白类似] foetal 胎(儿)的foetus 胎儿folate 叶酸;叶酸盐、酯、根fold chain 折叠链fold domain 折叠微区folding intermediate 折叠中间体,折叠中间态folding nucleus 折叠核foliage dressing 叶面施肥foliar diagnosis 叶诊断foliar fertilization 叶面施肥folic acid 叶酸folin reagent 福林试剂[用于蛋白质定量(lowry法)的磷钼酸-磷钨酸试剂]follicle 滤泡,卵泡follicle stimulating hormone 促滤泡激素,促卵泡激素folliliberin 促滤泡素释放素follitropic hormone 促滤泡素follitropin 促滤泡素,促卵泡素folyl monoglutamate 叶酰单谷氨酸food and drug administration 美国食品与药品管理署footprint 足迹,足迹蛋白;足迹试验footprint technique 足迹技术footprinting 足迹法[用于测定与蛋白质相结合的核酸]forced cloning 强制克隆,定向克隆foregut 前肠foreign dna 外源dnaformamide 甲酰胺formazan 甲formimino 亚胺甲基formin 形成素[与图式形成有关的蛋白]formycin 间型霉素formylmethionine 甲酰甲硫氨酸formyltetrahydrofolate 甲酰四氢叶酸forskolin 毛喉素[来自毛喉鞘蕊花的一种camp酶抑制剂]forssman antigen 福斯曼抗原[一类异嗜性抗原]forster mother 代孕母亲fortimicin 健霉素,福提霉素forward mixing 前向混合,顺向混合forward mutant 正向突变forward primer 正向引物forward reaction 正向反应,正反应fosfomycin 磷霉素fossil dna 化石dnafoulbrook [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病[由细菌引起]founder effect 建立者效应four strand double crossing over 四线双交换fourier space 傅里叶空间fourier synthesis 傅里叶合成fourier transform 傅里叶变换fourier transform infrared spectrometer 傅里叶变换红外光谱计fowlpox virus 禽痘病毒fragile site 脆性位点fragment 片段fragment length polymorphism 片段长度多态性,片长多态性fragmentation 断裂,裂解,片段化fragmin [肌动蛋白]片段化蛋白[可将肌动蛋白丝切成片段]frame 框,框架,读框frame hopping 跳码[在翻译中跳过某些密码子]frame overlapping 读框重叠frame shift 移码,读框移位frame suppression 移码抑制frameshift mutation 移码突变frameshift suppression 移码抑制framework 构架framework gene 构架基因,支架基因framework region 构架区[如免疫球蛋白可变区中变异程度较小的区段]fraternal twins 二卵双生,异卵双生free plasmid 游离质粒free radical 自由基,游离基[带有单电子的原子或原子基团]free replicating plasmid 游离复制质粒freezing point depressingglycoprotein 降凝固点糖蛋白,凝固点降低糖蛋白[从南极鱼类中分离的一种含有周期性重复序列的蛋白]french cell press 弗氏细胞压碎器french press 弗氏压碎器french pressure cell 弗氏压碎器freon [商]氟利昂[e.i.dupont denemours公司的商标,是一系列卤代烷烃中的一种,例如freonfriend cell friend细胞[来自病毒性白血病小鼠的类红细胞系]fritillaria alkaloid 贝母属生物碱fritillarine 贝母属碱fritted glass 多孔玻璃frog skin peptide 蛙皮肽[类名,包括铃蟾肽,雨蛙肽、爪蟾肽等] frontal analysis 迎头(分析)法frontal chromatography 迎头层析(法)frontier orbital 前沿轨道frozen embryo transfer 冰冻胚胎转移fructofuranosan 呋喃果聚糖fructofuranosidase 呋喃果糖苷酶fructofuranoside 呋喃果糖苷fructosan 果聚糖fructose 果糖fructosidase 果糖苷酶fructoside 果糖苷fuchsin 碱性品红fucoidin 岩藻多糖fucose 岩藻糖fucosidase 岩藻糖苷酶fucoside 岩藻糖苷fucosidosis 岩藻糖代谢病,岩藻糖(沉积)症fucosylation 岩藻糖基化fucosyltransferase 岩藻糖基转移酶fucoxanthin 岩藻黄质,墨角藻黄素,褐藻素fudidic acid 羧链孢酸fuel cell 燃料电池full length 全长fumarase 延胡索酸酶fumarate 延胡索酸;延胡索酸盐、酯、根fumaric acid 延胡索酸,反丁烯二酸,富马酸fumarprotocetraric acid 富马原岛衣酸fumarylacetoacetic acid 富马酰乙酰乙酸fume hood 通风橱,烟橱fumonism 串珠镰孢菌(毒)素functional complementation 功能(性)互补functional domain 功能域functional group 官能团functional localization 功能定位functional polymer 功能高分子functional redundancy 功能性丰余,功能丰余性fungi 真菌fungicide 杀真菌剂fungistat 抑真菌剂fungus (单)真菌funicle 菌纤索,菌丝索[见于真菌];珠柄[见于植物]funiculus 菌纤索,菌丝索[见于真菌];珠柄[见于植物]furan 呋喃furan resin 呋喃树脂furanmycin 呋喃霉素furanose 呋喃糖furfural resin 糠醛树脂furin 弗林蛋白酶,成对碱性氨基酸蛋白酶[因其基因(fur)位于原癌基因fes/feps的上游区而得名]furovirus 真菌传棒状病毒组fusant 融合子,融合体fusarin 镰菌素fusarinic acid 镰孢菌酸fusarium 镰孢菌属,镰菌属fusarium graminearum 禾谷镰孢菌fused ring compound 稠环化合物fusel oil 杀醇油fusiform 纺锤形fusion 融合;融合体,融合基因,融合蛋白;熔融,熔化fusion chain 融合链fusion protein 融合蛋白标记物,融合附加物fusogen 融合剂fusogenic agent 融合剂fusogenic peptide 融合肽,基因融合肽。

未折叠蛋白反应英语

未折叠蛋白反应英语

未折叠蛋白反应英语The Unfolded Protein Response.The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular signaling pathway that is activated when the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) experiences a buildup of unfolded or misfolded proteins. This response is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of potentially harmful proteins. The UPR serves to restore ER function by enhancing protein folding capacity, reducing protein translation, and promoting the degradation of damaged proteins.The ER is a crucial organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding, and trafficking. When the ER is unable to cope with the demand for protein folding, it triggers the UPR to address the imbalance. This imbalance can be caused by various factors such as changes in cellular metabolism, environmental stress, or mutations that affect protein folding.The UPR is initiated by three ER-resident transmembrane proteins: protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Under normal conditions, these proteins are bound to the ER chaperone BiP/GRP78, which inhibits their activation. However, when unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, BiP/GRP78 dissociates from these sensors, allowing them to initiate the UPR.PERK activation leads to the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which attenuates global protein synthesis. This reductionin protein synthesis reduces the load on the ER, allowingit to focus on folding the existing proteins. Additionally, phosphorylated eIF2α promotes the translation of specific mRNAs, including those encoding transcription factors such as ATF4, which induce the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, and chaperone synthesis.IRE1α activation leads to its endonuclease activity, which splices the mRNA of the transcription factor XBP1. This splicing event converts XBP1 from an inactive form to an active form that can regulate the expression of genes involved in ER expansion, lipid metabolism, and protein degradation.ATF6 activation leads to its translocation to the Golgi apparatus, where it is cleaved to release its cytosolic domain. This cleaved ATF6 fragment then enters the nucleus and activates the expression of genes encoding chaperones, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) components, and other proteins that enhance ER function.Collectively, these UPR signaling branches aim to restore ER homeostasis by enhancing protein folding capacity, reducing protein synthesis, and promoting the degradation of damaged proteins. If the ER stress persists despite these adaptive responses, the UPR can also trigger apoptotic signaling, leading to cell death.The UPR plays a crucial role in maintaining cellularprotein homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of potentially harmful proteins. Its activation is a highly conserved mechanism across different cell types and organisms, indicating its importance in maintainingcellular function and survival.In summary, the unfolded protein response is a complex cellular signaling pathway that is activated in response to ER stress. It involves the activation of three ER-resident sensors, PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, which trigger adaptive responses to restore ER homeostasis. These responses include enhancing protein folding capacity, reducing protein synthesis, and promoting the degradation of damaged proteins. The UPR is crucial for maintaining cellular protein homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of potentially harmful proteins.。

On the negative effective mass density in acoustic metamaterials

On the negative effective mass density in acoustic metamaterials
There is no actual negative mass/mass density in real materials indeed. The negative effective mass/mass density is the result of inaccurate modeling of acoustic metamaterials. In the present study, we consider a one-dimensional lattice consisting of lattice masses each of which contains an internal mass. This simple lattice system is employed to illustrate how the
On the negative effective mass density in acoustic metamaterials
H.H. Huang a, C.T. Sun a,*,G.L. Huang b
a School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA b Department of Systems Engineering, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 765 494 5130; fax: +1 765 494 0307. E-mail address: sun@ (C.T. Sun).

泛素化组学英文

泛素化组学英文

泛素化组学英文全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:The development of high-throughput mass spectrometry techniques has greatly facilitated ubiquitinomics research. Mass spectrometry allows for the rapid identification and quantification of thousands of proteins in a single experiment. By combining mass spectrometry with specific ubiquitin-affinity purification methods, researchers can isolate ubiquitinated proteins from a cell lysate and analyze their ubiquitin modification sites.第二篇示例:One of the key techniques used in ubiquitinomics is mass spectrometry, a powerful analytical tool that allows for the identification and quantification of proteins in complex samples. By coupling mass spectrometry with advanced proteomics methodologies, researchers can uncover the intricacies of ubiquitin signaling pathways and elucidate the functional consequences of protein ubiquitination.第三篇示例:In cancer research, ubiquitin proteomics has been used to identify novel biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of cancer. By profiling the ubiquitinome of cancer cells, researchers have been able to identify specific ubiquitinated proteins that are dysregulated in cancer and may serve as potential targets for therapy. In neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin proteomics has shed light on the role of aberrant protein aggregation and clearance mechanisms in disease progression, offering new insights into potential therapeutic strategies.第四篇示例:The study of ubiquitinomics is challenging due to the dynamic and reversible nature of ubiquitination. Ubiquitin is rapidly added and removed from target proteins in response to various stimuli, making it difficult to capture the full landscape of ubiquitinated proteins in a cell. Additionally, ubiquitination can occur on multiple lysine residues within a protein, leading to a complex pattern of ubiquitin modifications that can be difficult to analyze.。

药剂学英文词汇要点

药剂学英文词汇要点

Word List of Pharmaceutics (chapters"Preformulation","DisperseSystems"&"ParenteralProducts")AvesusBA对B abscesses(皮肤)脓肿absorption吸收acacia阿拉伯胶accuracy(剂量的)准确性acetate醋酸盐(乙酸盐)acid酸additive添加剂adsorption吸附adversereaction副作用aerosol气雾剂agglomeration团聚,聚集alkline碱alkylation烷基化作用allergen过敏原allergytest过敏实验aluminum铝ambientcondition室温条件amorphous无定形的amphiphile两亲性的amphoteric两性的amphotericinB两性霉素Banalyticalmethodology分析方法学anhydrate无水物anionic阴离子的,带负电的antimicrobialactivity抗菌能力antineoplastic抗肿瘤的antioxidant抗氧剂aqueoussolution水溶液argon氩气ascorbicacid抗坏血酸,维生素Casepticfilling无菌灌装aspiration吸入,抽吸,吸引术asthma哮喘症atomizer喷雾器attractiveforces(分子间的)引力autoclaving热压灭菌(锅)Bacteriostatic抑制细菌生长的barbiturates巴比妥酸盐base碱batch-to-batchvariation(产品的)批间差异WordListofPharmaceutics第1页,共13页XH.Wei,2006.9.benzoicacid苯甲酸,安息香酸benzylalcohol苯酚binary两相的bioavailability生物利用度bioburden(灭菌时样品所带的)细菌量biopharmaceutics生物药剂学BrownianMotion布朗运动buffer缓冲液buffercapacity缓冲能力bulkingagent(冻干制剂中的)疏松剂butylrubber丁基橡胶(空气隔绝能力更好)by-product副产品Cakeshrinkage(冻干制剂的)糕体塌陷caking结块capsule胶囊carbontetrachloried四氯化碳carboxylicacid羧酸carnaubawax巴西棕榈蜡catalyze催化catheter导管,插管cationic阳离子的,带正电的cellulosederivatives纤维素衍生物celluloseesterderivative纤维素酯衍生物centrifugation离心(法)cephalosporin头孢菌素cerebrospinal脑脊髓的charcoalbed(过滤用的)活性碳层chelatingagent螯合剂chemicalmodification化学修饰chloroform氯仿cholesterol胆固醇chronictoxicity慢性毒性citrate柠檬酸盐citricacid柠檬酸clarity(注射液的)澄明度coagulation凝结,颗粒聚焦coarse(suspension)(混悬剂)颗粒增大,粗糙collapsetemperature(冻干时糕体的)塌陷温度colligative(物理性质)依数性的collision(分子或颗粒)碰撞colloidmill胶体磨colloidal胶状的,胶体的comatose昏迷的compatibility(处方中各种组分的)相容性composition成分conductiometry电导测定仪conduction(热)传导conformation(蛋白等的)构象consistency(分散体系的)浓度均一性containerheadspace容器顶部空间contamination污染contraceptiveprotection避孕用contrastagent造影剂controlled-release控释的convection(热)对流copper铜cornoil玉米油cornea角膜corrosive腐蚀性的cosmeticproduct化妆品cosolvent助溶剂cottonoil棉籽油crack(乳剂)破裂,分层creaming(乳剂)油相聚焦成膏状crenation圆锯齿状criticalmicelleconcentration(CMC)(两亲性分子的)临界胶束浓度cryoprotectant(冻干)冷冻保护剂crystalform晶型crystalhabbit晶癖crystalline晶体cubic立方的cullout精选culturetubeinoculation(无菌实验时的)培养基试管接种法cyclictemperaturestabilitytest(分散体系的)温度循环稳定性实验cysteinehydrochloride半胱氨酸盐酸盐Deamidation脱酰胺作用declay粘土decomposition分解degradation降解deionizedwater去离子水deltoid(upperarm)(上臂的)三角肌density密度deoxygenation去氧化作用depot(药物)储库depthfilterdesorption解吸附dextrose葡萄糖diabeticpatient糖尿病病人diagram相图WordListofPharmaceutics第3页,共13页XH.Wei,2006.9.diatomaceousearth硅藻土dicalciumphosphate磷酸氢钙dielectricconstant介电常数differentialscanningcalorimetry(DSC)差示热扫描diffusedoublelayer扩散双电层digotoxin地高辛DilatantFluid涨流型流体dilution稀释discoloration变色dispersedphase分散相,dispersedsystem分散体系dispersingphase连续相,分散介质dissolution溶出dissolutionrate(固体制剂的)溶出速度distillation蒸馏(法) disulfideexchange(蛋白的)二硫键交换dosageform剂型dosageregimen给药方案doubledecomposition复分解doxorubicin阿霉素drugshock局部药物浓度过高drugtransportation药物转运duralmembrane硬脊膜Electrolyte电解(质)eliminate消除emboli血栓emulsifyingagent乳化剂emulsion乳剂enantiotropicsystem互变体系endothermic吸热性endotoxin内毒素enthalpy焓entrappedvolume包封率(体积)epiduralanesthesia硬膜外麻醉equilibriumdialysis平衡透析ethylalcohol乙醇ethyleneoxide(ETO)环氧乙烷eutectic共熔的,共结晶eutectictemperature(冻干时的)低共熔温度excipient辅料,辅形剂expirationdating(药品的)过期时间explosive爆炸性的extemporaneous(制剂)即配即用的extradural硬膜外的extrapolation曲线外推.Filldose(注射剂的)灌装体积filtercartridge滤筒finepowder细粉first-orderelimination(药物的)一级清除first-passeffect(药物代谢的)首过效应fixedoil非挥发油flammable易燃的flavor矫味剂flexiblepackaging(大输液的)轻便小包装floater(注射剂内的)漂浮物flocculation(分散体系的)絮凝fluorocarbon氟碳气体foreignparticle(注射剂的)外源性颗粒物formulation(制剂的)处方formulationadditives处方中的添加剂fractal不规则的fragmentation分离,破裂freeze-drying冻干法freeze-thaw(脂质体制备的)冻融法Gastrointestinaltract(GIT)胃肠道gelfiltration凝胶过滤(法)gelatin明胶generic(药品)仿制的glasstransitiontemperature(冻干时的)玻璃态转化温度globulecoalescence球状颗粒融合gluteal(buttock)臀肌的(屁股)glyceride甘油(三)酯glycol乙二醇gravity重力grid网格Haze(注射剂中的)云雾状物heavymetal重金属hemolysis溶血heparin肝素hermetical密封的heterogeneous不同种类的,不均匀的hexagonal六角形的,六边形的histoplasminskintest组织胞浆菌素皮肤实验hoard储藏homogeneous同类的,均匀的homogenization匀质,匀化homologous类似的humanserumalbumin(HAS)人血清白蛋白humectant保湿剂humidity湿度hyaluronidase透明质酸酶hydrate水合物hydroalcoholicsolution水醇溶液hydrolysis水解hydrophilic亲水的hydrophilic-lipophilicbalance(HLB)(两亲性分子的)亲水亲油平衡值hydrophobic疏水的hydroxide氢氧化物hygiene卫生,卫生学hygroscopicity吸湿性hypertonic高渗的(高于血浆渗透压)hypodermoclysis皮下输液hypotonic低渗的(低于血浆渗透压)implant植入剂Insitu在原处,局部invitro体外(研究)invivo体内(研究)indwellingneedle(输液时的)留置针inertgas惰性气体inflammation发炎,炎症inflectionpoint曲线infrared红外(线)的ingredient(制剂的)成分inhalationtherapy吸入疗法initialdose初始剂量injection注射剂intercept截距interfacialstabilization界面稳定作用internal/externaluse内/外用intra-arterial动脉注射intracisternal脑池内的intradermal皮内注射intraepidural硬膜外注射intramuscularinjection肌肉注射intraspinal脊柱内注射intrathecal鞘内的intravenousinjection静脉注射intrinsic内在的,固有的ionization离子化ionophore离子载体iron铁irritatingdrug刺激性药物isotherm等温的isotonic等渗的(等于血浆渗透压)IVdrip静脉滴注IVinfusion静脉输注KarlFishertitrationKarlFisher滴定法(测含水量) Labeleddose标示剂量labeledpotency标示效价lab-scale实验室规模的lamellarstructure(脂质体的)片层状结构lamellarity片层laminarflowunit(空气净化时的)层流层largeproximalvein近端大静脉large-volumeparenteralfluid大输液lattice晶格latticesubstitution点阵置换leakertest(注射剂的)检漏实验lecithin卵磷脂limulusamebocytelysate(LAL)变形细胞溶菌液liposome脂质体liquefaction液化lossondrying干燥失重法(测定含水量) 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Yieldvalue(流体的)塑变值Zetapotential颗粒的表面电位zinc锌。

病理生理学必备英文单词

病理生理学必备英文单词

病理生理学pathophysiology水纳代谢低渗性脱水Hypotonic dehydration高渗性脱水Hypertonic dehydration等渗性脱水(Isotonic dehydration水中毒Water intoxication水肿(Edema隐性水肿recessive edema钾代谢障碍低钾血症Hypokalemia高钾血症Hyperkalemia超极化阻滞Hyperpolarized blocking去极化阻滞Depolarized blocking酸碱紊乱挥发酸volatile acid固定酸fixed acid代谢性metabolic呼吸性respiratory酸中毒acidosis碱中毒alkalosis乳酸性酸中毒(lactic acidosis酮症酸中毒(keto-acidosis缺氧缺氧hypoxia低张性缺氧(hypotonic hypoxia血液性缺氧(hemic hypoxia循环性缺氧(circulatory hypoxia组织性缺氧(histogenous hypoxia发绀(cyanosis贫血性缺氧(anemic hypoxia高铁血红蛋白血症(methemoglobinemia发热发热Fever过热(Hyperthermia发热激活物(Pyrogenic activator内生致热原(Endogenous Pyrogen EP休克休克Shock多器官功能障碍综合征multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MODS 弥散性血管内凝血全身性Shwartzman反应(general Shwartzman reaction,GSR心功能不全Cardiac Dysfunction心律失常Arrhythmia心室重塑Ventricle remodeling向心性肥大concentric hypertrophy离心性肥大eccentric hypertrophy体循环淤血Systemic congestion肺循环淤血Congestion of pulmonary circulation劳力性呼吸困难Dyspnea on exertion端坐呼吸Orthopnea肺功能不全呼吸功能不全(respiratory insufficiency等压点(isobaric point, IP功能性分流(functional shunt静脉血掺杂venous admixture解剖分流anatomic shunt真性分流true shunt急性呼吸窘迫综合征Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS慢性阻塞性肺部疾病Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD 肺性脑病pulmonary encephalopathy肝功能不全Hepatic dysfunction肝性脑病(Hepatic Encephalopathy, HE内源性肝性脑病(Endogenous HE外源性肝性脑病(Exogenous HE肾功能不全Renal Insufficiency急性肾功能衰竭(Acute Renal Failure,ARF氮质血症(Azotemia健存肾单位假说(Intact nephron hypothesis矫枉失衡假说(Trade-off hypothesis少尿Oliguria夜尿nocturia多尿(polyuria内生肌酐清除率(clearance of creatinine。

羊黄曲霉毒素中毒诊断与防治

羊黄曲霉毒素中毒诊断与防治

Veterinary clinical science | 兽医临床科学52 ·2022.040 引言黄曲霉毒素(AFT )是一种在生活、生产中常见的真菌毒素。

这种毒素是黄曲霉和寄生曲霉为主的,一类能够产生毒素菌株的代谢产物。

研究发现,黄曲霉毒素是目前为止各种真菌毒素中稳定性最佳。

黄曲霉毒素中毒是指动物长期或者短期内大量采食高浓度的黄曲霉毒素的食物或者饲料;症状表现主要为急性中毒、慢性中毒和致癌性,不仅降低了羊的生产品质,同时大大提高养殖户的成本、降低养殖效益,对养殖户的生产造成极大损害[1]。

因此,应当及早预防。

1 黄曲霉毒素中毒及常见病因黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉和寄生曲霉为主的能够产生毒素的菌株的代谢产物,会造成动物机体发生癌变;研究发现的黄曲霉毒素的结构有数10多种,其中主要有AFTB1(含量最高且毒性最大)、AFTB2、AFTG1、AFTG2、AFTM1和AFTM2等。

正常环境下,玉米、花生、水稻、小麦、棉籽等农作物在洪涝、降雨量大、虫害、储藏环境不当等环境胁迫下,在农作物从生长到收获过程中,通过空气传播、昆虫虫体携带黄曲霉毒素产毒菌,对农作物或者饲料原料造成污染。

这些农作物或者饲料原料在储存和加工等过程中,可能处于高温高湿的环境下,加剧霉变反应,进而造成更加严重的毒素污染。

2 黄曲霉毒素对羊的危害2.1 严重损害羊机体的组织器官健康发育黄曲霉毒素对羊的肝脏具有非常强的毒性,造成羊的肝脏发生异变,导致肝功能下降;同时也能造成胆囊水肿和肾脏等其他器官受损。

2.2 造成羊生产性能降低黄曲霉菌污染的饲料霉味浓烈、适口性差,且养分大打折扣、营养价值较低。

作者简介:毛志福(1985-),男,汉族,甘肃武威人,硕士研究生,中级兽医师,研究方向:重大动物疫病防控、畜产品质量安全、畜禽养殖防疫。

羊黄曲霉毒素中毒诊断与防治毛志福,马亚楠(昌吉州农产品质量安全中心,新疆 昌吉 831100)摘要:黄曲霉毒素(AFT )是一种真菌毒素,通常因为高温高湿等环境下的不宜收获、储存、加工过程造成的饲料原料受到污染。

泛素蛋白酶体途径英文

泛素蛋白酶体途径英文

泛素蛋白酶体途径英文The Ubiquitin-Proteasome PathwayThe ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a complex and highly regulated cellular process responsible for the selective degradation of damaged, misfolded, or unwanted proteins within eukaryotic cells. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, regulating various cellular processes, and ensuring the proper functioning of the cell.The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway consists of several key steps:1. Ubiquitin Activation and Conjugation:- Ubiquitin, a small regulatory protein, is first activated by the enzyme ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1).- The activated ubiquitin is then transferred to a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2).- With the help of a ubiquitin ligase (E3), the ubiquitin is attached to the target protein, forming a polyubiquitin chain.2. Protein Targeting and Degradation:- The polyubiquitinated target protein is recognized by the 26S proteasome, a large, multi-subunit protein complex.- The proteasome then unfolds the target protein and breaks it down into small peptides through a process called proteolysis.3. Recycling of Ubiquitin:- After the target protein is degraded, the ubiquitin molecules are released and recycled for use in subsequent ubiquitination events.The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including:1. Protein Quality Control:- The pathway helps to remove misfolded, damaged, or abnormal proteins, preventing their accumulation and potential toxicity to the cell.2. Cell Cycle Regulation:- The pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle by controlling the degradation of key regulatory proteins, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.3. Immune Response:- The pathway is involved in the generation of antigenic peptides for presentation by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which is essential for the immune system's recognition and elimination of infected or cancerous cells.4. Signal Transduction:- The pathway regulates the stability and activity of various signaling proteins, such as transcription factors and receptors, thereby modulating cellular signaling pathways.5. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death):- The pathway is involved in the degradation of pro-apoptotic proteins, which can trigger the process of programmed cell death in response to cellular stress or damage.Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of this pathway has become a crucial area of research in the fields of cell biology, molecular biology, and drug development.泛素蛋白酶体途径泛素蛋白酶体途径是一个复杂且高度调控的细胞过程,负责选择性地降解真核细胞内受损、错折叠或不需要的蛋白质。

精细化工专业常用英语专业词汇

精细化工专业常用英语专业词汇

精细化工专业常用英语专业词汇(400)1998年8月Aabscissa n. 横座标abundance n. 丰富, 充裕acceptor n. 接受体accumulator n. 储料器acetic acid n. 醋酸, 乙酸acknowledge v. &n. 致谢activation n. 活化acylation n. 酰化addition n. 加成反应adhesive n. 粘合剂advancement n. 进展,增长advantageous adj. 有利的aerosol n. 烟雾affinity n. 亲合力agent n. 试剂aldehyde n. 醛aldol n. 醛醇aliphatic acid n. 脂肪酸alkaline adj. 碱的alkaloid n. 生物碱alkane n. 烷烃alkene n. 烯烃alkylation n. 烃化, 烷基化alkyl halide n. 烷基卤, 卤烷alkyne n. 炔alphabetic adj. 依字母顺序ambiguity n. 模糊, 意义不明确amide n. 酰胺amine n. 胺amino acid n. 氨基酸amorphous adj. 无定形analogue n. 类似物anhydride n. 酸酐aniline n. 苯胺anion n. 阴离子anomaly n. 异常,反常antibiotics n. 抗菌素antifreezing agent n. 抗冻剂antioxidant n. 抗氧剂appreciable adj. 可估计的architect n. 建筑师, 设计师arene n. 芳烃aromatic adj. 芳香的aromatization n. 芳构化asymmetric adj. 不对称的autooxidation n. 自氧化awarenness n, 意识azeotrope n.共沸混合物azo dye n. 偶氮染料Bbackup n. /adj 备用设备base n. 碱, 基, 底beaker n. 烧杯benzene n. 苯biological degradation n. 生物降解biosynthesis vt. 生物合成bleach vt. 漂白bond n. 键branched chain n. 支链budget n. & v. 预算bubble-cap tower n. 泡罩塔buffer n. 缓冲,缓冲剂Ccarbanion n. 负碳离子, 阴碳离子carbene n. 碳烯, 卡宾carbide n. 碳化物, 碳化钙carbocation n. 正碳离子, 阳碳离子carbonyl group n. 羰基carboxy group n. 羧基carboxylic acid n. 羧酸carcinogenic adj. 致癌的β-carotene n. β胡萝卜素carrier n. 载体cartridge n. 软片暗盒catalysis n. 催化(作用) cation n. 阳离子cellulose n. 纤维素ceramic adj/n. 陶瓷(的) chemical shift n. 化学位移chirality n. 手性chlorination n. 氯化作用chlorohydrocarbon n. 氯代烃chromophore n. 发色团cis-trans isomer n. 顺反异构体classic adj. 经典的, 传统的cluster n. 蔟,一串,一束coherent adj. 黏附的,相干的(光学) coil n. 蛇管colorant n. 颜料,着色剂commodity n. 用品compensation n. 补偿competitive n. 竞争的complementary n. 补充的complex n. 络合物complication n. 复杂concerted reaction n. 协同反应condensation n. 缩合反应condiment n. 调味品conformation n. 构象conjugation n. 共轭construction n. 建设, 建筑consultant n. 顾问consumer n. 消耗container n. 容器containment n. 抑制cooler n. 冷却器corporate adj. 共同的correlate n. 相关的事物cosmetic n. 化妆品counteract vt. 抵消,抵抗coupling reaction n. 偶合反应covalent bond n. 共价键critical adj. 临界的cumulative adj. 累积的,累加的customary adj. 通常的, 常例的cycloparaffin n. 环烷烃Ddecolorant n. 脱色剂decolorize v. 脱色degradation n.降解dehydration n. 脱水作用dehydrogenation n. 脱氢作用delocalization n. 离域作用denatured alcohol n. 变性酒精denominator n. 分母derivation n. 衍生,由来derivative n. 衍生物desorption n. 解吸作用destructive distillation 分解蒸馏detergent n. 洗涤剂developer n. 显影剂dextrorotary adj. 右旋的diazonium salt n. 重氮盐diazotization n. 重氮化作用dielectric adj.不导电的,n.电介质dipole n. 偶极directory n. 地址录disclose vt. 揭露, 揭发discrete adj. 离散的,不连续的disposal vt. 排出, 处理director n. 定位基dissolve v.溶解distillation n. 蒸馏dominant adj. 支配的,统治的donor n. 给体drastic n. 激烈的, 猛烈的droplet n. 液滴Eelectrophilic reagent n. 亲电试剂electrophobic adj 疏电子的electronegative adj 电负性的electron withdrawing group n. 吸电子基electrostatic adj. 静电的elimination n. 消除反应emulsion n. 乳剂endothermic adj. 吸热的enantiomer n. 对映体enzyme n. 酶epoxy adj. 环氧化的essential oil n. (香)精油ester n. 酯esterification n. 酯化作用ethanol n. 乙醇ether n. 醚, 乙醚ethyl n. 乙基ethylene n. 乙烯evaluation n. 评价,估价evaporation n. 蒸发excitation n. 激发态exothermic adj. 放热的extract vt. 萃取extrapolation n. 推断Ffermentation n. 发酵fiber n. 纤维filament n. 细丝,丝状体filter n.过滤器,滤色片flare v. & n. 闪耀, 闪烁flavoring n. 香剂, 调味剂fluorescent n. 荧光fore adj. 先时的, 前部的formaldehyde n. 甲醛fossil n. 化石fractional distillation n. 分馏free radical n. 自由基fumigant n. 熏蒸(消毒)剂functional group n. 官能团furan n. 呋喃Ggeneralization n. 一般(性), 普遍(性) genetic code n. 遗传密码geological adj. 地质(学)的geomatrical adj. 几何学的glacial acetic acid n. 冰醋酸glucose n. 葡萄糖glycerol n. 甘油, 丙三醇graphics n. 图,制图法Hhabituation n. 习惯作用, 毒瘾halogenation n. 卤化hazardous adj. 危险的, 有危害的herbicide n.除草剂heterocyclic compound n.杂环化合物heterogeneous adj. 非均相的, 多相的hexagon n. 六边形highlight n. 光线明亮处hold-up n. 塔储量, 容纳量homologous series n. 同系列hormone n. 激素humectant n. 润湿剂hybrid n. 杂化hydration n. 水合作用hydrogenation n. 氢化作用hydrolysis n. 水解hydrophobic adj. 疏水的hydroxyl group n. 羟基Iidealize vt. 理想化inasmuch as adv. 因为, 由于indicator n. 指示剂indiscriminate adj. 不加选择的indol n. 吲哚inductive effect n. 诱导效应ineffective adj. 无效的, 低效率的infrared spectroscopy n. 红外光谱ingenious adj. 坦率的, 天真的ingestion n. 吸收, 吸入inlet n. 进口, 入口insecticide n. 杀虫剂insulin n. 胰岛素integrate vt. 积分,使...一体化interchangeable adj. 可互换的intermediate n. 中间体ion n. 离子isoelectric point n. 等电点isomer n. 异构体Jjacket n. 套, 夹套justification n. 认为正当, 正当的理由Kketone n. 酮Llactic acid n. 乳酸leakage n. 泄漏lesser adj. 较小的, 更少的lime n. 石灰lining n. 衬里, 衬料, 衬套link vt. 连接,键合liquefy vt. 液化lubricating grease n. 润滑脂Mmanipulation n. 操作, 操纵manuscript n. 稿子, 手稿mass spectroscopy n. 质谱mechanism n. 机理, 历程medium n. 介质, 培养基metallurgical adj. 冶金(学)的methane n. 甲烷methnol n. 甲醇methodology n. 方法论micelle n. 胶粒microorganism n. 微生物migrate vi. 迁移miscible adj. 可溶混的modification n. 修饰monomer n. 单体monosaccharide n. 单糖multiplet n. 多重峰multiplicity n 多重性Nnaphthalene n. 萘nitration n. 硝化作用nitric acid n. 硝酸nitrile n. 腈noble adj. 贵重的, 惰性的nomenclacture n. 命名法noteworthy adj. 显著的nucleophile n. 亲核试剂nucleic acid n. 核酸neutralization n. 中和numerator n. (数学上) 分子nutrient n. 营养素, 养分Oobservable a. 可观察到的octane number n. 辛烷值olefin n. 烯烃optical activity n. 旋光性optics n. 光学optimum n. 最佳条件orbital n. 轨道organometallic compound 金属有机化合物originate vi./vt. 起源outermost adj. 最外层的,远离中心的overhead n. 塔顶馏出物overheat vt. 过热overlap vt. 重叠oxidation n. 氧化作用ozonide n. 臭氧化合物ozonolysis n. 臭氧分解Pparaffin n. 链烷烃, 石蜡peptide n. 肽perfume n. 香料peroxide n. 过氧化合物persistence n. 坚持, 固执pesticide n. 杀虫剂pharmaceuticals n. 药物phenol n. 苯酚phenoxide n. (苯)酚盐phenylsulfonic acid n. 苯磺酸phosphoric acid n. 磷酸photochemical reaction n. 光化学反应photochromism n. 光致变色photoconductivity n. 光电导性pigment n. 颜料pink n. 粉红色polyamide n. 聚酰胺polarization n. 极化作用polyhydric alcohol n. 多元醇polymerization n. 聚合作用precipitate vi. /n. 沉淀preservative n. 防腐剂prolong vt. 延长, 拖延propellant n. 推进剂prospective adj. 预期的, 有希望的protecting group n. 保护基purity n. 纯度pyridine n. 吡啶pyrolysis n. 热解pyrrole n. 吡咯Qquantify vt. 使量化,确定数量quaternary ammonium salt n. 季铵盐quench vt. 淬灭quinoline n. 喹啉Rracemization n. 外消旋作用reagent n. 试剂realization n. 实现recover vt. 回收recrystallization n. 重结晶rectifier n. 精馏器reduction n. 还原(作用) reflux n. 回流refract vt. 折射refrigerant n. 冷冻剂remainder n. 剩余物, 残余部分的replica n. 复制品,拷贝resolution n. 分辨, 拆开restrictive adj. 限制性的ribonucleic acid n. 核糖核酸(RNA) rigorous adj. 严厉(格)的Ssaccharin n. 糖精saponification n. 皂化(作用) screen n. 筛子, 屏幕seal n. 密封(垫)segment n. 部分, 链段selectivity n. 选择性settle vt. (使)沉淀, 澄清setup vt. 装置, 装配sewage n. 污水silica gel n. 硅胶singlet n. 单重峰skeleton n. 骨架solubility n. 溶解度solvant n. 溶剂化物solvent n. 溶剂, 有溶解力的sophistication n. 复杂spectroscopy n. 光谱spin-spin coupling n. 自旋-自旋偶合stabilization n. 稳定作用stereoisomerism n. 立体异构现象steric factors n. 位阻因素, 空间因素still pot n.蒸馏釜stoichiometric adj. 化学计算的straightforward adj.一直向前, 正直的substituent n. 取代基substitution reaction n. 取代反应sucrose n. 蔗糖sulfa drug n. 磺胺药sulfonation n.磺化作用sulfuric acid n. 硫酸supervisor n. 导师, 监督人, 主管人suspension n. 悬浮液sweetener n. 增甜剂symmetry n. 对称性symposium n. 座谈会syn addition n. 顺式加成Ttar n. 焦油(沥青) tartaric acid n. 酒石酸tautomerism n. 互变异构现象terpene n. 萜烯tertiary adj. 叔的, 第三的tetrahedron n. 四面体thiazole n. 噻唑thiophene n. 噻吩toluene n. 甲苯toxicity n. 毒性transesterification n. 酯交换反应transition state n. 过渡状态tray n. 盘, 分馏塔盘triplet n. 三重峰trivial adj. 轻微的Uultraviolet-visible spectroscopy n. 紫外-可见光谱unify vt. 统一urea n. 尿素Vvalidate vt. 使生效vaporize vt.蒸发versatile adj. 多方面的vice versa adj. 反之也然vinegar n. 醋violate vt. 破坏,侵害Wwhereas conj. 而, 却, 鉴于withdraw vt. 拉, 提取, 取出withdrawal n. 收回,撤回Xxerography n. 静电复印法Yyeast n. 酵母Zzymochemistry n. 酶化学。

生物化学第七版名词解释总结

生物化学第七版名词解释总结

第一章蛋白结构与功能motif 模体:二个或三个具有二级结构的肽段,在空间商相互接近,形成一个特殊空间构象。

常见有αα,βαβ,ββ。

domain 结构域:分子量较大的蛋白质可折叠成许多结构较为紧密的区域,并各行其功能,成为结构域。

chaperon分子伴侣:一类在序列上没有相关性但有共同功能的蛋白质,它们在细胞内帮助其他含多肽的结构完成正确的组装,而且在组装完毕后与之分离,不构成这些蛋白质结构执行功能时的组份。

热休克蛋白就是一大类分子伴侣。

subunit 亚基:有些蛋白质分子含有两条或多条肽链,每条多肽链都有完整的三级结构。

为蛋白质的亚基。

proteome蛋白质组学:是指一种细胞或者一种生物所表达的全部蛋白质,即一种基因组表达的全套蛋白质。

其研究方法有:双向电泳分离样品,蛋白定位、切取,蛋白质谱分析。

molecular disease分子病:蛋白质发生变异所导致的疾病称为分子病cooperativity 协同效应:一个寡聚体蛋白的一个亚基与其配体结合,够能影响此寡聚体中另一个亚基与配体结合能力的现象,称为协同效应。

positive cooperativity 正协同效应:如果是促进作用则称为正协同效应negative cooperativity 负协同效应:如果是抑制作用则称为负协同效应protein conformational diseases 蛋白质构象病,构象病:若蛋白质的折叠发生错误,尽管其一级结构不变,但蛋白质的构象发生变化,仍可影响其功能,严重时可导致疾病发生。

Isoelectric point 蛋白质等电点:当蛋白处于某一pH时,蛋白解离成正负离子的趋势相等,即成为兼性离子,净电荷为零,此时溶液的pH成为蛋白等电点。

溶液pH高于pI时,蛋白带负电荷,反之带正电荷。

denaturation 蛋白变性:在某些物理和化学因素作用下,其特定的空间构象被破坏,也即有序的空间结构变成无序的空间结构,从而导致其理化性质改变和生物活性丧失。

生化英汉互译

生化英汉互译

关键酶:key enzyme 化学修饰调节:chemical modification变构调节:allosteric regulation 应激:stress反馈抑制:feedback inhibition 代谢组学:metabolomics生物转化:biotransformation 加单氧酶:monooxygenase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸:UDPGA 3'-磷酸腺苷5'-磷酸硫酸:PAPS胆汁酸:bile acid 结合胆红素:conjugated bilirulin非蛋白氮:non protein nitrogen 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸:2,3-diphosphoglycerate(2,3-BPG)促红细胞生成素:erythropoietin,EPO 血红素:heme卟啉症:porphyria 复制:replication半保留复制:semiconservative replication 双向复制:bidirectional replication半不连续复制:semidiscontinuous replication 复制子:replicon复制起始点:replication origin 岗崎片段:Okazaki fragment模板:template 引物: primerDNA聚合酶:DNA polymerase Klenow片段:klenow fragment解链酶:helicase 拓扑异构酶:topoisomeraseDNA连接酶:DNA ligase 引物酶:primase端粒:telomere 端粒酶:telomerase逆转录:reverse transcription 逆转录酶:reverse transcriptase切除修复:excision repairing 突变:mutation点突变:point mutation 框移突变:frame shift mutation。

高分子化学专业术语中英文对照

高分子化学专业术语中英文对照

高分子化学专业术语中英文对照中英文对照加聚反应Addition Polymerization加聚物Addition Polymer粘结剂Adhesive老化Ageing交替共聚物Alternating Copolymer交替共聚Alternating Copolymerization无定型态Amorphous State阴离子聚合Anionic Polymerization无规立构Atactic无规立构聚合物Atactic Polymer原子转移自由基聚合Auto Transfer Radical Polymerization, ATRP 自动加速Auto-acceleration平均官能度Average Functionality恒比共聚Azeotropic Copolymerization恒比点Azeotropic Point支化型聚合物Branched Polymer共混改性Blending Modificatioon嵌段共聚物Block Copolymer本体聚合Bulk or Mass Polymerization笼蔽效应Cage Effect碳链聚合物Carbon Chain Polymer阳离子聚合Cationic Polymerization扩链Chain Extension链节Chain Element链引发Chain Initiation连锁聚合Chain Polymerization链增长Chain Propagation链终止Chain Termination链转移Chain Transfer链转移剂Chain Transfer Agent手性中心Chiral Center顺丁橡胶cis-1,4-Polybutadiene rubber,BR涂料Coatings共缩聚Co-condensation Polymerization梳形聚合物Comb-shaped Polymer络合聚合Complexing Polymerization缩聚反应Condensation Polymerization构型异构Configurational Isomerism构象异构Conformational Isomerism转化率Conversion配位聚合Coordination Polymerization共聚物Copolymer共聚合Copolymerization共聚组成Copolymer Composition偶合终止Coupling Termination反离子Counterion临界胶束浓度Critical Micelle Concentration, CMC 交联Crosslinking结晶态Crystalline Morphology降解Degradation聚合度Degree of Polymerization, DP树枝状聚合物Dendritic Polymer解聚Depolymerization分散剂Dispersant歧化终止Disproportionation Termination元素有机高分子Elementary Organic Polymer乳化作用Emulsification乳化剂Emulsifier乳液聚合Emulsion Polymerization乳胶粒Emulsion Particle对映体异构Enantiomer Isomerism环氧树脂Epoxy Resin端基End Group平衡缩聚Equilibrium Polycondensation过量分率Excessive Ratio反应程度Extent of Reaction纤维Fiber功能材料Functional Material功能高分子Functional Polymer官能度Functionality, f几何异构Geometrical Isomerism凝胶点Gel point, Pc凝胶效应Gel Effect凝胶化Gelation玻璃化温度Glass Transition Temperature, Tg 接枝聚合Graft Copolymerization接枝共聚物Graft Copolymer半衰期Half-life杂链聚合物Hetero-chain Polymer高密度聚乙烯High Density Polyethylene HDPE 高抗冲聚苯乙烯High Impact Polystyrene, HIPS 均相成核Homogenous Nucleation均聚物Homopolymer均聚合Homopolymerization均缩聚Homopolycondensation理想共聚Ideal Copolymerization理想恒比共聚Ideal Azeotropic Copolymerization 诱导期Induction Period诱导分解Induced Decomposition阻聚剂Inhibitor阻聚作用Inhibition引发剂Initiator引发效率Initiator Efficiency无机高分子Inorganic Polymer插入聚合Insertion Polymerization原位复合In-situ Compounding界面缩聚Interfacial Polycondensation互穿网络Interpenetrating Polymer Network 离子聚合Ionic Polymerization离子对Ion-pair异构化聚合Isomerization Polymerization等规立构Isotactic等规度Isotacticity动力学链长Kinetic Chain Length梯形聚合物Ladder Polymer自由基寿命Life-time of Free Radical线型缩聚Linear Polycondensation线型聚合物Linear Polymer活性聚合Living Polymerization“活性”/可控自由基聚合“Living”/Controlled Polymerization 低密度聚乙烯Low Density Polyethylene LDPE 高分子(大分子)Macromolecule主链Main Chain熔融缩聚Melt Polycondensation茂金属引发剂Metallocene Initiator胶束成核Micelle Nucleation混缩聚Mixing Polycondensation摩尔系数Molar Coefficient单体Monomer单体单元Monomer Unit单体液滴Monomer Droplet天然高分子Natural Polymer邻位基团效应Neighboring Group Effect交联型聚合物Network Structure Polymer非理想共聚Non-ideal Copolymerization非理想恒比共聚Non-ideal Azeotropic Copolymerization 线型酚醛树脂Novolacs尼龙Nylon尼龙-6 Nylon-6, PA-6尼龙-66 Nylon-66, PA-66光学异构Optical Isomerism齐聚物(低聚物)Oligomer氧化偶合反应Oxidative Coupling Polymerization前末端效应Penultimate Effect光引发Photo initiation塑料Plastics聚酰胺Polyamide, PA聚加成反应Polyaddition Reaction聚碳酸酯Polycarbonate, PC聚酯Polyester, PET聚醚Polyether聚合物Polymer聚合物合金Polymer Alloy高分子化学Polymer Chemistry聚苯乙烯Polystyrene, PS聚乙烯Polythene PE聚氨酯Polyurethane聚氯乙烯Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC 几率效应Probable Effect辐射引发Radiation Initiation自由基聚合Radical Polymerization 无规聚合物Random Copolymer无规预聚物Random Prepolymer竞聚率Reactivity Ratios重复单元Repeating Unit缓聚作用Retardation缓聚剂Retarder可逆加成-断裂转移自由基聚合Reversible Addition Fragmentation Transfer, RAFT开环聚合Ring-Opening Polymerization 橡胶Rubber半梯形聚合物Semiladder Polymer侧链Side Chain侧基Side Group固相缩聚Solid Phase Polycondensation 溶液缩聚Solution Polycondensation溶液聚合Solution Polymerization星形聚合物Star-shaped Polymer逐步聚合Step Polymerization立体异构Stereo isomerism有规立构聚合物Stereo-regular Polymer有规立构聚合Stereo-regular Polymerization 定向聚合Stereo-specific Polymerization位阻效应Steric Effect结构单元Structural Unit结构材料Structural Material结构预聚物Structural Prepolymer丁苯橡胶Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers,SBR悬浮聚合Suspension Polymerization增溶胶束Swollen Micelle间规立构Syndiotactic间规度Syndiotacticity间规聚苯乙烯Syndiotactic Polystyrene合成高分子Synthetic Polymer遥爪聚合物T elechelic Polymer涤纶Terylene or Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET 热引发Thermal Initiation热塑性聚合物Thermoplastic Polymer热固性聚合物Thermosetting Polymer体型缩聚Three Dimensional PolycondensationZigler-Natta引发剂Zigler-Natta -Initiator。

生物学专业英语词汇(U-Z)_生物化学英语词汇

生物学专业英语词汇(U-Z)_生物化学英语词汇

ubiquinone 辅酶 q ubiquist 普遍种udder 乳房ulcer 溃疡ulna 尺骨ultimate consumer 末级消费者ultimobranchial body 后鳃体ultra thin section 超薄切片ultra violet radiation 紫外线放射ultracentrifugation 超速离心法ultracentrifuge 超速离心机ultrafilter 超滤器ultrafiltration 超滤ultramicroscope 超显微镜ultramicroscopic organism 超显微生物ultramicrotome 超薄切片机ultraplankton 超微型浮游生物ultrasonic sound 超声波ultrasonication 超声波处理ultrasonics 超声波ultrastability 超稳定性ultrastructure 超微细结构ultraviolet absorption 紫外线吸收ultraviolet lamp 紫外灯ultraviolet light 紫外线ultraviolet microscope 紫外光显微镜ultravirus 过滤性病毒umbel 伞形花序umbellule 小伞花序umbilical cord 脐带umbilical vein 脐静脉umbilical vesicle 脐囊umbilicus 脐umbo 壳顶umbrella 伞膜unbalance 不平衡unbalanced growth 不平衡生长unbalanced polyploidy 不平衡多倍性uncinate hair 钩毛unconditioned reflex 无条件反射unconditioned response 无条件反应unconditioned stimulus 无条件剌激unconscious selection 无意识淘汰uncoupling 解偶联uncoupling agent 解偶联剂under story 下木underdevelopment 发育不全undergland shoot 地下枝条underground part 地下部分underground water 地下水undergrowth 下木undernourishment 营养不良undershrub 小灌木underwood 下木undifferentiation 未分化undulate colony 波形菌落undulating membrane 波动膜undulating movement 波形运动undulation 波动unequal bivalent 不等二价染色体uneven aged forest 异龄林unfertilized egg 未受精卵unfolding 伸展ungulates 有蹄类unhulled rice 稻谷unicellular 单胞的unicellular culture 单细胞培养unicellular organism 单细胞生物unifacial leaf 单面叶unifaciality 单面性uniform distribution 等分布uniform variety cropping 单一品种栽培uniformitarianism 齐一说uniformity 均匀性unilateral atrophy 单侧面萎缩unilateral inheritance 单侧遗传unilinear inheritance 单线遗传unilocular 一室的unilocular sporangium 单室囊uninuclear 单核的uniovular twins 单卵双生unipetalous 单瓣的unique sequence 单一序列unisexual flower 单性花unisexuality 单性unistratal community 单层群落unit 单位unit character 单位性状unit membrane 单位膜unit of enzyme 酶单位unit of vegetation 植被单位univalent 一价染色体univalent chromosome 一价染色体universal buffer 万能缓冲液universal code 普遍密码universal veil 外菌膜universality 通用性universality of the genetic code 遗传密码的普遍性universe 宇宙unripe 末热的unsaturated fatty acid 不饱和脂肪酸upland 山地upland meadow 山地单旬upper arm 上臂upper eyelid 上睑upper jaw bone 上颌骨upper layer 上层upper leaf 高出叶upper lip 上唇upper stratum 上层uptake 摄取uracil 尿嘧啶urea 脲urea bacterium 尿素细菌urea cycle 鸟氨酸循环urea herbicide 尿素除草剂urease 尿素酶urediniospore 夏孢子uredospore 夏孢子ureide 酰脲ureogenesis 尿素生成ureosmotic animal 尿素渗透性动物ureter 输尿管urethra 泌尿管urethral gland 尿道腺urethroscope 尿道镜uric acid 尿酸uricase 尿酸酶uricogenesis 尿酸生成uridine 尿苷uridine diphosphate 尿苷二磷酸uridine monophosphate 尿苷酸uridylic acid 尿苷酸urinalysis 尿分析urinary bladder 膀胱urinary calculus 尿石urinary organ 泌尿瀑urinary tract 泌尿管urination 撒尿urine 尿uriniferous tubule 肾细管urinometer 尿比重计urne 孢蒴urobilin 尿胆素urobilinogen 尿胆素原urocanic acid 尿刊酸urochord 尾索urochordates 被囊类urochrome 尿色素urochromogen 尿色素原uroerythrin 尿红质urogenital membrane 尿殖膜urogenital region 尿殖区urokinase 尿激酶urolith 尿石uronic acid 糖醛酸uropod 尾足uropoiesis 尿分泌uropoietic organ 泌尿瀑uropygial gland 尾脂腺use and disuse 用不用use of resistance 抗性利用useful animal 益兽useful insect 益虫useful plant 有用植物usnic acid 松萝酸uterine endometrium 子宫内膜uterine fundus 子管底uterine hemorrhage 子宫出血uterine tube 输卵管uterotubal implantation 子宫输卵管移植uterus 子宫utilization 利用utilization of waste material 废物利用utilization rate 利用率utricle 胞果;小囊utriform 囊状的uv light 紫外线uv reactivation 紫外线再活化uvea 葡萄膜uvula 悬雍垂v shaped chromosome v形染色体vaccination 疫苗注射vaccine 菌苗vaccinia virus 牛痘病毒vaccinoprophylaxis 疫苗预防接种vacuolar system 液胞系vacuole 液胞vacuole membrane 液泡膜vacuole skin 液泡膜vacuolization 液泡化vacuome 空胞系vacuum 真空vacuum drying 真空干燥vacuum reaction 真空反应vagina 阴道vaginal vestibule 阴道前庭vagotonin 迷走紧张素vagus nerve 迷走神经vagus substance 迷走神经物质valence 价valency 价valine 缬氨酸valley 谷value 值value number 指标value of variety 品种值valve 瓣膜valve of the heart 心瓣van der waals forces 范德瓦耳斯力vanadium 钒vanadium chromogen 钒色素原vanadocyte 钒细胞vanilla 香子兰vapor sterilization 蒸气灭菌variability 变异性variable 变量variable region 可变区variance 分散variant 变异体variation 变异varicella virus 水痘病毒variegation 彩斑varietal change 品种变更varietal susceptibility 品种感受性varietal trial 变种试验variety 变种variety choice 品种选择variety line breeding 顶交variety test 变种试验variola 天花variola virus 天花病毒varnish tree 漆树vascular anastomosis 血管吻合vascular bundle 维管束vascular bundle sheath 维管束鞘vascular plant 维管植物vascular system 维管系;血管系统vascular wall 维管壁vascularization 血管形成vaseline 矿脂vasoconstriction 血管收缩vasoconstrictor 血管收缩神经vasoconstrictor nerve 血管收缩神经vasodilatation 血管舒张vasodilation 血管舒张vasodilator 血管舒张神经vasodilator nerve 血管舒张神经vasography 血管造影术vasomotor 血管舒缩神经vasomotor nerve 血管舒缩神经vasomotor reflex 血管舒缩反射vasomotorium 血管舒缩神经系vasopressin 抗利尿素vector 病媒动物vector insect 病原媒介昆虫vectorial enzyme 矢酶vegetable 蔬菜vegetable acid 植物性酸vegetable alkaloid 植物碱vegetable colourings 植物性染料vegetable dyes 植物性染料vegetable fiber 植物纤维vegetable garden 菜园vegetable glue 植物性胶vegetable wax 植物蜡vegetal pole 植物极vegetalization 植物极化vegetation 植被vegetation chorology 群落分布学vegetation cone 生长圆锥vegetation dynamics 植被带动力学vegetation form 植被型vegetation geography 植被地理学vegetation girdle 植被带vegetation map 植被图vegetation unit 植被单位vegetation zone 植物带vegetational analysis 植被分析vegetational continuum 植被连续性vegetative cell 营养细胞vegetative cone 生长圆锥vegetative dna 营养期 dna vegetative function 植物机能vegetative hybridization 营养体杂交vegetative nervous system 自竹经系统vegetative nucleus 营养核vegetative organ 营养瀑vegetative period 生长期vegetative phage 营养期噬菌体vegetative phase 营养期vegetative point 生长点vegetative pole 植物极vegetative propagation 营养性繁殖vegetative rest 生长休止vegetative shoot apex 营养菌端vegetative shoot tip 营养菌端vegitabilia 植物界vehicle 病媒动物veil 菌幕vein 翅脉;静脉veine yard 葡萄园veinlet 细脉velamen 根被velar organ 缘瓣瀑velar statocyst 缘膜胞velarium 假缘膜veld 草原veliger 面盘幼体veliger larva 面盘幼体velocity 速度velocity of wind 风速velum 缘膜venation 脉系venereal disease 性病veniplex 静脉丛venom gland 毒腺venomous animal 有毒动物venomous spine 毒刺venous blood 静脉血venous duct 静脉管venous plexus 静脉丛venous sinus 静脉窦venous valvula 静脉辨模venter 腹ventilating tissue 海绵性组织ventilation 换气ventral 腹的ventral fin 腹ventral nerve chain 腹神经节链ventral root 运动根ventral shield 腹板ventral sucker 腹吸盘ventral tube 腹管ventricle 心室ventricose 溶胀的ventricous 溶胀的ventricular gradient 心室梯度ventricular systole 心室收缩ventrolateral edge 腹缘verdoperoxidase 绿过氧化物酶verification 证明验证vermes 蠕虫vermicide 蠕虫药vermicular 蠕虫状的vermiculate 蠕虫状的vermiculation 蠕动vermicule 动合子vermiform 蠕虫状的vermiform appendix 阑尾vermiform process 阑尾vernalization 春化酌vernalization stage 春化阶段vernation 幼叶卷叠式veronal 佛罗那verruca 疣状突起versatility 多能性vertebra 椎骨vertebral arch 椎弓vertebral column 脊柱vertebral foramen 椎孔vertebrates 脊椎动物vertex 头顶vertical distribution 垂直分布vertical migration 垂直迁移vertical tube 垂直管verticil 轮生体verticillaster 轮状聚伞花序verticillation 轮生叶序vesical calculus 膀胱石vesical stone 膀胱石vesicle 泡囊vesicular transport 小胞输送vessel 导管vestibular gland 前庭腺vestibule 前庭vestibulum 前庭vestige 痕迹瀑vestigial character 痕迹性状vestigial organ 痕迹瀑vetch 野豌豆veterinary inspection 兽医学检验veterinary medicine 兽医学vexillum 旗瓣viability 生活力viability of seeds 种子生活力viable 有生活力的vibraculum 振鞭体vibration 振动vibrational spectrum 振动光谱vibrio 弧菌vicariad 代替种vicariant 代替种vicarious species 代替种vicarism 替代性vicinism 偶发杂交vicinist 自然杂种vignin 豇豇豆球朊villus 绒毛vincristine 长春新碱vinculum 系带vine 蔓vinegar fly 果蝇viper 蝮蛇viral genetics 病毒遗传学viral genome 病毒基因组viral interference 病毒干涉viral multiplication cycle 病毒增殖环viral protein 病毒蛋白virescence 变绿色virgin forest 原生林virgin generation 无精生殖virgin land 处女地virilism 男性化virion 病毒粒子virogene 病毒基因viroid 类病毒virology 病毒学viroplast 病毒质体virosis 病毒病virulence 毒性virulency 毒性virulent mutant 毒性突变体virulent phage 毒性噬菌体virus 病毒virus culture 病毒培养virus disease 病毒病virus particle 病毒粒子virus replication 病毒复制virus strain 病毒株virus vector 病毒载体viscera 脏visceral arch 脏弓visceral inversion 脏倒位visceral mesoderm 脏壁层visceral pericardium 心外膜visceral sac 脏囊visceral sense 内脏感觉viscerocranium 脏颅visceroskeleton 脏骨viscoelasticity 粘弹性viscometer 粘度计viscose 黏胶viscosimeter 粘度计viscosity 粘性visibility 视距visibility curve 能见度曲线visible mutation 可见突变visible ray 可见光线visible spectrum 可见光谱vision 视觉visual acuity 视力visual angle 视角visual cell 视觉细胞visual cycle 视觉循环visual field 视野visual organ 视觉器visual pigment 视觉色素visual purple 视紫红visual rod 视杆visual sense 视觉vital capacity 肺活量vital force 生命力vital microscopy 生体组织检镜vital power 生命力vital reaction 活体反应vital staining 活体染色vitalism 生机论vitalistic theory 生机论vitality 活力vitamin 维生素vitamin a 维生素avitamin antagonist 维生素对抗体vitamin b complex 复合维生素 b vitamin b1 维生素b1vitamin b12 维生素b12 vitamin b2 硫胺素vitamin b23 钴胺素vitamin b3 核黄素vitamin b7 核黄素vitamin c 抗坏血酸vitamin contents 维生素含量vitamin deficiency 维生素缺乏vitamin e 抗不育维生素vitamin h 生物素vitamin k 叶绿醌vitamin needs 维生素需要vitamin requirements 维生素需要vitamine d3 骨化醇vitaminology 维生素学vitellarium 卵黄腺vitellin 卵黄磷蛋白vitelline area 卵黄区vitelline duct 卵黄管vitelline gland 卵黄腺vitelline membrane 卵黄膜vitelline vein 卵黄静脉vitellogenesis 卵黄形成vitellus 卵黄vitreous body 玻璃状体vitreous humor 玻璃体液vitreum 玻璃状体viviparity 胎生viviparous animal 胎生动物viviparous plant 胎生植物viviparous seeds 胎生种子vivisection 活体解剖vivotoxin 体内毒素vocal band 声带vocal cord 声带vocal sac 声囊vocalization 发声voice 声音volatile fatty acids 挥发脂肪酸volatile matter 挥发物volatile oil 香精油volatility 挥发性volatilization 挥发volcanic rock 火成岩volcanical ash 火山灰volcano 火山voltage sensor 电位感受器voltinism 化性volubilate plants 缠绕植物volume 体积volumetry 容积测定法voluntary movement 随意运动voluntary muscle 横纹肌voluntary nervous system 随意神经系volunteer cereals 自生谷类植物volutin 异染质volva 菌托vomer 犁骨vomero nasal organ 犁鼻器vomiting 呕吐vomiting center 呕吐中枢voriability 连续变异vortex stirrer 涡亮拌机vulva 阴门walking leg 步足wall 壁wall pressure 壁压walnut 胡桃wandering bird 漂鸟wandering cell 游走细胞wandering dune 移动沙丘wandering nucleus 游走核warburg's manometer 瓦氏呼吸器warm blooded animal 恒温动物warm spot 温点warm temperate zone 暖温带warming 加温warning call 警报信号warning colouration 警戒色warning signal 警报信号wart 疣状突起washing agent 去垢剂wastage 损耗waste 废物waste disposal 废物处理waste of energy 能量耗散waste water 污水wasteland 荒地water 水water absorption 吸水water balance 水分平衡water birds 水禽water conservation 水保护water culture 溶液培养water dispersal 水媒传布water erosion 水蚀酌water fowl 水鸟water gauge 水位计water holding capacity 持水量water hyacinth 风眼蓝water level 水面water lung 水肺water microorganisms 水生微生物water moulds 水生真菌类water parting 分水线water permeability coefficient 水渗透系数water pollination 水媒water pollution 水污染water pore 水孔water potential 水势water resources 水生资源water storage tissue 储水组织water stress 水应变water tissue 储水组织water vascular system 水管系waterfall 瀑布waterglass 水玻璃watering 灌溉watermelon 蜗waterplant 水生植物watershed 分水线waterway 运河watson crick model 华生克里克模型wattle 垂肉wave 波waved 波状的wavy 波状的wax 蜡wax gland 蜡腺wax producing 产蜡的waxgourd 冬瓜way 途径weak acid 弱酸weak base 弱碱weak electrolyte 弱电解质weak interaction 弱互酌wealth of species 种丰度weaning 断乳weanling 离乳动物weasel 鼠weather 天气weather chart 天气图weather map 天气图weather report 天气预报weather station 气象台weathering 风化web 蹼weber's law 韦伯氏定律weed 杂草weed community 杂草群落weed control 除草weed covering 杂草覆盖weed infestation 杂草侵扰weed suppression 杂草抑制weedkiller 除莠剂weight 重量weight percent 重量百分率weighted average 重量平均weismannism 魏司曼学说welsh onion 葱wet weight 湿重wettability 可湿性wetter 湿润剂wetting 湿润wetting agent 湿润剂whale 鲸whale bone 鲸须wheat 小麦wheat germ 小麦胚芽wheat germ agglutinin 小麦胚芽凝集素whey 乳清whey medium 乳清培养基whipworm 鞭虫white ants 白蚁类white blood cell 白细胞white flowered 白花的white frost 白霜white matter 白质white muscle 白色肌who 世界卫生与健康组织whole arm transfer 完全臂移位whole arm transposition 完全臂移位whole food 天然食品whole milk 完全乳whorl 轮生体wild ancestor 野生原种wild animal 野生动物wild boar 野猪wild flower 野花wild flower meadow 野花草地wild growing plant 野生植物wild hog 野猪wild pig 野猪wild plant 野生植物wild strain 野生株wild type 野生型wild type gene 野生型基因wild yeast 野生酵母willow 柳wilt 萎蔫wilting 萎蔫wilting coefficient 枯萎系数wilting point 萎蔫点wind 风wind break 防风林wind damage 风害wind dispersal 风播wind egg 不完全卵wind erosion 风蚀wind gauge 风力计wind pollinated 风媒的wind pollination 风媒winding 绕windpipe 气管wing 翼wing coupling apparatus 联翅器wing covert 廓羽wing muscle 翼肌wing mutation 翅突变wing quill 飞羽wing tap 翼羽标牌wing venation 翅脉序winged 有翼的winged fruit 翅果wingless 无翅的winkled frog 皱皮蛙winter 冬winter annual plant 冬性一年生植物winter bird 冬鸟winter bud 冬芽winter cultures 秋播罪winter dormancy 冬眠winter egg 休眠卵winter hardiness 耐寒性winter sleep 冬眠winter spore 冬胞子winter visitor 冬鸟wintering 越冬winterkilling 冻死withering 萎蔫wolf 狼wolffian body 沃耳夫氏体wolffian duct 中肾管womb 子宫wood 木材wood chemistry 木材化学wood destroying fungi 木腐菌类wood fiber 木纤维wood meadow 稀瘦原wood parenchyma 木薄壁组织wood preservative 木材防腐剂wood protection 森林保护wood rotting fungi 木腐菌类wood sugar 木糖wood tar 木焦油woodland area 林业区域woodpecker 啄木鸟woody perennials 枢woody plants 枢woody texture 木材纹理worker 职蚁worker ant 职蚁working curve 校准曲线working population 劳动人口world food programme 世界粮食计划world health organization 世界卫生与健康组织worm shaped 蠕虫状的wormer 驱虫剂wormlike 蠕虫状的worms 蠕虫wormwood 艾草wort 麦芽汁wound hormone 伤激素wound substance 创伤物质wren 鹪鹩wright effect 赖特氏效应wrinkled 缩成皱纹的wrist 腕wrist bone 腕骨x ray crystallography x 射线晶体分析法x ray microscope x 射线显微镜x rays 伦琴射线xantheine 花黄素xanthine 黄尿圜黄质xanthine oxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthophore 黄色素细胞xanthophyll 叶黄素xanthoprotein reaction 黄色蛋白反应xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xenia 种子直感xenobiology 外层空间生物学xenogamy 异株受精xenogenesis 异种移植xenograft 异种移植片xenoplastic induction 异种诱导xenoplastic transplantation 异种移植xenotropic virus 异向性病毒xerarch 在干旱地发展的xeric animal 旱生动物xerocole 旱生动物xeromorphism 旱生形态xeromorphy 旱生形态xerophilous plant 旱生植物xerophyte 旱生植物xerosere 旱生演替系列xeroserie 旱生演替系列xerotherm 干热植物xerothermic plant 干热植物xylan 木聚糖xylanase 木聚糖酶xylem 木质部xylem fiber 木纤维xylem parenchyma 木薄壁组织xylose 木糖xylotomy 木材解剖学xylulose 木酮糖year 年yearly fluctuation 年变化yeast 酵母yeast autolysate 酵母自溶产物yeast extract 酵母膏yeast nucleic acid 酵母核酸yellow body 黄体yellow crescent 黄新月区yellow enzyme 黄酶yellow macular 黄斑yellow ripeness 黄熟yellow spot 黄斑yellows 萎黄病yield 产量yield coefficient 收率yield per unit 单位面积产量yolk 卵黄yolk duct 卵黄管yolk gland 卵黄腺yolk granule 卵黄粒yolk nucleus 卵黄核yolk plug 卵黄栓yolk stalk 卵黄蒂young growth 后生young stage 幼年期young stand 幼林z line z 线z scheme 锯齿形图解zein 玉米醇蛋白zeolite 沸石zero order reaction 零级反应zero point mutation 零点突变zigzag scheme 锯齿形图解zinc 锌zoea 水蚤幼虫zoidiophilous flower 动物媒花zona pellucida 透螟zona radiata 放射带zonal centrifugation 区带离心分离zonal soil 成带土zonal vegetation 显域植被zonality 地层zonation 成带现象zone 带zone electrophoresis 区带电泳zone of vegetation 植被带zoobenthos 底栖动物zoobiology 动物生物学zoocenosis 动物群落zoochlorella 虫绿藻zoochores 动物传布植物zoochory 动物散布zooclimatology 动物气候学zoocytology 动物细胞学zoodynamics 动物动力学zooecium 虫室zooecology 动物生态学zooeconomics 动物经济学zoogamete 游动配子zoogenetics 动物遗传学zoogeny 动物发生学zoogeographic region 动物地理分布区zoogeography 动物地理学zooglea 菌胶团zooid 个虫zoolite 动物化石zoolith 动物化石zoological garden 动物园zoological park 动物园zoological taxonomy 动物分类学zoology 动物学zoomagnetism 动物磁性zoomorphology 动物形态学zoomorphosis 动物诱起变态zoonosis 动物病zooparasite 动物寄生虫zoopathology 动物病理学zoophage 食肉动物zoophagous animal 食肉动物zoophagy 食肉性zoophilous plant 动物媒植物zoophysiology 动物生理学zoophyte 植虫类zoophytes 植虫类zoophytology 植虫类学zooplankton 浮游动物zoopsychology 动物心理学zoosporangium 游动孢子囊zoospore 游动孢子zoostatistics 动物统计学zoosterol 动物甾醇zoostratigraphy 动物地层学zootomy 动物解剖zootoxin 动物毒素zooxanthella 虫黄藻zwischenferment 间酶zygapophysis 关节突zygogamy 接合生殖zygoma 颧弓zygomatic arch 颧弓zygomatic bone 颧骨zygomorphic 两侧对称的zygomorphic flower 左右对称花zygomorphous 两侧对称的zygomycetes 接合菌类zygomycota 接合菌类zygonema 接合丝zygonema stage 偶线期zygophore 接合子梗zygosis 接合zygosome 接合染色体zygosperm 接合孢子zygospore 接合孢子zygote 接合子zygote nucleus 接合子核zygotene stage 偶线期zygotic induction 接合子诱导zygotic lethality 合子致死zygotic sterility 二倍体不育zygotonucleus 合子核zymase 酿酶zymogen 酶原zymogenic granules 酶原粒zymohexase 醛缩酶。

生物化学英文专业词汇

生物化学英文专业词汇

生物化学词汇A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体(不同于B染色体)]A site [核糖体]A部位ABA 脱落酸abasic site 脱碱基位点,无碱基位点abaxial 远轴的abequose 阿比可糖,beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing 异常剪接aberration 象差;畸变;失常abiogenesis 自然发生论,无生源论ablastin 抑殖素(抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体)abnormal distrbution 非正态分布abnormality 异常,失常;畸形,畸变ABO blood group system ABO血型系统aboriginal mouse 原生鼠abortin 流产素abortion 流产,败育abortive egg 败育卵abortive infection 流产(性)感染abortive transduction 流产(性)转导ABP 肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin 相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid 脱落酸abscission 脱落absolute 绝对的absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute counting 绝对测量absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute error 绝对误差absorbance 吸收,吸光度absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbent 吸收剂absorptiometer 吸光计absorptiometry 吸光测定法absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收谱带absorption cell 吸收池absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱;吸收谱absorptive endocytosis 吸收(型)胞吞(作用)absorptive pinocytosis 吸收(型)胞饮(作用)absorptivity 吸光系数;吸收性abundance 丰度abundant 丰富的,高丰度的abundant mRNAs 高丰度mRNA abzyme 抗体酶acaricidin 杀螨剂accedent variation 偶然变异accelerated flow method 加速流动法accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor 接纳体,(接)受体acceptor site 接纳位点,接受位点acceptor splicing site 剪接受体acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎accessible 可及的accessible promoter 可及启动子accessible surface 可及表面accessory 零件,附件;辅助的accessory cell 佐细胞accessory chromosome 副染色体accessory factor 辅助因子accessory nucleus 副核accessory pigment 辅助色素accessory protein 辅助蛋白(质)accommodation 顺应accumulation 积累,累积accuracy 准确度acenaphthene 二氢苊acene 并苯acentric 无着丝粒的acentric fragment 无着丝粒断片acentric ring 无着丝粒环acetal 缩醛acetaldehyde 乙醛acetalresin 缩醛树脂acetamidase 乙酰胺酶acetamide 乙酰胺acetate 乙酸盐acetic acid 乙酸,醋酸acetic acid bacteria 乙酸菌,醋酸菌acetic anhydride 乙酸酐acetification 乙酸化作用,醋化作用acetin 乙酸甘油酯,三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid 乙酰乙酸Acetobacter 醋杆菌属acetogen 产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria 产乙酸菌acetome body 酮体acetome powder 丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物] acetomitrile 乙腈acetone 丙酮acetyl 乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist 乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor 乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene 乙炔acetylene reduction test 乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetylglutamate synthetase 乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate 乙酰水杨酸;乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin 乙酰螺旋霉素AchE 乙酰胆碱酯酶achiral 非手性的acholeplasma 无胆甾原体AchR 乙酰胆碱受体achromatic 消色的;消色差的achromatic color 无色achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatin 非染色质acid catalysis 酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor 酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin 酸性品红acid glycoprotein 酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein 酸水解酪蛋白acid medium 酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶acid protease 酸性蛋白酶acid solvent 酸性溶剂acidic 酸性的acidic amino acid 酸性氨基酸acidic protein 酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白acidification 酸化(作用)acidifying 酸化(作用)acidolysis 酸解acidophilia 嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌acidophilous milk 酸奶aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素acoelomata 无体腔动物acomitic acid 乌头酸aconitase 顺乌头酸酶aconitate 乌头酸;乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine 乌头碱aconitum alkaloid 乌头属生物碱ACP 酰基载体蛋白acquired character 获得性状acquired immunity 获得性免疫acridine 吖啶acridine alkaloid 吖啶(类)生物碱acridine dye 吖啶燃料acridine orange 吖啶橙acridine yellow 吖啶黄acriflavine 吖啶黄素acroblast 原顶体acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝染色体acrolein 丙烯醛acrolein polymer 丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin 丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation 向顶运输acrosin 顶体蛋白acrosomal protease 顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction 顶体反应acrosome 顶体acrosome reaction 顶体反应acrosomic granule 原顶体acrosyndesis 端部联会acrylamide 丙烯酰胺acrylate 丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid 丙烯酸acrylic polymer 丙烯酸(酯)类聚合物acrylic resin 丙烯酸(酯)类树脂acrylketone 丙烯酮acrylonitrile 丙烯腈actidione 放线(菌)酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin 肌动蛋白actin filament 肌动蛋白丝actinin 辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种,beta蛋白即加帽蛋白]actinmicrofilament 肌动蛋白微丝actinometer 化学光度计actinomorphy 辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycin D 放线菌素Dactinospectacin 放线壮观素,壮观霉素,奇霉素action 作用action current 动作电流action potential 动作电位action spectrum 动作光谱activated sludge 活性污泥activated support 活化支持体activating group 活化基团activating transcription factor 转录激活因子activation 激活;活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activator 激活物,激活剂,激活蛋白activator protein 激活蛋白active absorption 主动吸收active biomass 活生物质active carbon 活性碳active center 活性中心active chromatin 活性染色质active dry yeast 活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid 氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen 活性氢active immunity 主动免疫active oxygen 活性氧active site 活性部位,活性中心active transport 主动转运active uptake 主动吸收activin 活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity 活性,活度,(放射性)活度actomyosin 肌动球蛋白actophorin 载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute 急性的acute infection 急性感染acute phase 急性期acute phase protein 急性期蛋白,急相蛋白acute phase reaction 急性期反应,急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactive protein 急性期反应蛋白,急相反应蛋白acute phase response 急性期反应,急相反应acute toxicity 急性毒性ACV 无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide 无环核苷酸acycloguanosine 无环鸟苷,9-(2-羟乙氧甲基)鸟嘌呤acyclovir 无环鸟苷acyl 酰基acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白acyl cation 酰(基)正离子acyl chloride 酰氯acyl CoA 脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A 脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride 酰氟acyl halide 酰卤acylamino acid 酰基氨基酸acylase 酰基转移酶acylating agent 酰化剂acylation 酰化acylazide 酰叠氮acylbromide 酰溴acyloin 偶姻acyltransferase 酰基转移酶adamantanamine 金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane 金刚烷adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adapter 衔接头;衔接子adapter protein 衔接蛋白质adaptin 衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior 适应性行为adaptive enzyme 适应酶adaptive molecule 衔接分子adaptive response 适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor 衔接头;衔接子adaxial 近轴的addition 加成addition compound 加成化合物addition haploid 附加单倍体addition line 附加系additive 添加物,添加剂additive effect 加性效应additive genetic variance 加性遗传方差additive recombination 插入重组,加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组] addressin 地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体,与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin 内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白,可与钙调蛋白结合]adduct 加合物,加成化合物adduct ion 加合离子adenine 腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside 啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma 腺瘤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷,腺苷adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate 腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate 腺苷(一磷)酸adenosine phosphosulfate 腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase 腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenovirus 腺病毒adenylate 腺苷酸;腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge 腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid 腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation 腺苷酰化adherence 粘着,粘附,粘连;贴壁adherent cell 贴壁细胞;粘着(性)细胞,粘附(性)细胞adherent culture 贴壁培养adhering junction 粘着连接adhesin 粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion 吸附,结合,粘合;粘着,粘附,粘连adhesion factor 粘着因子,粘附因子adhesion molecule 粘着分子,粘附分子adhesion plaque 粘着斑adhesion protein 粘着蛋白,吸附蛋白adhesion receptor 粘着受体adhesion zone 粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive 粘合剂,胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein 粘着糖蛋白adipic acid 己二酸,肥酸adipocyte 脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone 脂动激素[见于昆虫]adipose tissue 脂肪组织adjust [动]调节,调整;修正adjustable 可调的adjustable miropipettor 可调微量移液管adjustable spanner 活动扳手adjusted retention time 调整保留时间adjusted retention volume 调整保留体积adjuvant 佐剂adjuvant cytokine 佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide 佐剂肽adjuvanticity 佐剂(活)性adoptive immunity 过继免疫adoptive transfer 过继转移ADP ribosylation ADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factor ADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferase ADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline 肾上腺素adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter 肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin 肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin 阿霉素,亚德里亚霉素adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption catalysis 吸附催化adsorption center 吸附中心adsorption chromatography 吸附层析adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isobar 吸附等压线adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption layer 吸附层adsorption potential 吸附电势adsorption precipitation 吸附沉淀adsorption quantity 吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus 成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation 高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终产物adventitious 不定的,无定形的adverse effect 反效果,副作用aecidiospore 锈孢子,春孢子aeciospore 锈孢子,春孢子aequorin 水母蛋白,水母素aeration 通气aerator 加气仪,加气装置aerial mycelium 气生菌丝体aerobe 需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁殖的细菌] aerobic 需氧的aerobic bacteria 需氧(细)菌aerobic cultivation 需氧培养aerobic glycolysis 有氧酵解aerobic metabolism 有氧代谢aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment 需氧废物处理aerobiosis 需氧生活aerogel 气凝胶aerogen 产气菌aerolysin 气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas 气单胞菌属aerosol 气溶胶aerosol gene delivery 气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization 气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis 趋氧性[(细胞)随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动]aerotolerant bacteria 耐氧菌[不受氧毒害的厌氧菌]aerotropism 向氧性aesculin 七叶苷,七叶灵aetiology 病原学afferent nerve 传入神经affinity 亲和,亲和性affinity adsorbent 亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography 亲和层析affinity coelectrophoresis 亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白]affinity column 亲和柱affinity coupling 亲和偶联affinity electron microscopy 亲和电镜(术)[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction 亲和提取,亲和萃取affinity filtration 亲和过滤affinity labeling 亲和标记affinity ligand 亲和配体affinity maturation 亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育]affinity partitioning 亲和分配affinity precipitation 亲和沉淀affinity purification 亲和纯化(法)affinity tag (附加)亲和标记物aflatoxin 黄曲酶毒素agar 琼脂agar diffusion test 琼脂扩散试验agar gel 琼脂胶agar plate 琼脂平板agar slant 琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的,装有固体培养基的一种试管培养基;也指斜面培养基上生长出的菌苔]agarase 琼脂糖酶agarfitine 伞菌氨酸agaricin 蘑菇素agaricinic acid 蘑菇酸agaropectin 琼脂胶agarose 琼脂糖agarose gel 琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis 琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate 琼脂糖平板age pigment 老年色素agent 剂;介质agglutination 凝集(作用)agglutinin 凝集素agglutinogen 凝集原aggrecan 聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate 聚集体;凝聚体aggregation 聚集(作用)aggressin 攻击素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity 攻击力aging 衰老,老化,陈化agitation 振荡,振摇,搅拌agitator 振荡器,搅拌器aglycone 苷元,糖苷配基agonist 兴奋剂,激动剂,刺激物;竞争剂;拮抗剂agranulocyte 无粒细胞agravitropism 无向重力性agretope [抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类主要组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol 农产品(制)酒精agricultural waste 农业废物,农业垃圾agrin 集聚蛋白,集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin 农杆菌素,土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium 农杆菌属,土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes 毛根农杆菌,毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems 根癌农杆菌,根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical 农用化学品[如除草剂,杀虫剂等]agrocin 农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素(不是蛋白质)] agrocinopine 农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection 农杆菌感染(法)agropine 农杆氨酸,农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid 农杆鸟氨酸,鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble 气泡air drying 风干air filter 空气滤器air monitering 空气监测air peak 空气峰,气泡峰air sterilization 空气除菌airflow 气流airflow meter 气流计airflow moniter 气流显示器,气流监控仪airlift bioreactor 气升式生物反应器airlift fermentation 气升式发酵airlift fermentor 气升式发酵罐airlock 气锁akaryote 无核细胞akinetic chromosome 无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment 无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion 无着丝粒倒位alamethicin 丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽,富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine 丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸转氨酶alarm 警报器,定时钟albinism 白化病albizziin 合欢氨酸,脲基丙氨酸albumin 白蛋白,清蛋白alcohol 醇;乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase 醇脱氢酶;乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation 生醇发酵aldehyde 醛;乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase 醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase 醛氧化酶aldimine 醛亚胺alditol 糖醛aldol 羟醛aldol condensation 羟醛缩合aldolase 醛缩酶aldonic acid 醛糖酸aldose 醛糖aldosterome 醛固醇alduronic acid 糖醛酸aleurome 糊粉aleurome grain 糊粉粒aleurome layer 糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus 苜蓿花叶病毒alga 藻类(单)algae 藻类algicide 杀藻剂algin 藻胶alginate 藻酸盐alginic acid 藻酸algocyan 藻蓝素algorithm 算法,公式alicyclic amine 脂肪胺alicyclic compound 脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon 脂环烃alignment 顺序;排列;[序列]对比alimentary canal 消化管aliphatic 脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid 脂(肪)族胺(类)生物碱aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物aliquot 小份,等份,等分部分alizarin 茜素alkali 碱,强碱alkali metal 碱金属alkaline 碱的,强碱的alkaline amino acid 碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation 碱变性法alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis 碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis 碱水解(作用)alkaline lysis 碱裂解(法)alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein 碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve 碱储备[如血液中的碳酸氢钠]alkalization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkane 烷alkene 烯alkyl 烷基alkylating agent 烷化剂alkylation 烷(基)化alkyne 炔all or none 全或无all or nothing 全或无all transconfiguration 全反构型allantoic acid 尿囊酸allantoin 尿囊素allatostatin 咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌]allatotropin 促咽侧体素[促进保幼激素的分泌]allele 等位基因allele linkage analysis 等位基因连锁反应allelic complement 等位(基因)互补allelic diversity 等位(基因)多样化allelic exclusion 等位(基因)排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象,有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation 等位(基因)失活allelic inclusion 等位(基因)相容allelic replacement 等位(基因)置换allelic variation 等位(基因)变异allelism 等位性allelomorph 等位基因allelomorphism 等位性allelopathic substance 异柱克生物质,异种克生物质allelopathy 异柱克生(现象),异种克生(现象)allergen 变应原allergic 变应性的allergic disease 变应性疾病allergy 变态反应alloantibody 同种抗体alloantigen 同种抗原allodiploid 异源二倍体allodiploidy 异源二倍性allodiplomonosome 异源二倍单体allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原,同种异体抗原allograft 同种异体移植allograft rejection 同种异体移植排斥allogroup 同种异型组allohaploid 异源单倍体alloheteroploid 异源异倍体allophycocyanin 别藻蓝蛋白,别藻蓝素alloploid 异源倍体alloploidy 异源倍性allopolyhaploid 异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid 异源多倍体allopurinol 别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide 别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity 同种异体反应性allorecognition 同种(异体)识别allose 阿洛糖allosome 异染色体allosteric activation 别构激活,别构活化allosteric activator 别构激活剂,别构活化剂allosteric control 别构调节allosteric effect 别构效应allosteric effector 别构剂allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric inbibition 别构抑制allosteric inbibitor 别构抑制剂allosteric interaction 别构作用allosteric ligand 别构配体allosteric protein 别构蛋白allosteric regulation 别构调节allosteric site 别构部位allosteric transition 别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋白质构象变化] allosterism 别构,变构allostery 别构性allosynapsis 异源联会allotope 同种异型位allotrope 同素异形体allotrtraploid 异源四倍体allotype 同种异型allotypic antigen 同种异型抗原allotypic determinant 同种异型决定簇allotypic marker 同种异型标记allotypy 同种异型性alloxan 四氧嘧啶allozyme 同种异型酶allyl 烯丙基allyl resin 烯丙基树脂allysine 醛(基)赖氨酸alphavirus 甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation 相间分离alternating copolymer 交替共聚物alternating copolymerization 交替共聚合alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 另一种的,交替的,备择的alternative complement pathway 补体旁路alternative pathway of complement 补体旁路(途径)alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing 可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing 可变RNA剪接,旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing 可变剪接,旁路剪接alternative splicing factor 可变剪接因子alternative transcription 可变转录alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA 可变剪接的mRNAaltrose 阿卓糖Alu family Alu家族alum 矾,明矾aluminia 氧化铝,矾土alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质alytensin 产婆蟾(紧张)肽Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病,老年性痴呆amaerobic 厌氧的amalgam 汞齐amalgam electrode 汞齐电极amanin 鹅膏素amanitine 鹅膏毒环肽amantadine 金刚胺amanullin 鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid 石蒜科生物碱amastatin 氨肽酶抑制剂,抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin 鹅膏毒素amber codon 琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant 琥珀突变体,琥珀突变型amber mutation 琥珀突变amber suppression 琥珀抑制amber suppressor 琥珀(突变)抑制基因,琥珀(突变)抑制因子Amberlite resin [商]Amberlite树脂,琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子交换树脂的商品名]ambident 两可的ambident ion 两可离子ambient 周围的ambient temperature 环境温度,室温ambiguous codon 多义密码子ambisense 双义ambisense genome 双义基因组ambisense RNA 双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper 双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体]ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素amensalism 偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection 美国模式培养物保藏所amerol 杀草强,氨基三唑Ames test 埃姆斯试验amethopterin 氨甲蝶呤amicetin 友菌素amicillin resistance 氨苄青霉素抗性amidase 酰胺酶amidated peptide 酰胺(化)肽amide 酰胺amidine 脒amido black 酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond 酰胺键amido link 酰胺键amido linkage 酰胺键amidomycin 胺霉素amidotrizoate 3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride 氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination 氨基化amine 胺amine bormones 胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system 胺前体摄取(和)脱羧系统,APUD 系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter 胺转运蛋白Aminex resin [商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子交换树脂的商品名,一类HPLC级球形介质,是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino 氨基amino acid arm 氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency 氨基酸(使用)频率amino acid preference 氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue 氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact 氨基酸残基接触(面)amino acid transport 氨基酸转运amino acid transporter 氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage 氨基酸使用amino alkyl indole 氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite 氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen 氨基氮aminoacyl 氨酰基aminoacyl esterase 氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol 氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site 氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA 氨酰tRNAaminoacylation 氨酰化aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid 氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl 氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan 氨乙基硫醇,巯基乙胺aminoglucose 氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics 氨基糖苷(类)抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase 氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine 氨基胍aminolink 氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端,便于与其他配体偶联]aminolysis 氨解aminomycin 氨基霉素,缬氨霉素aminooimidazole 氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid 氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase 氨肽酶aminophylline 氨茶碱aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopurine 氨基嘌呤aminotransferase 氨基转移酶,转氨酶aminotriazole 氨基三唑,杀草强amiodarone 乙胺碘呋酮amitosis 无丝分裂amixis 无融合ammonia 氨ammonification 氨化(作用)ammonio 铵基ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵,氨水ammonium persulfate 过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation 硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation 硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism 排氨型代谢amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺(术)amnion 羊膜amniota 羊膜动物amoeba 变形虫,阿米巴amoeboid movement 变形运动amorphous material 无定形物,非晶态amphi position 远位amphiastral mitosis 双星有丝分裂amphibia 两栖纲amphibivalent 双二价体amphibolic pathway 两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成] amphidiploid 双二倍体amphidiploidy 双二倍性amphigenesis 两性生殖amphiglycan 双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞] amphihaploidy 双倍体amphimixix 两性融合amphion 两性离子amphipathic 两亲的amphipathicity 两亲性amphipathy 两亲性amphiphilic 两亲的amphiphilicity 两亲性[一个分子中一部分亲水,另一部分疏水] amphipolyploid 双多倍体amphipolyploidy 双多倍性amphiprotic 两性的amphiregulin 双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调节蛋白]amphitrophy 兼性营养amphivalency 异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine [商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品,可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte 两性物,两性电解质ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric character 兼性性质amphoteric characteristics 兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid 兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier 兼性乳化剂,两性乳化剂amphoteric ion 兼性离子amphotericin 两性霉素amphoterics 兼性表面活性剂amphotropic retrovirus 兼嗜性逆转录病毒,双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引起产毒性感染]ampicillin 氨苄青霉素amplicon 扩增子amplification 扩增amplimer 扩增引物ampoule 安瓿瓶amycin 阿霉素amygdalin 扁桃苷,苦杏仁苷amylase 淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin 糊精amylo process 阿明露法,淀粉发酵法,霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化,发酵生产酒精]amylodextrin 极限糊精amyloglucosidase 淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor 淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring 淀粉质环amylolytic activity 淀粉分解活性amylopectin 支链淀粉amyloplast 造粉(质)体amyloplastid 造粉粒amylose 直链淀粉anabolism 合成代谢anaerobe 厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶,须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁殖的微生物]anaerobic bacteria 厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养室anaerobic contact digestor 厌氧接触(型)消化器anaerobic cultivation 厌氧培养anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation 厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system 厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor 厌氧膜生物反应器anaerobiosis 厌氧生活,无氧生活anaerogen 不产气菌anaeroic digestor 厌氧消化器analgesic 止痛药analgesis 镇痛analog 类似物analogous 类似的,模拟的analogous organ 同功器官analogous protein 类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白] analogue 类似物analogy 模拟,类似analogy model 模拟模型analyte 分析物analytical 分析的analytical chromatography 分析型层析analytical column 分析柱analytical reagent 分析纯试剂anaphase [细胞分裂]后期anaphylactic 过敏性的anaphylactic reaction 过敏反应anaphylatoxin 过敏毒素anaphylaxis 过敏性,过敏(反应)anaplerotic reaction 添补反应anastral mitosis 无星有丝分裂ancestor 祖先,始祖ancestry 祖先,始祖anchimeric assistance 邻助作用anchor 锚anchor catalyst 锚定催化剂anchor primer 锚定引物anchorage 固着,锚定anchored PCR 锚式聚合酶链(式)反应,锚式PCRanchorin 锚定蛋白anchoring 锚着,锚定ancovenin 血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte 雄(母)细胞androecium 雄蕊群androgamete 雄配子androgen 雄激素androgen binding protein 雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis 孤雄发育,单雄生殖,雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis 产雄孤雌生殖androgonium 雄原细胞androgynism 雌雄同柱,雌雄同体andromedotoxin 梫木毒素andrometoxin 雄核卵块发育androplasm 雄质androsome 限雄染色体androspore 产雄孢子;小孢子androsterone 雄酮anemia 贫血anemoentomophily 风虫媒anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophilous pollination 风媒传粉anemophily 风媒anergy 无反应性[用于细胞免疫学] anesthesia 麻醉aneucentric chromosome 非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid 非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy 非整倍单倍性aneuploid 非整倍性aneuploid cell line 非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy 非整倍性angiogenesis factor 血管生成因子angiogenin 血管生成素angioplasty 血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm 被子植物angiotensin 血管紧张肽angiotensinase 血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen 血管紧张肽原angle rotor 角转头angstrom 埃anguidin 蛇形毒素angular methyl 角甲基anhydrase 脱水酶anhydride 酸酐anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acetonitrile 无水乙腈aniline 苯胺aniline blue 苯胺蓝animal cell line 动物细胞系anion 阴离子anion base 阴离子碱anion channel 阴离子通道anion respiration 阴离子呼吸anionic acid 阴离子酸anionic detergent 阴离子(型)去污剂anisodamine 山莨菪anisodine 樟柳碱anisogamete 异型配子anisogamy 异配生殖anisol 苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA 异形DNAanisomycin 茴香霉素anisopolyploid 奇(数)多倍体anisospore 异形孢子anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropic membrane 各向异性膜anisotropy 各向异性[物理参数随方向的变化而变化]anitbacterial immunization 抗(细)菌免疫ankyrin 锚蛋白ankyrin repeat 锚蛋白重复序列anlage 原基annealing 退火Annelita 环节动物门annexin 膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白,参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依赖于钙调蛋白的活动,分为I II III等多种。

四硫富瓦烯扩展杂环衍生物电荷传输性质的理论解读

四硫富瓦烯扩展杂环衍生物电荷传输性质的理论解读

四硫富瓦烯扩展杂环衍生物电荷传输性质的理论四硫富瓦烯(TTF)及其衍生物具有优良的给电子能力,在过去的几十年中,对TTF及其衍生物的研究取得了巨大的成就。

由于此类化合物具有特殊的光物理、电子和自组装性质,在超导材料,非线性光学材料和有机场效应晶体管等研究领域显示出诱人的应用前景。

本工作对一系列有机杂环扩展TTF衍生物的电子结构和电荷传输性质进行了理论研究。

1.应用密度泛函理论B3LYP泛函在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上计算了系列顺反呋喃、吡咯和噻吩五员杂环扩展四硫富瓦烯衍生物(AFT、APT和ATT)以及系列氟取代扩展噻吩衍生物(A2FT、S2FT及4FT)轨道能级、重组能和转移积分。

在此基础上,进一步计算二聚体的迁移率并讨论不同的取代位置和堆积方式对电荷传输性质的影响。

计算结果表明:(1)取代基类型、氟原子数目和取代方式对体系几何结构产生影响很小。

(2)五员杂环体系中吡咯并TTF的能隙最低,HOMO能级最高。

氟化对噻吩并TTF的能隙影响很小,随氟原子数目增加,HOMO,LUMO能级降低,HOMO能级降低更显著。

(3)顺反异构对重组能没有影响,五员环中APT的空穴重组能最小;4FT空穴重组能最大,随氟原子增加电子重组能降低。

(4)两片分子正对时最有利于电荷传输。

2.应用密度泛函理论B3LYP泛函在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上计算了吡啶、吡嗪、四嗪并TTF衍生物重组能和转移积分,讨论不同堆积方式对电荷传输性质的影响。

计算结果表明:(1)六员杂环的引入对TTF骨架几何结构影响较小。

(2)随氮原子数增加HOMO、LUMO能级降低,TZT的最低。

(3)重组能计算结果表明,体系的空穴传输能力与电子传输能力相当,吡啶衍生物体系倾向于电子传输,吡嗪及四嗪体系倾向于空穴传输。

(4)二聚体在正对时最有利于电荷传输。

通过化学修饰手段调整体系的HOMO、LUMO能级以及改变体系堆积型式等晶体工程进而改善体系的电荷迁移率,对于设计和提高有机场效应晶体管性能的实验研究是非常有益的。

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IntroductionHigh blood fatty acids (FAs) are a common feature of insulin-resistant states (1), and raising the level of plasma FAs can induce acute insulin resistance (2). Plasma FAs and insulin sensitivity are negatively cor-related (2), and an even stronger negative correlation can be documented with intramuscular triglycerides (TGs) (3, 4). Randle et al. (5) originally stated that excessive muscle FA oxidation induced insulin resist-ance by inhibiting glucose oxidation. The mechanism proposed (6) involved inactivation of pyruvate dehy-drogenase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase. However, recent measurements of muscle concentra-tions of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate using non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that the negative FA effect on glucose uti-lization may be exerted primarily at the level of mem-brane transport (7). In addition, the reduction in intracellular glucose utilization associated with transport inhibition appears to mostly reflect a decrease in glucose conversion to glycogen rather than in glucose oxidation (8).A valuable model for the study of the effects of alteration in FA utilization on insulin responsiveness is the recently generated CD36-deficient mouse (9). CD36, also known as fatty acid translocase (FAT)(10), is a multispecific, integral membrane glycopro-tein (11, 12) that has been identified as a facilitator of FA uptake. Its function in binding and transport of FA was documented in vitro by affinity labeling with FA derivatives and by cell transfection studies (13). Generation of mice deficient in or overexpress-ing CD36 established the physiological role of the protein. The CD36-deficient mouse (9, 14) exhibits greater than a 60% decrease of FA uptake and utiliza-tion by heart, oxidative skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. In contrast, mice with muscle CD36 over-expression (15) have enhanced FA oxidation in response to contraction, documenting the rate-lim-iting role of the transport step.CD36 deficiency has been genetically linked to insulin resistance in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a rodent model of human metabolic syndrome X (16, 17). Supplementing the diet with short- and medium-chain FA, which would not require CD36-facilitated transport, improves SHR hyperinsulinemia and myocardial hypertrophy (18).In contrast to the findings in the SHR, early data in the CD36-null mouse documented fasting hypo-glycemia (9), while muscle CD36 overexpression was associated with hyperglycemia and hyperinsulin-emia (15). In humans, although incidence of CD36Defective fatty acid uptake modulates insulin responsiveness and metabolic responses to dietin CD36-null miceTahar Hajri,1Xiao Xia Han,2Arend Bonen,2 and Nada A. Abumrad11Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA2Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaAddress correspondence to: Nada Abumrad, Department of Physiology and Biophysics,State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA.Phone: (631) 444-3489; Fax: (631) 444-3432; E-mail: nadaa@.Received for publication November 9, 2001, and accepted in revised form April 12, 2002.Deficiency of the membrane protein FAT/CD36 causes a marked defect in fatty acid uptake by vari-ous tissues and is genetically linked to insulin resistance in rats and humans. Here, we examined insulin responsiveness of CD36–/–mice. When fed a diet high in complex carbohydrates and low (5%) in fat, these animals cleared glucose faster than the wild-type. In vivo, uptake of 2-fluorodeoxyglucose by muscle was increased severalfold, and in vitro, insulin responsiveness of glycogenesis by the soleus was enhanced. Null mice had lower glycogen levels in muscle and liver, lower muscle triglyceride lev-els, and increased liver triglyceride content—all findings consistent with increased insulin-sensitivi-ty. However, when the chow diet was switched to one high in fructose,CD36–/–mice but not wild-type mice developed marked glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and decreased muscle glucose uptake.High-fat diets impaired glucose tolerance equally in both groups, although CD36 deficiency helped moderate insulin-responsive muscle glucose oxidation. In conclusion, CD36 deficiency enhances insulin responsiveness on a high-starch, low-fat diet. It predisposes to insulin resistance induced by high fructose and partially protects from that induced by high-fat diets. In humans, CD36 deficien-cy may be an important factor in the metabolic adaptation to diet and in susceptibility to some forms of diet-induced pathology.J. Clin. Invest.109:1381–1389 (2002). doi:10.1172/JCI200214596.deficiency (19) is highest (6–18.5%) in subpopula-tions with a high prevalence of diabetes type 2, such as African-Americans (20) and Africans (21), prelim-inary findings yielded divergent conclusions regard-ing a possible link with insulin resistance (22, 23). We speculated that the variable results may reflect an effect of environmental conditions, and especially dietary ones. In this respect, it is worth noting that most studies of insulin resistance in the CD36-defi-cient SHR reported using a high-fructose diet (17, 24). This interpretation would also be in line with the evidence that manifestation of insulin resistance in humans reflects both genetic and dietary influences (25). So we examined the CD36-null mouse for insulin responsiveness and susceptibility to diet-induced insulin resistance. The CD36-null mouse is genetically simpler than the SHR and may provide a better model for the CD36-deficient human. The defect in myocardial FA uptake, consequent to CD36 deficiency, measured in vivo, is similar and approxi-mates 70% in both mice (14) and humans (26), while it is smaller (25%) in the SHR (18).MethodsAnimals. CD36-null mice and wild-type (WT) control littermates of identical genetic background (93.75% C57BL/6 and 6.25% 129SvJ) (9, 14) were housed in a facility equipped with a 12-hour light cycle and were fed ad libitum a standard chow diet(diet no. 5001; Purina Mills Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), a fructose-rich diet (diet no. 00202; Harlan Teklad, Madison, Wis-consin, USA), or a high-fat diet (diet no. 99012501; Research Diets Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA). The chow diet contained 50% per weight complex car-bohydrate, 22% protein, and 6.5% fat mostly as polyun-saturated FAs. The fructose diet (24) consisted of 60% fructose, 20% protein, and 7% fat as soybean oil. The high-fat diet (27) contained 18.2% sucrose, 33% casein, and 32% safflower oil. Mice were fed safflower and fruc-tose diets for 16 and 12 weeks, respectively, in line with the length of time required to induce insulin resistance, as reported in previous studies(24, 27).Age- and sex-matched littermates were used for the studies at 14–18 weeks when weights ranged from 20to 24 g for females and 28 to 35 g for males. All stud-ies were in compliance with the guidelines of the insti-tutional animal care committee.Analysis of plasma parameters. Tail-vein blood (about 200 µl) was collected from fasted (16 hours) mice into heparin or EDTA-containing (FA determination) tubes. Plasma FFA was measured using a kit from Wako Chemicals USA Inc. (Richmond, Virginia, USA), TGs and glucose with kits from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA), and insulin with an RIA kit from Linco Research Inc. (St. Charles, Missouri, USA).Glucose tolerance test. Mice fasted for 16 hours were injected intraperitoneally with a 25% glucose solution (1.5 g/kg). Blood (5–10 µl) was collected from the tail prior to and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min-utes after injection. Glucose was measured using a Pre-cision Q.I.D. monitoring system (MediSense; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA). A similar pro-tocol was used for measuring the response of plasma insulin to the glucose load except that blood (100 µl) was collected at 0, 30, and 60 minutes after injection for insulin and glucose determination.Uptake and ti ssue di stri buti on of fluorodeoxyglucose. Fasted mice were injected in a lateral tail vein with 100 µl of fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-2-FDG)in saline (about 5 µCi, half-life of 110 minutes). For deter-mining decay of blood FDG–specific activity, blood samples (25 µl) were collected and counted at the indicated times after FDG injection, and glucose con-centration was measured. The mice were killed after 2 hours, and the tissues were rapidly removed, rinsedFigure 1Response of blood glucose (a) and insulin (b) to a glucose load in CD36-null (CD36–/–) and WT mice fed a standard chow diet. Twelve-week-old mice fasted for 16 hours were given glucose (1.5 mg/g) intraperitoneally. (a) Blood glucose was measured before and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after glucose administration. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of the genotype (P< 0.05). The change of glucose response over time in each genotype (P< 0.05) and the interaction genotype ×glucose are also significant (P< 0.05). *Significant differences (t test) between CD36–/–and WT at each time point. P< 0.01 for 20–60 minutes and P< 0.05 for 120 minutes. Inset shows areas under the glucose tolerance curves (AUC) (P< 0.01). (b) Plasma insulin levels were determined before the glucose injection and at 30 and 60 min-utes after injection. *Insulin levels at 0 minutes are significantly lower in CD36–/–than in WT (P< 0.05). All data are means ±SEM with n= 12 (6 males and 6 females).with cold saline, and blotted dry. Tissues along with blood samples and an aliquot of the injected solution were counted in an NaI auto–gamma counter. To adjust for the difference in blood glucose betweenWT and CD36-null mice, specific activity of blood FDG at 2 minutes after injection was used as the 100% value (28, 29).Tissue FDG at the end of the experiment reflects total uptake, since phosphorylated FDG is trapped intracel-lularly and not metabolized further. Glucose uptake by each tissue was calculated by dividing tissue 18F-2-FDG counts by the calculated integral of blood specific activ-ity (SA) according to the equation:Equation 1where 18F-2-FDG = counts per g tissue at the end of the experiment (2 hours), and SA = counts/µg.Glycogen and TG content . Livers, hearts, and hind limbs were harvested from anesthetized mice, freeze-clamped in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –80°C for later analysis. Tissue glycogen was measured as glu-cose after hydrolysis with KOH (30%) and HCL (0.6 N)(30). TG content was determined enzymatically after lipid extraction (31) as previously described (32). Tis-sue protein was determined according to the method of Markwell et al. (33).Glycogenesis and glucose oxidation in incubated soleus mus-cle . Rates of glycogenesis in isolated muscles were determined as previously described (34). Extensor dig-itorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were removed intact from anesthetized mice and preincu-bated (30 minutes) in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4)containing glucose (8 mM)in the absence or presence of maximal stimulating concentrations of insulin (20mU/ml). Incubations were for 60 minutes in the same fresh buffer that now also contained [U 14C]-D -glucose (0.5 µCi per vial). At the end of the incubation, mus-cles were blotted dry, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –80°C until analyzed. Glycogen was precipi-tated using standard procedures (34). Rate of glycogen synthesis from D -glucose was determined from the 14Ccontent of the glycogen pool. Glucose oxidation was monitored from the 14CO 2produced. This was determined by transferring a 0.5-ml aliquot of incu-bation buffer to a sealed glass vial andacidifying the buffer with 1M H2SO 4.Liberated 14CO 2was captured by a sus-pended center well containing ben-zethonium hydroxide. Center wells were placed in scintillation vials and counted.Statistical analyses . Data are shown asmeans ±SE. They were calculated using InStat (GraphPad Software, San Diego,California, USA) and analyzed using two-tailed unpaired t test.Results for the glucose tolerance tests were analyzed with two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA before application of the two-tailed unpaired t tests.ResultsPlasma glucose and insulin and glucose tolerance tests . Com-pared with those in WT mice, fasting glucose and insulin levels were significantly lower in CD36-null mice. Data shown (Table 1) are for both sexes combined. However,the hypoinsulinemia was more pronounced in males Figure 218F-2-FDG uptake (a and b ) and FDG blood clearance (c ) in CD36-null and WT mice fed the chow diet. Mice were injected with 5 µCi of 18F-2-FDG in a lateral tail vein. Blood samples were collected at 2,10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after injection and were test-ed for radioactivity and glucose content. At the end of the experi-ment, tissues were removed, weighed, and counted for 18F-2-FDG radioactivity; uptake rate (a and b ) is expressed per gram wet tissue.(c ) Decay of FDG-specific activity (cpm/µg), calculated as percent of specific activity at 2 minutes after injection, is shown. Data are means ±SEM; n = 6 per group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.02.than in females (insulin was 54% versus 33% lower, respectively). The index 1/insulin was higher in CD36-null mice, suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity.CD36-null mice (males and females) had a signifi-cantly enhanced ability to clear an intraperitoneal glu-coseload (Figure 1a). At 20 minutes after the load, plas-ma glucose reached a peak concentration, which was about 30% lower in the CD36-null mice. Area under the clearance curve (inset) was 22% lower in null mice as compared with age- and sex-matched WTs (P< 0.001). To determine whether the insulin response to glucose was altered, plasma insulin was measured before and at 30 and 60 minutes after the glucose load. Insulin levels after glucose administration (Figure 1b) and the insulinogenic index (Table 1), which reflects pancreat-ic βcell function (35, 36),were similar for WT and CD36-null mice.Tissue uptake of glucose in vivo. To identify the tissues responsible for the increased clearance of blood glu-cose, we measured glucose uptake in vivo using radioactive 18F-2-FDG. As shown in Figure 2a, uptake of FDG was increased in hearts (five times), diaphragms (three times), soleus (four times), gastroc-nemius (three times), and hind limb muscle (two times) from CD36-null mice as compared with WT mice. Uptake was unaltered in adipose tissue and decreased in liver (Figure 2b). During the experiment, blood glu-cose level was constant in both WT and CD36-null mice. However, decay of 18F-2-FDG–specific activity in blood (Figure 2c) was faster in CD36-null mice, indi-cating that more endogenous glucose was being released into the blood to dilute specific activity of the FDG tracer. Since the mice were fasted overnight, the major glucose source would be the liver, suggesting increased hepatic glucose output.In a subsequent experiment (data not shown), we tested the response of tissue glucose uptake to exoge-nous administration of a high dose of insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight). Insulin produced severalfold increases in 18F-2-FDG uptake in heart, diaphragm, soleus muscle, gastrocnemius, and adipose tissues of WT mice. In CD36-null mice, the insulin-induced increases in FGD uptake were significantly smaller as compared with those in WT, for heart, diaphragm, and soleus. This was in line with the observation that oxidative muscles of CD36-null mice had optimal rates of glucose utilization at the endogenous insulin levels present in the fasted state.Glucose utilization by incubated muscle in vitro. To direct-ly examine insulin sensitivity, in vitro tests were carried out using the isolated soleus, a mostly oxidative muscle; and the EDL, a mostly glycolytic muscle. As shown in Table 2, glycogenesis by the soleus in response to a max-imal concentration of insulin was superior for muscles from both fed (+ 316%) and fasted (+ 495%) CD36-null mice as compared with corresponding muscles from fed (+ 111%) and fasted (+ 59%) WT mice. In contrast, there was no significant alteration of the insulin response of the EDL. Glucose oxidation by soleus and EDL muscles from WT and CD36-null mice was similar and respond-ed equally well to insulin (data not shown). Thus, in CD36-null mice, the effect of insulin on glycogenesis in the soleus but not in the EDL was enhanced, while insulin effect on glucose oxidation was not altered. Muscle glycogen and TG content. Glycogen and TG con-tents were measured in heart and hind limb, which are typical of oxidative and glycolytic muscles, respective-ly. Liver content was determined since it plays an important role in the homeostasis of both plasma glu-cose and lipids. As shown in Table 3, CD36-null mice had lower glycogen levels in the liver and in heart and hind limb muscles.TG levels were decreased in muscle and heart of CD36-null mice (by 49% and 42%, respectively) but were increased twofold in the liver (Table 3).Effects of high-fructose and high-fat dietsWe next examined whether the high glucose-to-FA utilization ratio created by CD36 deficiency increasessusceptibility to metabolic pathology from diets with a high glycemic load while protecting from that induced by diets high in fat.High-fructose diet. A diet rich in fructose induces a syndrome X–like metabolic phenotype in the SHR but not in the normal control rat (16, 17). In WT and CD36-null mice (Table 4), fructose feeding did not alter blood glucose but it increased blood insulin. The increase was small in WT mice (37 versus 28), while it was more than fourfold for CD36-null mice (50 ver-sus 12). Blood levels of FAs and TGs (Table 5) were increased by the fructose diet in both groups but were higher in null as compared with WT mice on both the chow and fructose diets.Glucose tolerance of CD36-null mice was markedly impaired by the fructose diet, while no effect was observed in WT mice (Figure 3a). Area under the clear-ance curve (inset) was higher in null than in WT mice fed fructose (P< 0.01). The impairment in glucose tol-erance in null mice was significant after 3 weeks on the diet (data not shown), although it was less pronounced than at the time the mice were killed at 12 weeks.CD36-null mice fed fructose, secreted more insulin in response to the glucose load than did WT mice (Figure 3b). Nulls also exhibited peripheral insulin resistance, since FDG uptake by heart and gastrocnemius muscles was significantly lower than uptake by corresponding muscles from WT mice (Figure 4). This contrasted with the situation on the chow diet (Figure 2), in which FDG uptake in null muscles was severalfold higher than in WT muscles. A comparison of FDG uptake in CD36-null hearts on chow (Figure 2) versus fructose (Figure 4) yields values of 240 versus 20 µg/h/g tissue, which represents greater than a 90% drop, while FDG uptake by WT hearts averaged 50 µg/h/g for both diets. High-fat diet. We examined whether CD36 deficiency, which impairs FA utilization by muscle, would protect against peripheral insulin resistance consequent to increased consumption of dietary fat. A diet rich in saf-flower oil (37, 38)has been shown to be the most effec-tive in impairing glucose tolerance in the C57BL/6J mouse line and was used for these studies. This diet induces peripheral insulin resistance without increas-ing blood insulin and TG, since it inhibits hepatic lipo-genesis and VLDL production (38).As shown in Table 4, blood levels of glucose and insulin were similar in WT and CD36-null mice fed the high-safflower diet, while TG and FA levels (Table 5) were higher in the CD36-null mice.Glucose tolerance was impaired by safflower feeding to an equal extent in WT and CD36-null mice (Figure 5a), and the areas under the clearance curves were sim-ilar. However, clearance curves were significantly dif-ferent for each group when compared with those of the mice on the chow diet (P< 0.05). The CD36-null mice fed safflower secreted significantly more insulin than the WT mice at 30 but not at 60 minutes after the glu-cose load, as shown in Figure 5b.Tissue TGs in mice fed fructose or high-fat diets. For the high-fructose diet (Table 6),TG levels in livers from CD36-null mice were higher than those in WT livers, while levels in heart and skeletal muscle were similar for both groups. When data are compared with those for mice on the chow diet, TG levels were increased by fructose feeding in all tis-sues. The relative increase was most marked in muscle (11- and 26-fold for WT and null, respectively).For the high-safflower diet (Table 6), TG levels in heart and hind limbs were about 25% lower for CD36-null than for WT mice; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance (n= 6 per group). Levels were similar in the liver. When data are compared withFigure 3Response of blood glucose (a) and insulin (b) to a glucose load in CD36-null (CD36–/–) and WT mice fed a fructose-rich diet. Mice were fed a diet containing 60% fructose for 12 weeks. After a 16-hour fast, glucose clearance (a) and plasma insulin (b) were tested in response to a glucose load as described in the legend to Figure 1 and in Methods. Data are means ±SEM (n= 7). (a) Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicates that change of glucose response over time in each genotype and the interaction genotype ×glucose are sig-nificant (P< 0.05). *Significant differences (t test) between CD36–/–and WT at each time point. P< 0.01 for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, and P< 0.05 for 20, 90, and 120 minutes. Inset shows areas under the glucose tolerance curves (P< 0.05). (b) *Insulin levels at 0 and 30 minutes are significantly higher in CD36–/–than in WT (P< 0.05).those for mice on the chow diet, liver TGs for both mouse groups were lower on the safflower diet, which has been reported to inhibit hepatic lipogenesis (38).Insulin sensitivity of glucose utilization in muscles of mice fed the safflower diet was examined in the incubated soleus in vitro. As shown in Table 7, glucose incorporation into glycogen exhibited similar respon-siveness to a maximal concentration of insulin, when muscles from WT and CD36-null mice are compared.In contrast, glucose oxidation by the soleus was almost unresponsive to insulin in WT muscles, while it was still responsive in CD36-deficient muscles.DiscussionFA uptake and i nsuli n sensi ti vi ty . The CD36-deficient mouse, which exhibits defective FA uptake (14, 18) and severely reduced FA oxidation by heart and oxidative muscle, provides a valuable model for examining the link between FA uptake and insulin responsiveness (39).As shown in this study, the presence of high blood FAs is not sufficient to induce peripheral insulin resistance. The CD36-null mouse maintained on a chow diet has high blood FAs and TGs but is more insulin-sensitive than the WT mouse. The data illus-trate the concept that muscle insulin responsiveness is linked to the balance between FA uptake and FA oxidation, with resistance reflecting conditions where uptake exceeds oxidative capacity. In the CD36-null mouse, FA uptake is decreased below the muscle’s capacity to both oxidize and esterify FAs.This is evidenced by large drops in unincorporated intracellular FA (14) as well as in muscle TG levels (Table 3). Our data are consistent with previous find-ings that deactivation of the PPAR αnuclear receptor,which regulates expression of proteins related to muscle FA utilization, is associated with an amelio-ration of insulin resistance in the apoE-null mouse (40). CD36 expression in muscle is markedly decreased by deactivation of PPAR α, which would be expected to impair peripheral FA uptake.The enhanced insulin sensitivity of the CD36-null mouse contradicts the previously documented linkage of CD36 deficiency to insulin resistance in the SHR (16, 24). However, there is an important difference between the CD36-null mouse and the SHR with respect to muscle FA metabolism. In the SHR, there is evidence to indicate that, despite CD36 deficiency,muscle FA uptake exceeds oxidative capacity. First, the defect in FA uptake by SHR muscle is modest (25% ver-sus 70% in the CD36-null mouse). Second, a fivefold rise in unincorporated cellular FAs was measured in SHR muscle (18),while a 50% decrease is observed in the CD36-null mouse muscle (14). Third, net FA incor-poration into TGs is unchanged in SHR muscle (18),which contrasts with a 50% drop in the mouse (14). In line with this, there is a small rise in muscle TG levels in the SHR (41), as opposed to the almost 50% drop in muscle TG in the CD36-null mouse (this study).The biochemical mechanism for these differences still has to be determined. One reason may be that a smaller proportion of exogenous FAs is cycled into TGs before oxidation in rat versus mouse muscle (42). So in the rat, defective uptake would impact FA oxidation more than it would impact FA esterification. In addition,CD36 may facilitate a smaller fraction of FA uptake by rat than by mouse muscle (18).A significant observation in the present study is that the WT mouse fed high fructose does not exhibit glucose intolerance and decreased muscle glucose uti-lization despite markedly increased muscle TGs. This supports the interpretation that muscle TGs correlate positively with insulin resistance (43, 44) only when lev-els reflect excess FA uptake relative to oxidation andFigure 418F-2-FDG uptake by tissues of CD36-null and WT mice fed a high-fructose diet. 18F-2-FDG (5 µCi) was injected into a lateral tail vein of mice fasted for 16 hours that were maintained on a high-fruc-tose diet for 12 weeks. FDG uptake was determined as described in the legend to Figure 2 and in Methods. Data are means ±SEM (n = 7). *P <0.05.Figure 5Response of blood glucose (a ) and insulin (b ) to a glucose load in CD36-null (CD36–/–) and WT mice fed a high-fat diet. Mice were fed a diet high in safflower oil for 16 weeks. After a 16-hour fast, glucose clearance (a ) and plasma insulin (b ) were tested in response to a glu-cose load as described in the legend to Figure 1 and in Methods.Data are means ±SEM (n = 7). (a ) Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicates that the interaction genotype ×glucose is not sig-nificantly different between WT and CD36-null mice. Inset shows that area under the glucose response curve for safflower-fed mice (right bars) was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that for mice fed chow (left bars). Black bars, WT mice; white bars, CD36-null mice. *P <0.05. (b ) Insulin response to the glucose load in WT and CD36–/–mice. *Insulin levels at 30 minutes are significantly higher in CD36–/–than in WT (P < 0.05).that resistance is linked to the accumulation of FA metabolites, possibly FA-acyl-CoA (44).In the CD36-null mouse, the defect in FA uptake results in strongly enhanced glucose uptake and incor-poration into glycogen by muscle. This is a mirror image of the findings in humans, where the major effects of increased FA supply are reductions in mus-cle glucose uptake and glycogenesis (45, 46). The important role of oxidative muscle in mediating the effects on overall insulin responsiveness is highlight-ed by the data, since the enhanced insulin sensitivity was primarily limited to oxidative muscles, where the FA defect is most pronounced.Finally, it is important to note the effect of muscle FA uptake on liver metabolism. Although CD36 expression in the liver is normally low (10), the impact of the deficiency on liver metabolism is significant. Consequent to the defect in peripheral FA utilization, FA flux to the liver is increased. As a result, hepatic FA uptake (14) and FA incorporation into TGs and cho-lesteryl ester (C. Coburn et al., unpublished observa-tions) are enhanced, increasing hepatic TG content and production of VLDLs (9). Livers of CD36-null mice also had decreased glycogen content, reflecting increased hepatic glucose output and the need to sup-ply more glucose to heart and muscle tissues. Defect in FA uptake and adaptation to high-fructose and high-fat diets. Epidemiological data indicate that the Western diet is associated with a higherincidence of type 2 diabetes (recentlyreviewed in ref. 47). This diet is charac-terized by a high content of saturatedfat and of simple, rapidly absorbed car-bohydrates. There is evidence to sup-port a negative effect of both compo-nents on insulin responsiveness ofglucose utilization. Diets high in fatinduce peripheral insulin resistance, inpart by promoting obesity (47, 48). Sim-ilarly, diets rich in simple sugars, suchas sucrose or fructose, which are rapid-ly absorbed and which have a high glycemic index, when given in high quantities (high glycemic load) promote the glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia characteristic of the metabolic syn-drome X (47, 49–51). It has been well documented that humans differ in their susceptibility to the dia-betogenic effects of both dietary fat and carbohy-drates (47, 52), resulting in variability of the reported data. The findings in this study document how alter-ations in one gene, in this case CD36, differentially modulate the metabolic adaptation to various diets and the susceptibility to diet-induced pathology. The high susceptibility of the CD36-null mouse to the diabetogenic effect of a high-fructose diet is sim-ilar to that previously documented in the SHR (24). In control rats (53, 54) and mice (this study), high-fructose diets produce no change in peripheral insulin responsiveness. In contrast, the SHR strain and the CD36-null mouse are very sensitive to the effect of a high-fructose diet and develop hyperinsu-linemia and insulin resistance. The SHR fed fructose has been widely studied as a valid model of human syndrome X. In healthy human volunteers, short-term feeding of a high-fructose diet is not associated with clear symptoms of insulin resistance (25, 55, 56). However, if our findings could be extrapolated to humans, they would suggest that CD36-deficient humans may be at a high risk of developing insulin resistance from diets high in simple sugars like fruc-tose and sucrose.CD36 deficiency would be expected to protect against the diabetogenic effects of a high-fat diet, since it impairs peripheral FA utilization. In this respect, deactivation of PPARα, which would downregulate muscle CD36, protects from insulin resistance induced by a Western diet (57). Despite the impaired glucose tolerance observed in CD36-null mice fed high safflower, there was partial protection, as shown with in vitro soleus incubations, where glucose oxidation remained responsive to insulin in CD36-deficient muscles. In addition, preliminary studies of glucose metabolism under hyperinsulinemic clamp conditions indicate a partially protective effect of CD36 defi-ciency with respect to insulin responsiveness of he-patic glucose output and of muscle glucose transport (J. Kim et al., unpublished observations). More studies。

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