1999年考研英语真题及答案
1999考研英语(一)真题及答案
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertionabout economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people eachyear than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and onthe vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications arebeing discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5.________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principleinvolves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7.California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything elseis expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have smallchildren and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying ofdigital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeupexamination had you gone B and explained C that your parents had been Dill atthe time.12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasison C family financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years.13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is nodoubt that it could B dramatically transform a family -ran Centerprise that stillgets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers.14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover -fishing tophysical and environment C factors that affect the populations Dof differentspecies.15. Conversation calls for a A willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one Bof listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by Dboth.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, thetheory that does soC with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferredD.17.The Committee adopted a resolution requiringA the seven automakers sellingBthe most cars in the state makingC 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-freeDby 1998.18.As long asA poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict withBricherpeople, who in general are lighterC skinD, there’s going to be a constant racialconflict in the world.19.All those left undoneA may sound greatlyBin theory, but even thetruest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.20.Even ifA automakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternativefuels C , the cars won’t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at thegas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ furtherresearch and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number ofimportant practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ thebread-winner’s death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24.In education there should be a good ________ among the branches ofknowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25.The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity andwealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26.Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of thecrowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28.As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked thecleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29.Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention toinvest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financialsystem will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animalspecies.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34.The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and conventioncenter.[A] conjunction[B] network[C] junction[D] link35.Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself ofevery chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37.Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon theiremployees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, whichwas ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scaledown the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury 49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.41.[A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42.[A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43.[A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44.[A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45.[A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46.[A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47.[A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48.[A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49.[A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50.[A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary --the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved aroundefforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author impliesthat ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58.We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides,this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take --at the very longest --a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the Europeanmodel of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhilegoing on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management。
99年考研英语真题(张剑)
1999年年全真试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.1.［A］at ［B］in ［C］on ［D］with2.［A］alive ［B］vivid ［C］mobile ［D］diverse3.［A］regulation ［B］climate ［C］circumstance ［D］requirement4.［A］where ［B］how ［C］what ［D］unless5.［A］alter ［B］differ ［C］shift ［D］distinguish6.［A］constituting ［B］aggravating ［C］observing ［D］justifying7.［A］Some ［B］Many ［C］Even ［D］Still8.［A］comes off ［B］turns up ［C］pays off ［D］holds up9.［A］claims ［B］reports ［C］declarations ［D］proclamations10.［A］an advantage ［B］a benefit ［C］an interest ［D］a profitPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so thethinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actu ally protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for t he athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability［D］feel obliged to view customers’safety as their first concern13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries［C］product labels would eventually be discarded［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes14. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.［A］biased ［B］indifferent ［C］puzzling ［D］objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Unt il recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting mark eting messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.［A］has been striving to expand its market［B］intended to follow a fanciful fashion［C］tried but in vain to control the market［D］has been booming for one year or so16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.［A］the technology is popular with many Web users［B］businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions［C］there is a radical change in strategy［D］it is accessible limitedly to established partners17. In the view of Net purists, .［A］there should be no marketing messages in online culture［B］money making should be given priority to on the Web［C］the Web should be able to function as the television set［D］there should be no online commercial information without requests18. We learn from the last paragraph that.［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.［A］far reaching ［B］dubiously oriented［C］self contradictory ［D］radically reformatory20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children.［A］is indicative of a pessimism in disguise［B］came into being along with the arrival of computers［C］is deeply rooted in the minds of computer ed advocates［D］originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.［A］dependent upon the starting age of candidates［B］worth trying in various social sections［C］of little practical value［D］attractive to every kind of professional22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.［A］included as an auxiliary course in school［B］highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications［C］mastered through a life long course［D］equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consen sus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whetherto go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”.23. We can learn from the first paragraph that.［A］federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans［B］the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning［C］NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique［D］the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.［A］the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law［B］the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control［C］it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning［D］it would be against ethical values to clone a human being25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because.［A］embryo research is just a current development of cloning［B］the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research［C］an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research［D］the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.［A］some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely［B］ a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time［C］privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal［D］the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of res earch. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think?Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The s cientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”.27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.［A］inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments［B］science advances when fruitful researches are conducted［C］scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research［D］unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research28. The author asserts that scientists.［A］shouldn’t replace “scientific method”with imaginative thought［B］shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things［C］should write more concise reports for technical journals［D］should be confident about their research findings29. It seems that some young scientists.［A］have a keen interest in prediction［B］often speculate on the future［C］think highly of creative thinking［D］stick to “scientific method”30. The author implies that the results of scientific research.［A］may not be as profitable as they are expected［B］can be measured in dollars and cents［C］rely on conformity to a standard pattern［D］are mostly underestimated by managementPart ⅢEnglish Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of thehistorian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36. Directions:A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at less than 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should cover three points:a. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildl ife,b. possible reasons for the effect,c. your suggestion for wildlife protection试题精解Part ⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。
1999年考研英语试题及参考答案(3)
1999年考研英语试题及参考答案(3)Passage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether torecommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in。
1999年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
1999年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 【B1】low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 【B2】and active. When the work is well done, a 【B3】of accident free operations is established 【B4】time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 【B5】greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 【B6】rules or regulations. 【B7】others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maxi mum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety 【B8】. The fewer the injury 【B9】, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 【B10】or at a loss.1．【B1】A．atB．inC．onD．with正确答案：D解析：本题考查对介词用法的掌握。
1999年考研英语真题及答案
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)l.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5.________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7.California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11.Your math instructor would have been [A] happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone [B] and explained [C] that your parents had been [D] ill at the time.12.As the children become financially [A] independent of [B] the family, the emphasis on [C] family financial security will shift from protection to save [D] for the retirement years.13.Were [A] the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could [B] dramatically transform a family-ran [C] enterprise that still gets 90% of its [D] revenues from newspapers.14.Symposium talks will cover a wide range [A] of subjects from [B] over-fishing to physical and environment [C] factors that affect the populations [D] of different species.15.Conversation calls for a [A] willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one [B] of listener[C], and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by [D] both.16.If two theories are equal to [A] their ability to account for [B] a body of data, the theory that does so [C] with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred [D].17.The Committee adopted a resolution requiring [A] the seven automakers selling [B] the most cars in the state making [C] 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free [D] by 1998.18.As long as [A] poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with [B] richer people,who in general are lighter [C] skin [D], there’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19.All those left undone [A] may sound greatly [B] in theory, but even the trust believer [C] has great difficulty when [D] it comes to specifics.20.Even if [A] automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on [B] alternative fuels [C], the cars won’t catch on in a big way when [D] drivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ the bread-winner’s death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24.In education there should be a good ________ among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25.The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26.Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[D] segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28.As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29.Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34.The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and convention center.[B] network[C] junction[D] link35.Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribe37.Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the correspondingletter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies __41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them __42__ and active. When the work is well done, a __43__ of accident-free operations is established __44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may __45__ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by __46__ rules or regulations. __47__ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety __48__. The fewer the injury __49__, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at __50__ or at a loss.41.[A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42.[A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43.[A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44.[A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45.[A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46.[A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47.[A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48.[A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49.[A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50.[A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security willattract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58.We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make surechildren are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extendedindefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbitalmotion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents。
1999年考研英语真题答案及解析
1999 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析
Part ⅠCloze Test
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8பைடு நூலகம்C 9. A 10. D
定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同， 但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利 还是亏损。
二、试题具体解析 1.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。难度：0.36 本题空格处的介词和 low accident rates 搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰 companies。选项中只有 at 和 with 能与 rate 搭配，at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.（她一分钟能读 100 个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除 at。with 意为“具有，带有”，用来 表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故 发生率低的公司”。 2.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.32 空格处的结构为 keep（动词）them（宾语）2（宾补）and active（宾补），其中 them 指代前面的 safety programs，该 空的形容词应与 active 在语义上一致，并且可以修饰 safety programs（安全计划）。选项中 alive 的常用义为“活着的， 有活力的”，但它与 keep 搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians. （政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。放入文中，keep safety programs alive 从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大 意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。 3.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文逻辑语义 + 名词词义辨析。难度：0.08 解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语 accident free operations 意为“无事故操作”，free 此处意为“无…的，免…的”， 如：a nuclear weapon free zone（无核武器区）；其次要理解条件从句 When the work is well done 的含义，根据上文， 可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主 句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。根据逻辑判断，建立 规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。其它两个选项中，climate 可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如： a climate of unrest （不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。干扰项是 circumstance，它也 可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单 数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。 4.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。难度：0.38 空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：a climate of accident free operations is established（一个无事故操作的工作氛围 被建立起来）和 time lost is kept at a minimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度），这时空格处填入的词只有两种 可能：一是连词，来表明两者之间的逻辑关系；一是关系代词或关系副词，把后面句子变成前面句子的从句。选项 中惟一的连词是 unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。那么接下来可以肯定空格连 接的是一个从句。所在句子可简化为 a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先 行词 climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词，因此排除关系代词 what，关系副词 how 也排 除，因为 how 不能引导定语从句（详解见下面知识点补充）；只有 where 可以使句子结构合理，它相当于 in which， 在句中代替 in the climate，引导定语从句。从句的完整结构是 time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时 间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。 知识点补充：关系副词 when，where 和 why 可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。它们的意 思相当于“介词+which 结构”，其中 when=at/in/on/during which，where=in/at which，why=for which。关系副词 how 不能引导定语从句，像 This is the way how he behaves 这样的句子是错误的。如果要用 how，句子中就不能有先行词， 如：This is how he behaves. 5.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.53 本题首先考核动词与介词 in 的搭配。四个选项中，alter 和 distinguish 不能和 in 搭配，首先应该排除；shift in 表示“在… 里移动，变换位置”，如：He shifted impatiently in his seat（他不耐烦地在椅子里动来动去），显然这个含义不符合文 意需要；differ 能与 in 搭配，意为“在…方面不同”，如：My brother and I differ in many ways.（我和我兄弟在许多方
1999年考研英语答案与解析
源圆援 【粤】葬造蚤增藻 除了可以表达“活着的”的含义外，还可 表示“发挥作用”，噪藻藻责 泽贼澡援 葬造蚤增藻 意为“有效的，存 在的”。
缘远援 眼悦演 【定位】考点在第三段。
1999- 4
【解析】技术的进步引发了在线营销策略的转变。过去，在线营销致力于吸引顾客，提高网站的访问量。如今，网络 公司可以开发软件把产品信息直接送到目标客户的电脑屏幕上。故 悦 项为正确选项。
【点睛】淤本文的主题是在线商务，所以即使涉及到网络技术也是为在线商务服务的；至于技术本身，并不是作者 或读者所应该着重关注的。粤 项不正确。
源愿援 【悦】文章倒数第二句谈到，伤害的索赔要求越少说 明工人的安全率越高。换句话说，安全生产是能得 到回报的，悦 项 责葬赠泽 燥枣枣 意为“得到报偿，有收获”。
【点睛】词义辨析题。粤 项 糟燥皂藻泽 燥枣枣 意为“举行，实 现”；月 项 贼怎则灶泽 怎责 意为“找到，发现”；阅 项 澡燥造凿泽 怎责 意为“阻塞，延误”。
参考译文划线点评
外面是一个危险的世界。走出去，你可能会在门口的防滑垫上滑一下而把腿摔断。升炉子点火，你可能把房子烧 掉。幸运的是，如果防滑垫和炉子没有警示字样告诉你有可能出现灾难的话，成功地打一场官司可以弥补你在灾难 中遭受的损失。或者，更确切地说，穴缘员雪在 愿园 年代初期，陪审团开始裁定更多的公司应该对他们的消费者遭受的不幸 负法律责任，自此以后，这种想法就深入人心。
公司感到了威胁，他们的对策是书写越来越长的警告标签，竭力预见到一切可能发生的事故。现在，折叠梯都附 有几英寸长的标签，除了警告你可能发生的其他意外，它还警告你可能会摔下来—— —这种警告真是莫名其妙。而一 个儿童用蝙蝠侠短斗篷上的标签则警告说此玩具“不能令使用者飞起来”。
1999年考研英语试题及答案
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1999考研英语(一)真题与答案解析
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew thatthe assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ peopleeach year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3. It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace ofmodern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which newapplications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, theprinciple involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unableto attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with buteverything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’thave small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use andcopying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect andmark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeup examination had you gone B and explained Cthat your parents had been Dill at the time. 12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasis on Cfamily financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years. 13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could B dramatically transform a family-ran C enterprise that still gets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers. 14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover-fishing to physical and environment Cfactors that affect the populations Dof different species.15. Conversation calls for a Awillingness to alternate the role of speaker with one B of listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses ’by D both.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, the theory that does so Cwith the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred D . 17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring Athe seven automakers selling B the most cars in the state making C2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free Dby 1998. 18. As long as Apoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with B richer people, who in general are lighter C skin D, there ’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19. All those left undone A may sound greatly Bin theory, but even the truest believer C has great difficulty when Dit comes to specifics.20. Even if A automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on Balternative fuels C , the cars won ’t catch on in a big way when Ddrivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy anumber of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss________ the bread-winner’sdeath.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branchesof knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods ofproductivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because ofthe crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than thoseliving in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsonsasked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29. Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from hisintention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live withoutadvanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country thatmodernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[C] domain[D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in thefinancial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in manyanimal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial andconvention center.[A] conjunction[B] network[D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off agas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upontheir employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit ofmonth, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the groundsthat it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers toscale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean thedifference between operating at 50or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longerwarning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman capecautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warncustomers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legalsystem.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companiespromised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk byconducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of VirtualVineyards, Amazon., and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, theauthor implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information withoutrequests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internetcommerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to onlinecustomers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decadesago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost ofcomputing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what iswrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age,it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on theconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in theclassroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrializedcountries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s countrythe European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 Maymeeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations oncloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made alaw[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryoresearch[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloningcompletely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’sappeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?”The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if。
1999年考研英语一真题答案解析
A.how
B.what
C.which
D.where
【句意】加利福尼亚拥有的阳光要比已知可利用的多，但其他东西都很昂贵。
【答案】B 【考核知识点】疑问词加不定式
【解析】根据句子可知，所填之词既要引导句子，又要在所引导的句子中作宾语；“how”可以
引导宾语从句，但不能在所引导的句子中作宾语；“which”引导的是定语从句，不合句 子的要求；“where”也可以引导宾语从句，但也不能在所引导的句子中作宾语；只有 “what”既可以引导句子，又可以在所引导的句子中作成分。
4.This is an exciting area of study,and onewhich new applications are being discovered almost daily.
A.from
B.by
C.in
D.through
【句意】这是一个令人振奋的研究领域，在这个领域中新技术的应用几乎是
【举例】There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists(＝than the
anxiety that exists)in the public mind today.
Section B (11~20 略：新大纲不再考查的部分)
日新月异、层出不穷。
【答案】C 【考核知识点】关系代词的用法
【解析】根据句子可知，所填之词应该与“which new applications are being discovered almost daily”
一起构成定语从句，修饰“one”，“one”是“area of study”的同位语；而“area”通常 与介词“in”搭配，所以 A、B、D 都不对。
最新1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established bu siness partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as V irtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case,basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professionaltraining is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine inmolecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had foun d a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. U npredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific me t hod” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhil e going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68. The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by managementSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicis t fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Section V Writing1999年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)Part C (10 points)Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
1999年考研英语真题答案
1999年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)Part C (10 points)Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73. 在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74. 所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75. 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
Section V: Writing (15 points)76. 参考范文The two graphs tell us something about population growth and wildlife extinction in the U.S. From 1800, the American population has been growing all the time. In the 100 years from 1600 to 1700, the number of wildlife species remained almost stable, with the next 200 years witnessing a growing trend in wildlife extinction. It can be easily seen that the more the human beings, the fewer the animal species.There may be several reasons for this effect. First, as human population expands, more and more wild animals are hunted for food. Second, due to all kinds of pollution and the damage of ecosystem caused by man, some animals have nowhere to live. Third, some animals are of great medical value, they become the targets for making money.It is time we took some measures to stop this disturbing trend. On one hand, government should pass some laws and regulations to prevent people from killing more wild animals and forbid further damage to our environment. On the other hand, we should cultivate the awareness that animals are our friends and their extinction poses a threat rather than brings benefits to us. Only when human beings live in harmony with all kinds of animals can we really build a beautiful and healthy world.。
1999年考研英语试题及参考答案（1）
Part One:l . Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.[A]wouLd be [B]to be [C]was [D]being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills __ people each year than automo- bile accidents.[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times [D]seven times3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes __ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are being discov- ered almost daily.[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through5 . __ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend __ such short notice.[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on7. California has more light than it knows __ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how [ B] what [ C] which [D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small children and get along __ to spend most of their time together.[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about __ compliments to his political leaders .[A]paying [B]having paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informa- tion than __ in traditional media.[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to exist11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination[A]had you gone and explained that your parents had been ill at the time.[B] [C] [D]12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family fi-[A] [B] [C]nancial security will shift from protection to save for the retirement years.[D]13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it[A]could dramatically transform a family-ran enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues[B] [C] [D]from newspapers .14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and[A] [B]environment factors that affect the populations of different species.[C] [D]15 . Convenation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one of listener , and[A] [B] [C]it calls for occasional ' digestive pauses' by both.[D]16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account for a body of data, the theory that[A] [B]does so with the smaller nomber of assumptions is to be preferred.[c] [D]17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers selling the most cars in[A] [B]the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free by 1998.[C] [D]18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, who in[A] [B]general are lighter skin, there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.[C] [D]19 . All those left undone may sound greatly in theory, but even the trust believer has great dif-[A] [B] [C]ficulty when it comes to specifics.[D]20 . Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars[A] [B] [C]won' t catch on in a big way when drivers can fill them up at the gas station.[D]21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ___ further research and fur-ther thinking about a particular topic.[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate22 . Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practi-cal __.[ A] obligations [B] regulations [ C ] observations [ D] considerations23 . Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss __ the bread-winner' sdeath .[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the sake of24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches of knowledge that con-tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment .[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment25 . The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and wealth generat-ed by American capitalism.[A] plausible [B] patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial26 . Poverty is not __ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C] prevalent [ D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in __ popu- lated areas.[A] densely [ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly28. As a way of __ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting across29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market .[A]pull out [B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical __ , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[ A] interference [ B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction31 . These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the __ of high- er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.[ A] branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope32 . Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the __ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D] stiffness33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species. .[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent [ D] decline34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __ myself of every chance to improve my English.[ A] assure [ B] inform [ C] avail [D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that __ disease resistance in neighboring plants. [ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D] prescribe37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits upon their employees and mem- bers as well as upon the general pubtic.[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was __ from one new moon to the next.[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [ C]judged [ D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was __ to the issue at hand.[ A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D] enlightenedPart two: Cloze TestIndustrial safety does not just panies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organizethem,and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rules or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-erence between operating at _50__or at a loss.41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profitPart three:Passage lIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door- mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' m i s f o r t u n e s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > F e e l i n g t h r e a t e n e d , c o m p a n i e s r e s p o n d e d b y w r i t i n g e v e r - l o n g e r w a r n i n g l a b e l s , t r y i n g t o a n t i c i p a t e e v e r y p o s s i b L e a c c i d e n t . T o d a y , s t e p l a d d e r s c a r r y l a b e l s s e v e r a l i n c h e s l o n g t h a t w a r n , a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , t h a t y o u m i g h t - s u r p r i s e ! - - f a l l o f f . T h e l a b e l o n a c h i l d ' s B a t m a n c a p e b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > c a u t i o n s t h a t t h e t o y " d o e s n o t e n a b l e u s e r t o f l y . " b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > W h i l e w a r n i n g s a r e o f t e n a p p r o p r i a t e a n d n e c e s s a r y -- t h e d a n g e r s o f d r u g i n t e r a c t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e - - a n d m a n y a r e r e q u i r e d b y s t a t e o r f e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s , i t i s n ' t c l e a r t h a t t h e y a c t u a l l y p r o t e c t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d s e l l e r s f r o m l i a b i l i t y i f a c u s t o m e r i s i n j u r e d . A b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t o f b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > t h e c o m p a n i e s l o s e w h e n i n j u r e d c u s t o m e r s t a k e t h e m t o c o u r t . b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > N o w t h e t i d e a p p e a r s t o b e t u r n i n g . A s p e r s o n a l i n j u r y c l a i m s c o n t i n u e a s b e f o r e , s o m e c o u r t s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o s i d e w i t h d e f e n d a n t s , e s p e c i a l l y i n c a s e s w h e r e a w a r n i n g l a b e l p r o b a b l y w o u l d n ' t h a v e c h a n g e d a n y t h i n g . I n M a y , J u l i e N i m m o n s , p r e s i d e n t o f S c h u t t S p o r t s i n I l l i n o i s , b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > s u c c e s s f u l l y f o u g h t a l a w s u i t i n v o l v i n g a f o o t b a l l p l a y e r w h o w a s p a r a l y z e d i n a g a m e w h i l e w e a r - i n g a S c h u t t h e l m e t . " W e ' r e r e a l l y s o r r y h e h a s b e c o m e p a r a l y z e d , b u t h e l m e t s a r e n ' t d e s i g n e d t o p r e v e n t t h o s e k i n d s o f i n j u r i e s , " s a y s N i m m o n s . T h e j u r y a g r e e d t h a t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e g a m e , n o t t h e h e l m e t , w a s t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e a t h l e t e ' s i n j u r y . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e A m e r i c a n L a w I n s t i - t u t e - - a g r o u p o f j u d g e s , l a w y e r s , a n d a c a d e m i c s w h o s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a r r y s u b s t a n t i a l w e i g h t - i s s u e d n e w g u i d e l i n e s f o r t o r t l a w s t a t i n g t h a t c o m p a n i e s n e e d n o t w a r n c u s t o m e r s o f o b - b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > v i o u s d a n g e r s o r b o m b a r d t h e m w i t h a l e n g t h y l i s t o f p o s s i b l e o n e s . " I m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n c a n g e t b u r i e d i n a s e a o f t r i v i a l i t i e s , " s a y s a l a w p r o f e s s o r a t C o r n e l l l a w S c h o o l w h o h e l p e d d r a f t t h e n e w g u i d e l i n e s . I f t h e m o d e r a t e e nd o f t he l e g a l c o m m u n i t y h a s i t s w a y , t h e i nf o r m a t i o n o n p r o d - u c t s m igh t a c t u a l l y b e p r o vi de df o r t h e b e n e f i t o f c u s t o m e r s a n d n o t a s p r o t e c t i o n ag a i n s t l e g a l l i a - b i l i t y . . b r b d s f i d = " 18 6 " > 5 1 . W h a t w e r e t h i n g s l i k e i n 1 9 8 0 s w h e n a c c i d e n t s h a p p e n e d ? b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > [ A ] C u s t o m e r s m i g h t b e r e l i e v e d o f t h e i r d i s a s t e r s t h r o u g h l a w s u i t s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 8 " > [ B ] I n j u r e d c u s t o m e r s c o u l d e x p e c t p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e l e g a l s y s t e m . b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 9 " > [ C ] C o m p a n i e s w o u l d a v o i d b e i n g s u e d b y p r o v i d i n g n e w w a r n i n g s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 0 " > [ D ] J u r i e s t e n d e d t o f i n d f a u l t w i t h t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n s c o m p a n i e s p r o m i s e d . b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > 5 2 . M a n u f a c t u r e r s a s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a s s a g e t e n d t o _ _ b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > [ A ] s a t i s f y c u s t o m e r s b y w r i t i n g l o n g w a r n i n g s o n p r o d u c t s b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > [ B ] b e c o m e h o n e s t i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e i n a d e q u a c i e s o f t h e i r p r o d u c t s b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > [ C ] m a k e t h e b e s t u s e o f l a b e l s t o a v o i d l e g a l l ia b i l i t y b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > [ D ] f e e l o b l i g e d t o v i e w c u s t o m e r s ' s a f e t y a s t h e i r f i r s t c o n c e r n b rb d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > 5 3 . T h ec a s e o f S c h u t t h e l m e tde m o n s t r a t e d t h a t _ _ b r b d sf i d = " 1 9 7 " > [ A ] s om e i n j u r y c l a i m s w e r e n o l o n g e r s u p p o r t e d b y l a w b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > [ B ] h e l m e t s w e r e n o t d e s i g n e d t o p r e v e n t i n j u r i e s b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > [ C ] p r o d u c t l a b e l s w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y b e d i s c a r d e d b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > [ D ] s o m e s p o r t s g a m e s m i g h t l o s e p o p u l a r i t y w i t h a t h l e t e s b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > 5 4 . T h e a u t h o r ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e i s s u e s e e m s t o b e _ _ b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > [ A ] b ia s e d [ B ] i n d i f f e r e n t [ C ] p u z z l i n g [ D ] ob j ec t i v e / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > / p > / d i v > d i v i d = " f l o a t _b t n "c l a s s = " " bd s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > b u t t o n c l a s s = " f l o a t _ b t n lef t _ b t n " i d = " c o p y _ b u t t o n " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - a c t i o n = " c o p y " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - t a rg e t = " # c o n t e n t - t x t " o n c l i c k = " d o _ c o p y ( ) ; " b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > e m c l a s s = " i c o n " b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " >。
1999年考研英语真题答案及精析
1999年考研英语真题答案及精析1、We often go to the zoo _______ Saturday mornings. [单选题] *A. atB. inC. on(正确答案)D. of2、______ pocket money did you get when you were a child? （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. HowC. How manyD. How much(正确答案)3、I don’t know how to improve my English. Can I ask you for some _______? [单选题] *A. answersB. advice(正确答案)C. questionsD. words4、5 He wants to answer the ________ because it is an interesting one. [单选题] * A．problemB．question(正确答案)C．doorD．plan5、--I can’t watch TV after school.--I can’t, _______. [单选题] *A. alsoB. tooC. either(正确答案)D. so6、Bliss, who worked in an information centre, began to work on the book in 1 [单选题] *A. 策划B. 上班C. 写作(正确答案)D. 销售7、It’s windy outside. _______ your jacket, Bob. [单选题] *A. Try onB. Put on(正确答案)C. Take offD. Wear8、He always ______ the teacher carefully in class. [单选题] *A. listensB. listens to(正确答案)C. hearsD. hears of9、She talks too much; you’ll be glad when you’re free of her. [单选题] *A. 与她自由交谈B. 离开她(正确答案)C. 受她的控制D. 与她在一起10、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.（）[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on11、—______ do you pay for it? —Over the Internet. （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. How muchC. How(正确答案)D. When12、74．No person （）carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the national college Entrance Examinations．[单选题] *A.shall(正确答案)B.mustC.canD.need13、75．As a student in Senior Three, I must work hard．（）, I should take exercise to strengthen my body．[单选题] *A.OtherwiseB.Meanwhile(正确答案)C.ThereforeD.Thus14、18．Monica wants to be a _______. She is good at sports and she loves teaching others. [单选题] *A．coach(正确答案)B．secretaryC．architectD．waiter15、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *A. the, aB. a, /C. the, /(正确答案)D. a, a16、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)17、49．________ is the price of the product? [单选题] *B．How muchC．What(正确答案)D．How many18、I’d?like _______ the English club. [单选题] *A. to join inB. joinC. to join(正确答案)D. join in19、He prefers to use the word “strange”to describe the way（）she walks. [单选题] *A. in which(正确答案)B. by whichC. in thatD. by that20、Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason _____ they go to school? [单选题] *A. why(正确答案)B. whichD. what21、20．Jerry is hard-working. It’s not ______ that he can pass the exam easily. [单选题] * A．surpriseB．surprising (正确答案)C．surprisedD．surprises22、I like booking tickets online，because it is _______. [单选题] *A. boringB. confidentC. convenient(正确答案)D. expensive23、My camera is lost. I am ______ it everywhere.（）[单选题] *A. looking atB. looking for(正确答案)C. looking overD. looking after24、Boys and girls, _______ up your hands if you want to take part in the summer camp(夏令营)．[单选题] *A. puttingB. to putC. put(正确答案)D. puts25、We have made a _______ tour plan to Sydney. [单选题] *A. two dayB. two daysC. two-day(正确答案)D. two-days26、( )He killed the enemy guard and made away _________the villagers. [单选题] *A. with the helpB. with helpC. with help ofD. with the help of(正确答案)27、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading28、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)29、I have seldom seen my father（）pleased with my progress as he is now. [单选题] *A. so(正确答案)B. veryC. tooD. rather30、—Would you like some milk?—Yes, just _____, please. [单选题] *A. a little(正确答案)B. littleC. a fewD. few。
1999年考研英语真题及解析
1999年考研英语真题精解精析1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1999年试题题型与1998年相比，没有改变，继续沿用往年的考试题型，语法结构和词汇部分所考查的重点依旧保持不变。
命题长度上，增加了10道题目，计分没有变化；“短文写作”题量上没做任何改动，但计分增加了5分，这对考生来说既是机遇也是挑战。
如果准备充分、备考得法，就会轻松提高5分，反之，可能会丢掉这部分的分数。
总体难度方面，各部分都较1998年略有增加。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。
第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。
第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。
第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
【英汉对照】Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies41low accident rates plan their safety programs,work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them42and active. When the work is well done,a43of accident-free operations is established44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by46 rules or regulations.47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety 48.The fewer the injury49,the better the workman's insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生41率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之保持42活力、发挥作用。
1999考研英语(一)真题及答案
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertionabout economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people eachyear than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3. It’s easy to blame the decline of conver sation on the pace of modern life andon the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications arebeing discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principleinvolves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everythingelse is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have smallchildren and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying ofdigital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeupexamination had you gone B and explained C that your parents had been Dill atthe time.12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasison C family financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years.13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is nodoubt that it could B dramatically transform a family-ran Centerprise that stillgets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers.14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover-fishing tophysical and environment C factors that affect the populations Dof differentspecies.15. Conversation calls for a A willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one Bof listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses ’ by Dboth.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, thetheory that does so Cwith the smaller number of assumptions isto be preferred D.17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring A the seven automakers selling Bthe most cars in the state making C 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free Dby 1998.18. As long as A poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with Bricherpeople, who in general are lighter C skin D, there ’s going to be a constant racialconflict in the world.19. All those left undone A may sound greatly Bin theory, but even thetruest believer C has great difficulty when Dit comes to specifics.20. Even if A automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on Balternativefuels C , the cars won ’t catch on in a big way when Ddrivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ furtherresearch and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number ofimportant practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ thebread-winner’s death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branches ofknowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity andwealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of thecrowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in________ populated areas.[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked thecleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29. Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention toinvest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financialsystem will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animalspecies.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and conventioncenter.[A] conjunction[B] network[C] junction[D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself ofevery chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon theiremployees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, whichwas ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scaledown the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury 49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This ma y mean the difference between operating at 50or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if acustomer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably w ouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get burie d in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with esta blished business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategi es to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author impliesthat ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over theireducational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the Europeanmodel of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather theimpression that they find the “scientific me t hod” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been aske d what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68. The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.。
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, man y companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are l imiting the ri sk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private in tranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages d irectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and thos e arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are l egally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional trainin g is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explai ned during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by bodycell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was st ill “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing the ir cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific me t hod” asubstitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended r esearch conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the sci entist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68. The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] st ick to “scientific method”70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by managementSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners a lways know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequentl y fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Section V Writing1999年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)11. [D] were12. [D] saving13. [C] family-run14. [C] environmental15. [B] that16. [A] in17. [C] to make18. [D] skinned19. [B] great20. [D] unless Part C (10 points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[A]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[D]30.[C]31.[C]32.[B]33.[D]34.[C]35.[C]36.[B]37.[A]38.[B]39.[D]40.[B]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41.[D]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[B]46.[C]47.[D]48.[C]49.[A]50.[D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51.[B]52.[C]53.[A]54.[D]55.[A]56.[C]57.[D]58.[B]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[A]67.[A]68.[B]69.[D]70.[A]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
1999年考研英语真题
1999年考研英语真题,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1999年考研英语真题Part ? Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the onethat best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corre sponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)1.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery just around the corner was untrue.A.would beB.to beC.wasD.being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobileaccidents.A.seven more timesB.seven times moreC.over seven timesD.seven times3.It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changesplace in our everchanging world.A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one which new applications are being discovered almost daily.A.fromB.byC.inD.through5. can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. A.As B.What C.That D.It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend such shortnotice.A.toB.inC.withD.on1,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题7.California has more light than it knows to do with but everything else is expensive. A.how B.what C.which D.where 8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get alongto spend most of their time together.A.so wellB.too wellC.well asD.well enough 9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments to his political leaders.A.payingB.having paidC.to payD.to have paid 10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informationthan in traditional media.A.existB.existsC.existingD.to existSection B(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the onethat best completes the sentence.Make your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the Corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research and furtherthinking about a particular topic.A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must alsosatisfy a number of important practical .A.obligationsB.regulationsC.observationsD.considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents againstloss the breadwinners death.A.at the cost ofB.on the verge ofC.as a result ofD.for the sakeof24.In education there should be a good among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.A.distributionB.balancebinationD.assignment25.The American dream is most during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.A.plausibleB.patrioticC.primitiveD.partial2,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题26.Poverty is not in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certainareas, it is more visible there.A.rareB.temporaryC.prevalentD.segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in populatedareas.A.denselyB.intenselyC.abundantlyD.highly28.As a way of the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later. A.picking up B.coping with C.passing out D.getting across 29.Tom's mother tried hard to persuade him tofrom his intention to invest his savings in stock market.A.pull outB.give upC.draw inD.back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ，willbecome progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the of higheredu-cation from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s.A.branchB.categoryC.domainD.scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the in the financial system will drag down the economy.A.shallownessB.shakinessC.scantinessD.stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the in many animal species.A.minimizationB.restrictionC.descentD.decline34.The city is an important railroad and industrial and convention center.A.conjunctionworkC.junctionD.link35.Prof.White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to myself of every chance toimprove my English.A.assurermC.availD.notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give offa gas that disease resistancein neighboring plants.A.contractsB.activatesC.maintainsD.prescribes3,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题37.Corporations and labor unions have great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was from onenew moon to the next.A.measuredB.reckonedC.judgedD.assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was to the issueat hand.A.irrationalB.unreasonableC.invalidD.irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities ane price increases automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks. A.persuaded B.prompted C.imposed D.enlightened Part ? Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the correspondingletter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)Industrial safety does not just panies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active.When thework is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by 46rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety 48 .The fewer the injury 49 , the better the workmans insurance rate.This may meanthe difference between operating at50or at a loss.41.A.at B.in C.on D.with 42.A.alive B.vivid C.mobile D.diverse43.A.regulation B.climate C.circumstance D.requirement 44.A.where B.howC.whatD.unless 45.A.alter B.differ C.shift D.distinguish4,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题46.A.constituting B.aggravating C.observing D.justifying47.A.Some B.Many C.Even D.Stilles off B.turns up C.pays off D.holds up49.A.claims B.reports C.declarations D.proclamations50.A.an advantage B.a benefit C.an interest D.a profitPart ? Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passage below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A , B , C and D .Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of thequestions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1It's a rough world out there.Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers'misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing everlongerwarning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off.The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy“does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, forexample—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect themanufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning.As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sportsin Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,”says Nimmons.The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury.At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, andacademics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating thatcompanies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.“Important informat ion can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ”says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines.If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection5,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?,A, Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.,B, Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.,C, Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.,D, Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to .,A, satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products,B, become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products ,C, make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability,D, feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that .,A, some injury claims were no longer supported by law,B, helmets were not designed to prevent injuries,C, product labels would eventually be discarded,D, some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be .,A,biased ,B,indifferent ,C,puzzling ,D,objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market.More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another.Such business-to-business sales make sensebecause business people typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, ”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research.Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.Until recently, Internet marketing acti vities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites.In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements tosubscribers'computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web panies such as VirtualVineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales,6,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题product offerings, or other events.But push technology has earnedthe contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades.That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business .,A, has been striving to expand its market,B, intended to follow a fanciful fashion,C, tried but in vain to control the market,D, has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that .,A, the technology is popular with many Web users,B, businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions ,C, there is a radical change in strategy,D, it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, .,A, there should be no marketing messages in online culture,B, money making should be given priority to on the Web,C, the Web should be able to function as the television set,D, there should be no online commercial information withoutrequests58.We learn from the last paragraph that .,A, pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce ,B, interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers,C, leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago ,D, setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students'career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroomfor broader reasons of radical educational reform.Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction —which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.7,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.Rather,we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case;before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education.With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be putereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computeredadvocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-devel-oped skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple.It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs.If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story.Basic computer skills take —at the very longest — a couple of months to learn.In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to thehost of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is .,A, far-reaching,B, dubiously oriented,C, self-contradictory,D, radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children .,A, is indicative of a pessimism in disguise,B, came into being along with the arrival of computers,C, is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates,D, originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professionaltraining is .,A, dependent upon the starting age of candidates,B, worth trying in various social sections8,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题,C, of little practical value,D, attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be .,A, included as an auxiliary course in school,B, highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications,C, mastered through a lifelong course,D, equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to doso — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)— has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine inmolecular biology.The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child.The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child.Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer.But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning.Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”.63.We can learn from the first paragraph that .,A, federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans9,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题,B, the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning,C, NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique,D, the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that .,A, the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law ,B, the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control,C, it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning,D, it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because .,A, embryo research is just a current development of cloning,B, the health of the child is not the main concern of embryoresearch,C, an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research,D, the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .,A, some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely,B, a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time,C, privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal,D, the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments itprepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch theexperiments.Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall.But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon andplanets.What kept them in place?Why didn't they fall out of the sky?The fact that theapple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answerdthe question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an applefalling up into the tree?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything.He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.If you don't have unpredictablethings, you don't have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method”a substitute for imaginative thought.I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about theadvisability of continuing a certain experiment.The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are stillinconclusive.”“We know that, ”the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going10,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题on? What do you think we might expect?”The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has becomethe victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “oddballs”among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that .,A, inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments,B, science advances when fruitful researches are conducted,C, scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research,D, unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists .,A, shouldnt replace “scientific method”with imaginative thought,B, shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable things,C, should write more concise reports for technical journals,D, should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists .,A, have a keen interest in prediction,B, often speculate on the future,C, think highly of creative thinking,D, stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research .,A, may not be as profitable as they are expected,B, can be measured in dollars and cents,C, rely on conformity to a standard pattern,D, are mostly underestimated by management11,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ? EnglishChinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be writtenclearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)(71)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.Inthis search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitionersalways know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.(72)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather。
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12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis
A
B
on family financial security will shift from protection to save for the
5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. [A] As [B] What [C] That [D] It
C
D
16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account for a body of data, the
A
B
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A
B
the most cars in the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free
C
D
by 1998.
18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer
theory that does so with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred.
C
D
17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers selling
10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media. [A] exist
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6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend ________ such short notice. [A] to [B] in [C] with [D] on
7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything else is expensive. [A] how [B] what [C] which [D] where
11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup A
examination had you gone and explained that your parents had been ill at
B
C
D
the time.
21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ further research and further topic. [A] stimulate [B] renovate [C] arouse [D] advocate
C
D
species.
15. Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one
A
B
of listener, and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by both.
22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical ________.
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C
D
retirement years.
13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no A
doubt that it could dramatically transform a family-ran enterprise that still
9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________ compliments to his political leaders. [A] paying [B] having paid [C] to pay [D] to have paid
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each year than automobile accidents. [A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times
4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications are being discovered almost daily. [A] from [B] by [C] in [D] through
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[B] exists [C] existing [D] to exist
Part B
Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
A
B
people, who in general are lighter skin, there’s going to be a constant racial CD
conflict in the world.
19. All those left undone may sound greatly in theory, but even the
B
C
gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. D
14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from over-fishing to
A
B
physical and environment factors that affect the populations of different
C
D
gas station.
Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)