文献翻译
英文文献整篇翻译
英文文献整篇翻译Title: The Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityClimate change is a pressing issue that has significant impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are altering ecosystems and threatening the survival of many species. The loss of biodiversity not only affects the natural world but also has implications for human societies.One of the major impacts of climate change onbiodiversity is the shifting of habitats. As temperatures rise, many species are forced to move to higher latitudesor elevations in search of suitable conditions. This can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the decline or extinction of species that are unable to adapt to the new conditions.In addition to habitat loss, climate change is also causing changes in the timing of biological events such as flowering, migration, and reproduction. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems and lead to mismatches between species that depend on each other for survival.Furthermore, climate change is exacerbating otherthreats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation. The combination of these factors is putting immense pressure on many species and pushing them closer to extinction.It is essential that we take action to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring habitats, and implementing conservation measures to safeguard vulnerable species. By addressing the root causes of climate change and protecting biodiversity, we canensure a sustainable future for both the natural world and human societies.气候变化对生物多样性的影响气候变化是一个紧迫的问题，对全球的生物多样性产生重大影响。
英文文献pdf翻译成中文
英文文献pdf翻译成中文
对于将英文文献PDF翻译成中文，有几种常见的方法可以实现。
首先，你可以使用在线翻译工具，如Google翻译或百度翻译，直接
上传PDF文件并选择需要翻译的语言。
这些工具可以快速将整个文
档翻译成中文，但需要注意的是，由于自动翻译的限制，可能会出
现一些翻译不准确或不通顺的情况，特别是对于专业术语或复杂句子。
其次，你也可以雇佣专业的翻译人员或翻译公司来完成这项任务。
他们可以提供更准确、流畅的翻译，尤其是对于专业领域的文献，这种方式会更可靠。
然而，这需要一定的成本和时间，因为翻
译人员需要逐字逐句地进行翻译，并且可能需要进行专业术语的翻
译和校对。
另外，如果你自己对英文和中文都比较熟悉，也可以考虑自行
翻译。
这种方式可以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性，但需要花费较多
的时间和精力。
无论采用哪种方式，翻译文献需要保证准确性和完整性，尤其
是对于学术文献或专业领域的文献。
希望这些信息能够帮助你找到合适的方法来将英文文献PDF翻译成中文。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。
作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。
该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。
总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。
2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。
如何进行有效的文献翻译和引用
如何进行有效的文献翻译和引用翻译和引用文献是学术写作过程中重要的环节，它们直接关系到作品的质量和可信度。
本文将介绍如何进行有效的文献翻译和引用。
一、文献翻译1. 理解原文：在进行文献翻译之前，首先要仔细阅读并理解原文。
对于专业术语和句子结构要有清晰的理解，确保翻译结果能精准传达原文的含义。
2. 保持风格和语气一致：翻译过程中要保持原文的风格和语气，力求忠实地传达作者的意图。
同时，根据目标语言的表达习惯和规范，进行必要的修饰和调整，使翻译结果自然流畅。
3. 注意语法和拼写：在进行文献翻译时，要严格遵循目标语言的语法规则，并注意拼写的准确性。
避免使用机器翻译或者不熟悉的翻译软件，以免产生误译或语法错误。
4. 保留原文译名和引文：对于人名、地名、机构名等特定词汇，应尽量保留原文译名，同时在文中适当加注原文的拼音或者音译，方便读者查证和理解。
对于引用的文献，在翻译后的文中应添加适当的引文标注，包括作者、标题、出版年份等信息。
二、文献引用1. 引言中的引用：在引言部分，可以通过直接引用或间接引用的方式引用文献。
直接引用时，要用引号将原文括起来，并注明出处。
如果引用内容过长，可以使用缩略号表示省略部分内容。
2. 正文中的引用：在正文中引用文献时，可以使用上标或者括号标注作者和年份。
例如：“根据 Smith（2010）的研究结果显示……”或者“研究结果显示……（Smith，2010）”。
3. 参考文献列表：所有被引用的文献都应在参考文献列表中列出，格式应符合学术规范。
具体的格式要求可以根据不同的引用风格（如APA、MLA等）进行调整。
每一条文献引用应包括作者、标题、期刊或书籍名称、出版年份等信息，且按照字母顺序排列。
4. 避免抄袭和剽窃：在引用文献时，要注意避免抄袭和剽窃现象的发生。
当引用他人观点时，应加注出处，并在文中对其进行必要的解释和评价，以显示自己对该观点的理解和思考。
综上所述，进行有效的文献翻译和引用是学术写作中必不可少的环节。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
毕业论文的文献翻译是什么
毕业论文的文献翻译是什么毕业论文的文献翻译是什么在撰写毕业论文的过程中，文献翻译是一个不可忽视的环节。
文献翻译是指将外文文献转化为母语的过程，旨在使读者能够准确理解并运用这些文献中的信息。
在这个过程中，翻译者需要具备一定的翻译技巧和专业知识，以确保翻译结果的准确性和流畅性。
首先，文献翻译需要翻译者具备良好的语言能力。
翻译者需要熟练掌握目标语言和源语言，准确理解文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语。
在翻译过程中，翻译者需要注意语法、词汇和句法等方面的准确性，以确保翻译结果的质量。
其次，文献翻译需要翻译者具备专业知识。
毕业论文通常涉及特定的学科领域，因此翻译者需要对该领域的专业术语和概念有一定的了解。
只有在掌握了相关的专业知识后，翻译者才能准确理解文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语，使读者能够理解和运用这些信息。
此外，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的翻译技巧。
翻译技巧是指在翻译过程中运用的一些方法和策略，以提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。
例如，翻译者可以采用对等翻译、意译或加注说明等方式来处理一些难以准确翻译的内容。
同时，翻译者还需要注意上下文的连贯性和一致性，以确保翻译结果的整体性和可读性。
此外，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的研究能力。
在翻译过程中，翻译者需要对文献中的内容进行深入的研究和理解，以确保翻译结果的准确性和可靠性。
翻译者需要查阅相关的参考资料和文献，了解文献中的背景和相关的研究成果，以便更好地理解和翻译文献中的内容。
最后，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的时间管理能力。
毕业论文的撰写通常有严格的时间要求，因此翻译者需要合理安排时间，确保在规定的时间内完成文献翻译的任务。
同时，翻译者还需要预留一定的时间进行校对和修改，以确保翻译结果的质量。
综上所述，毕业论文的文献翻译是一个需要翻译者具备一定的语言能力、专业知识、翻译技巧、研究能力和时间管理能力的过程。
只有在具备这些能力的基础上，翻译者才能准确理解和翻译文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语，使读者能够准确理解并运用这些信息。
八大英文文献翻译神器
你值得拥有的八大英文文献翻译神器不管是做科研还是写SCI论文，开始都需要阅读大量的文献，做课题至少查阅600篇，粗看300篇，细看100篇，研读50篇，在看到一叠叠论文后，由于语言问题，往往会觉得无从下手，下面分享几款常用的文献翻译神器。
1、谷歌浏览器翻译优点：页面简洁，使用方便，随开随用，多种语言随时切换，只要有网就能翻译。
缺点：功能比较单一，排版比较乱，界面不是很美观。
2、SCI Translate9.0目前有9.0普通版以及VIP版，VIP版内置Google 人工智能云翻译引擎，翻译精准度很强；没有广告。
3、LinggleLinggle是一个可用来进行英语语法、句子写作的工具，可为学习者提供更准确的英文写作建议。
4、NetSpeakNetSpeak是一个提供免费线上单词、词组、语句翻译的工具，其特点是可以在线搜索和比较各种英文词汇、短句、语法、单词解释等内容，并且可以统计出这个用语的变化形态，还可以分析使用频率和情境，堪比谷歌翻译。
5、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手是一款专业的学术翻译工具，由“中国知网”开发制作，汇集了从CNKI系列数据库中挖掘的大量常用词汇、专业术语、成语俚语及双语例句等，形成海量中英在线词典和双语平行语料库。
6、LingoesLingoes是一款简明易用的词典与文本翻译软件，支持全球超过80多种语言的词典查询、全文翻译、屏幕取词、划词翻译、例句搜索、网络释义和真人语音朗读功能。
7、有道词典有道词典是个神器，尤其是查词、划词、取词的方面特别突出，词库中有所有专业用语的补充包，可以让你瞬间翻译出各种专业的英文单词，从复杂的有机化合物，到稀奇古怪的动物名，哪里不会点哪里。
8、Copy Translator比较适用于即时翻译，内置了谷歌翻译、百度翻译、有道翻译、搜狗翻译、彩云翻译和腾讯翻译几种不同的翻译引擎，随意切换，总有一个适合你。
工具型和文献型翻译
Ⅰ工具性翻译聚焦于文本功能, 为翻译 策略选择提供功能视角。
Ⅱ文献性翻译聚焦于文本的语言构成 要素, 为翻译策略选择提供结构视角
工具型翻译使得译文读者更易于 理解, 增加了译文的可读性。 文献型翻译较多的保留了汉语原 文的语言和文化特征, 有助于向 目的语读者传递汉语原文的语言 和文化
两种翻译综合体现相得益彰，从而 确保译文在与读者的认知理念不相 冲突的同时，较为有效地传播文化。
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相应功能翻译
译文与源文功能 基本对应的文学
翻译
古希腊的六步格诗（hｅｘａｍ ｅｔｅｒ）翻译成英语的素体 诗（ｂｌａｎｋ ｖｅｒｓｅ） 等
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.
文献型翻译( Documentary Translation)
●强调的是源语作者和源语文本接受者 之间的交际行为。译者把源语文化呈现 给译语读者，把他们放在源语文化的背 景下，让他们感到读到的东西本身是存 在于他文化之中。
Documentary translations serve as a document of an SC (source culture) communication between the author and the ST(source text) receiver.
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逐词翻译或逐行对照翻译（ｗｏｒｄ－ｆｏｒ－ｗｏｒｄ ｏｒ ｉｎｔｅｒｌｉｎｅａｒ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ）
以传播中国文化为目的时，译者宜主要采 用文献型翻译；以提高译文在西方读中的可 读性为目的时，宜主要采用工具型翻译。
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工具型翻译 ( Instrumental Translation)
●强调译语文本读者能无障碍地接受源语文 本所传达的信息，所接受到的信息和源语文 本信息具有同样的功能，即实现译语文本和 源语文本的功能对等。
英文文献翻译格式
英文文献翻译格式
英文文献翻译格式通常包括以下几个方面:
1. 文献信息：在翻译文献之前，首先要提供文献的基本信息，包括作者、标题、期刊/书名、出版日期等。
通常按照以下格式进行排列：
[作者姓氏]，[作者名字]. [文章标题]. [期刊/书名]. [出版日期].
2. 翻译译者：如果是自己翻译的文献，应该标明自己是译者。
可以在文献信息的末尾加上"Translated by: [译者姓名]"或者"Translation by: [译者姓名]"。
3. 段落翻译：在翻译文献的内容时，可以将原文按照段落进行翻译，并使用缩进或者空行进行分隔。
可以使用换行符或者段落符号表示新的段落。
4. 引用翻译：如果在翻译过程中需要引用原文的内容，可以使用引号标注，同时在引用的末尾注明原文的出处。
可以使用段落符号或者引用标记来引用内容。
5. 注释：如果在翻译过程中需要添加注释或者补充说明，可以使用括号或者脚注来表示。
注释应该直接放在被注释的内容后面，使用合适的标点符号进行分割。
6. 标题翻译：如果文献中包含标题或子标题，应该将其翻译成对应的中文。
可以将翻译后的标题用加粗、斜体、下划线等格
式进行标记，以便读者区分。
7. 插图翻译：如果文献中包含插图或者图片，通常需要对其进行翻译。
可以在插图下方或者旁边加上对应的中文说明，以方便读者理解。
总体而言，英文文献翻译格式应该清晰明了，准确无误地传达原文的信息。
要注重原文内容的准确性，并注意译文的语法、词汇、结构等方面的准确性和流畅度。
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)The increasing complexity of design resources in a net-based collaborative XXX common systems。
design resources can be organized in n with design activities。
A task is formed by a set of activities and resources linked by logical ns。
XXX managementof all design resources and activities via a Task Management System (TMS)。
which is designed to break down tasks and assign resources to task nodes。
This XXX。
2 Task Management System (TMS)TMS is a system designed to manage the tasks and resources involved in a design project。
It poses tasks into smaller subtasks。
XXX management of all design resources and activities。
TMS assigns resources to task nodes。
XXX。
3 Collaborative DesignCollaborative design is a process that XXX a common goal。
In a net-based collaborative design environment。
n XXX n for all design resources and activities。
英文文献翻译
Preparation and characterization of Ag-TiO2 hybrid clusters powders[1]（Ag-TiO2混合团簇粉末的制备和表征）Abstract：液相电弧放电法被用于制备纳米Ag-TiO2复合超细粉末。
XRD和TEM图表明颗粒呈葫芦状形态，分布狭窄。
我们讨论了实验条件对产品的影响，比较了这种方法制备的粉末和其他γ射线辐照法制备的粉末。
Introduction：材料合成技术，提高了研究特定电子和光学特性的能力。
这也导致了设备和不同效应的快速发展，如集成光学型偏振器[1]和量子霍耳效应。
所需的长度尺度对于这些结构的控制是在纳米级别的[ 2 ]。
科学家面临的一个新的挑战是半导体量子点的生长，它具有新的光学响应，引起了对其基础物理方面和三阶非线性光致发光的应用等的研究兴趣。
这方面的一个例子是Ag-TiO2复合材料通过胶体方法合成[ 3 ]或由γ射线辐照法合成[ 4 ]。
对比其他制备超细金属颗粒的方法，γ射线辐照法能在室温的环境压力下产生粉末。
在这封信中，我们开发了一种新的方法，即液相电弧放电法，用以制备纳米复合材料，当它经水热处理可以得到纳米级别的超细粉。
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of immobilized composite photocatalyst (titania nanoparticle/activated carbon)[2]固定化复合光催化剂（TiO2纳米颗粒/活性炭）的制备和光催化活性研究Abstract：制备了一种固定化复合光催化剂——TiO2纳米颗粒/活性炭（AC），并研究了它在降解纺织染料的光催化活性。
AC通过油菜籽壳制备。
碱性红18（BR18）和碱性红46（BR46）被用来作为模型染料。
并采用了傅里叶变换红外（FTIR），波长色散X射线光谱（WDX），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），紫外可见分光光度法，化学需氧量（COD）和离子色谱（IC）分析。
知云文献翻译使用教程
知云文献翻译使用教程知云文献翻译是一款在线文献翻译工具，它可以帮助用户快速准确地翻译各种学术文献和研究论文。
下面是知云文献翻译的使用教程，包含了一些常用的用法和中英文对照例句。
1. 打开知云文献翻译的网页：在浏览器中输入“知云文献翻译”，进入官方网站。
2. 选择翻译语种：在网页上方的语种选择框中，选择您要翻译的语种。
例如，如果您想将中文翻译成英文，选择“中文”为源语言，选择“英文”为目标语言。
3. 输入文本：在输入框中输入您要翻译的文本。
可以是整篇论文的摘要、段落或者句子。
4. 点击翻译按钮：点击页面上的“翻译”按钮，开始进行翻译。
5. 查看翻译结果：在下方的输出框中，您将看到翻译后的文本。
可以一次性翻译整篇论文，也可以逐句进行翻译。
以下是一些中英文对照例句，以帮助您更好地理解知云文献翻译的使用方法：中文原文：这项研究旨在探讨人工智能在医学领域的应用。
英文翻译：This study aims to explore the application ofartificial intelligence in the field of medicine.中文原文：实验结果表明，新药对癌症患者的治疗效果显著提高。
英文翻译：The experimental results indicate that the new drug significantly improves the treatment efficacy for cancer patients.中文原文：本研究采用随机对照试验设计，对两组受试者进行了比较。
英文翻译：This study employed a randomized controlled trial design to compare two groups of subjects.中文原文：研究结果表明，环境因素对人体健康有着重要的影响。
英文翻译：The research findings indicate that environmental factors have a significant impact on human health.中文原文：本文综述了当前研究的进展情况及未来的研究方向。
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc
Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。
参考文献翻译
参考文献翻译参考文献Teixeira, J.O.. (2003). Enhancing the competitiveness of the tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 827-847.这篇文章主要探讨了如何提升旅游业竞争力。
作者通过对巴西旅游业的研究发现，提高旅游业竞争力是一个复杂且独特的过程，需要多方面的因素共同作用。
文章首先介绍了旅游业竞争力的概念，并解释了其重要性。
旅游业竞争力不仅仅是指旅游目的地本身的吸引力，还包括了目的地的硬件设施、软件服务、旅游产品和营销策略等多方面因素。
提高旅游业竞争力对于经济发展和社会进步都具有重要的意义。
接下来，作者提出了提升旅游业竞争力的几个关键因素。
首先，目的地需要有适当的硬件设施，如交通运输、酒店、旅游景点等，以满足游客的需求。
其次，软件服务在提高旅游业竞争力中扮演着重要角色，包括旅游目的地的接待能力、服务质量等。
此外，旅游产品的创新和差异化也是提升竞争力的关键因素。
最后，有效的营销策略对于吸引游客和增加目的地知名度至关重要。
在探讨了这些因素后，作者提出了一些提升竞争力的具体措施。
例如，政府可以加大对旅游业的投资，提供资金支持和税收优惠等，以促进旅游业的发展。
此外，各级政府还可以通过制定旅游政策和规划来引导和规范旅游业的发展。
同时，旅游企业和行业协会也可以合作，共同制定和实施营销和推广计划，增加目的地的知名度和吸引力。
总的来说，文章提供了一些有关提升旅游业竞争力的实用建议，并认为提高竞争力是一个综合性和长期性的过程。
此外，作者还提到了巴西旅游业的一些特点和挑战，为其他国家和地区提升竞争力提供了一定的借鉴意义。
参考文献：Teixeira, J.O.. (2003). Enhancing the competitiveness of the tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 827-847.。
将中文参考文献转化为英文的方法
将中文参考文献转化为英文的方法
将中文参考文献转化为英文的方法主要有以下几种途径：
1. 在线翻译工具：使用在线翻译工具将中文参考文献逐句翻译成英文。
常用的在线翻译工具有谷歌翻译、百度翻译等。
但需要注意的是，由于机器翻译的准确度有限，可能需要进一步修改和调整翻译结果。
2. 专业翻译人员：请专业的翻译人员翻译整篇参考文献。
翻译人员熟悉中英文语言和学术术语，能够提供更准确和流畅的翻译。
3. 查找英文文献：如果中文参考文献对应的英文文献存在，可以直接引用英文文献。
在学术数据库或搜索引擎中搜索相关的英文文献，找到对应的英文版文献进行引用。
无论哪种方法，都需要对翻译结果进行适当的修改和校对，以确保翻译的准确性和语言流畅性。
此外，对于重要的参考文献，最好能够请专业人士或熟悉英文写作的同行进行校对，以确保翻译的质量和准确性。
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院系：经济与管理学院专业班级：市场营销学生姓名：丁佳萍指导教师：刘杰学号：1121340105 译文成绩：≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）译文部分原文著作（期刊）名称：Journal of Service Management作者：HanneleKauppinen-Räisänen Christian Grönroos原文出版单位：Emerald Insight原文出版时间：Vol. 26 No. 3, 2015原文出版地点：译文题目：服务营销模式在现代实践中是否真的应用？摘要目的：是探讨服务营销知识在实践中的应用。
介绍了关于如何弥补学术知识与商业实践之间的差距的一些想法，从而开启了服务营销学者和管理实践者之间的对话。
设计/方法/方式：这种定性的研究集中在四种服务市场营销理念（服务质量、服务环境、内部营销和增强服务提供）。
知识运用是根据服务营销知识在符号学中的应用，概念和仪器的水平。
四家公司参与。
调查结果：服务营销知识在企业内是公认的。
然而，这些知识在实践中的应用受到了限制，在营销结果方面造成了一些缺陷和消极后果。
因此，知识是主要的象征和概念，知识工具的使用是有限制的。
研究限制/影响：通过比较目前使用的知识水平，调查结果有助于理解为什么知识的缺陷可以用来发展和研究如何缩小服务营销知识和商业成本之间的差距。
使用这种方法，这项研究有助于辩论知识的“转变”，学者和实践者之间的交流与分享。
实用意义：这项研究表明，管理人员可以理解和分析他们发展的服务和客户导向的做法。
它提供了寻求分享学术知识的学者对实际使用的见解。
独创性/价值：这项研究有助于讨论学术知识是专注于使用在服务营销方面的。
此外，重点不只是使用服务营销知识，而是如何的使用。
通过应用三个使用水平，研究建议系统的方法来检测知识的差距和不足之处。
关键词：定性研究，实践，解释，证据为基础的营销管理，学术知识，服务营销管理纸张类型：研究论文学术知识与实践之间的联系还不是新的，但他们坚持与业务有关的领域（例如，巴图耐克，赖恩斯，2014：休斯等人， 2012；李林，2011；罗伯茨等，2014）。
在医学和卫生保健领域，对于这样一个链接的存在被认为是理所当然的，就想练习照顾患者是有学术依据的（例如Pang 和Tharyan，2009）。
在营销管理中这样一种观点是新兴的，而不是理所当然的（(例如Baba 和HakemZadeh, 2012; Klaus 和Edvardsson, 2014)。
尽管如此，一些学者们质疑这一链接是否存在（例如Lee 和Greenley,2010）。
而其他人认为，奖学金和实践之间的联系是必要的，他们提出了需要弥合的潜在差距（例如Baker, 2010)。
他们指出，越来越多的营销决策基于证据，如营销研究，他们促进了一个广泛的，以证据为基础的文化（(Rowley, 2012)换句话说，这些学者认为，从业者-甚至新兴人员应将知识应用于以证据为基础的文化实践中在最近的营销研究中，罗伯茨等人（2014）暗示管理者使用学术知识，特别是有关品牌，定价和新产品的调查结果。
这一结论被循证营销和循证管理的方法所支持，这表明一个“对于一个有作为的企业来说，提高对知识、科技和创造力是非常重要的”（罗利，2012b，522页）。
因此，它暗示了学术知为企业提供了一种决策和实践手短，很大程度上是因为管理者“需要可靠的证据为了能够扎实有效的决定”（Baba和hakemzadeh，2012，p. 855）。
Gronhaug和Ottesen（2007，p. 239）指出一个集高水平的公司”理论知识对其不太好的竞争对手有优势”。
因此，强大的学术调查，可以跨公司共享并且可以嵌入在日常业务的实践中（Jaworski，2011；tsoukas和Vladimirou，2001），通过有学术知识的管理者，可以有效地洞察业务的各方面并且获得所需信息作出适当的决定（(Baba 和HakemZadeh, 2012; Frankfort-Nachmias和Nachmias, 1992)。
然而，在现实中，似乎许多管理者在他们的决策中完全不利用现有的知识(Bartunek和Rynes, 2014;Gray等., 2005; Lilien, 2011; Ottesen和Gronhaug, 2004; Roberts 等, 2014)。
四个主要障碍已经提出（罗利，2012b）；关性，语言，访问和时间。
一些从业者显然不认为学术知识相关的价值。
(Cascio, 2007; Storbacka, 2012)。
Cohen (2007)强调如果学术知识没有被证明是可行的，并且嵌入在日常经营是不能使用的。
Cohen (2007)也指出，学术知识如果仅仅是在学术期刊上发表的话，还未使用。
这样的期刊是不能被认为是非常有吸引力的知识来源，由于不同的沟通实践（Bartunek和Rynes,2014）。
例如，可视化表示支持目前快节奏的商业实践，而学术知识主要是口头的。
因此，这些来源遭受的语言障碍，这意味着，不能够使用学术营销知识可以用学术的“文盲”或“文盲”来解释，或者说是不能够阅读和理解学术文本（Chapman 和Kern，2012）。
就像Lilien（2011，p. 205）强调的那样，“人们不会使用他们不懂的东西。
”如果从业者发现学术营销的文学作品很难、模糊或抽象，他们会不认为它是有吸引力的，他们不会把它应用到日常的商业行为（Orpen，1995）。
访问障碍是指限制访问各种期刊和相关的出版物，时间限制表明，在目前快节奏的商业环境中，管理者在探索中受到阻碍这样的知识。
目前的研究是基于数量的前提。
首先，作者承认学者和从业者之间的联系的各种挑战。
作者鼓励各种手段来增加他们之间的交通，特别是，打开“知识仓库”的大门，更加的接近管理者的以证据为基础的观点。
第二，研究的前提是，当学术知识被出版时候，它往往是基于经验观察，并且有助于现有的知识基础。
因此，问题，“先有鸡还是先有蛋？“（即最佳商业实践或最佳学术基于证据）将在本研究框架内未得到解答。
此外，该作者认识到，最好的做法可能确实存在在公司内部，这可能意味着没有必要进行学术调查。
相反，只有基于实践的证据，这样的知识可以和其他公司共享使用（如Guest,，2007）。
第三，目前的研究是基于终身的理念学习和学术工作的主要目的是对已经出版的知识库提供新的见解，从而为对于长期学习和见解的学者和从业者提供了方法（如Klaus 和Edvardsson, 2014）。
各种研究学术上的知识和商业实践之间的联系都不同程度的留下了一些悬而未决的问题（例如Baba and HakemZadeh, 2012; Lilien, 2011;Roberts et al., 2014）。
调查实践的影响和使用学术知识没有指定特定领域的影响（ritala et al.，2013；罗伯茨等，2014）；例如，我们最好的知识，少量的实证研究集中在从业人员利用服务营销的学术知识上。
事实上，Bartunek和Rynes（2014）得出结论，在一般的学术知识上很少采用实证研究。
然而，对信息，知识和服务社会的结构变化，意味着目前的业务实践中承认和应用服务营销知识。
为了在实践中发现使用的服务营销知识，目前的将主要精力集中在具体的概念，如服务质量、服务环境、内部市场营销（即时通讯）和增强服务。
这些已经被发现是构成目前的业务实践和性能的基本要素，以及是对顾客满意、忠诚和保留行为的关键贡献者(Boksberger和Melsen, 2011).。
基于学术知识如果再实践中应用，会有很大影响的潜力，一个不断有争议的问题涉及到如何使用这样的知识。
问题不是知识是否是有用的，而是根据学术营销学研究的艺术状态中营销的“最佳实践”。
Roberts等（2014）检测到在学术营销文献中所使用的术语的影响，我们补充研究的重点是如何使用它。
因此，我们设计了一个研究，探索“如何是服务营销知识在实践中应用？我们的目标是揭示洞察服务营销知识，特别是在服务营销知识的解释和使用学术界建议的最佳做法比较。
我们还寻求进一步洞察实施学术知识，所以我们分析知识的解释和使用根据他们的实施学术知识的程度（Menon和Varadarajan，1992）。
我们最好在以往的研究中，这种类型的调查还没有进行，虽然它将提供有价值的见解，这将意味着桥接服务营销理论与营销管理实践的差距缺口。
因此，我们突出了一个局部问题，学术界的“翻译”知识转化为实际应用，并建议从业者可以使用的方法来分析他们自己的做法，以发展他们的服务和面向客户的做法。
因此，通过有了对这种方法的研究尝试并引入一些如何弥合服务营销知识和商业实践之间的差距得想法，并打开学者和实践者之间的对话。
在下一节中，我们详细介绍了三个层次的知识，然后介绍我们的知识概念框架，我们使用连接我们的基本概念的前提。
根据定位的论点和实证研究，我们的主要框架概述了研究概念的特点。
数据收集在随后的章节中描述的方法和样品。
然后，我们在讨论调查结果和结论之前研究。
提出我们的数据分析和结果。
背景在这项研究中，知识－“新出现的事是第一个被确定的”(MacInnis, 2011, p. 152)指学者在一个学术类学科，如服务营销。
知识可以代表的概念，如“概念的提出有助于知识的阐述程序或“最佳做法”的执行策略或策略，往往是解决问题的目标”(MacInnis, 2011, p. 142).当知识被学术调查提供了一个上下文和模式，它有助于澄清现象和适当的反应(Gummesson, 2002; MacInnis, 2011).。
有关概念是用来标记结构和描述新的进展，此外，他们传达的观点，是由人或公司共同理解的核心。
因此，“回答在何处以及如何研究概念是基础的研究”(Tronvoll et al., 2011, p. 565)。
在这项研究中，我们关注的根本概念和概念知识的特征或基本前提，而不是核心概念的语义。
因此，在下面的章节中，我们试图提供与概念相关联的最佳实践的见解。
工具，概念和符号的使用，现有的知识对当前知识的系统分析中，Menon和Varadarajan宣称从业人员使用现有的学术知识的概念和符号，仪器的水平。
采用了三个层次的方法来鉴定知识的运用水平和其它影响（1992），象征性地运用知识是滥用；例如，学术营销知识可能过于简单，或情境中的知识可能不被考虑（例如Amara et al., 2004; Bennett, 2007;Ottesen and Gronhaug, 2004）。
根据Cornelissen和Lock (2005)，公司使用学术知识可能只是为了证明他们目前的商业行为。