C-E Translation 10th 汉英句法结构对比

• 这就是那只猫。 • 这就是那只捉住了老 鼠的猫。 • ---老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。 • ---老鼠偷吃了放在屋 里的蛋糕。 • ------屋子是杰克盖的。
Example I
• The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. • 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着 大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发 明的最高倍率的望远镜也看不到它们．
形合与意合
• 汉语：意合(parataxis) • “虚幻、空灵” • 英语：形合(hypotaxis) • “逻辑美、理性美”
• 英语句子中各成分的相互结合多用适 当的连接词语，而中文句子则多依靠 语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接 词。即英文重形合，中文重意和。所 以，在翻译中，要注意增减连接词。
e.g.
• •
2.
• Each one must do his utmost or the labor of all is vain. 每个人都必须竭尽全力，否则就会徒劳无益（前功尽弃）。 • I congratulate myself on my narrow escape. 我庆幸自己死里逃生。 • 我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方、富丽堂 皇。 The carpets made in our factory are beautiful and magnificent for their novel designs and elegant colors.
• 汉语无主句 • 你们公司几点上班？ • What’s the clock-in time at your company?
• 经常饮水有利于减肥。
• Water works for weight loss.
• • • • • •
人非圣贤，孰能无过？ It is human to err. 学校里正在上课。 Classes are going on in the school. 十年树木，百年树人。 It takes ten years to grow trees, but one hundred years to rear people.
• 小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。
Little children will cry when they are frightened.
• 他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？
Why should we force him to do it if he is unwilling?
More
• 原文：近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。 • 译文：It is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever. • 原文：亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 • 译文：It is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost. • 原文：你去也白去。 • 译文： Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.
汉英句法对比
英汉思维的差异 • 抽象思维与形象思维 • 直线思维与曲线思维 • 复杂与简约 • 主体突出与主客体交错 句法对比 • 树状与竹状 • 替代与重复 • 形合与意合 • 静态与动态 • 表态与叙事 • 主体意识与客体意识 • 时体的重与轻
图片PK看差异
交通工具
聚会
老年人的生活
领导形象与地位
• E.g. 有些人成功了，有些人失败了。问 题不在于机会多少，而在于他们能否抓 住机会。 • Some people succeed. Some people fail. The essential difference is not the number of opportunities. It is whether they can take advantage of opportunities. • One essential difference between those who succeed and those who fail lies in the way they seize the opportunities rather than in the numbers of opportunities they have.
• 汉语的竹竿句：按时间或逻辑顺序，层 层铺开，呈线形推进。 • 这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风 瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿着一个弯曲 的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山的朋 友。 • They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountain path on a drizzling and windy autumn afternoon for a visit to a friend living in seclusion.
• This is the cat. • This is the cat that killed the rat. • This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake. • This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house. • This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.
• 中国一贯主张裁军，反对一切军备竞赛，既反对 常规军备竞赛，更反对核军备竞赛；既反对地面 上的军备竞赛，也反对在太空进行的军备竞赛。 • China consistently stands for disarmament and is opposed to all kinds of arms race, whether it is conventional or nuclear, on the ground or in outer space.
• A man from other planets • A machine for cutting paper
Examples
• 我买了7本书，一共7元钱。 I bought seven books which cost me 7 Yuan. • If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远么？ • I went to dance with a girl who has a Southern accent. 我同一位操南方口音的姑娘跳舞。
• 汉语的流水句：写句“以意为尽”。“追求 流动的韵律、节奏、不滞于形”，突出主题。 • 牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。 • Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long courses like a horse galloping.
替代与重复
• 这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异： 英语重替代（即多用代词，包括人 称代词、指示代词、不定代词和关 系代词，还有表示替代的词so, do）；汉语重重复，重复现象比比 皆是。
Examples
• 我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。
Ours is a great nation/ our nation is great one.
Example II
• Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the father of the University of Virginia. • 1826年杰斐逊逝世.按他生前遗愿,在他墓地 的石碑上刻着:独立宣言的作者,弗吉利亚大 学创建人之墓.
• 革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。
Revolution means the emancipation of the productive force, and so does reform.
• 你答应了帮他就应当帮助他。
You should help him since you promised to do so.
静态与动态
• 英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动态。 汉语倾向于多用动词，而英语则倾 向于多用名词、介词短语、形容词 等等。 • 所以，在英译汉时，要注意从静态 到动态的转化，而汉译英时则相反。
英语介词译成汉语动词
• He walked around the house with a gun.
• 他拿着枪，绕着屋子 走。 • He is a man above vulgar interests.
• 他是一个好老师，胸怀宽广，思想高尚，能 真正地献身于教育事业，受到了学生们广泛 的赞赏，课不仅上得生动幽默，人也随和客 气。 • He was a good teacher. As a man richly endowed with a generous heart and a noble mind, he was widely admired for his genuine devotion to education. He could not only deliver his lectures vividly and humorously but widely made friends with students. He was an easygoing and friendly person.
Some further thoughts
• 四字格 汉语中有大量的四字词组。四字格的特点是：内容言简 意赅，形式整齐划一，语音顺口悦耳，表达效果形象生 动． But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。 I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言无隐。
旅游
美的标准想象中的对方 Nhomakorabea意见
一日三餐
排队
周日的街道景观
在餐厅的嗓门
树状与竹状
• 英语句子是树状结构，主干如树干，各 种成分一个一个挂靠上去，枝繁叶茂； • 而汉语句子是竹状结构，按时间或逻辑 顺序，层层铺开，一节节连下去。 • 因此，翻译时要注意树状与竹状结构间 的转化．
We have learned…
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• 任何人不得将个人利益置于国家利益和 社会利益之上。 • Nobody shall place his own interests above those of the state and the society. • 南北问题尖锐地摆在我们的面前，解决发展问题 与解决和平问题同等迫切重要。 • The North-South relations have become an acute issue. To seek development and peace are equally urgent and important tasks.