International Trading

合集下载

international trade and__ practice

返回目录
五、招投标（Invitation to tender and submission of tenders）
㈠招标(Invitation to tender) 公开招标非公开招标㈡投标(Submission of tender)
六、拍卖(Auction)
㈠定义（Definition） It is a kind of spot transaction in which the auctioneer is entitled to sell the goods according to certain principles and regulations. ㈡种类（Kinds of the auction）增价拍卖（Mark-up auction）减价拍卖（ Mark -down ）密封递价（Sealed bids or clos售（Consignment）
㈠定义（Definition） It means that the consignor delivers the goods to the place of consignment abroad first, then entrusts the consignee with the task to sell the goods according to the conditions and methods stipulated in the agreement of consignment. ㈡特征(Features) (Features) The consignor shall first deliver the goods to the agent or consignment agent. Before the commission agent sells out the goods, the title to the goods still belongs to the consignor. The commission agent is commissioned to sell the goods for the consignor and he will deal with the goods according to the order of the consignor only. The consignment agent will not under any risks and expenses and he only charges commission for his service.

外贸合同中英文4篇

外贸合同中英文4篇篇1International Trade ContractContractual agreements are vital in the field of international trade as they establish the terms and conditions between parties involved. These agreements or contracts must be clear, precise, and adhere to the laws governing international trade. This document aims to explore the key elements of an international trade contract and provide an example of such a contract in both English and Chinese.Key Elements of an International Trade Contract1. Parties involved: The contract must clearly identify the parties involved in the transaction, including their names, addresses, and contact information.2. Contract terms: The terms of the agreement must be clearly outlined, including the scope of work, delivery dates, payment terms, and any other relevant details.3. Pricing: The contract should specify the pricing of the goods or services being traded, including any applicable taxes, duties, or fees.4. Terms of payment: The payment terms, including the method of payment, currency, and timing of payments, must be agreed upon by both parties.5. Delivery terms: The contract should outline the delivery terms, including the shipping method, responsibilities of each party, and any applicable Incoterms.6. Dispute resolution: The contract should include provisions for resolving disputes that may arise during the course of the transaction, including arbitration or mediation clauses.Example of an International Trade ContractBelow is an example of an international trade contract between a Chinese supplier and an American importer:International Trade ContractThis agreement is made on [date] between [Chinese supplier], located at [address], hereinafter referred to as the "Supplier", and [American importer], located at [address], hereinafter referred to as the "Importer".1. Scope of work: The Supplier agrees to provide [description of goods or services] to the Importer in accordance with the specifications outlined in Exhibit A attached hereto.2. Delivery dates: The Supplier shall deliver the goods to the Importer by [delivery date]. Any delays in delivery must be communicated to the Importer in writing.3. Pricing: The pricing of the goods shall be [price] per unit, excluding any applicable taxes, duties, or fees.4. Payment terms: The Importer agrees to pay the Supplier [payment terms], with 50% due upon signing of this agreement and the remaining 50% due upon delivery of the goods.5. Delivery terms: The goods shall be delivered using [shipping method], with the Supplier responsible for packaging and loading the goods onto the carrier.6. Dispute resolution: Any disputes arising from this agreement shall be resolved through arbitration in accordance with the laws of [jurisdiction].This agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any prior agreements or understandings. This contract shall be governed by the laws of [jurisdiction].Signed:Supplier: __________________________Date: ________________________Importer: _________________________Date: ________________________In conclusion, international trade contracts play a crucial role in facilitating trade between parties from different countries. By clearly outlining the terms and conditions of the agreement, these contracts help to mitigate risks and ensure a smooth transaction process. It is important for parties involved in international trade to carefully review and negotiate the terms of the contract to protect their interests and avoid any potential disputes.篇2Foreign Trade ContractContract No.: ABC2021001Party A: Seller: ABC Trading CompanyParty B: Buyer: XYZ International Trading Co., Ltd.Date: January 1, 20211. Product Description:1.1 Party A agrees to sell and deliver to Party B the following products:Product: Electrical appliancesQuantity: 1000 unitsUnit Price: USD 50 per unitTotal Price: USD 50,0001.2 The specifications and quality of the products shall be in accordance with the samples provided by Party A and approved by Party B.2. Payment Terms:2.1 Party B shall make a 30% deposit of the total contract value (USD 15,000) upon signing this contract.2.2 The remaining 70% (USD 35,000) shall be paid by Party B upon completion of production and before shipment of the products.3. Delivery:3.1 The products shall be delivered to Party B's designated warehouse within 30 days upon receipt of the deposit.3.2 The delivery shall be made by sea freight to the port of destination specified by Party B.4. Packing and Shipping:4.1 The products shall be packed in accordance with standard export packaging.4.2 Party A shall be responsible for arranging and paying for the transportation of the products to the port of destination.5. Inspection and Acceptance:5.1 Party B shall have the right to inspect the products upon arrival at the port of destination. Any non-conformities or damages shall be reported to Party A within 3 days of receipt.5.2 Party A shall be liable for replacing or repairing any defective products found during the inspection.6. Force Majeure:6.1 If either party is prevented from fulfilling its obligations under this contract due to force majeure events such as natural disasters, government actions, or wars, the affected party shall not be held liable for any delays or failures in performance.7. Governing Law and Dispute Resolution:7.1 This contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.7.2 Any disputes arising from this contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. If no agreement can be reached, the dispute shall be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration.This contract is made and entered into by the authorized representatives of both parties on the date first written above.ABC Trading Company XYZ International Trading Co., Ltd.___________________________________________________(Signed)(Signed)John SmithJane DoeTitle: Sales ManagerTitle: Purchasing Manager(Date)(Date)篇3International trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, with billions of dollars worth of goods and services exchanged between countries every day. One of the key components of international trade is the foreign trade contract, which outlines the terms and conditions of the transaction between the buyer and the seller. These contracts are typically written in both English and the language of the country where the transaction is taking place, to ensure clarity and avoid misunderstandings.A foreign trade contract serves as the legal framework for the transaction and provides a record of the agreements made between the parties. It typically includes details such as the names and addresses of the buyer and seller, a description of the goods or services being traded, the price, payment terms, delivery terms, and any other relevant information. The contract may also include provisions for dispute resolution, warranties, and the governing law of the contract.When drafting a foreign trade contract, it is important to pay close attention to the language used and ensure that all terms are clearly defined and understood by both parties. Ambiguities or misunderstandings in the contract language can lead to disputes and legal issues down the line. In addition, it isimportant to include clauses that protect the interests of both parties, such as force majeure clauses in case of unforeseen events that prevent the fulfillment of the contract.Here is an example of a foreign trade contract in English:Foreign Trade ContractThis agreement is made on [date] between [Buyer's Name and Address] (hereinafter referred to as "Buyer") and [Seller's Name and Address] (hereinafter referred to as "Seller") for the sale and purchase of [Description of Goods/Services] on the following terms and conditions:1. Description of Goods/Services: Seller agrees to sell and Buyer agrees to purchase [Description of Goods/Services] in the quantity of [quantity] at the price of [price].2. Payment Terms: Buyer agrees to pay Seller the total amount of [total amount] in [currency] within [number] days of receiving the goods/services.3. Delivery Terms: Seller agrees to deliver the goods/services to Buyer's address at [address] within [number] days of receiving payment.4. Governing Law: This contract shall be governed by the laws of [country].5. Dispute Resolution: Any disputes arising from this contract shall be resolved through arbitration in [city].This contract is hereby signed by both parties on the date mentioned above.Buyer's Signature: _____________________Seller's Signature: _____________________In conclusion, foreign trade contracts play a vital role in international trade, providing a legal framework for transactions and ensuring clarity and understanding between parties. By drafting contracts in both English and the language of the country where the transaction is taking place, parties can reduce the risk of misunderstandings and disputes and conduct business with confidence.篇4International trade is an essential part of the global economy, with countless transactions taking place between companies and businesses from different countries every day. One crucial aspect of international trade is the negotiation and signing of trade contracts, also known as foreign trade contracts.Foreign trade contracts are legal agreements between two or more parties from different countries, specifying the terms and conditions under which goods or services will be exchanged. These contracts help to establish clear expectations and responsibilities for each party, as well as providing legal protection in case of disputes or disagreements.When drafting a foreign trade contract, it is vital to ensure that all terms and conditions are clearly defined and agreed upon by all parties involved. This includes details such as the names and addresses of the parties, the description of the goods or services being traded, the price and payment terms, delivery schedule, quality standards, and any other relevant terms specific to the transaction.In addition to being comprehensive and detailed, foreign trade contracts must also be written in both the native language of the parties involved and in English, as English is widely used as the international language of business. This helps to avoid any misunderstandings or misinterpretations due to language barriers and ensures that all parties have a clear understanding of the terms and conditions of the contract.Here is an example of a foreign trade contract in both Chinese and English:**外贸合同****合同编号：XXXXXX****签署日期：YYYY年MM月DD日****甲方：****地址：XXXXXXXXXXXXXX****联系人：XXXXXXXX****电话：XXXXXXXXX****乙方：****地址：XXXXXXXXXXXXXX****联系人：XXXXXXXX****电话：XXXXXXXXX****一、合同标的****1.1 甲方以XXXXXXXXXX为合同标的向乙方出售XXXXXXXX。

The Necessity of International Trade

The Necessity of International TradeAbstract: international trade has been around for a very long time, but why it is so important to us? It result from a chain of events, there are mainly three reasons Keywords: International Trade, Resource, Economic, Political, necessityInternational trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It contains Import Trade, Export Trade, Transit Trade, Visible Trade, Invisible Trade, Direct Trade and Indirect Trade.During its steady growth, international trade has shown three characteristics. First, the proportion of commodities with a high scientific and technological level and high added value has increased constantly. International trade is quite different from home trade; International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries, while the domestic trade is in the same economic legal system in a country under the commodity exchange. And the risk of international trade is larger than that of domestic trade. Also the international trade is more complicated than domestic trade.As Economic globalization has became a trend of today‘s economy, International Trade is becoming more and more important to us. No country in the world can be economically independent without a decline in its economic growth. Even the richest countries buy raw materials for their industries from the poorest countries. If every country produces only for its own needs, then production and consumption of goods would be limited. Issues of international trade are among the most important that must be faced by countries that aspire to economic development. International trade is beneficial for all participants .We can buy everything we need from the international market. And it really promotes the development of the world’s economy.Why the international trade is so necessary to us? There are three factors: the Resource reasons, the Economic reasons and the Political reasonsA. The Resource reasonsThe international trade is the outcome of the development of productivity; the Private property came into being with the development of productivity, and then there is a need for trade. The world is divided into different countries, the resource is distributed in various countries, the resource contains Natural resources, skilled workers, Capital resources, due to the natural geographical condition No nation has all of the economic resources that it needs. An industrial country may not produce agriculture production while an agricultural country may not produce some industrial product that they need. Or the things they made cannot meet high demand in theirown countries, they can not self-sufficient, so they need to import products from other countries, International trade enables a country to obtain products that cannot be produced at home at all or that cannot be produced in adequate quantities and at acceptable costs. In this way, trade between different countries is necessary.B. The Economic reasonsCountries also want to gain economically by trading with each other. The desire for benefits makes international trade necessary. In some developing countries the cost of human resource is low, so the production cost is relatively low; the company can earn more profits by buying products from other countries, for example ,clothes and shoes is very cheap made in china because the low cost of human resource, so a lot of foreign countries imports them from china. Under the concept of free trade, the best products are produced and sold in a free competitive market. Such benefits of production efficiency like better quality and lower price are available to all peoples of the world.people’s Preference for different choices, foreign trade takes place because of innovation of style, international trade gives people more choices, Global trading provides countries and consumers the chance to be exposed to those services and goods that are not available in their own country. Clothes, food, jewelry, stocks, wines, spare parts etc. and many more products are available in international market. even they can get the same kind of things from their own countries, they still prefer the design of foreign goods, such as people prefer the design of the German cars and the electronic products of Japan Because of their high quality and beautiful style.There’s a keen competition on the world market, so the company has to make its cost as low as possible, by international trade, Companies are able to conduct their purchases and sales on a worldwide scale in accordance with their business needs, utilize resources anywhere in the world more effectively, realize corporate global strategy and ensure the maximization of profit. One fundamental principle in international trade is that one should buy goods and services from a country which has the lowest price, and sell his goods and services to a country which has the highest price. This is good for the buyers and for the sellers.With the development of international trade, currently the world’s productivity level has been greatly raised. The situation of commodity shortages has basically ended. Great changes have taken place in the relationship between market supply and demand. Regulation of international market supply demand relations, mutual exchange of needed products is always the important function in international trade. Because of the difference in World production levels by science, technology and the distribution of production elements and other factors, production capacity and market supply is different in different countries. Some goods are always in short supply, while the others are oversupply. Through international trade, we can increase the supply of Raw and semi-finished materials and resource products which are short in our own country, in this way we can not only satisfy the consumers' demands for commodities but also provides a new way to sell the excess products. It eliminates the contraction between the market supply and demand, thereby adjusting the nationalmarket supply demand relations.International trade can full utilization of production factors all over the world, nowadays labor, capital, land, technology and other production factors in all countries is often not proportionally distributed, without international trade domestic scale of production and the development of social productive forces will be constrained by the shortage of factors of production, part of the production elements will be left unused or wasted, can not play its productive potential, Through international trade, these countries can exchange their factors of production by means of international service trade, capital transfer, land leasing, technical trade, So that the shortage of factor of production is alleviated or eliminated, the surplus factor of production is able to make full use of, at the same time expand the scale of production and accelerate the development of economy.International trade can strengthening economic relations between countries and promotes the development of economy. In the modern world different countries in the world take extensive international trade activities, developed countries and developing countries are linked together, the competition of the international market also accelerate the development of the whole world’s productivity, This is not only to promote the further development of the developed countries, but also promote the least-developed countries and regional economic development. Improve the level of production technology, optimizing the industrial structure. In today's world, through international trade the countries can introduce advanced technology and equipment, modern managerial expertise and qualified specialists, As a result the level of productivity is improved, and economic development accelerated. At the same time, through international trade, domestic industrial structure get coordinate and perfect graduallyDeveloping international trade can Increase revenue, improve the national welfare standard, improve the development of international trade, can provide a government development finance income source, Government can impose tariffs on goods that past the customs territory, and collect Fees and Charges for Services Rendered, Application of Internal Taxes to Exports. Tariff and tax is still in some countries, especially the developing countries, an important source of fiscal revenue. International trade can also increase the national welfare, it can get more benefits for the domestic consumers by import goods that is in urgent need and import goods that is cheaper, better quality, and more fashionable . In addition, the expansion of international trade, especially the increase exportation of labor intensive products, will provide more employment opportunities for the domestic market.C. The Political reasonsDifferent countries have different economic policies. Foreign trade policy is affected by many factors，The general trend that economy grows and the country's political and economic situation，The level of development of productive forces as well as in the world market position ,all of this will Influence the international trade. one country might trade with another country in order to support the latter’s government which upholds the same political doctrine, In order to seek policy supportor Preferential tax, international traders may want to buy commodity from other countries to get more profits.Conclusion：International trade has become an indispensable part of the whole world’s economy, during its steady growth, international trade has shown three characteristics. The proportion of commodities with a high scientific and technological level and high added value has increased constantly; international traders are faced with many problems such as language, laws, customs, regulations, tariff barriers, International trade can also be limited due to the high cost of transporting bulky or perishable goods, In today's world, trade barriers in international trade are still widespread. In spite of these problems, the international trade will promote balanced and steady development of economic globalization. the development of international trade on the Basis of equality and mutual Benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States .We must take ways to promote the expansion of international trade and ensure that world trade flows freely.References:国际贸易理论与实务（英文版）对外经济贸易大学出版社国际贸易英语教程西安交通大学出版社。

恩盟国际贸易有限公司(N M INTERNATIONAL TRADING CO., LIMITED

5.5 行政处罚
截止 2019 年 02 月 11 日，根据国内相关网站检索及天眼查数据库分析，未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。
5.6 严重违法
/
注册地址：
/
营业期限：
/至/
经营范围：
/
登记机关：
/
核准日期：
/
1.2 分支机构
截止 2019 年 02 月 11 日，根据国内相关网站检索及天眼查数据库分析，未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参
3

二、股东信息
截止 2019 年 02 月 11 日，根据国内相关网站检索及天眼查数据库分析，未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。
三、对外投资信息
企业名称
注册时间
广州恩盟贸易有限公司
2012-07-09
注册资本
状态法定代表人
考。
1.3 变更记录
截止 2019 年 02 月 11 日，根据国内相关网站检索及天眼查数据库分析，未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。
1.4 主要人员
截止 2019 年 02 月 11 日，根据国内相关网站检索及天眼查数据库分析，未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。
五、风险信息
5.1 被执行人信息

International trade国际贸易

International trade国际贸易is the exchange of goods or services between many countriesImport进口is the purchase of a good or service made overseasExport出口is the sale of a good or service made at homeAbsolute advantage绝对优势Each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an absolute advantage, (i.e., being able to produce at a lower real cost than another country), exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than another country Comparative advantageTrade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In short, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher or lower in every commodity.Benefits of International TradeWider market with the increasing number of trading partnersGrowth of economyCheaper goodsGreat variety with goods coming from more countriesReasons for trade restrictionsPure political reasonsThere is an infant industry argument which maintains that a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques are mastered and the operation becomes large enough to enjoy the economies of scale and to be able to compete in the market.Many countries want a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. In addition, it is crucial for countries to protect their vital industries, which are strategically related to stability and economic development.Domestic jobs need to be protected from cheap foreign labor.Imposing restrictions on import is aiming to maintain a balance of trade and balance of payments.Protection is needed when foreign firms receive subsidies and government benefits and sell goods abroad at below-cost price to capture a market.Tariffis a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.Anti-dumping dutyis collected when importing country believes that there is a dumping (one country sells the goods in another country at a lower price, which is below domestic selling price, world market price, or production cost.)Foreign exchange controlmeans various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase of foreign currencies by residents and the purchase of local currency by nonresidents.Green trade barriersalso known as environment barrier, is a set of rules, policies and regulations used to restrict and even ban certain export-and-import trade directly in order to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and keep healthy of human being, animals and vegetation.Technical barriers to tradeare some compulsory technical measures that a country or a religious organization adopts for the purposes of keeping the security of a country or a region, safeguarding human security and health, protecting the life and health of animals and plants, protecting environment, preventing cheating behaviors, guaranteeing product quality and so on.International rules for the interpretation of trade terms (Incorterms)aims to provide such a set of standardized terms which mean exactly the same to both parties to a1)Ex Works…named place (EXW)工厂交货价当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工厂、工场或仓库）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货，买房不办理出口清关手续或将货物装上任何运输工具。

新新编国际贸易英语教程chapter

Features
Flexible and convenient, suitable for small transactions and long-term cooperation.
International Trade Logistics and Insurance
CATALOGUE
05
International logistics is the management of the flow of goods and services between different countries, including import, export, re export, and import re export activities
Land transportation
Suitable for the transportation of bulk goods, such as oil and gas
International trade process
CATALOGUE
03
Searching for potential trading partners: Utilize various channels such as exhibitions, online platforms, industry associations, etc. to find potential trading partroffer
Based on the prices and other conditions in the other party's quotation, propose a counteroffer request and seek more favorable cooperation conditions for oneself.

国际贸易专业英语

—无力偿还 —失败 —到期的 —接受 —取消 —续约；续签 —征用 —没收 —强迫接受
Part 3 New Words
Ban Shipment Transfer Currency Shortage Influence party
—禁令 —装载（货物） —转移 —货币 —紧缺 —影响 —政党
资本和劳动力在国家之间的流动比在国内的流动要困难很多。
Capital and labor are typically less mobile within a country than across countries.
Part 5 Barriers to international
trade
Part 4 New Words
World trade organization
—世贸组织
Describe
—描述
Umbrella Organization
—联盟组织
Agreement
—协定
Uruguay
—乌拉圭
Multilateral
—多边的
Negotiation
—谈判
Part 4 New Words
一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。它不但可反映一个国家的经济表现，还可以反映一国的国力与财富。
Notes to Text
GDP和GNP的区别 —国民生产总值（GNP）是一个国民概念，是指某国国
民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的最终产品的市场价值。一个在日本工作的美国公民的收入不计入美国的GDP中，而计入日本的GDP中。
—有利于NOL公司把金融管理职能全部集中到为公司创造价值的核心活动上来。埃森哲凭借其优秀的操作经验、为人称道的管理流程和管理工具，将有助于NOL 缩减成本、改善现金流和提高服务品质。

chap.21 international trade

International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production.
The establishment of international trade expands the number of in which a country can sell its goods.
Benefits of International Trade
The increased international demand for goods translates into greater production and more extensive use of raw materials and labor, which in turn leads to growth in domestic employment.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between nations.
Benefits of International Trade
International trade enables a nation to specialize in those goods it can produce most cheaply and efficiently.
This form of international trade, called mercantilism, was commonplace in the 16th and 17th centuries.
As empires and colonies were established by European countries, trade became an arm of governmental policy. The wealth of a country was measured in terms of the goods it possessed, particularly gold and precious metals. The objective of an empire was much wealth as possible in return for as little expense as possible.

普氏 190窗口中英文对照

普氏190窗口介绍 ( Product Introduction)普氏中文快讯是普氏能源资讯为中国能源业专业人士度身定制的一站式中文实时资讯服务。

190内容的构成•产品：燃料油、汽油、柴油、航空煤油和石脑油•交易方式：现货（实物交割）纸货（现金结算）收市价：现货市场时间点•下午3:30：提交现货询盘/报盘•下午4:00：不再接纳新的现货询盘/报盘•下午4:25：此刻之后不得对现货询盘/报盘再做修改•下午4:30：收市。

所有询盘/报盘失效收市价：纸货市场时间点•下午3:30：提交纸货货询盘/报盘•下午4:15：不再接纳新的衍生工具/掉期价差（时间价差，质量价差等）•下午4:28：不再接受新的直价掉期询盘/报盘•下午4:30：收市。

所有询盘/报盘失效普氏全球快讯（PGA）190页描述亚洲成品油买家和卖家可直接向普氏编辑提交询购盘和询售盘，或由经纪代为提交。

一旦被确认符合正确的普氏格式和指引，这些询购盘和询售盘将发表于普氏全球快讯 (PGA) 190页。

在使用普氏电子窗口（eWindow）的市场中，买家和卖家可直接将询购盘和询售盘输入到电子窗口中。

所有信息将发表于普氏全球快讯 (PGA) 190页，并通过各种实时发布平台传送给普氏的用户。

普氏将在其估价过程中使用普氏全球快讯 (PGA) 190页中获取的信息。

大多交易、尤其是纸货市场交易拥有如下标准格式：--0806 GMT: Platts FO 180cst Sing swap Mar10, GLENCORE bids $446.00 for 5 8:06:17.381 GMT--格林尼治标准时间08:06：普氏新加坡180CST 燃料油纸货 3月10日，嘉能可询购 446.00美元 5000吨 8:06:17.381 GMT时间：信息发布时的格林尼治标准时间产品：现货： CFR Japan Naphtha (日本到岸石脑油) Jet(航煤)92 RON (92号汽油) 95 RON (95号汽油) 97 RON (97号汽油) Gasoil(柴油)HSFO 180CST (180CST 高硫燃料油) HSFO 380CST (380CST 高硫燃料油) Bunker 180CST (180CST 船用燃料油) Bunker 380 CST (380CST 船用燃料油) Bunker MDO (船用重柴油)Bunker MGO(船用轻柴油)纸货： MOPJ Naphtha ppr (石脑油普氏日本到岸均价MOPJ 纸货)Singapore Naphtha ppr (新加坡石脑油纸货) Jet ppr(航煤纸货)Jet Swap(航煤纸货)Platts Reg Sing Kero swap (普氏航煤/柴油价差新加坡煤油纸货) 92 RON ppr(92号汽油纸货)Reg ppr (常规汽油纸货)时间产品Reg Swap (常规汽油纸货)GO ppr (柴油纸货)GO Swap (柴油纸货)Platts GO 0.5% Sing swap (普氏新加坡含硫0.5%柴油纸货)Platts GO Spr 0.5% Sing swap (普氏新加坡含硫0.5%柴油纸货)180CST ppr (180CST燃料油纸货)Platts FO 180cst Sing swap (普氏新加坡180CST燃料油纸货)Platts FO Spr 180cst Sing swap (普氏新加坡180CST燃料油纸货)180/380CST ppr (180CST/380CST燃料油价差纸货)380CST ppr (380CST燃料油纸货)Platts FO 380cst Sing swap (普氏新加坡380CST燃料油纸货)Platts FO Spr 380cst Sing swap (普氏新加坡380CST燃料油纸货)合约日期：Jan ( 一月) May ( 五月) Sep ( 九月) 10 (2010年) Feb ( 二月) Jun ( 六月) Oct ( 十月) 11 (2011年)Mar ( 三月) Jul ( 七月) Nov ( 十一月) H1 (上半月)Apr ( 四月) Aug ( 八月) Dec ( 十二月) H2 (下半月)Bal Month ( 本月余日 )交易方：详情请参照本文最后的190页交易窗参与者名单动作：bids (询购) buys(购买) raises (提高)asks (要价) sells(出售) lowers (降低)offers (询售) done (成交) pegged (挂钩)价格：燃料油和石脑油的价格单位是美元/公吨，其他产品为美元/桶数量：对纸货而言，燃料油纸货的数量为1000公吨 (mt) 的倍数，汽油、石脑油、航煤、航煤/柴油价差和柴油纸货的数量为1000桶的倍数。

International Trade Practice—Chapter 1

Section 2 Quality of Commodity
Fresh Hen Eggs, shell light brown and clean, even in size
Grade AA: Grade A: Grade B: Grade C: Grade D: Grade E: 60---65 gm per egg 55---60 gm per egg 50---55 gm per egg 45---50 gm per egg 40---45 gm per egg 35---40 gm per egg
Section 1 Name of Commodity
3. The Content or Name of Commodity
The name of commodity has relationship with characteristics of the goods, such as crude oil, wheat. Some commodities are different in specification, grade and style. When we name them with the descriptions to the name, such as Chang Bai Shan ginseng (长白山人参), China Tea Grade A (特级中国绿茶). Also some commodities should state out the brand, quality and specification, such as NOKIA N70.
(1) Stipulating quality by actual good. i. Sale by Actual Quality

香港简介中英文

早在一百五十多年前，香港被形容为“荒芜之地”。

时至今日，香港已发展成为一个国际金融商贸中心，跻身世界大都会之列。

香港除了拥有世界上最优良的深水港外，可说是没有其他天然资源。

香港能成为一个生产力强、创意无尽的城市，关键在于拥有勤奋不懈、适应力强、教育程度高且富创业精神的工作人口。

香港的工作人口约358万。

香港受英国管治个半世纪后，在1997年7月1日成为中华人民共和国的特别行政区。

根据《基本法》，香港保留现有的经济、法律和社会制度，50年不变。

除防务和外交事务归中央人民政府管理外，香港特别行政区享有高度自治。

香港位于中国东南端，是发展日渐迅速的东亚地区的枢纽，地理条件优越。

香港总面积达1104平方公里，由香港岛、一海之隔的九龙半岛和新界(包括262个离岛)组成，其中郊区多集中在新界。

2005年年中，香港人口约694万，人口密度为每平方公里6420人。

居于香港的外籍人士数目相当多，共有约517560人，人数最多的国籍首三位如下：菲律宾(130810)、印尼(114020)和泰国(28360)。

气候香港属亚热带气候区，但差不多有半年时间带有温带气候性质。

冬季的温度可能跌至摄氏10度以下，夏季则回升至摄氏31 度以上。

雨量集中在4月至9月间，约占全年雨量的90%。

主要国际贸易中心香港是全球第十一大贸易经济体系、第六大外汇市场及第十五大银行中心。

香港股票市场规模之大，在亚洲排名第二。

香港也是成衣、钟表、玩具、游戏、电子和某些轻工业产品的主要出口地，出口总值位列全球高位。

全球服务中心在2005年，香港是全球第十一大服务出口地。

与服务贸易有关的主要行业包括旅游和旅游业、与贸易相关的服务、运输服务、金融和银行服务及专业服务。

跨国公司的业务基地约3900家国际企业选择在香港设立亚洲区总部或办事处，主要从事的业务包括批发零售和进口与出口贸易、其他商用服务(例如会计、广告和法律服务)、银行和金融、制造业、运输及相关服务。

国际贸易用英语怎么说

国际贸易用英语怎么说国际贸易也称通商，是指跨越国境的货品和服务交易，一般由进口贸易和出口贸易所组成，因此也可称之为进出口贸易。

那么你知道国际贸易用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。

国际贸易的英语说法1：international trade国际贸易的英语说法2：international business国际贸易的相关短语：国际贸易标准分类 Standard International Trade Classification;国际贸易地区分布 international trade by regions;国际贸易额 value of international trade;国际贸易发展协会International Trade Development Association;国际贸易法 international trade law;国际贸易惯例 customs and usages of international trade;国际贸易价值 value of international trade;国际贸易理财 foreign trade financing;国际贸易的英语例句：1. It's been a tumultuous day at the international trade negotiations in Brussels.那是布鲁塞尔国际贸易谈判中纷乱的一天。

2. Globalisation is a catch-all to describe increased international trade.“全球化”是个泛称，用以描述增进了的国际贸易。

3. International trading remains resoundingly successful.国际贸易仍然成果辉煌。

4. International trade helps all nations.国际贸易有助于所有的国家.5. The president also called on nations to redouble their efforts to negotiate an international trade agreement.总统还呼吁各国就签订国际贸易协定加倍努力进行磋商。

Typical international trade transaction 一种典型的国际贸易

Alastair Mullis 2013A typical international trade transaction.A Typical International Sales TransactionBefore beginning to analyse some of the legal problems to which an international sales transaction can give rise, it is important to understand how such a transaction should work. In order to do this, these materials will begin by considering the factors that the parties to a proposed international sales contract are likely to have in mind when negotiating their contract and then take you step-by-step through a typical international sales contract which the parties perform correctly.Factors which are likely to be of concern to seller and buyer in an international sales transaction:In order to understand how an international sales transaction typically works, it is important to understand what the usual risks of such a transaction are. These risks are of course the factors that the commercial parties to the transaction should have in mind while they are negotiating the contract. The contract that they enter into represents an allocation between them of the various risks that they have identified. To understand the contract, therefore, requires us to understand the risks of trading internationally.The primary risk for the seller is, of course, of not being paid after shipping the goods. Once he has shipped the goods, as he must inevitably do where the seller is overseas, he has given up physical control over them. Before he does that he will want some assurance that he is going to be paid and assurance by the buyer may not be enough. Instead he may insist on payment in advance from by the buyer or on an undertaking from a bank, or other reputable third party, to pay or that payment will be made. For the buyer’s part, he will not want to pay until he has been assured that the goods have arrived, or at least that they have been shipped. Moreover, he will want to be assured that the goods were of the quality and quantity promised in the contract before he hands over the price. For this reas on, the buyer’s preferred time of payment will be after he has inspected the goods. Clearly where buyer and seller are some distance apart, it will be almost impossible both to have the seller paid upon shipment and to allow the buyer to delay payment until after inspection after arrival of the goods. Some accommodation will nevertheless have to be made if a transaction is to be concluded.For the buyer, he will be concerned to ensure that the goods arrive in good condition and that they match the contractual specifications. Where the buyer does not know the seller and cannot be present when the goods are shipped, there is always the risk that the seller will ship rubbish (or at the least the goods will be non-conforming) and this will only come to light on arrival. Even where the seller ships conforming goods, the goods may be lost or damaged during the transit. Ships sometimes sink, containers fall off deck and sea water may get intothe holds. Where this happens the question arises who should bear the risk of that loss, the seller or buyer?Payment also causes problems. Currencies fluctuate in value relative to each other and in every international sales contract where the parties are from states that have different currencies there is therefore a so-ca lled ‘exchange risk’. If the seller agrees to accept payment in the buyer’s currency, the seller does not know, until he has converted the buyer’s payment into his own currency, exactly how much he will get for his goods. So too, if the buyer agrees to pay in the seller’s currency, he will not know until the time for payment exactly how much the payment he has to make is. Thus, the sales contract should specify the currency to be used for payment and assign the risk of currency fluctuations to one of the pa rties. In addition, when dealing with a buyer from a ‘soft currency’ country, the seller must carefully ascertain whether or not the buyer is authorised to pay in a ‘hard currency’. A simple statement from the buyer may not be sufficient. Finally, if a seller relies on foreign sources of payment, unforeseen events can always interrupt the expected orderly flow of funds. A state may for example order thatno foreign payments over a certain sum can be made without authorisation of the ministry of finance. Thus, the seller will usually want a creditor located within its jurisdiction and subject to its legal system.Next, there is the problem of transportation and the risks associated with transporting the goods. Of course, transportation of goods in a domestic setting involves risks but these are likely to be exacerbated in international transactions where the distances to be travelled are much greater. Where neither seller nor buyer owns their own ship, a third party carrier will have to be engaged to carry the goods. This may be done either by seller or buyer and may be done directlyor through forwarding agents. If the goods are damaged during the transportation, difficulties may arise as to who has the right to sue and the basis of any claim. Both buyer and seller are also likely to be concerned about the law that will be applied in the event of any dispute arising between them. It may be very difficultin any particular case to determine what law governs the contract – should the court that has jurisdictio n apply the domestic law of the seller’s state, the domestic law of the buyer’s state, their own law or the law contained in an international convention. It must also be remembered that the law relating to international sales may be rather different from the law relating to domestic sales (thus, in the United States, the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 applies to certain international sales contracts and not Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code). Determining the appropriate applicable law is not however the end of the problem. Both parties will be concerned about where any claim should be brought. Where a claim has to be brought and enforced in the other party’s state it is likely to prove slow, expensive and difficult for the party bringing the claim. Indeed in some cases, it may prove entirely worthless. Regardless of what law is applicable, extra regulations may be imposed upon international contracts – e.g., license requirements for certainexports, customs duties or even quotas on exports. Moreover, while government interference in domestic sales transactions is not unknown, even in free market economies, the risk of government interference on an international level is a very serious one. Where there is any risk of government interference, the parties will, want to take steps to try to eliminate or lessen such risk or alternatively to shift the risk onto the other party.Finally, the mechanism for executing the sales contract is likely to be considerably more complex than for a domestic sale. For an international sales contract to be successfully executed, several other contracts involving other parties may have to be properly performed. Thus, where the seller insists on a more secure form of payment such as a documentary credit, successful execution of the sales contract will require the bank to honour its contract with the seller and buyer. So too, a failure to perform any of a number of ancillary contracts, such as insurance, transportation and warehousing contracts, may cause difficulties in the performance of the sales contract.In the light of the above concerns and problems, it is likely that parties will pay particular attention in their negotiations to terms relating to the following:1. The place, currency and time of payment.2. Is there a need for a reliable paymaster other than the buyer? What termof payment is appropriate?3. What are the seller’s obligations in respect of the goods? When and howis the delivery obligation to be performed?4. Who has the obligation to arrange for transportation of goods?5. Who has the obligation to arrange for insurance of the goods?6. Who carries the risk of loss or damage of the goods during transportation?When does risk attach?7. What rights, if any, do seller / buyer have against third party carriers /insurers in the event that the goods are lost or damaged in transit?8. Jurisdiction and applicable law. Court or arbitration?Of course, the parties to an international sales contract could negotiate totally new terms every time they enter into a new contract. This would obviously be very time consuming and expensive, particularly as many thousands of international sales contract are entered into every day. What has therefore happened over time is that the international trading community has formulated certain standard form contracts that allocate between buyer and seller as clearly as possible the foreseeable risks. To do this a special language of commercial terms has been developed: e.g., FOB, CIF, FAS, Ex Ship, negotiable bill of lading, sea waybill, documentary credit. These terms of legal art have developed particular meanings in English law (and have been defined in several publications of the International Chamber of Commerce) and are well understood by traders and lawyers alike. In essence these trade terms constitute asimplification of commercial practices. By reference to shorthand expressions such as CIF and FOB traders could determine the division of important functions (such as who arranges insurance and transportation) costs (who bears cost of insurance and carriage) and who bears the various risk (e.g., who bears the risk of loss as between seller and buyer if the goods are lost or damaged after they have been loaded on board the vessel). While their use does not eliminate the need to negotiate terms of the contract such as the price and delivery date, it does simplify and speed up the process.The Sales ContractHow then is a documentary sales transaction set up and executed by the parties? To explain this, the remainder of this introduction will trace a sale of kite surfing equipment between the Mullis Kite Sailing Company of Norwich, England, and Sims Watersports Gmbh of Hamburg, Germany.The first step is of course for Sims Watersports to place the order. The contractof sale is at the core of the international sales transaction and all subsequent contracts must be in conformity with it. Usually the contract will be on standard terms (these may be the buyer’s standard terms, the seller’s or terms preparedby a third party). Whose terms prevail will obviously depend upon the respective bargaining strength of the parties, a matter as much influenced by the supply and demand for the goods as by the size and substance of the parties. A well drawn contract is likely to deal with many of issues identified above.In our example, Sims Watersports writes to Mullis Kite Surfing requesting a price quotation (see page 10). Sims Watersports could send a simple letter asking for quotations from Mullis Kite Surfing’s catalogue b ut in this case it requests a proforma invoice which should state the cost of each of the components of the sale. In addition, Sims Watersports indicates its preferred sale terms, e.g., payment and shipping terms, including the preferred method of handling insurance during transit.Mullis Kite Surfing’s response is a proforma invoice (see page 11). This form gives three price options for Sims Watersports. If Sims Watersports wishes to purchase the goods on ex warehouse terms, it need only pay Mullis Kite Surfing the list price for the goods plus the cost of packing them. Sims Watersportswould then be responsible for arranging for the kite surfing equipment to be carried from Mullis Kite Surfing’s warehouse in Norwich to Hamburg. Alternatively Sims Watersports could purchase the goods on DAT (delivered at terminal) terms. The price in such a case would include the cost of carriage and insurance to Hamburg. Additionally, Mullis Kite Surfing would bear all the risks of loss or damage during transportation until the equipment is delivered ex ship in Hamburg.Other contract terms are possible. The proforma invoice also states the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) price. The price here includes the cost of transportation from Norwich to Harwich and also the cost of insurance and carriage from Harwich to Hamburg. However, unlike a DAT contract, the buyer bears the risk of loss or damage to the goods during transportation. In other words in such a case, the seller does not undertake that the goods will actually arrive, only that he has put the goods on board a vessel at Harwich bound for Hamburg.After receipt of the proforma invoice and comparison shopping, Sims Watersports decides to buy the kite surfing equipment. It therefore sends apurchase order which duplicates the pricing in the proforma invoice (see page 12). In legal terms, the purchase order is likely to be construed as an acceptance of Mullis Kite Surfing’s offer. The sales contract has therefore been concluded on the terms set out therein. The contract concluded is therefore one on CIF Hamburg terms with payment to be made by letter of credit.It will have already become apparent that there are several different standard trade terms that parties may use when contracting internationally. Three have been mentioned in passing (CIF, DAT and Ex Warehouse / Works), but several others exist (e.g., FOB, FAS, CFR, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DDP: see further Incoterms 2010). It will also have been apparent that the price charged differs according to the term chosen. Thus, in our example, the CIF price is higher than the ex warehouse price. The reason for this, of course, is that different terms impose different obligations on the parties and the price charged will reflect this. Under the CIF term, for example, the seller must pay for shipping the goods to the port of destination and for insuring them during transit. He must also pay all expenses up to the time when the goods are loaded on (including the loading charges). Unsurprisingly, therefore, the CIF price for goods is likely to be higher than, for example, the ex warehouse / works price, as the seller in such a contract need only have the goods ready for collection at his premises (e.g., warehouse or factory). It is for the buyer in such a case to make all arrangements for shipping the goods, insuring them during transit and clearing customs. These standard trade terms are therefore price terms which tell the buyer what it is he is getting for his money. In the case of an ex warehouse / works contract this is just the goods but in, for example, the Delivered Duty Paid contract, the buyer gets the goods delivered all duties paid to a named destination in the buyer’s country. All expenses (including transportation costs in seller’s and buyer’s countries and insurance) and risks during transportation are borne by the seller. Inevitably the price quoted will reflect the obligations undertaken.In addition to being ‘price’ terms, the terms are also ‘delivery’ terms in the sense that they establish the contractual delivery point. In an international sales transaction, the range of possible delivery points runs from the seller’s premises to the buyer’s premises. Thus, in an ex warehouse / works contract, the seller’s obligation is to deliver (that is to say, make available to the buyer) the goods at his warehouse / works. Once the seller has made the goods available at that point he has performed his delivery obligation. From that point onwards, the seller is not responsible for the goods: as between himself and the buyer, the goods are said to be at the buyer’s risk. At the other extreme are the terms which require delivery to the buyer in the buyer’s country (e.g., DDP, DAT, DAP). In these contracts, the seller undertakes not merely to despatch the goods to the buyer but to ensure their arrival safely and in proper condition at the stated delivery point in the buyer’s country. All expenses up to the point of delivery will be borne by the seller. If the goods are lost or damaged in transit, then it is likely that as between seller and buyer, the seller will bear the risk.Between these two extremes are several other standard form contracts (the so-called ‘C’ and ‘F’ terms). Here the seller’s obligation is to deliver the goods to a named place or vessel in his own country for o nward carriage to the buyer’s country. The simplest form of contract of this sort is the so-called FOB contract (the FOB term is a flexible one so care needs to be exercised when concluding such contracts). In such a contract, the seller’s responsibility i s to deliver the goods on board a ship bound for the contractual port of destination. Although the seller may be required to book space on the vessel, the freight costs are for the buyer (or for the buyer’s account). Since, however, it is often more conven ient for the seller to arrange shipment than for the buyer, a duty to procure a bill of lading (see below) may be imposed on the seller. The FOB seller does not promise that the goods will actually arrive safely only that they were shipped in good condition such that, if the transit is usual, they will arrive in good condition.The final type of delivery obligation, of which the CIF contract is a paradigmatic example, requires the seller not only to ship the goods at his own expense but also to insure those goods and to transfer to the buyer his rights under the contracts of carriage and insurance by delivering to the buyer, with any necessary indorsement, the bill of lading, the insurance policy (or certificate) and other shipping documents. In other words, in such a contract there are two sets of delivery obligation, the obligation to ship the goods and the obligation to hand over the documents. Only when both obligations are performed, has the seller properly performed his delivery obligation. Payment in such a contract is likely to be due against tender of documents. This means that the buyer will not have right to examine the goods before he pays for them. Such a contract looks like some variants of the FOB contract, in that the seller does not promise that the goods will arrive but does undertake to deliver certain documents (including a bill of lading) to the buyer. There are however important differences. First, the duty to procure shipping documents under a CIF contract is always strict one, whereas in an FOB contract the obligation is usually only to use best endeavours to procure the necessary documentation. Further, freight costs in an FOB contract are for the buyer’s account (that is say variations in the freight rates after the contract of sale has been concluded but before the carriage contract is concluded are at the buyer’s risk) whereas in a CIF contract they are for the seller’s account.Note that the risks in respect of each contract are different. In an ex warehouse contract, the buyer bears the risk of loss or damage in transit from the moment that the goods are placed at his disposal at the seller’s warehouse. Moreover the buyer in such a contract is likely to have to pay for the goods on taking delivery. For the seller such a contract has its advantages in that if the buyer refuses to accept delivery, the seller will be able to resell the goods in his own country and will have an action in his own jurisdiction for wrongful non-acceptance. In a DDP contract, by way of contrast, the risk of loss or damage in transit is on the seller until the goods are delivered at a named place of destination in the buyer’s country. Payment in such a contract is not generally due until delivery has beenmade. This may cause difficulties for the seller if the buyer rejects the goods. Although he will have control of the goods when the buyer rejects them, they will be at a foreign destination – one at which the seller may have no agents and no particular prospects of reselling the goods. In addition, if the seller wished to bring the goods back to his own country to resell, it would have to pay a second transportation charge. Moreover while the seller may have an action for wrongful non-acceptance, this action may have to be brought in the buyer’s jurisdiction which means bringing a claim abroad with all its extra expense, delay and uncertainty. In a CIF contract, the seller puts the goods out of his physical control before he gets paid by shipping them. However, so long as he retains the bill of lading, he retains constructive control over the goods. Payment is due against documents, and in that sense the seller is protected if the buyer defaults, but if the buyer does wrongfully refuse to accept the documents the seller will be left in the position of being in constructive control of goods in transit. He may be able sell the goods while they are afloat but if not would then have to sell the goods when they arrive at the place of destination.Letter From Buyer Requesting Proforma InvoiceSims Watersports GmbHHamburg, GermanySeptember 1, 2013 Mullis Kite Surfing CompanyNorwich, EnglandDear SirsWe are interested in purchasing the following kite surfing kit from you. We would be grateful if you would send us a proforma invoice for the following:20, 12 metre X2 Kites10, 16 metre X3 Kites20 Mutant Boards20, 157 Bi-directional Boards10 small wetsuits20 medium wetsuits20 Large wetsuits10 extra-large wetsuitsPlease indicate your best price and earliest delivery date, including export packing, Ex Warehouse / Works, Norwich, FAS Harwich, CIF Harwich, England or DAT, Hamburg. Prices and terms should be quoted firm for a period of 90 days.Yours faithfullySims Water Sports GmbHProforma InvoiceMullis Kite Surfing CompanyNorwich, EnglandSeptember 12, 2013 Sims Water Sports GmbHHamburg, GermanyPROFORMA INVOICE NO G-122003Your reference:Your letter of September 1, 2013Price: Net, including export packingPayment Terms:Confirmed irrevocable letter of credit conf irmed by Barclay’s Bank, Norwich or other first class UK bank. Payment against documentsin Norwich.Shipment: Approximately 15 days after receipt of your order and confirmedirrevocable letter of credit.Quantity Description Unit Price Amount(£ sterling) (£ sterling) 20 12 metre X2 Kites 600 12,00010 16 metre X3 Kites 700 7,00020 Mutant Boards 400 8,00020 Bi-directional Boards 400 8,00010 small wetsuits 100 1,00020 medium wetsuits 100 2,00020 Large wetsuits 100 2,00010 extra-large wetsuits 100 1,000Total Price, ex warehouse / works, Norwich £41,000Cost of inland carriage to Harwich £200Total Price, FAS, Harwich£41,200Ocean Freight, Harwich to Hamburg £1,200Insurance port warehouse to warehouse £100Total Price, CIF, Hamburg£42,500Total Price, DAT, Hamburg£43,000The prices quoted above are firm for 90 days after date of this proforma invoiceMullis Kite Surfing CompanyPurchase OrderSims Watersports GmbHHamburg, GermanySeptember 30, 2013 Mullis Kite Surfing CompanyNorwich, EnglandDear Sirs,Please supply in accordance with your proforma invoice No G-122003 the following: 20, 12 metre X2 Kites @ £600 each10, 16 metre X3 Kites @ £700 each20, Mutant Boards @ £400 each20, Bi-directional Boards @ £400 each10 small wetsuits @ £100 each20 medium wetsuits @ £100 each20 large wetsuits @ £100 each10 extra-large wetsuits @ £100 eachTotal CIF, Hamburg Price £42,500Shipment required prior to December 1, 2013Insurance to be covered by yourselves at 110% CIF valueMARKS:Sims Watersports, Hamburg GermanyOrder No 162/2007Made in EnglandWe have instructed our bank, HSBC, in Hamburg, to open the letter of credit per your proforma invoice through Barclay’s Bank, Norwich.We would appreciate your confirmation of our order by early mail.Yours faithfullySims Watersports GmbHArranging Payment: The Letter of CreditBoth the proforma invoice and the purchase order state the payment term ‘Letter of Credit’. Other terms of payment may be chosen (e.g., payment to open account, documentary collection or payment in advance) but the ‘letter of credit’ payment term has the advantage for Mullis Kite Surfing Company that it is assured of payment as long as it can show the bank, by tendering the appropriate documents, that it has shipped the goods. Thus, the risk that Sims Watersports will reject the goods in Germany, where it might be inconvenient and / or expensive for Mullis Kite Surfing to resell or reship the goods, is reduced.A letter of credit is in essence simply another contract (or more accurately, set of contracts) whereby a bank, acting on the instructions of its customer (the buyer / applicant) undertakes to make payment to the seller provided that it produces the required documents. These will be documents which evidence that the contract goods have been shipped. Letters of credit come in a number of different forms. They may, for example, be revocable or irrevocable, confirmed or unconfirmed, and /or negotiable or non-negotiable. In this case, Mullis Kite Surfing has required an irrevocable, confirmed credit. An irrevocable credit is one that cannot be revoked without the consent of all the parties thereto. A confirmed credit is one that includes, in addition to a promise from the buyer’s bank, a promise from a second bank (often the seller’s bank or other bank in the seller’s country) to pay according to the terms of the credit provided that the seller produces the required documents. So far as Mullis Kite Surfing is concerned, the advantage of a confirmed instead of an unconfirmed credit is obvious; instead of having to rely exclusively on a foreign bank, whose standing may not be known to it and which has to be sued in the foreign country, Mullis Kite Surfing has the benefit of a separate commitment from a bank in its own jurisdiction which can be relied upon to pay or procure payment.Although the detailed procedure for the opening of a letter of credit varies from bank to bank, there is a fair degree of uniformity as regards general practice. The first stage in the transaction relates to the contract of sale. Exporter and importer will agree that payment is to be by documentary credit procured by the importer. The contract of sale is the origin of the credit obligation and any credit opened must conform exactly with the contract of sale otherwise the seller is entitled to refuse payment under the credit. The contract of sale is, however, separate from and does not form part of the credit. Here Mullis Kite Surfing and Sims Watersports have agreed that payment is by letter of credit and that the letter of credit must be irrevocable and confirmed. If Sims Watersports is to avoid being in breach of contract, it must ensure that the credit opened conform precisely to these terms. Any failure of the credit opened to conform will entitle Mullis Kite Surfing to avoid the sales contract.In the second stage of the transaction, Sims Watersports (the ‘Applicant’) will approach a bank (the ‘Issuing Bank’), usually a bank with which it will have anexisting banking relationship, and request the bank to open a documentary credit in favour of the seller (the Beneficiary) on the terms agreed by the parties in the sales contract. Here Sims Watersports approaches HSBC, Hamburg, a bank with which it has banked for many years. Sims Watersports will be required to complete HSBC’s standard application form (see pages 16-17) giving full details of its requirements and setting out the terms on which payment is to be made. In completing the instructions, Sims Watersports should ensure that its instructions are clear and conform to the contract of sale. HSBC is not concerned with the contract of sale and is unlikely ever to see that document. It acts only on the instructions given it by Sims Watersports and therefore it is critical that those instructions are clear. HSBC will of course only undertake such a payment obligation if either it has an existing banking relationship that would justify it making the undertaking or alternatively that financial investigations made by the bank justify the risk. Usually the reverse side of the credit sets out the terms on which the bank is prepared to open the credit and in most cases these will expressly include the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600: The UCP is a set of rules drafted by the International Chamber of Commerce intended to regulated many aspects of documentary credit operations. Although not part of English law, it would be very rare that a letters of credit was issued that did not include these terms. Where incorporated they form part of the terms of the contract). There will also be a clause giving the issuing bank a general charge or hypothecation over the goods to be supplied by the seller and over the shipping documents relating to them.The third stage of the transaction involves notification to Mullis Kite Surfing of the opening of the letter of credit. Where the credit is unconfirmed, the issuing bank may despatch the credit direct to the beneficiary but the more usual position would be for the credit to be notified through a bank, which may be another branch of the issuing bank or a bank with which the issuing bank has a correspondent relatio nship, in the beneficiary’s country. The advice is usually given by tested telex or SWIFT message and confirmed by letter. The notification by advising bank will then constitute the letter of credit. The issuing bank becomes bound to the seller immediately the seller receives the letter of credit. Here, however, the credit is a ‘confirmed’ credit. HSBC will therefore ask BARCLAY’S Bank, Norwich, or other first class UK Bank, whether it is preparedto add its confirmation. Assuming that BARCLAY’S Bank is pre pared to act, it will add its own undertaking to HSBC’s. The document on page 18 is an example of the type of document that will be sent by BARCLAY’S Bank to Mullis Kite Surfing notifying it that a credit has been opened in its favour. Note the detail with which Mullis Kite Surfing’s performance is specified – the types of documents, originals or copies, type of insurance and other information required.What then has been accomplished by the opening of the letter of credit? Without this device Mullis Kite Surfing and Sims Watersports, neither of whom may know anything about the trustworthiness and financial standing of the other, are seemingly in a position which seems to demand that one of them must trust or。

岛津GPC基础知识及注意事项

排阻极限 (聚苯乙烯)
1.5x103(GPC-801), 5x103(GPC-802), 2x104(GPC8025), 7x104(GPC-803), 4x105(GPC-804), 4x106(GPC-805), 4x107(GPC-806)，4x107 (mixed gel，GPC-80M), 2x108(GPC-807)
MW与RT之间的关系
排阻极限渗透极限
GPC柱
7
7
Shimadzu International Trading (Shanghai) Co. Limited
GPC术语
排阻极限
排阻极限是指不能进入凝胶颗粒孔穴内部的最小分子的分子量。所有大于排阻极限的分子都不能进入凝胶颗粒内部，直接从凝胶颗粒外流出，所以它们同时被最先洗脱出来。排阻极限代表一种凝胶能有效分离的最大分子量，大于这种凝胶的排阻极限的分子用这种凝胶不能得到分离。随固定相不同，排阻极限范围约在 400至 60×106之间。
主要用于生命科学领域以水溶液为流动相常用固定相填料：亲水性有机凝胶(葡聚糖，琼脂糖，
聚丙烯酰胺等)
4
4
Shimadzu International Trading (Shanghai) Co. Limited
GPC用途
高聚物的分子量及其分布是高聚物最基本的参数之一。高聚物的许多性质是与分子量有关的。例如冲击强度、模量、拉伸强度、耐热、耐腐蚀性都与高聚物的分子量和分子量分布有关。
GPC色谱柱选择
按照样品所溶解的溶剂来选择柱子所属系列
THF、氯仿、DMF 必须选择合适的溶剂来溶解聚合物
按照样品分子量范围来选择柱子型号
样品分子量应该处在排阻极限和渗透极限范围内，并且最好是处在校正曲线线性范围内