city_planner知识
机器人控制中的路径跟踪算法
机器人控制中的路径跟踪算法机器人控制是现代工业和科学领域中的关键技术之一。
在许多应用中，机器人需要按照预定的路径进行移动和定位。
路径跟踪算法是实现这一目标的重要组成部分，它使得机器人能够准确地跟随指定的路径。
路径跟踪算法的目标是根据机器人的当前位置和给定的轨迹，计算出使机器人能够沿着路径移动的控制信号。
为了实现这一目标，需要考虑机器人本身的动力学模型、控制系统以及环境的不确定性。
目前，常见的路径跟踪算法包括：比例-积分-微分（PID）控制算法、模型预测控制（MPC）算法和轨迹生成算法。
1. 比例-积分-微分（PID）控制算法PID控制算法是最常用的路径跟踪算法之一。
它通过调整系统的比例、积分和微分参数，使机器人能够实现精确的路径跟踪。
其中，比例参数用于根据当前偏差调整机器人的速度；积分参数用于校正静态误差；微分参数用于预测机器人的运动趋势。
2. 模型预测控制（MPC）算法MPC算法是一种基于系统模型的路径跟踪算法。
它通过建立机器人的动力学模型，并预测未来一段时间内机器人的轨迹，从而生成控制信号。
MPC算法能够考虑到机器人的物理限制和环境的不确定性，因此具有较好的鲁棒性。
3. 轨迹生成算法轨迹生成算法用于生成机器人的运动轨迹。
它可以根据任务需求和环境条件，生成一条使机器人能够顺利到达目标点的轨迹。
常用的轨迹生成算法包括样条插值算法、粒子群优化算法等。
除了上述算法，还有其他一些路径跟踪算法，如Proportional Navigation、LQR控制算法等。
这些算法在不同的应用领域具有广泛的适用性。
需要注意的是，路径跟踪算法的选择应根据具体应用场景来确定。
不同的机器人类型、任务需求和环境条件都会对算法的选择和参数调整产生影响。
因此，在实际应用中，需要充分考虑系统的动态特性和性能指标，并进行实验测试和优化调整。
总之，路径跟踪算法在机器人控制中起着至关重要的作用。
通过合适的算法选择和参数调整，可以实现机器人的准确路径跟踪，进而提高机器人系统的稳定性和性能。
城市规划师助理岗位职责范本
编号：FS-QG-16126城市规划师助理岗位职责
City Planner Assistant Job Duties
说明：为规划化、统一化进行岗位管理，使岗位管理人员有章可循，提高工作效率与明确责任制，特此编写。
城市规划师/规划师助理城市测量师行上海城市房地产估价有限公司，城市估价，城市测量师行，房产估价，上海城市1、知名院校城市规划/产业研究专业或经济学硕士，有较好的城市规划设计理论和实践经验，有国内甲级规划设计院工作经验者更佳;
2、专业基础扎实，具备较好的方案能力，擅长空间形态设计，善于图面表达，或具有较强学术研究能力;
3、热爱专业，敬业踏实，认真负责，具备良好的职业素质和较强的沟通协调能力;
4、易于接受新概念和工作方式，乐于自我提升;
5、有战略规划、城市设计、法定规划经验者更佳;
6、责任心强，有良好的组织协调能力及团队合作精神;
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2014年6月大学英语四级考试真题(第3套)含参考答案
2014年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China, what is the first place youwould like to take him/her to see and why?Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each questionthere will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B),C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1.A) He has proved to be a better reader than the woman.B) He has difficulty understanding the book.C)He cannot get access to the assigned book.D) He cannot finish his assignment before the deadline.2. A)She will drive the man to the supermarket.B)The man should buy a car of his own..C)The man needn’t go shopping every week.D) She can pick the man up at the grocery store.3. A) Get more food and drinks. C)Tidy up the place.B) Ask his friend to come over. D) Hold a party.4. A) The talks can be held any day except this Friday.B) He could change his schedule to meet John Smith.C) The first-round talks should start as soon as possible.D) The woman should contact John Smith first.5. A) He understands the woman’s feelings.B) He has gone through a similar experience.C)The woman should have gone on the field trip.D)The teacher is just following the regulations.6. A) She will meet the man halfway. B) She will ask David to talk less.C) She is sorry the man will not come. D) She has to invite David to the party.7. A) Few students understand Prof.Johnson’s lectures.B) Few students meet Prof.Johnson’s requirements.C)Many students find Prof.Johnson’s lectures boring.D)Many students have dropped Prof.Johnson’s class.8. A) Check their computer files. C)Study a computer program.B)Make some computations. D) Assemble a computer.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) It allows him to make a lot of friends. C)It enables him to apply theory to practice.B) It requires him to work long hours. D)It helps him understand people better.10. A) It is intellectually challenging.B) It requires him to do washing-up all the time.C) It exposes him to oily smoke all day long.D) It demands physical endurance and patience.11. A) In a hospital. C)At a laundry.B)At a coffee shop. D) In a hotel.12. A) Getting along well with colleagues. C) Planning everything in advance.B) Paying attention to every detail. D) Knowing the needs of customers. Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) The pocket money British children get. C) The things British children spend money on.B) The annual inflation rate in Britain. D) The rising cost of raising a child in Britain.14. A) It enables children to live better. C)It often rises higher than inflation.B)It goes down during economic recession. D)It has gone up 25% in the past decade.15.A)Save up for their future education. C)Buy their own shoes and socks.B) Pay for small personal things. D) Make donations when necessary.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 witha single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the conversation you have just heard.16. A) District managers. C) Sales directors.B) Regular customers. D)Senior clerks.17. A) The support provided by the regular clients .B) The initiative shown by the sales representatives.C)The urgency of implementing the company’s plans.D)The important part played by district managers.18. A)Some of them were political-minded. C)One third of them were senior managers.B)Fifty percent of then were female. D)Most of them were rather conservative.19. A) He used too many quotations. C)He did not keep to the point.B) He was not gender sensitive. D)He spent too much time on details.. Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.20.A)State your problem to the head waiter. C)Ask to see the manager politely but firmly.B)Demand a discount on the dishes ordered. D)Ask the name of the person waiting onyou.21.A)Your problem may not be understood correctly.B)You don’t know if you are complaining at the right time.C)Your complaint may not reach the person in charge.D)You can’t tell how the person on the line is reacting.22.A)Demand a prompt response. C)Send it by express mail.B)Provide all the details. D)Stick to the point.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23.A)Fashion designer. C)City planner.B)Architect. D)Engineer.24.A)Do some volunteer work. C)Work flexible hours.B)Get a well-paid part-time job. D)Go back to her previous post.25. A)Few baby-sitters can be considered trustworthy.B)It will add to family’s financial burden.C)A baby-sitter is no replacement for a mother.D)The children won’t get along with a baby-sitter.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general ideal. When the passage is readfor the second time, you are required to fill the blanks with the exact words you havejust heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check whatyou have written.Almost every child, on the first day he sets foot in a school building, is smarter, more _26_, less afraid of what he doesn’t know, better at finding and _27_, more confident, resourceful（机敏的）, persistent and _28_ than he will ever be again in his schooling—or, unless he is very unusual and very lucky, for the rest of his life. Already, by paying close attention to and _29_ the world and people around him, and without any school-type formal instruction, he has done a task far more difficult, complicated and _30_ than anything he will be asked to do in school, or than any of his teachers has done for years. He has solved the _31_ of language. He has discovered it—babies don’t even know that language exists—and he has found out how it works learnt to use it _32_. He has done it by exploring, by experimenting, by developing his own model of the grammar of language, by _33_ and seeing whether it works by gradually changing it and _34_ it until it work. And while he has been doing this, he has been learning other things as well, including many of the _35_ that the schools think only they can teach him, and many that are more complicated than the ones they do try to teach him.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Readthe passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.The fact is, the world has been finding less oil than it has been using for more than twenty years now. Not only has demand been _36_, but the oil we have been finding is coming from places that are _37_ to reach. At the same time, more of this newly _38_ oil is of the type that requires a greater investment to _39_. And because demand for this precious resource will grow, according to some, by over 40 percent by 2025, fueling the world’s economic _40_ will take a lot more energy from every possible source.The energy industry needs to get more from existing fields while continuing to search for new _41_. Automakers must continue to improve fuel efficiency and perfect hybrid（混合动力的）vehicles. Technological improvements are needed so that wind, solar and hydrogen can be more _42_ parts of the energy equation. Governments need to formulate energy policies that promote _43_ and environmentally sound development. Consumers must be willing to pay for some of these solutions, while practicing conservation efforts of their own.Inaction is not an _44_. S o let’s work together to balance this equation. We are taking someSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify theparagraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph morethan once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by markingthe corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.I Cry, Therefore I AmA)In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla（大猩猩）named Gana gave birth to a male infant, whodied after three months. Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable（伤心欲绝的）, attracted crowds to the zoo. Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying. The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis. Years of observations by the biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees（黑猩猩）, could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion.B)It’s true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain. Tears pro tect the eye bykeeping it moist, but crying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and has played an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures.C)Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, it isunlikely to get the attention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationshipbetween the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized communicative role, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes; the search for comfort and pacification（抚慰）. As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and manipulation.D)Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy. But although we all cry,we do so in different ways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposed to emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen in women than in men. One explanation might be that women, who despite decades of advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination（歧视）and even violence, might have more to cry about. Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly. Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religious experience. They are more likely than women to cry when their core identities—as providers and protectors, as fathers fighters —are questioned.E)People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who aremore rigid or have more self-control. Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response to stress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma（创伤）, lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness—which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy.F)Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feelinghappier after crying. Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better after shedding tears. Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor forms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts.G)People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and provides“catharsis,” a washing out of bad feelings. The term “catharsis” has religious implications of removing evil and sin; it’s no surprise that religious ceremonies ar e, around the world, one of the main settings for the release of tears.H)Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuinesorrow, they cannot shed tears—sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone.Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even politically essential.I)Crying has also served other social purposes. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while heconsidered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing. J)The association of tears with art has ancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century B.C. were primarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged religious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure.K)I have argued that there are neurobiological（神经生物方面的）associations linking the arts and mood disorders. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears. About 80% say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures fall sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture.L)The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep. This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential for survival.M)The earliest humans arrived several million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures, languages, religion, and the arts arise. Along the way, tears became more than a biological necessity to lubricate (润滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and a signal of social bonding. The development of self-consciousness and the notion of individual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after death; and the abil ity to feel others’ sadness—all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made us human.N)More recently, we’ve learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits（回路）are activated（激活）, rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress. In short, our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and an ethics based on sympathy, possible. So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on a friend’s shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry. Because ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love.46. Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.47. Infants cry to attract attention for survival.48. There is no scientific evidence as yet that animal can shed tears from emotion.49. Tears can perform certain communicative function which words cannot.50. Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.51. People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor forms of depression.52. Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.53. In humans’ long history，tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.54. Men are less likely to give reason for their tears.55. Crying has long been associated with art.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Hospitals, hoping to curb medical error, have invested heavily to put computers, smart phones and other devices into the hands of medical staff for instant access to patient data, drug information and case studies.But like many cures, this solution has come with an unintended side effect: doctors and nurses can be focused on the screen and not the patient, even during moments of critical care. A poll showed that half of medical technicians had admitted texting during a procedure.This phenomenon has set of an intensifying in discussion at hospitals and medical schoolsabout a problem perhaps best described as “distracted doctoring”. In response, some hospitals have begun limiting the use of electronic devices in critical settings, while schools have studied reminding medical students to focus on patients instead of devices.“You justify carrying the devices around the hospital to do medical records, but you can surf the Internet or do Facebook, and sometimes Facebook is more tempt ing,” said doctor Peter Papadakos at the university of Rochester Medical Center.“My gut feeling（本能的感觉）is lives are in danger,” said doctor Dr. Papadakos. “we’re not educating people about the problem, and it's getting worse.”A survey of 439 medical technicians found that 55 percent of the technicians who monitor bypass machines acknowledged that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery. Half said they had texted while in surgery. The study concluded, “Such distractions have the potential to be disastrous”.Medical professionals have always faced interruptions from cellphones, and multitasking is simply a fact of life for many medical jobs. What has changed, say doctors, especially younger ones, is that they face increasing pressure to interrupt with their devices.The pressure stems from a mantra（信条）of modern medicine that patient care must be “data driven,” and informed by the latest, instantly accessible information. By many accounts, the technology has helped reduce medical error by providing instant access to patient data all prescription details.Dr. Peter Camel, president of the American Medical Association, said technology “offers great potential in health care,” but he added that doctor's first priority should be with the patient.56. Why do hospitals equip with their staff with computers, smart phones and other devices?A) To reduce medical error. C) To facilitate administration.B) To cope with emergencies. D) To simplify medical procedures.57. What does the author refer to by “distracted doctoring”?A) The disservice done by modern devices to doctors, nurses, as well as patients.B) The tendency of medical institutions encouraging the use of modern devices.C) The problem of devices preventing doctors from focusing on their working.D) The phenomenon of medical staff attending to personal affairs while working.58. What does Dr. Peter Papadakos worry about?A) Medical students are not adequately trained to use modern technology.B) Doctors’ interaction with their devices may endanger patients’ lives.C) Doctors are relying too heavily on modern electronic technology.D) Pressures on the medical profession may become overwhelming.59. Why do doctors feel increasing pressure to use modern devices?A) Patients trust doctors who use modern technology.B) Use of modern devices adds to hospitals’ revenues.C) Data is given too much importance in patient care.D) Patients’ data has to be revised from time to time.60. What is Peter Carmel’s advice to doctors?A) They follow closely the advances in medical science.B) They focus their attention on the patient’s condition.C) They observe hospital rules and regulations.D) They make the best use of modern devices.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.I have closely watched my generation, known as The Millennials, for 29 years now. Joel Stein wrote an extensive piece on Millennials and he remains rather optimistic about our potential.I hesitate to share his optimism because of a paradox（矛盾的现象）we seem to exhibit, namely, that there are more avenues for us to entertain ourselves than ever before, yet we are more bored than ever before.Entertainment has never been more varied. We have more cable channels, television shows, and movies than ever before. Internet providers allow instant viewing of almost any movie or television program ever created. Social drinking and partying are also widely available for Millennials. Every generation develops these habits at a certain age, but Millennials seem to be extending this phase of life as they postpone marriage.Some of this is undoubtedly due to The Great Recession. Millennials are having a difficult time finding jobs; only 47 percent of 16-to-24-year-olds are employed, the smallest share since government started recording data in 1948.But do Millennials respond to these economic troubles by doing whatever it takes to make ends meet? Hardly. In fact, of the four generations Pew Research has data for, the Millennial generation does not cite work ethic（勤奋工作）as distinctive of itself. Millennials want to save the world, but they sit and wait for that world-changing opportunity to be handed to them. Instead of working 2-3 jobs, launching a business, or doing what it takes to succeed, they retreat. Millennials may be the first generation to have a lower standard of living than their parents, but with this response to adversity（逆境）, perhaps deservingly so.Much ink has been spilled in management books discussing how to get the most out of these youths in the workplace. Largely, they come to the same conclusion: Millennials are entitled, over-confident, and expect too much too quickly. We should not be surprised. Today’s young adults were raised by parents who made sure to boost their self-esteem at every turn, telling them they could achieve whatever they set their minds to, and handing out prizes for sixth place.61. What does the author of the passage think of Millennials?A) They show little interest in entertainment.B) They are not confident about their ability.C) They enjoy an easy life due to high technology.D) They may not have bright prospects for success.62. How do Millennials feel about their life?A) They can hardly do anything about it. C) It is not as good as their paren ts’.B) There is little in it to get excited about. D) It is full of opportunities for success.63. In what way are Millennials different from previous generations according to the PewResearch?A) They spend less time socializing. C) They do not value hard work.B) They are indifferent to others. D) They are more independent.64. What should Millennials do according to the author?A) Remain optimistic in face of diversity. C) Make full use of new opportunities.B) Start a business as early as possible. D) Take action to change their situation.65. Why are Millennials over-confident about themselves?A) They have been spoiled by their parents. C) They are misguided by management books.B) They can always get whatever they expect. D) They think they are young and energetic.Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.为了促进教育公平，中国已投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地区农村义务教育（compulsory education）。
motion planning和trajectory planning
motion planning和trajectory planning
Motion planning和trajectory planning是机器人技术中的两个重要概念，它们在机器人运动控制和导航过程中起着关键作用。
尽管它们之间有一定的关联，但它们在实现方式和应用场景上存在明显的差异。
1. Motion Planning（运动规划）：
-Motion planning是指机器人规划其在关节空间或笛卡尔空间中的运动路径，以完成特定任务。
它主要关注机器人在执行任务过程中如何移动，包括移动的轨迹和速度等。
-运动规划的目标是找到一条安全、高效的路径，使机器人能够从起始位置到达目标位置，并完成任务。
-运动规划算法通常基于碰撞检测、路径搜索和优化技术。
常见的运动规划方法有：基于图的规划、基于概率的方法、智能优化算法等。
2. Trajectory Planning（轨迹规划）：
-轨迹规划是在运动规划的基础上，为机器人规划一个平滑、稳定的运动轨迹。
轨迹规划不仅考虑机器人的运动路径，还关注运动过程中的速度、加速度等动态特性。
-轨迹规划的目标是生成一条满足一定性能要求的轨迹，例如避免过冲、减小加速度变化等。
-轨迹规划算法通常基于微分方程、优化技术和控制理论。
常见的轨迹规划方法有：多项式插值、样条插值、优化算法（如遗传算法、粒子群优化算法等）等。
总结：运动规划关注机器人如何移动，主要解决移动路径和速度问题；轨迹规划关注机器人移动过程中的动态特性，主要解决平滑性和稳定性问题。
在实际应用中，运动规划和轨迹规划通常是相互关联的，需要结合具体情况选择合适的规划方法。
大学英语(一)_第一阶段练习
江南大学网络教育第一阶段练习题考试科目:《大学英语（一）》第章至第章（总分100分）__________学习中心（教学点）批次：层次：专业：学号：身份证号：姓名：得分：一阅读理解 (共3题，总分值45分 )1. Herman had worked for the bank of Ruritania for ten years and was still only aclerk. He was not satisfied with the position and wanted to find something better.Yet he did not want to lose his position in bank before he had got another one, so he prepared a letter about himself, with the words "HELP! I AM A PRISONER OF THE BANK OF RURITANIA!" in big letters across the top. Then he sent it to several other banks, asking them for a job.A few days later, one of these letters came into the hands of Herman's boss at the bank; someone had given it to him at a party. The next morning, Herman's boss asked him to come into his room and said, "Herman, I have some very good news for you. The bank of Ruritania is setting you free!"（15 分）(1). Herman was not happy because he was in prison in the bank. （3 分）A. TB. F(2). Herman did not want to leave the Bank of Ruritania immediately because he had not found a better job yet. （3 分）A. TB. F(3). He wished some other bank to give him a better job. （3 分）A. TB. F(4). A few days later, Herman's boss found one of these letters in his office. （3 分）A. TB. F(5). The boss asked Herman to come into his room as he decided to fire him. （3 分）A. TB. F2. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson was the first president to take the oath of office in the nation's permanent capital, Washington D.C. Although Washington was a new city, it was already familiar to President Jefferson. In fact, Jefferson had helped plan the capital's streets and public buildings. Besides being a city planner and architect, the new President was a writer, a scientist, and the inventor of several tools.Jefferson lived in the Presidential Palace. The Palace was more than a home; it contained offices for the President and some of his staff and advisors. It also included dining and reception rooms, where the President could entertain congressmen. However, President Jefferson did not give many formal parties. This was partly because there was no First Lady. Jefferson's wife had died in 1782. But it was also because Jefferson liked to live in a simple fashion. Once, he showed up for an important meeting wearing old clothes and slippers! Neither Washington nor Adams would ever have dressed so casually.Jefferson was different from the first two Presidents in other ways, too. He disagreed with them about how the country should be run, and about what part a President should play in running it.（15 分）(1). According to the passage, the Presidential Palace was built to be__________________. （3 分）A. an office building and homeB. a meeting place for congressmenC. a homeD. an office building(2). According to the passage, Thomas Jefferson was all of the followingexcept __________________. （3 分）A. a writerB. a city plannerC. the third president of the United StatesD. a carpenter(3). Thomas Jefferson did not entertain very often in Washington D.C.because __________________. （3 分）A. he did not have new clothesB. the food there was badC. he did not enjoy carefully prepared parties and there was no First LadyD. his wife did not like it(4). Which of the following statements about Washington D.C. is TRUE? （3 分）A. It was not the first capital of the United States.B. All the American presidents took the oath of office in Washington D.C.C. There were many old streets in WashingtonD.C. before 1801.D. Washington D.C. was planned by Thomas Jefferson.(5). It can be inferred from the passage that George Washington and John Adams both__________________. （3 分）A. lived in the Presidential PalaceB. were rather formal gentlemenC. were different from Thomas Jefferson only in how to run the countryD. dressed casually3. Chess must be one of the oldest games in the world. An Arab traveller in India in the year 900 wrote that it was played 'long, long ago.' Chess was probably invented in India, and it has been played everywhere from Japan to Europe since 1400. The name 'chess' is interesting. When one player is attacking the other's king, he says in English, 'check'. When the king has been caught and cannot move anywhere, he says 'check mate'. These words come from Persian 'Shah mat' means 'the king is dead'. That is when the game is over, and one player has won.Such an old game changes very slowly. The rules have not always been the same as they are now. For example, at one time the queen could only move one square at a time. Now she is the strongest piece on the board. It would be interesting to know why this has happened. Chess takes time and thought, but it is a game for all kinds of people. You don't have to be a champion in order to enjoy it. It is not always played by two people sitting at the same table. The first time the Americans beat the Russians was in a match played by radio. Some of the chess masters are able to play many people at the same time. The record was when one man played 400 games! It is said that some people played chess by post. This must make chess the slowest game in the world.（15 分）(1). Chess was played in India long before 900. （3 分）A. TB. F(2). One player has won the game when he attacks the other player's king. （3 分）A. TB. F(3). Chess is a game for all sorts of people. （3 分）A. TB. F(4). Only two people can play chess sitting at the same table.（3 分）A. TB. F(5). According to the old rules of the game, the king could not move anywhere. （3 分）A. TB. F二词汇与语法 (共5题，总分值10分 )4. The boy is not happy at the new school. He has _______A___________ friends there. （2 分）A. fewB. a fewC. littleD. a little5. I don't know ________B_________ to deal with such matter. （2 分）A. whatB. howC. whichD. /6. Tom _______A___________ more than twenty pounds on the novel. （2 分）A. spentB. paidC. costD. took7. He ________A_________ driving me home, even though I told him I lived nearby. （2 分）A. insisted onB. insisted atC. insisted thatD. insisted in8. I fell and hurt myself while I _______A___________ basketball yesterday. （2 分）A. was playingB. am playingC. playD. played三交际英语 (共5题，总分值10分 )9. -How much is that meat, please?-_______________B___________________________________ （2 分）A. Ten o'clock.B. Ten yuan a kilo.C. I like it very much.D. I don't like.10. - ______A___________?- It's Friday. （2 分）A. What day is it?B. What's the date today?C. What's the time?D. What time is it?11. - Can I borrow your digital camera for a couple of days?- ______C___________ （2 分）A. Yes, you may not borrow.B. Yes, go on.C. Sure, here you are. Enjoy your journey.D. It doesn't matter.12. - Good night and thanks again.- ________D_________ （2 分）A. You can't say that.B. No, no. It's what I can do.C. How can you say that.D. Good night.13. -How soon will your father fly to New York?-___________________C_______________________________ （2 分）A. At 7.00 am.B. Last week.C. In three days.D. Twice a year.四英译汉 (共5题，总分值25分 )14. I slept soundly all night. （5 分）我整夜睡得很熟。
cityengine高架桥规则
cityengine高架桥规则CityEngine高架桥规则引言：CityEngine是一款专业的城市建模软件，其强大的规则引擎功能使得用户可以轻松创建复杂的城市场景。
在城市建模中，高架桥是一个重要的元素，它不仅可以提高道路的通行效率，还可以美化城市的景观。
本文将介绍CityEngine中高架桥的规则以及如何使用它来创建逼真的城市场景。
一、高架桥的定义与作用高架桥是一种桥梁结构，通过建造在地面之上的桥墩和桥面，使得交通工具可以在地面之上通行。
高架桥的建造可以有效缓解城市交通拥堵问题，提高道路通行能力。
同时，高架桥还可以增加城市的美观度，为城市增添一道亮丽的风景线。
二、CityEngine高架桥规则的设计在CityEngine中，用户可以通过编写规则来创建高架桥。
高架桥规则的设计需要考虑以下几个方面：1. 桥梁形式：高架桥可以有多种形式，如简单的梁桥、拱桥、斜拉桥等。
在规则中，用户可以指定桥梁的形式，并设置相应的参数，如桥墩的高度、桥面的宽度等。
2. 桥墩布局：桥墩是高架桥的支撑结构，其布局需要考虑道路的宽度、交通流量等因素。
在规则中，用户可以设置桥墩的间距、数量以及形状，以适应不同的道路情况。
3. 桥面材质：高架桥的桥面可以使用不同的材质进行铺装，如混凝土、钢板等。
在规则中，用户可以选择桥面的材质，并设置相应的纹理和颜色，以增加模型的真实感。
4. 桥面细节：为了增加模型的真实感，高架桥的桥面可以添加一些细节元素，如护栏、标识牌等。
在规则中，用户可以设置这些细节元素的位置、样式和数量，以打造出一个逼真的高架桥模型。
三、使用CityEngine创建高架桥模型使用CityEngine创建高架桥模型的步骤如下：1. 导入地理数据：首先，用户需要导入城市的地理数据，包括道路、建筑物等要素。
CityEngine支持多种数据格式，如Shapefile、KML 等。
2. 创建规则文件：用户可以使用CityEngine提供的规则编辑器创建高架桥规则文件。
lattice planner 算法原理
Lattice Planner算法原理Lattice Planner算法是一种常用的路径规划算法，主要用于自动驾驶汽车和机器人的路径规划。
该算法能够在复杂的环境中，有效地生成安全、高效的行驶路径，受到了广泛的关注和应用。
一、概述1.1 Lattice Planner算法简介Lattice Planner算法是一种基于格点的路径规划算法，通过将车辆的状态和环境信息抽象为离散的格点，寻找最优的路径来实现车辆的自主行驶。
该算法在解决多种复杂环境下的路径规划问题上具有较好的效果，被广泛应用于自动驾驶汽车和无人机等领域。
1.2 算法的特点Lattice Planner算法具有以下特点：- 高效性：能够在复杂的环境中快速生成合理的行驶路径；- 鲁棒性：能够适应不同的道路条件和环境变化；- 安全性：能够考虑到车辆行驶的安全性，避免碰撞和危险情况。
二、算法原理2.1 车辆状态空间Lattice Planner算法将车辆的状态抽象为一个状态空间，该空间由位置、速度、加速度等参数组成。
在这个状态空间中，每个状态都代表着车辆可能的状态，例如位置、速度和加速度的组合。
通过对这个状态空间的搜索，可以找到一条最优的路径。
2.2 离散化为了更好地处理状态空间，Lattice Planner算法将连续的状态空间离散化为有限的格点，每个格点代表一个可能的状态。
这样做可以大大减少状态空间的规模，使路径规划问题变得更为可行。
2.3 路径搜索在离散化的状态空间中，Lattice Planner算法通过搜索算法（如A*算法）来寻找最优的路径。
该算法以车辆的起始状态和目标状态为输入，通过搜索状态空间中的格点，找到一条最优的路径。
2.4 路径生成一旦找到了最优路径，Lattice Planner算法将路径上的格点进行连接，生成一条连续的、光滑的路径。
这条路径将作为车辆的行驶路径，能够实现安全、高效的自主行驶。
三、应用领域Lattice Planner算法在自动驾驶汽车、无人机、机器人等领域具有广泛的应用，能够解决复杂环境下的路径规划问题。
CITYPLAN详细介绍
CITYPLAN详细介绍使⽤cityplan，⽤户可以对模型景观直接进⾏三维空间三维互动设计软件CITYPLANCityplan：软件将设计⼈员的绘图的时间都节省出来⽤在了⽅案的设计构思上，可以⼤幅提⾼设计效率。
设计⼈员⽅案构思推敲的过程也感受到所见即所得的效果。
对规划编制单位应⽤新技术、提⾼设计效率、提升设计⽔平、节省⼯作时间、开发设计思路、降低劳动强度、规范编制成果、有事半功倍的作⽤。
软件概要Cityplan4.5软件为独⽴平台的发布，可⽤于修建性规划设计、修建性总平⾯设计、建筑总平⾯设计及园林绿化设计等，包括⽇照分析、⼟⽅计算、现状地形分析等功能。
1、三维互动软件特性介绍的设计、修改，通过漫游或调整视⾓观察，能直观体验总体的三维效果，⽤户可以⽅便的对景观进⾏设计。
将三维技术与建筑规划专业结合，在模拟的场景中，通过图形与数据的互动机制，直观的构建与推敲规划元素，从⽽轻松的实现⾼品质的设计⽅案，快速获得总平⾯、效果图、仿真模型、仿真视频和虚拟发布。
Cityplan软件中操作的对象全部是三维⾃定义对象。
地形、道路、建筑、绿地、⽔⾯、铺地、树⽊、⼩品、球场、台阶、挡墙、停车位等都是三维对象。
每个三维对象都对应平⾯要素及属性数据，⼜包含三维要素及⾃动贴图。
2、系统特点1、互动设计，三维模型空间、总平⾯图、各种经济指标在设计的同时随时观察调整，表格能⾃动⽣成。
2、紧密配合规划设计条件、国家规范、标准，⽤软件设计的图形⼀定符合规范标准。
3、具有指标校审功能，把规划设计单位的图和规划管理单位的管理紧密结合了起来。
4、软件规划专业的⾼级规划师亲⾃编写，更符合专业习惯。
5、Cityplan三维互动规划设计软件经过了反复修改，和多家规划设计单位的使⽤，有着超强实⽤性、稳定性。
Cityplan的应⽤cityplan是⼀套三维的规划设计软件，可⽤于修建性规划设计、修建性总平⾯设计、建筑总平⾯设计及园林绿化设计等，⽇照分析、⼟⽅计算、动画仿真处理、仿真漫游发布。
关于公园城市的英文作文
关于公园城市的英文作文As a city planner, I have always been fascinated by the concept of a park city. The idea of integrating nature seamlessly into urban life is a beautiful vision that not only promotes sustainability but also provides a much-needed respite from the hustle and bustle of city living. 作为一名城市规划者，我一直对公园城市的概念着迷。
将自然无缝地融入城市生活的理念是一个美丽的愿景，它不仅促进了可持续发展，还为城市生活的喧嚣和忙碌提供了急需的休息。
One of the key benefits of a park city is its ability to improve the quality of life for residents. By providing easy access to green spaces, parks, and recreational facilities, residents can enjoy the benefits of nature without having to venture far from their homes. This not only promotes physical health but also has a positive impact on mental well-being. 公园城市的一个关键好处是它可以提高居民的生活质量。
通过提供便利的绿地、公园和娱乐设施，居民可以在不离家太远的情况下享受大自然的好处。
这不仅促进了身体健康，还对心理健康产生了积极的影响。
建设规划英文作文
建设规划英文作文英文：As a city planner, I believe that a well-thought-out construction plan is crucial for the development and growth of any urban area. It is important to consider the needs of the community, the impact on the environment, and the long-term sustainability of the infrastructure.When creating a construction plan, I always take into account the input of the local residents. It is essential to understand their needs and concerns in order to create a plan that will benefit the community as a whole. For example, when we were planning the construction of a new park in the city, we held several community meetings to gather feedback from the residents. This helped us understand their preferences for park amenities and design, and as a result, we were able to create a park that truly met the needs of the community.In addition to community input, it is also important to consider the environmental impact of any construction project. Sustainable and eco-friendly design principles should be integrated into the construction plan to minimize the negative impact on the environment. For instance, when we were designing a new residential development, we incorporated green building techniques and utilizedrecycled materials to reduce the project's carbon footprint.Furthermore, a construction plan should also focus on long-term sustainability. This means considering the maintenance and upkeep of the infrastructure to ensure its longevity. For example, when planning the construction of a new transportation system, we not only focused on theinitial construction but also developed a maintenance planto ensure the system would continue to function efficiently for years to come.In conclusion, a well-planned construction projecttakes into account the needs of the community, the impacton the environment, and the long-term sustainability of the infrastructure. By incorporating these factors into theconstruction plan, we can create developments that truly benefit the city and its residents.中文：作为一名城市规划师，我相信一个深思熟虑的建设规划对于城市的发展和增长至关重要。
MissionPlanner地面站操作手册
MissionPlanner地面站操作手册Mission Planner地面站作业手册目录第一章地面站基本界面1、基础界面、外表盘、动作指令基础界面外表盘动作指令第二章航线规划器与指令一、建立航点与指令第三章多边形测绘航线规划设置1、多边形航路1．增加多边形点多边形航路首要用于航测航路计划飞翔航路的计划首先需求绘制一个多边形框选指定的功课地区2．绘制航线多边形区域在地图中规划好需要拍摄的大概区域3．创建自动航线组右键点击地图选择自动航点工具S-urvey（Grid）来创建飞行航线组4．设置基本航线参数基础设置中发起所有选项都选中，飞翔速率、海拔高度、航路角度按照义务需求来设置5．设置航线网格照相正射影像这一处设置的选项发起不选中，航向旁向堆叠率的设置相当紧张，按照义务需求设置好。
而缓冲点的距离可以根据仿真测试来制定最佳的缓冲距离，达到进入拍照区域是稳定的直线航线。
航线起飞方向则根据规划的起降点选择好适当的起降地点与方向决定。
6．设置相机参数设置并校验相机参数，或加载照片样本。
设置好所有参数后保存航线并写入航线。
第四章航线飞行模拟校验1.飞行仿真模式Mission Planner自带有仿真功用，可以举行离线测试航路假如是义务前预计划，可以事前模仿飞翔一次以便校验飞翔参数与照相点位是不是精确。
2.仿真校验测试航线写入后在动作面板切换为航线模式，仿真飞行任务测试开始。
飞行结束后检查图XXX轨迹是否良好，拍照节点是否等距，航线飞行过程中是否发生预定的错误。
第五章Pos数据与照片匹配。
LatticePlanner规划算法
LatticePlanner规划算法Lattice Planner规划算法人类在驾驶时面对不同的路况会有不同的解决方案，自动驾驶系统也是如此。
而决策规划就如大脑进行状况预测。
这一预测过程涵盖了路况分析、行为决策、动作规划和反馈控制等多重内容，同时还要重视安全和舒适两大要点，进而构成了自动驾驶系统的核心部分。
想要同时兼顾这些条件并不容易，当前在业界关于决策规划也并没有成熟统一的解决方案。
但一些优秀的规划算法却可以很好的完成这些任务。
比如Lattice Planner，遵循先采样后选择的逻辑，依据从安全性、舒适性和交规抽象出的cost函数来保障轨迹的平滑。
上周，来自百度Apollo的高级研发工程师许珂诚，在Apollo开发者社群内分享了有关Lattice Plannner的内容，帮助开发者更加了解Apollo核心算法的逻辑与细节。
Lattice Planner 总体概览Lattice算法隶属于规划模块。
规划模块以预测模块、Routing模块、高精地图和定位的结果作为输入，通过算法，输出一条平稳、舒适、安全的轨迹，交给控制模块去执行。
我们可以看到，规划模块在Apollo中是一个承上启下的重要模块。
这是Apollo中规划模块的工作流程。
首先是依据Routing和定位，通过平滑算法，生成一条平滑的参考线（平滑的道路中心线）。
再通过规划算法，生成一条符合交规，安全舒适的规划轨迹。
那么Lattice算法就是Apollo开源平台中，其中的一种规划算法。
一个合格规划算法，必须满足几个条件。
首先，必须能够使自动驾驶汽车到达目的地；其次，必须符合交规；第三，能够避免碰撞；最后，也需要能保证一定的舒适性。
在Apollo 中，规划算法的输出是一系列轨迹点连成的轨迹。
每一个轨迹点包含位置，速度，加速的等信息。
2Lattice 规划算法的工作流程。
city engine 规则
city engine 规则CityEngine是一款用于创建虚拟城市和规划场景的三维建模软件。
它通过编写规则脚本来生成建筑、道路、植被等元素，使用户能够快速创建高度可自定义的城市模型。
以下是一些CityEngine中使用的规则的概述：1. CGA规则语法：CityEngine使用一种称为CGA（Computer Generated Architecture）的规则语言来描述建筑和城市场景。
CGA规则是一种基于规则和参数的语法，允许用户通过定义规则和应用参数来生成建筑物的形状、纹理、风格和细节。
2. 规则库（Rule Library）：CityEngine提供了一系列内置的规则库，用户可以使用这些规则库来创建建筑物、道路、街区等元素。
规则库包含了各种建筑风格、道路布局等模板，用户可以选择并进行自定义修改。
3. 层级规则（Hierarchical Rules）：CityEngine中的规则可以分为层级结构，这意味着可以使用嵌套规则，从而实现对建筑物和场景的更复杂和详细的描述。
4. 条件语句和迭代语句：CityEngine的规则中可以使用条件语句（如if-else语句）和迭代语句（如for循环），以便根据特定的条件或需要对生成的元素进行逻辑控制和重复操作。
5. 参数化：CityEngine的规则支持参数化，可以在规则中定义参数并通过调整参数的值来改变生成的场景。
这使得用户能够快速进行设计迭代和变化分析。
通过编写和定义规则，用户可以创建高度可定制的城市场景和建筑模型。
CityEngine还提供了可视化和交互式的编辑器，方便用户进行规则的创建、编辑和实时预览。
用户可以根据自己的需求和创意，通过编写规则来生成独特而逼真的虚拟城市模型。
有关城市建设的英语六级口语题目
有关城市建设的英语六级口语题目全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Great City BuildersHi everyone! Today, I want to talk to you about something very exciting and important – city construction! Do you know that cities are like big puzzles? People work together to build beautiful and functional cities for us to live in. Let's explore the amazing world of city construction!First, let's talk about tall buildings called skyscrapers. Skyscrapers are like giants that touch the sky! They are built with strong materials like steel and glass. Skyscrapers make cities look grand and provide spaces for offices, apartments, and shops. They have many floors, elevators, and beautiful lights that shine at night. It's so fascinating to see them towering over the city!Next, we have roads and bridges. Just like how we need roads to go to different places, cities need roads too! Roads help us travel from one part of the city to another. They are made of concrete and have lanes for cars, bicycles, and even sidewalks for pedestrians. Sometimes, we need bridges to cross over riversand valleys. Bridges are like magical paths that connect two places. We can walk or drive on them and enjoy the view!Parks and gardens are also important for a city. They are like green lungs that give us fresh air and spaces to play. Cities have parks with tall trees, colorful flowers, and soft grass. We can ride bicycles, play games, have picnics, and even fly kites in parks. They are great places to relax and have fun with friends and family. Remember, it's important to keep our parks clean and take care of the plants and animals living there.Another interesting thing about city construction is public transportation. Have you ever seen buses, trains, and subways in cities? They help people move around easily and reduce traffic jams. Buses have different routes and stop at specific places to pick up and drop off passengers. Trains and subways run on tracks and take people to faraway places quickly. It's fun to take a ride and see the city from a different perspective!Lastly, let's talk about buildings for special purposes. Cities have schools, hospitals, libraries, and museums. Schools are where we learn and make new friends. Hospitals are where we go when we are sick, and doctors and nurses take care of us. Libraries are full of books and knowledge waiting to be discovered. Museums have fascinating artifacts and artworksthat teach us about history and culture. These buildings serve important roles in our lives.In conclusion, city construction is like a big adventure where people create amazing places for us to live, work, and play. Skyscrapers, roads and bridges, parks and gardens, public transportation, and special buildings all contribute to making a city a wonderful place. Let's appreciate the hard work of city builders and do our part in keeping our cities clean and beautiful. Together, we can make our cities the best they can be!I hope you enjoyed learning about city construction with me. Keep exploring and asking questions. Who knows, maybe one day you'll become a great city builder too!篇2City Planning is Cool!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about city planning - it's really interesting, I promise! My dad is an urban planner and he helps design neighborhoods, roads, parks and all the buildings and stuff that make up a city. I used to think it was kind of a boring job, but after he explained it to me, I realized how important and fun it actually is.Let me start by talking about houses and apartments. When a new area is going to be developed, the urban planners have to figure out how many homes are needed and what kinds - big houses, small houses, tall apartment buildings, etc. They look at things like how many people will live there, what the buildings are made of, and how close together everything should be. Too crowded and it feels cramped, but too spread out and you waste a lot of space.They also need to make sure there are enough schools, grocery stores, hospitals and other важные neighborhood things that people need nearby. Can you imagine having to drive an hour just to go to school or buy milk? No thanks! Good urban planning puts the important stuff conveniently located in each neighborhood.Speaking of driving, that's another major part of an urban planner's job - figuring out the roads, traffic lights, parking and public transit. You don't want crazy traffic jams every morning because there aren't enough roads or lanes. And you need places for buses, trains, bike lanes and sidewalks so people have options besides just driving their cars. My dad says one of the hardest parts is making traffic flow smoothly without too many lights or stop signs.Then there are parks, playgrounds, pools, sports fields and other fun recreation spaces. Cities need green spaces scattered throughout where kids can run around and grown-ups can relax outdoors. The urban planners choose the locations and designs of the parks based on things like usage predictions, surrounding buildings, available space and budgets. They even plan where trees and gardens should go to keep the air fresh.Protecting the environment is just as important as the buildings themselves. Urban planners work hard to incorporate things like energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, proper waste disposal and water management. They try to minimize environmental impact as much as possible through sustainable design. After all, we have to take care of Mother Nature!Another fascinating aspect is balancing historical preservation with new development. You can't just demolish every old building - the urban planners have to evaluate which sites are important enough to protect and restore based on architecture, cultural significance, community value and other criteria. But they also need to allow cities to keep growing and evolving by adding new construction in smart ways.Speaking of new construction, that's where urban planners get to unleash their creativity and vision. They literally get todesign the city of the future! Using concepts like smart growth, transit-oriented development and new urbanism, they plan communities with a mix of housing, jobs, shops and recreation that are walkable and bicycle-friendly. The buildings themselves incorporate the latest green technologies, energy-efficient layouts, modern amenities and eye-catching architecture. How cool is that?As you can see, urban planning is way more complex and interesting than I ever knew. From mapping out streets to picking park locations to balancing historic buildings with new eco-friendly skyscrapers, urban planners have to juggle a ton of factors. They basically get to decide what cities will look and feel like for generations to come! When I grow up, maybe I'll become an urban planner myself. I'd love to help design amazing cities that are clean, efficient, convenient and fun places to live. Who's with me?篇3My City: Building a Better Place to LiveHi everyone! Today, I want to talk about something very exciting—city construction! Have you ever thought about how cities are built? Well, let me tell you all about it.A city is a big place where many people live, work, and play. It's like a giant puzzle with different pieces that fit together to create a beautiful picture. City construction is all about making sure these puzzle pieces come together in the best way possible.First, let's talk about buildings. Buildings are like the blocks of a city. They can be tall, short, big, or small. Architects are the people who design these buildings. They use their creativity and imagination to make them interesting and unique. When building a city, architects need to think about what the buildings will be used for. We need schools, hospitals, libraries, and homes for people to live in. It's important to have a good mix of buildings so that everyone's needs are met.Next, we have roads. Roads are like the veins of a city. They connect different places and help people move around easily. Traffic engineers are the ones who plan and design the roads. They make sure the roads are wide enough for cars, buses, and bicycles to travel safely. They also think about traffic lights and signs to keep everyone organized. Good roads are important because they help us get to school, visit friends, and explore our city.Parks and green spaces are another important part of city construction. They are like the lungs of a city, providing fresh airand a place to relax. Landscape architects are the ones who design these beautiful parks. They think about where to put trees, flowers, and playgrounds. Parks are great because they let us play, exercise, and enjoy nature. They make our city a happier and healthier place to live.In addition to buildings, roads, and parks, there are other things that make a city special. Think about the places you like to visit—museums, theaters, sports stadiums, and shopping centers. These places are also part of city construction. They provide entertainment and fun for everyone.Now, let's talk about how we can help build a better city. Even though we are just kids, we can make a difference too! We can start by taking care of our city. We should throw trash in the bins, not on the ground. We can also plant trees and flowers to make our neighborhoods more beautiful. It's important to be kind to others and help those in need. By doing these small things, we can make our city a better place for everyone.In conclusion, city construction is all about building a place where people can live happily and comfortably. It's like a big puzzle that needs different pieces to fit together. Buildings, roads, parks, and other places are all important parts of a city. As kids, we can also contribute to building a better city by takingcare of our surroundings and being kind to others. Let's work together to make our city the best place to live!I hope you enjoyed learning about city construction with me. Remember, even though we are young, we can make a big impact on our city's future. Keep dreaming big and never stop imagining what our city can become.篇4My Dream CityHi there! My name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. Today, I want to share my ideas for the perfect city with you. If I could design a city from scratch, here's what it would look like!First of all, my dream city would be really green andeco-friendly. There would be huge parks and gardens everywhere, with tons of beautiful trees, flowers, and plants. The parks would have playgrounds, walking trails, ponds with ducks, and lots of open spaces for running around or having picnics. I think it's super important for cities to have plenty of nature because it makes people happier and healthier. Plus, trees and plants help make the air cleaner by removing pollution.Speaking of pollution, my perfect city wouldn't allow any factories or vehicles that create a lot of smoke or toxic gases. We would only have electric cars, buses, and trains that run on renewable energy like solar or wind power. That way, the air would always be fresh and clean to breathe. Maybe some of the roads could even be replaced with bicycle lanes and walking paths to encourage people to get exercise instead of driving everywhere.When it comes to buildings, I would want a mix of houses, apartments, schools, stores, restaurants, and entertainment venues like movie theaters or arcades. But I wouldn't make them too tall or cramped together. Having plenty of space between buildings with paths and little parks in between would make the city feel nice and open. The buildings themselves could be really colorful and creative in their designs instead of just plain square boxes. Imaginative architecture is way more fun!All the houses and buildings would be designed to be energy and water efficient too. They could have solar panels on the roofs, special insulation to stay cool in summer and warm in winter, low-flow faucets and shower heads, and gardens on balconies or rooftops for growing fruits and vegetables. We could even have community gardens throughout theneighborhoods where families could plant their own crops if they wanted to. Imagine how delicious it would be to pick fresh tomatoes, strawberries, or carrots right from the garden!My dream city would be extremely clean and organized as well. We'd have lots of recycling bins everywhere and teams of workers to collect trash and recyclables daily. Littering would be strictly prohibited so the streets and public areas always looked beautiful. We could also have underground tunnels or pneumatic tubes for transporting garbage and deliveries so there wouldn't be huge noisy trucks driving around.Schools in my city would be a top priority too. The classrooms would be modern with the latest technology like computers, TVs, and virtual reality gear for immersive learning experiences. There would be art and music studios, science labs, huge libraries, indoor playgrounds, sports facilities, and field trip buses to take students on adventures outside the city. The schools could even have rooftop gardens where students learn about growing food and protecting the environment. I think making education fun and hands-on is the best way to get kids excited about learning!For sports fans, my dream city would boast state-of-the-art stadiums and arenas for basketball, football, soccer, baseball,hockey, and more. We could even have an Olympic-sized swimming pool with cool waterslides and a wave machine! Recreational centers with gyms, rock climbing walls, ice skating rinks, and other athletic facilities would be available in every neighborhood too.As for actually getting around town, we'd have a variety of efficient public transportation options. Super high-speed rail lines could connect the major hubs while clean electric buses, streetcars, and subway systems would serve more local routes. Bike share stations would be available everywhere you look for quick short-distance trips. And self-driving electric rideshare vehicles could get you anywhere else you needed to go quickly and safely.To make the city safe and well-run, I'd hire the best police officers, firefighters, doctors, and government leaders. We'd have community policing so law enforcement would be friends with local residents. All emergency services would be fast and high quality. And our mayor and city council would have to be ethical, hard-working people who really care about making our city amazing for everyone who lives there.Last but definitely not least, my dream city would be a place of total equality, diversity, and inclusion. People of all races,religions, cultures, abilities, gender identities, and backgrounds would be warmly welcomed. We'd celebrate our differences with citywide festivals, art projects, multicultural food fairs, and special museum exhibits. Discrimination or hatred towards others would never be allowed under any circumstances. I want my perfect city to be a shining beacon of peace, love, and mutual respect for all humankind.Well, those are my big ideas for an awesome city of the future! I tried to include all the most important things like environmental sustainability, public spaces, accessible education and culture, modern transportation solutions, safety and security, and most importantly, a harmonious society where everyone belongs. I know it might seem like an unrealistic fantasy for now, but I truly believe that if we work hard and dream big, almost anything is possible. Maybe you'll be the visionary who helps turn these ideas into reality someday! A girl can hope, right? Thanks for listening to me! Building cities is so much fun.篇5Topic: My Dream CityHello, everyone! Today, I want to share with you my dream city. It's a city that I imagine would be the most amazing place to live in. Let's explore together!First of all, my dream city would have lots of beautiful green spaces. There would be parks with big trees, colorful flowers, and grassy fields where children like me could play and have picnics. I would love to see butterflies and birds flying around, making the city feel closer to nature.In my dream city, there would be clean and wide streets. The roads would be well-maintained, and there would be special lanes for bicycles and pedestrians. This way, people could walk or ride their bikes safely. I think it's important to have clean air and reduce pollution, so my dream city would encourage people to use eco-friendly transportation like bicycles or electric cars.One of the most important things in my dream city is education. There would be great schools with passionate teachers who make learning fun. The classrooms would be colorful and equipped with modern technology. I believe that education is the key to a bright future, so my dream city would provide equal opportunities for all children to receive a quality education.Safety is another crucial aspect of my dream city. There would be friendly police officers and security guards who keep the city safe. Well-lit streets and surveillance cameras would help ensure that everyone feels secure. I would love to be able to walk around my city without any worries.Now, let's talk about entertainment! My dream city would have amazing places to visit. There would be a big library with books from all around the world, a fantastic zoo with a variety of animals, and a fun amusement park with thrilling rides. I would also love to have a big stadium where we could watch sports games and cheer for our favorite teams.In my dream city, there would be a strong sense of community. People would be friendly and helpful to each other. We would have festivals and events where everyone could come together and celebrate. It would be a city full of diverse cultures, where we could learn from each other and appreciate our differences.Lastly, my dream city would be environmentally friendly. There would be recycling bins everywhere, and people would be encouraged to reduce waste and take care of the environment. We would have solar panels and wind turbines to generate clean energy, making my city a role model for sustainability.In conclusion, my dream city would be a place of beauty, education, safety, entertainment, community, and environmental consciousness. It's a city where children like me can grow up happily and have a bright future. I hope that one day, my dream city will become a reality, and we can all live in a place that we are proud to call home.That's all for my speech! Thank you for listening. I hope you liked hearing about my dream city.篇6Topic: How to Make Our City BetterHello everyone! Today, I want to talk about how we can make our city better. Our city is a special place where we live, play, and learn. If we all work together, we can make it an even more wonderful place to be!Firstly, let's talk about transportation. We all know that traffic can be a big problem in our city. One way to improve it is by encouraging people to use public transportation. This can help reduce the number of cars on the road and make our city less crowded. We can also build more bike lanes and walking paths so that people can choose to ride bicycles or walk to nearbyplaces. It's not only good for our health but also good for the environment!Next, let's think about the parks and green spaces in our city. Parks are like outdoor classrooms where we can learn about nature and have fun at the same time. We can plant more trees, flowers, and create more gardens in our city. This will make our city more beautiful and help clean the air. We can also organize community clean-up events where we pick up trash and keep our parks clean and tidy. Remember, it's important to take care of our environment!Another important aspect of our city is education. We need good schools where we can learn and grow. We can suggest building new schools or improving the existing ones. It's also important to have libraries and community centers where we can read books, play games, and have after-school activities. By investing in education, we are investing in our future!Safety is another concern for our city. We can make our city safer by working together with our parents, teachers, and the police. We should always obey traffic rules, cross the road at crosswalks, and wear helmets when riding bicycles. We can also organize neighborhood watch programs to keep an eye out for any suspicious activities. Remember, safety comes first!Lastly, let's talk about community involvement. We can encourage people to come together and participate in community events, such as festivals, parades, and charity drives. By doing so, we can promote a sense of belonging and unity among the people in our city. Together, we can make our city a better place for everyone!In conclusion, there are many ways we can make our city better. From improving transportation to taking care of the environment, every small step counts. Remember, it's not just up to the adults but also up to us, the young generation, to make a difference. Let's work together and create a city we can all be proud of!I hope you find this article helpful! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Good luck with your English studies!。
活动方案之创卫工作方案
活动方案之创卫工作方案英文回答：As a professional event planner, I have been taskedwith coming up with a plan for a "Clean and Hygienic City" campaign. This campaign aims to improve the cleanliness and hygiene of our city through various initiatives and activities. Here are some of the key components of the plan:1. Public Awareness Campaign: We will launch a public awareness campaign to educate citizens about the importance of cleanliness and hygiene. This will include distributing flyers, organizing community events, and using social media to spread the message.2. Community Clean-up Drives: We will organize regular clean-up drives in different neighborhoods, involving local residents, schools, and businesses. These clean-up driveswill not only help improve the cleanliness of the city but also foster a sense of community pride and responsibility.3. Public Restroom Improvement: We will work with the local government to improve the condition of public restrooms in parks, bus stations, and other public areas. This may include renovating existing facilities, adding new ones, and implementing regular maintenance schedules.4. Anti-Littering Campaign: We will launch an anti-littering campaign to discourage people from littering in public spaces. This may involve installing more trash bins, implementing stricter penalties for littering, and running educational programs in schools.5. Beautification Projects: We will work with local artists and volunteers to create murals, plant flowers, and beautify public spaces. This will not only make the city more aesthetically pleasing but also deter vandalism and littering.Overall, the goal of this campaign is to create a cleaner and more hygienic environment for all residents. By involving the community and raising awareness, we hope toinstill a sense of pride and responsibility for the cleanliness of our city.中文回答：作为一名专业的活动策划师，我被委托制定一个“创建清洁卫生城市”活动的方案。
planned造句
planned造句1. We have planned the schedule for the next quarter.我们已经安排好了下个季度的日程计划。
2. The company has planned a new marketing campaign for the upcoming holiday season.公司已经为即将到来的假期季节策划了一场新的营销活动。
3. The wedding planners have meticulously planned every detail of the ceremony.婚礼策划师精心规划了仪式的每一个细节。
4. The government has planned to invest more in education and healthcare.政府计划增加对教育和医疗的投资。
5. We need to plan our budget carefully before making any major purchases.在进行任何重大购买之前，我们需要认真规划我们的预算。
6. The project manager has planned a meeting with all team members to discuss progress and issues.项目经理已经计划了一次会议，与所有团队成员讨论进展和问题。
7. The city council has planned to build a new park in the downtown area.市议会计划在市中心区建造一个新公园。
8. Our travel agent has planned an itinerary that includes all of the must-see sights in Paris.我们的旅行社代理已经制定了一份行程表，其中包括巴黎所有必看景点。
无人车路径规划算法书籍推荐
无人车路径规划算法书籍推荐随着人工智能、机器人技术的快速发展，在传统的控制理论基础上增加了很多新的应用场景和要求，使得智能车开始进入一个全新的发展阶段。
在无人车领域中，路径规划是其中最受关注和研究比较多的一类。
目前国内外研究最成熟和应用最广泛领域之一！路径规划算法包括如下几个方面：①路径规划理论；②路径规划技术；③智能车控制技术；④智能车控制系统；⑤智能车动态规划；⑥导航定位；⑦自动驾驶车辆规划；⑧导航定位与移动导航；⑨移动导航与规划技术等。
如何在无人驾驶汽车上实现路径规划？一本好书是不可或缺的！作者将最新、最有效的无人车路径规划问题解决方法都包含在内了！一、目标规划目标规划的基本思想是：规划一个可行的路径，以实现最优路径的选择。
其主要任务是找出最优路径！因此该目标规划问题的目标是解决每一辆汽车可能碰到的每一个困难。
目标规划要求每一辆车都具有一个可利用、可移动的目标。
这种目标能够为车辆提供持续不断的定位误差和移动速度。
我们通常用这两个词来描述目标规划任务。
例如我们在寻找一个正在移动中且可能穿过障碍物的无人驾驶汽车时，我们可以将其描述为“不寻常”(integration)或“不寻常”(subscription)!在我们对目标进行估计后，可以按照下面形式重新定义这个目标：从地图上可以看到一个完整且固定不变地路径图。
二、路径规划路径规划(Relay)是一种使用随机误差的控制策略来确定路线上最优行车时刻的方法。
可以将随机误差和时间精度结合起来使用，具有显著的环境适应性；它也是一种无约束不求最优的路径规划方法。
通常使用位置坐标系将移动节点或移动物体放置于一个空间中进行计算。
由于需要规划的移动过程是随机发生、无法被估计，因此它经常用于规划某些非线性事件对移动过程进行约束。
Relay将移动节点设置为一个特殊的集合：如图1所示。
移动节点由若干个不同的 Relay节点组成；其中一个是具有随机误差(Relay Value)影响和适应系统特性不一致所导致且不可避免出现的现象（如路径相交过程中有一个节点由于移动而偏离或不稳定等）。
利用马尔科夫链进行城市规划模拟的技巧(Ⅱ)
马尔科夫链是一种概率模型，被广泛应用于城市规划模拟中。
通过马尔科夫链，城市规划者可以模拟不同阶段的城市发展，评估各种政策和规划方案的影响。
本文将介绍利用马尔科夫链进行城市规划模拟的技巧，包括数据收集、模型构建和结果分析。
数据收集是利用马尔科夫链进行城市规划模拟的第一步。
城市规划者需要收
集大量的数据，包括人口、经济发展、交通状况、土地利用等方面的数据。
这些数据可以帮助规划者了解城市目前的状况，为模型构建提供基础。
在收集数据的基础上，城市规划者可以构建马尔科夫链模型。
马尔科夫链模
型是一种描述随机过程的数学模型，可以用来描述城市发展的动态过程。
在城市规划中，马尔科夫链模型可以用来模拟城市发展的各个阶段，并预测未来的发展趋势。
在构建马尔科夫链模型时，城市规划者需要考虑多种因素。
首先，规划者需
要确定模型的状态空间，即城市发展的各个阶段。
其次，规划者需要确定转移概率矩阵，描述城市从一个状态转移到另一个状态的概率。
最后，规划者需要确定模型的初始状态和时间步长，以确定模拟的起始点和时间跨度。
利用马尔科夫链进行城市规划模拟的关键在于结果分析。
城市规划者需要根
据模拟的结果，评估各种政策和规划方案的影响。
通过模拟，规划者可以比较不同方案的优劣，找到最优的规划方案。
总之，利用马尔科夫链进行城市规划模拟是一种重要的技术手段。
通过数据
收集、模型构建和结果分析，城市规划者可以更好地了解城市的发展过程，预测未
来的发展趋势，评估各种政策和规划方案的影响。
这有助于规划者制定科学合理的城市规划，促进城市的可持续发展。