princ-ch04-presentation
CIP Basic Presentation
With Acid
Acid pushing water
CIP Station : Reused System
Conductivity Flow
Water
Group A Group B
Temperature
Conductivity
Fresh H20
Recovered
Conductivity
Steam
Cleaning In Place
Basic Presentation
Basic Concept
What
is CIP ?
Historically, cleaning was done using manual tools such as brushes, sponges and detergent.
Conductivity Flow
Water
Temperature Group A Group B
Conductivity
Fresh H20
Recovered
Conductivity
Steam
Acid
Steam
NaoH
H20
Tem p
Temp
Cond
Temp
Cond
Level
Level
Level
Level
Basic Concept
CIP : Cold Circuits Sample
Cooler
I W
• Safe Separation
• Manual systems
• Semi Automatic
• Automatic
• Valves & pipe systems
• CIP Verification
Presentation 使用说明
Define color
# Example default_background_color = 255, 255, 255; # white default_text_color = 0, 0, 0; # black ... background_color = 255, 0, 0; # pure "red" text_color = 0, 255, 0; # pure "green" ... background_color = 0, 0, 255; # pure "blue“ text_color = 59, 234, 189; # some color
active_buttons=2; 表示用二个输入按钮 button_codes=1,2; 这二个按钮的反应在presentaion的输出 文件中分别用1和2来代表的。（在input devices tab中来选择二个按钮来设置）
trial_duration= forever 表明如果没有反应就会一直持续下去 trial_duration= 5000 表明如果没有反应，trial会持续五秒 trial_type=first_response 表明任何反应都会终止trial trial_type=nth_response 只有当参数max_response给出的反应数发生才 会终止当前的trial
scenario = "Show my picture"; scenario_type = trials; no_logfile = true; begin; picture {} default; trial { picture { bitmap { filename = "my_bitmap.bmp"; }; x = 0; y = 0; }; time = 0; duration = 2000; code = "my bitmap"; picture { background_color = 255,0,0; bitmap { filename = "my_bitmap.bmp"; }; x = 0; y = 0; text { font_size = 36; caption = "Hi!"; }; x = 0; y = 0; }; time = 3000; duration = 2000; code = "my bitmap"; };
macro-ch01-presentation_2010_11
9
Largely concerned with individual markets.
Like:
Microeconomics ---it takes a sectional view of economic activity
1. Determination of prices of individual
Scarcity
Choice Opportunity cost
The Economic Problem: Scarcity--needs and wants
Economics is concerned with the use of resources
to satisfy our needs and wants.
© 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
2010 update
“Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”
---- Alfred Marshall
decisions?
What are the principles of how people interact? What are the principles of how the economy as a
whole works?
3
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”
product presentation
While Watching
1. What's NOT being introduced in the presentation? A. Price B. Specifications
C√. Warranty
2. How does the Fora 1300 compare to the SAMSUNG i700? A. It's cheaper.
__________________________. It has normal features such as a clock, ________, reminders, stopwatch, ___________, games, tone composers, etc. It has a built-in _______ and a speakerphone.
2. How does the Fora 1300 compare to the SAMSUNG i700? A. It's cheaper. B. It's smaller. C. It's lighter.
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Fora 1300? A. It will retail at $499. B. It will be launched on January 15th next year. C. Discounts and free Spring Festival gifts will be offered for promotion.
presentation范文模板
presentation范文模板英文回答：Presentation is an important skill that is often required in various aspects of life, such as academic settings, professional environments, and even social gatherings. It allows individuals to effectively communicate their ideas, opinions, and information to an audience. In this presentation, I will discuss the importance of presentation skills and provide some tips on how to deliver a successful presentation.First and foremost, presentation skills are crucial in academic settings. Whether it's presenting a research paper, a project, or a case study, being able to effectively present your findings is essential. A well-delivered presentation not only showcases your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter but also engages the audience and keeps them interested in what you have to say. For example, when I was in college, I had to present mythesis to a panel of professors. By using visual aids,clear and concise language, and engaging body language, I was able to effectively convey my research findings and receive positive feedback.中文回答：演讲是一项重要的技能，通常在生活的各个方面都需要，比如学术环境、职业环境，甚至社交聚会。
Presentation SC Outdoor v1.18 EN
The NewSUNNY CENTRAL Outdoor Series SUNNY CENTRAL Outdoor-Series Compact PowerSC500CPSC630CPSC720CPSC760CPSC800CPProduct Portfolio SUNNY CENTRAL 2010Sunny Central –AC Output Range (kVA)10020040030050010008001250inverter with inverter without ftransformer100200350250MV station ith 1 i ttransformer 100HE250HE400HE-11400LV-11500HE-11630HE-11with 1 inverter 400MV500MV630MVMV station with 2 inverters800MV1000MV1250MVinverter with 500UUL certification500HE-US250UProduct Portfolio SUNNY CENTRAL OutdoorSunny Central –AC Output Range (kVA)500 (800)630 (1600)1000inverter without fMV application ith 1 i ttransformer from 500 kVAwith 1 inverter MV application up to 1600 kVAwith 2 invertersOverview main featuresSi ifi t t d ti d t thtd l 1>Significant cost reduction due to the outdoor enclosure >Simple installation and transport>2Grid supporting technologies 100% fulfilled>10% more power up to 25°C ambient temperature due to OptiCool >Higher yield due to the highest efficiency 34>Adaption to the needed DC Voltage range easily possible due to different min. MPP voltage at the SC8005>Additional security for the inverter by extending of the DC voltage range up to 1.100V67>No additional com boxes needed due to the inverter integrated communication concept>Comfortable communication due to the Sunny Central Touch Display 8y p y1SUNNY CENTRAL OutdoorReduced system costs> Direct deployment in the field due tooutdoor enclosure with IP 54> Easy transport & handling in the field> Easy installation due to a separateconnection area> No special equipment for unloadingin the field (cranes & trucks)i h fi ld (& k)> Less effort for construction roads andinfrastructure on siteSimple Installation & Transportation d dl1due to Outdoor Enclosure additionally MV transformerif10including MV transformerstation from 10t12 x SC 400HE-1652%3%Total System Costs -SC 800MV vs. SC 800 Outdoor2 x SC 400HE 11 65,2%1 x SC 800MV concrete station (incl. transformer and switchgear)25,4%Protection against chemically 1 x SC 800 Outdoor 47,3%1 x SC 800 compact station (incl. transformer and switchgear)16,9%Protection against chemicallyg y active substances 7,4% Transport, craneINCLUDED Access route heavy haulage (100 )* 20%g y active substances INCLUDED Transport, crane INCLUDED Installation, foundation1,4%(100 m)* 2,0%Total list price100 %Total list price due to SC800MV 65,5 %Spec price reduction 344 %Spec. price reduction-34,4 %2Due to higher share of renewable in the grids PV Leading Edge -Grid Supporting Technologies>Due to higher share of renewable in the grids, PV-power stations must contribute to grid control >Instruments for grid stability from large PV-plants:>reduce active power on demand >reduce active power with over-frequency>supply reactive power under normal operation conditions >stay connected during grid failures (FRT limited)>supply short circuit current (FRT complete function)>All SUNNY CENTRAL Outdoor fulfill these requirements!3Benefits OptiCool®Full power up to 50°Cambient temperaturegProtection against chemicalaggressive environmentincludedNo maintenance costs duefto filter less coolingconceptb310% more Power up to 25°C ambient temperature >10 % more Power at low temperatures allows to connect 5% more modules >Behavior of the inverter is adapted to the behavior of the PV modules >Significant price reduction included g p4Technical data Sunny Central Compact PowerNominal AC Power 500kVA 630kVA 720kVA 760kVA 800kVA Output @ 50°C 500 kVA 630 kVA 720 kVA 760 kVA 800 kVA Maximum AC Power °550 kVA 700 kVA 792 kVA 836 kVA 880 kVA Output @ 25C AC Output Voltage 270 VAC 315 VAC 325 VAC 340 VAC 360 VAC Min MPP Voltage 430VDC 500VDC 515VDC 545VDC 570VDC Min. MPP Voltage 430 VDC 500 VDC 515 VDC 545 VDC 570 VDC Peak Efficiency / Euro Eta %98,62 / 98,4698,7 / 98,4998,62 / 98,4198,62 / 98,4198,62 / 98,41International Protection:Dimensions:Max DC voltage 1000 VDC (optional 1100 VDC) Power cabinet IP 54AC/DC cabinet IP 54W x H x D:2.55 m x 2.30 m x 0.95 m ca 1900 kg DC input areaIP 23Weight:ca. 1900 kg4Leading Edge -Efficiency5Adaption to the needed DC voltage range > Th i t SC800CP i il bl f diff t > The inverter SC800CP is available for different DC voltage ranges E dPV d l d i> High min MPP voltages allows the highest AC > Easy to adapt to your PV module design High min MPP voltages allows the highest AC power> Cost savings due to the customized inverter size You just buy what you use !5SC800CP -Available DC voltages and AC powersMin MPP voltage 570 V 555 V 545 V 530 V 515 V 500 V AC voltage 360 V 350 V340 V335 V 325 V 315 V Nominal AC Power 800 kVA 780 kVA 760 kVA 740 kVA 720 kVA 700 kVA MACPMax. AC Power 880 kVA858 kVA 836 kVA814 kVA792 kVA770 kVA> Th ll i t b t i d f bi > Customized transformer available> The smaller inverter power can be parameterized from a bigger one > Best specific price at highest min. MPP voltage > Safety against unexpected degradation due to easy adaption Best specific price at highest min. MPP voltage6SUNNY CENTRAL Benefits –1.100 V DCO ti t 1000 VDCOperation up to 1000 VDC Withstand voltage 1100VDC (optional)Additional security for inverter and PV field designMore flexible design due to a wider DC input range –first PV-modules are available Reduced system costs and more energy yield due to optimized range first PV modules are availableconfiguration in the PV field7Communication –basic equipmentEthernet (Cu)All communicationcomponents inside the inverter shelterNo external com-boxes are d dRS485inverterWebBoxServiceswitch (Ethernet )needed SC xxx CPBasic equipment for each inverter7Communication with String MonitoringEthernet (Cu)Serviceswitch (Eth t )RS485inverterWebBox(Ethernet )mcuSMU 1M Sunny StringMonitoreRS485HuboptionalRS485SMU 2SMU 3SC xxx CPSMU N7Communication with fiber optic converterFiber optic or Ethernet (Cu)(optional)splice boxServiceswitch (Eth t )(p )fiber optic converterRS485inverterWebBox(Ethernet )mcuSMU 1M Sunny StringMonitoreRS485HuboptionalRS485SMU 2SMU 3SC xxx CPSMU N7Communication with Touch-DisplayFiber optic or Ethernet (Cu)(optional)splice boxServiceswitch SC display (Eth t )(p )fiber optic converterRS485inverterWebBox(Ethernet )mcuSMU 1M Sunny StringMonitoreRS485HuboptionalRS485SMU 2SMU 3SC xxx CPSMU N7SUNNY CENTRAL Benefits -CommunicationAll communicationFiber optic or Ethernet (Cu)components inside the inverter shelter(optional)splice boxfiber optic converterInterface for third party applications (RPC remoteRS485WebBox Serviceswitch SC display (Ethernet )procedure, ModBus interface, OPC)mcuSMU 1Sunny String MonitoreRS485HubinverteroptionalRS485No external com-boxes are neededSMU 2SMU 3SMU NSC xxx CPRemote access and remote system update possible8Sunny Central Display - Communication with Touch218Benefits – Sunny Central DisplayDisplay:5.7” TFT Panel, 320 x 240 pixels, 65536 colors, resistive touch, IP 65 front side and IP20 back sideInnovative control conceptsystem overview DC side AC side Inverter g Configuration current operation mode, power, energy currents, voltages, switch status, isolation switch status, voltage, current, frequency, current power current status, switches, events, fans, heating … options, date, time … p , ,227Communication – possible topology 1COM-B/C in control center / grid operation l d1234nSMA Service1max. 2000 m .234nTopology starSMA Recommendation: n<=6Copper (100m max. length between 2 participants) Fiber optics multimode (2km max. length between 2 participants)Communication – possible topology 2COM-B/C in control center / grid operation l dTransformer Compact StationSMA ServicenCom-B Com-BTransformer Compact StationTransformer Compact Station12SMA Rekommandation: n<=6Copper (100m max. length between 2 participants) Fiber optics multimode (2km max. length between 2 participants)Selected Utility Scale Plants with SMA InvertersProjects in E P j t i Europe> 53 MW - Lieberose > 40 MW - W ld l Waldpolenz > 43 MW - Köthen > 20 MW - Mengkofen(84x SC 630HE-11) (80x SC 500HE-10) (4100x SMC 10000TL-10) (32x (32 SC 630HE-11) 630HE 11)Projects in North America h> 22 MW - Sacramento, CA > 12 MW - Jacksonville, FL > 60 MW - Sarnia, CAN(3600x SB 6000US) (20x SC 630HE-11) (120x SC 500HE-US)25Summary – Features> Si ifi Significant cost reduction d to the outdoor enclosure t t d ti due t th td l > Simple installation and transport > Grid supporting technologies 100% fulfilled > 10% more power up to 25°C ambient temperature due to OptiCool > Higher yield due to the highest efficiency > Adaption to the needed DC Voltage range easily possible due to different min. MPPvoltage at the SC800> Additional security for the inverter by extending of the DC voltage range up to1.100V> No additional com boxes needed due to the inverter integrated communicationconcept> Comfortable communication due to the Sunny Central Touch Display y p y26SOLAR TECHNOLOGYAppendix A Images of the New SUNNY CENTRAL Outdoor Series * Outdoor-Series(* official name has not been decided upon yet; subject to change) ffi i l h tb d id d t bj t t h )28Exterior Views SUNNY CENTRAL Outdoor-Series29Exterior Views (SC 500 HE-US)30Interior Views (SC XXX CP)View of the Power Section (SC HE-US, SC Outdoor)Connection Area (Complete)。
VIPPO presentation
8
1 - Process Flow for VIPPO Project
Inner Layer Imaging
Outer Layer Imaging
Lamination
Solder Mask
Drilling Legend Ink PTH/Plating POFV Profiling Etch-down Vacuum Via Plugging Buffing Electrical Test
Serve through People……Connect through Technology
7
Traditional Printing vs. Vacuum Printing
Traditional Printing
Air bubble found in plugged via and the surface of it is not flat and good.
Meadville Confidential
Serve through People……Connect through Technology 14
3a) - Machine Capability & Capacity
Noda Horizontal Vacuum Silk Screen Printer
Lamination Etch Down
1 2
≥ 13μm 6-10μm
≤ 35μm 2# PTH & Panel Plate
7
ODF 1st Drilling Pattern Plate 1# PTH & Panel Plate Vacuum Plugged Hole Buffing Etch Down
presentation
爱德蒙得精密测量Edmunds Gages公司简介爱德蒙得精密量仪公司坐落于美国康州，始创于1950年。
它生产世界最先进的气动量仪、量块检定仪、外圆内孔检定仪和在线测量设备。
它是美国最量仪的公司之一。
它设计了美国第一台给数控机床全闭环反馈控制的在线量仪工作站。
它的量块检定仪被美国标准局（NIST）用于最高标准的数值传递。
早设计生产气动爱德蒙得精密量仪公司具有经验丰富的新产品开发部，机械设计部，电气设计部，软件设计部，制造装配厂和质量检定部。
爱德蒙得具有丰富的设计制造大型非标项目的经验。
爱德蒙得精密量仪公司是国际化的精密测量设备制造厂家，它的办事处和代理遍及世界各地，产品覆盖美国及世界各大机械制造厂，享有崇高的质量声誉。
2005年，苏州爱德蒙得精密测量设备有限公司即美国爱德蒙得公司苏州分公司成立。
它的宗旨是致力于将世界先进测量技术引进到中国的制造业；为中国的生产测量难题提供解决办法；帮助用户产品达到世界最好质量。
其产品包括：•世界最精密的气动和电动量仪；•美国最高标准XXX级精度的环规和塞规；•世界最精密的量块检定仪（重复精度误差在 0.005µm以下）；•世界最精密的内径外径检定仪（重复精度误差在 0.02µm以下）；•快速外径量块检定仪；•世界最精密、最现代化的在线综合测量仪和工作站；爱德蒙得中国分公司总经理张绪增博士与爱德蒙得现任总裁罗伯特.爱德蒙得先生•各种超高精密电感测头、无摩擦传感器等高精度量仪附件。
爱德蒙得祖孙三代领导人（左图）产品目录1高精密气动量仪系统 2高精密电子塞规/电动量仪3高性能气动/电动量仪用电子柱显示仪 4 CAG QCM 高性能测量专用工业计算机 5各种超精密环规、塞规 6超高精密量块检定仪 7高精密快速量块/外径检定仪8超精密万能内外径比较仪/环规塞规检定仪 9各种超精密电感测头和无摩擦传感器等量仪附件10 按顾客要求设计制造高性能超精密非标在线综合测量工作站爱德蒙得高精密气动量仪系统气动量仪系统组成爱德蒙得公司制造完整、综合的气动量仪系统，包括电子柱显示仪（放大器）、气动测头、校对规、连接器和各种附件等。
Ch04_ Introduction to Probability
Slide 15
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if the events have no sample points in common. Two events are mutually exclusive if, when one event occurs, the other cannot occur.
If we can identify all the sample points of an experiment and assign a probability to each, we can compute the probability of an event.
Slide 10
Some Basic Relationships of Probability
Slide 1
Probability as a Numerical Measure of the Likelihood of Occurrence
Increasing Likelihood of Occurrence Probability:
0
The event is very unlikely to occur.
Slide 4
A Counting Rule for Multiple-Step Experiments
Bradley Investments can be viewed as a two-step experiment. It involves two stocks, each with a set of experimental outcomes. Markley Oil: Collins Mining: Total Number of Experimental Outcomes: n1 = 4 n2 = 2
presentation5分钟范文(合集10篇)
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!presentation5分钟范文(合集10篇)presentation5分钟范文第1篇如何做好企业Presentation现在，在企业里做Presentation是比较常见的。
Class B CDL Pre-Trip Inspection说明书
Class B CDL Pre-Trip InspectionStraight TruckThe purpose of this inspection is to make sure the vehicle is safe to operate, and to see if you have the knowledge and skills to inspect your vehicle.You may have to walk around the vehicle and point to or touch each item and explain to the examiner what you are checking and why. You will not have to crawl under the hood or under the vehicle.FRONT OF THE TRUCKMarker Lights:(Five lights on a top of the truck)• Proper color• Working• Not broken• Not crackedWinfshield:• Clean• Not broken•Not crackedWinfshield Wipers:•In good condition• Working properlyHood:• Not damaged• Not broken•In good condition• Securely lockedGrill:•Must be present• Stably mounted• Not broken•In good condition• CleanHead lights:•Must be clear• Not broken• Not damaged•In good condition.• Working properly Turn Signals:(Two functions – turn signal andemergency flasher)•Must be clear•Color must be amber or orange• Not damaged•In good condition.• Working properlyBumper:•In good condition•Well mounted to the frame•No missing partsRegistration Plate:•Must be well tight to thebumper(The leaks can be two kinds: Oil – from transmition and engine and Fluids – from power steering system and cooling system – antifreeze leaks)•Look for puddles on the ground•Look for dripping fluids on underside of engine and transmission•Must be no leaks.SIDE OF THE TRUCKFront Wheels:Tires•Do not use recap•No any bubbles•No any cuts on it•No any space between rims and tires.•Air pressure must be 80-100 PSI•In the front tire’s dept of treed must befour thirty seconds of inch (4/32”)Rim• Not bent•Not cracked•No welding repairsLug Nuts•None are missing•Tight – no shinny threads, or rust trailsOuter Hub Oil Seal• Not leaking•No missing bolts•Proper oil levelValve stem• No cuts• No damages• No missing.Mirrors:•Must be clean•Not broken•Adjustable from inside.•Mirrors brackets must be well mounted tothe doorDoors:•Door latch in a good condition•Grab handles secured•The doors may be opened and closed easily•Window must be clean, not broken without cracks•••Fuel tank:••••Battery:••• No•ENGINE COMPARTMENT - DRIVER SIDERadiator:•Radiator cap – closed, no sign of leak•Check antifreeze for level and condition•Hoses attached, not cracked and not leakingAir Compressor:• Mounted Securely•No missing bolts or parts•No air leaks at linesCompressor Belt•No more than ¾ inch of play•Not cracked or frayedPower Steering Reservoir:• Mounted properly•Hoses attached and not leaking•Check for level and conditionSteering Gear Box:• Mounted properly•No missing parts, nuts or bolts•Lines and hoses not leaking or brokenSteering Linkage:Pitman arm, Drag link,Steering Column, Steering knuckle•Not cracked, bent or brokenENGINE COMPARTMENT - PASSENGER SIDEWater Pump:• Mounted Securely•No missing bolts or parts•Hoses attached securely•No leaking hoses or water pumpBelts•No more than ¾ inch of play•Not cracked, frayed, or damagedAlternator:• Mounted Securely•No missing bolts or parts•Wires good connections, not frayedBelts•No more than ¾ inch of play•Not cracked, frayed, or damagedOil Level:•Check the level and conditionwith the deep stickHoses and Wiring:•Not cracked, frayed, or broken•Belts no more than ¾ inch of play•Hoses not leakingFRONT SUSPENSIONShock Absorber:• Mounted Securely•Not bent or dented• Not leakingLeaf Springs:•Not shifted or out of place•Not cracked, broken or missingSpring Mounts:•Mounted securely - front, back, and U-blots•Not cracked or brokenFRONT BRAKESHoses and Lines:• Mounted securely• Not leaking•Not cracked or frayedChamber:• Mounted securely•Not dented or damaged• Not leakingSlack Adjuster:•No more than 1 inch of free play at the push rod with the brakes released•Not bent, broken, loose, or missing partsDrums:•Not cracked, broken or dented•No oil leaking from inner oil seal, free of debrisLinings:•No cracked, broken or missing parts•Not less than ¼ inch in thicknessDrive Shaft:•Not bent, or damaged•Coupling, U-joints appear secureFrame:•Not cracked, or damaged•No illegal weldsExhaust System:• Securely mounted•Not dented or damaged• Not leakingAir Tanks:• Securely mounted• Not damaged• Not leakingREAR (DRIVE) WHEELSTires:•Can be recap (We must be sure that no any separation between recap and original tire.) •No any bubbles•No any cuts on it•No any space between rims and tires.•Air pressure must be 80 - 100 PSI•In the front tire’s dept of treed must be four thirty seconds of inch (2/32”)Lug Nuts:•None are missing•Tight – no shinny threads, or rust trailsRim:• Not bent•Not cracked•No welding repairsOuter Hub Oil Seal:• Not leaking•No missing bolts•Proper oil levelValve stem:• No cuts• No damages• No missing.Space:•Check for objects between wheels•Check for proper spacingSplash Guards:•Not missing or torn and properly mountedDRIVE AXLE SUSPENSIONControl Arm Mount:• Mounted securely•Not bent, broken or damagedControl Arm:• Mounted securely•Not cracked, or brokenShock Absorber:• Mounted Securely•Not bent, dented or leakingTorsion Bar:• Mounted Securely•Not bent, broken or damagedAir Bags (If equipped):• Mounted Securely• Not leakingDRIVE BRAKESHoses and Lines:• Mounted securely• Not leaking•Not cracked or frayedChamber:• Mounted securely•Not dented or damaged• Not leakingSlack Adjuster:•No more than 1 inch of free playat the push rod with the brakes released•Not bent, broken, loose, or missing partsDrums:•Not cracked, broken or dented•No oil leaking from inner oil seal, free of debrisDo the same check on the passenger side.REAR OF THE TRUCK Doors:•Not bent, broken, or damaged•Close and latch securely•Hinges secure, no damageSplash Guards:• Mounted properly•Not missing, ripped or tornDot Bumper:•Not bent or damagedLights & Reflectors:•Working and proper color•Not broken, cracked, or missingIN CAB INSPECTIONEmergency Equipment:- Spare minimum three electrical fuses(unless vehicle has circuit breaker)- Three reflective triangles•Must be red and in good condition- Fire extinguisher•Must be ABC or BC type• Fully charged•Safety pin must be present•Sticker must be valid• Securely mountedSafety Belt:• Latches securely• Mounted securelySteering Wheel:•No more than 10 degreesor 2 inches of free playClutch pedal (If equipped):•Engages and disengages smoothly•Free play maximum 1.5 inch• RubberedFoot (Service) brake:•No stick to the floor• RubberedAccelerator:•No stick to the floorShifter:•Moves in and out of gear properly•Range selector worksWater Temp Gauge:•Gauge is working (170 – 210 degrees)Oil Pressure Gauge (If equipped):•Gauge is working properly•Normal oil pressure (20 - 45 PSI)•Check that the warning light goes outAmmeter/voltmeter (If equipped):•Gauge shows 12 – 14 voltsLighting Indicators:•Left and right turn signal• 4-Way Flashers•High beam indicatorHorns:•Electric (Street) horn works properly•Air horn works properly (If equipped)•Min one must be workingHeater & Defroster:•Move switch from heat to defrost•Check for air flowWindshield:•Clean and free of obstruction•Not cracked or brokenWipers & Washer:• Working•Mounted securely to wiper arm•Rubber not torn•Washer sprays properlyMirrors:• Clean• AdjustedCHECK SERVICE, EMERGENCY AND PARKING BRAKESAir leak test (static)1. Air pressure must be maximum (120-130psi)2. Transmition: 1st gear3. Turn engine OFF4. Release parking brakes (yellow knob IN)5. Do not touch break pedal, wait one minute, check air pressure loss is no more then 2 PSI Air leak test (applied)1. Air pressure must be minimum of 90psi2. Transmition: 1st gear3. Engine is OFF4. Parking brakes released (yellow knob IN)Low pressure warning device test1. Air pressure must be maximum (120-130 PSI)2. Transmition: 1st gear3. Engine is OFF, ignition is ON4. Release parking brakes (yellow knob IN)5. Pump brake pedal, release (fan down)Buzzer + Red light on by 60 PSISpring brake pop-out test1. Air pressure must be minimum 60 PSI2. Transmition: 1st gear3. Engine is OFF4. Parking brakes released (yellow knob IN)•Pump brake pedal (fan DOWN)•Parking brakes (yellow) knob must pop-out between 20-40 PSI Slack adjuster check1. Park on level ground.2. Apply parking brakes.3. Put transmition on first gear.4. Turn engine OFF and put key in the pocket.5. Block the wheels (place chock)6. Release parking brakes.7. Check free play on slack adjuster manually.If it is more then 1 inch, then must be adjusted.。
Pearson Education Ltd. 9MT0 04 音乐作品创作-设置与指导说明书
*P67133A0116*Turn overP67133A©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.1/1/1Setting up time• Open a new project in your DAW using 16 bit/44.1kHz sample rate.• Save the project as ‘comp4_your candidate number ’ (e.g. comp4_1234) in the folder designated by your centre.• Set the metronome to 100 bpm .• Import ‘bass.wav’ to a new track in your DAW, aligned with the beginning of bar 1.• Ensure that the bass is audible and plays in time with the metronome. The bass begins at the start of bar 2.• You must not open the paper until instructed to do so by the invigilator.Instructions • Use black ink or ball-point pen.• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number.• Answer all questions.• Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need.• Save your audio files for Questions 1, 2, 4 and 5 within the 2 hour 15 minute examination time.• You must ensure that the left and right earpieces of your headphones are worn correctly. • Access to a calculator or calculator software is not permitted. • Access to the internet or local network is not permitted.Information • The total mark for this paper is 105.•The marks for each question are shown in brackets– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.Advice• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.• Try to answer every question.• Check your answers if you have time at the end.•Good luck with your examination.*P67133A0216*2*P67133A0316*Turn over3(i) State the position of the playback head. The bar and ticks have been given.Bar Beat Div Tick 14(1)(1)161(ii) Draw the bass part for bar 14 on the piano roll editor above. Bar 13 has beencompleted for you.(4)*P67133A0416*4(d) On the graph below, illustrate the amplitude ADSR envelope of the bass synth.(i) Label the two axes.(2)(ii) Draw the amplitude ADSR envelope of the bass synth.(4)(iii) Label the four stages.(1)(e) The bass is out of time in bars 23–24. Edit the audio so that the bass is in time.Repair the partially cut bass note on bar 25 beat 1.(5)Bounce/export the completed bass part as a single 16 bit/44.1kHz stereo .wav file to the designated folder on your computer.Name it ‘q1_ your candidate number’ (e.g. q1_1234).(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)*P67133A0516*Turn over5*P67133A0616*6(c) The notes in the MIDI file have been assigned to the incorrect sounds. Using anelectronic drum kit, assign the notes to the sounds listed below to form a popstyle drum part. You should not change the rhythm.•Kick drum• Snare•Closed hi-hat•Open hi-hat• Crash(5)Bounce/export the completed drum part as a single 16 bit/44.1kHz stereo .wav file to the designated folder on your computer.Name it ‘q2_ your candidate number’ (e.g. q2_1234).(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)*P67133A0716*Turn over7Question 3 is about the synth chords part.3 Import ‘synth chords.wav’ to a new track in your DAW. The beginning of this audiotrack should be aligned with the start of bar 1. The chords begin at the start of bar 4.In bars 13–16, a filter has been applied to the synth chords to create a rhythmic effect. The cut-off frequency is changing every 8th note to alternate between a less bright timbre and a bright timbre. The graph below shows the bright filter setting at song position 13:1:3:1.(a) Identify the filter.(1)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(b) Label the axes.(2) (c) Draw a cross to indicate the filter cut-off frequency.(1)(d) Draw the filter at song position 13:1:1:1.(3)(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)*P67133A0816*8*P67133A0916*Turn over9(e) Remove the noise and breath in bar 3 and bar 18.(3)(f) Create a harmonised backing vocal track in bars 28–31.• The pitch of the first note in the lead vocal is A as indicated by a dot on thepiano roll.• The backing vocal should be using the same syllables as the lead vocal. • The backing vocal should be in rhythmic unison with the lead vocal. • The pitch and rhythm is given in the piano roll editor below. • Pan the backing vocal hard left.(8)Bounce/export the completed lead vocal and backing vocal parts as a single 16 bit/44.1kHz stereo .wav file to the designated folder on your it ‘q4_ your candidate number’ (e.g. q4_1234).*P67133A01016*10(g) Import ‘vocal not compressed.wav’ to a new track in your DAW. This file is bars8–10 of the vocal as it was originally recorded. You should not use this audio inyour final mix.‘vocal.wav’ has additional dynamic compression. Evaluate the dynamiccompression in ‘vocal.wav’.(8).................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 4 = 23 marks)*P67133A01116*Turn over11 5 You should now have the following tracks in your DAW: bass, drums, synth chords, vocal and backing vocal.(a) Apply automated panning to the bass.• Only bar 27 should be affected; all other bars should be panned to the centre. • Pan the bass in bar 27 smoothly from hard left to hard right.(2)(b) Listen to the effect on the bass in bar 32. Recreate the same effect in bars 2–31.(3)(c) Gate the synth chords. • The bass track should trigger the side chain of the gate so that the synth chords play only when the bass is playing.(3) (d) Listen to the delay and reverb effect on the vocals in bar 22. Recreate that effect in bar 7 on “coffee”.(5) (e) Listen to the effect on the vocals in bars 11–12. Recreate that effect in bars 26–27 on “head”.(5) (f) Balance the levels of the mix.(3) (g) Produce a final stereo mix.• Ensure that the mix output is at as high a level as possible. • It should be free from distortion. • Do not limit or compress the mix output. • Ensure that the beginning and the end of the music are not cut off. •Ensure that silences at the beginning and at the end do not exceed one second.(3)Bounce/export the completed mix as a single 16 bit/44.1kHz stereo .wav file to the designated folder on your computer.Name it ‘q5_ your candidate number’ (e.g. q5_1234).(Total for Question 5 = 24 marks)TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 85 MARKS*P67133A01216*12SECTION BAnswer Question 6. Write your answer in the space provided.6Figure 1 shows a drum mic setup typical of 2010s recordings. Figure 2 shows a drum mic setup typical of the late 1960s.Evaluate and compare the drum recording techniques for a rock recording.(20) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................*P67133A01316*13....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................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for Question 6 = 20 marks)TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 20 MARKSTOTAL FOR PAPER = 105 MARKS*P67133A01416*14BLANK PAGE*P67133A01516*15BLANK PAGE*P67133A01616*16BLANK PAGETurn over *P67133A*P67133A ©2021 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1P67133AP67133A4P67133A BLANK PAGE。
MISRA-C-2004__中文版
MISRA The Motor Industry Software Reliability AssociationMISRA-C-:2004 Guidelinesfor the useof theC languagein critical systems 中文版1背景 —— C的使用和问题 (3)1.1汽车工业中C的使用 (3)1.2语言的不安全性和C语言 (3)1.3安全相关系统中C的使用 (4)1.4标准化 (5)2MISRA-C：视野 (6)2.1MISRA-C的发布说明 (6)2.2MISRA-C的目标 (6)3MISRA-C：范围 (7)3.1基本的语言问题 (7)3.2未指出的问题 (7)3.3可应用性 (7)3.4预备知识 (7)3.5C++问题 (7)3.6自动产生代码的问题 (8)4使用MISRA-C (9)4.1软件工程环境 (9)4.2编程语言和编码环境 (9)4.3采用子集（subset） (11)4.4符合性声明（Claiming compliance） (13)4.5持续改进 (13)5规则简介 (14)5.1规则分类 (14)5.2规则的组织 (14)5.3规则的冗余 (14)5.4规则的形式 (14)5.5理解原始参考 (15)5.6规则的范围 (17)6规则 (18)6.1环境 (18)6.2语言扩展 (19)6.3文档 (19)6.4字符集 (21)6.5标识符 (21)6.6类型 (23)6.7常量 (24)6.8声明与定义 (25)6.9初始化 (27)6.10数值类型转换 (27)6.11指针类型转换 (36)6.12表达式 (37)6.13控制语句表达式 (43)6.14控制流 (45)6.15switch语句 (48)6.16函数 (50)6.17指针和数组 (51)6.18结构与联合 (54)6.19预处理指令 (57)6.20标准库 (62)6.21运行时错误 (64)7References (66)Appendix A: Summary of rules (68)Appendix B：MISRA-C :1998 到 MISRA-C :2004 规则映射 (74)Appendix C:MISRA-C:1998 – 已废除的规则 (81)Appendix D：ISO标准交互参考 (82)Appendix E : 术语表 (85)1背景——C的使用和问题1.1 汽车工业中C的使用MISRA-C:1998 [1] 发布于1998年。
ch04-学员
Explain project execution, its relationship to project planning, the factors related to successful results, and tools and techniques to assist in project execution.
Many new project managers have trouble looking at the “big picture” and want to focus on too many details. (See opening case for a real example.)
Project integration management is not the same thing as software integration.
Explain the importance of developing and following good procedures for closing projects. Describe how software can assist in project integration management.
*Cosgrove Ware, Lorraine, “By the Numbers,” CIO Magazine () (September 1, 2002).
Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 9
Supporting explicit business objectives is the number one reason cited for investing in IT projects. Companies with consolidated IT operations have a 24 percent lower operational cost per end user. The consistent use of IT standards lowers application development costs by 41 percent per user.*
2004 Prius SRS 诊断辅助系统诊断指南说明书
–DIAGNOSTICS SUPPLEMENT AL RESTRAINT SYSTEM05IY7–01 DTC B1826/56OPEN IN SIDE SQUIB (P SEAT SIDE)CIRCUITCIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONThe side squib (P seat side) circuit consists of the airbag ECU assy and the front seat w/ adjuster frame assy RH (side squib (P seat side)).The circuit instructs the SRS to deploy when deployment conditions are met.DTC B1826 is recorded when an open circuit is detected in the side squib (P seat side) circuit.WIRING DIAGRAMSee page 05–1561.H42818H44043H44555Side Squib (P seat side)Airbag ECU AssySFR+SFR–AD C BS21F EOKH43102H44044H44560Side Squib (P seat side)SFR+SFR–Airbag ECU AssyService WireS21DCF E2CHECK AIR BAG ECU ASSY(a)Connect the connectors to the airbag ECU assy.(b)Using a service wire, connect S21–2 (SFR+) and S21–1(SFR–) of connector ”E”.NOTICE:Do not forcibly insert a service wire into the terminals of the connector when connecting.(c)Connect the negative (–) terminal cable to the battery,and wait for at least 2 seconds.(d)Turn the power switch on (IG), and wait for at least 60 se-conds.(e)Clear the DTCs stored in memory (see page 05–1402).(f)Turn the power switch off.(g)Turn the power switch on (IG), and wait for at least 60 se-conds.(h)Check the DTCs (see page 05–1402).OK:DTC B1826 is not output.HINT:Codes other than code B1826 may be output at this time, but they are not related to this check.NGREPLACE AIR BAG ECU ASSY (SEE PAGE 60–54)OKH44557Side Squib (P seat side)Airbag ECU AssyDCF E3CHECK FRONT SEAT W/ADJUSTER FRAME ASSY RH(SIDE SQUIB (P SEAT SIDE))(a)Turn the power switch off.(b)Disconnect the negative (–) terminal cable from the bat-tery, and wait for at least 90 seconds.(c)Disconnect the service wire from connector ”E”.(d)Connect the connector to the front seat w/ adjuster frame assy RH (side squib (P seat side)).(e)Connect the negative (–) terminal cable to the battery,and wait for at least 2 seconds.(f)Turn the power switch on (IG), and wait for at least 60 se-conds.(g)Clear the DTCs stored in memory (see page 05–1402).(h)Turn the power switch off.(i)Turn the power switch on (IG), and wait for at least 60 se-conds.(j)Check the DTCs (see page 05–1402).OK:DTC B1826 is not output.HINT:Codes other than code B1826 may be output at this time, but they are not related to this check.NGREPLACE FRONT SEAT W/ADJUSTER FRAME ASSY RH (SEE PAGE 72–2)OKUSE SIMULATION METHOD TO CHECK (SEE PAGE 05–1397)HINT:S Perform the simulation method by selecting the check mode with the hand–held tester (see page 05–1405).SAfter selecting the check mode, perform the simulation method by wiggling each connector of the air-bag system or driving the vehicle on a city or rough road (see page 05–1405).H42820H44043H44558B BG1CD AEF Airbag ECU AssySFR–SFR+Seat Airbag No.2 WireSide Squib (P seat side)Floor Wire No.2H44043H42821H44559BS21C D AEF Airbag ECU AssySFR+SFR–Seat Airbag No.2 WireSide Squib (P seat side)Floor Wire No.24CHECK FLOOR WIRE NO.2CHECK SEAT AIRBAG NO.2 WIREUSE SIMULATION METHOD TO CHECK (SEE PAGE HINT:S Perform the simulation method by selecting the check mode with the hand–held tester (see page 05–1405).SAfter selecting the check mode, perform the simulation method by wiggling each connector of the air-bag system or driving the vehicle on a city or rough road (see page 05–1405).。
CONCEPT 205 C 预装载手册说明书
Pre-installation Manual - CONCEPT 205 C
1416
Introduction 0-3
Part 0: Introduction
Reservations
• This manual was written and illustrated using the best possible information available at the time of publication.
Part 1: Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
When the unit arrives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Storing the unit before installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
• Any differences between this manual and the equipment reflect improvements introduced after the publication of the manual.
• Changes, technical inaccuracies and typographic errors will be corrected in subsequent editions.
联合牙医指南说明书
C R O -S P 2.111 - R e s p . T éc .:D r . C l áu d i o R . Z a m b e l l o – C R O -S P 12.797MANUAL DOBENEFICIÁRIO Edição 2023Relação de cirurgiões-dentistas cooperados da Uniodonto PiracicabaESCOLHA UM CIRURGIÃO-DENTISTA DE SUA PREFERÊNCIA Utilize este Manual para isso. Agende uma consulta por PAREÇA AO CONSULTÓRIO PARA UMA AVALIAÇÃONão se esqueça de levar sua identificação de usuárioCONVERSE COM SEU DENTISTA Exponha suas dúvidas e explique-lhe as questões relativas à sua saúde bucal.ELE LHE ENTREGARÁUM ORÇAMENTOCom sua liberação, você já podemarcar uma nova consulta einiciar seu tratamento.URGÊNCIA EEMERGÊNCIA24 HORASPronto AtendimentoAvenida Independência, 953Bairro Alto - Piracicaba/SPTel.: (19) 3417-5000SANTA CASA DEPIRACICABA(atendimento no Setorde Emergências)COMOCHEGAR carteirinha digitalAPP Uniodonto Piracicabacarteirinha digital do titular e dos dependentesrelação dos cirurgiões-dentistas cooperados comseus débitos e outras informações financeirasBAIXE JÁREDESR. Alferes José Caetano, 1352 - Centro(19) 3401-1770Sede Administrativa - PiracicabaR. Prudente de Moraes, 636 - Centro(19) 3493-1736Rio das PedrasAv. Francisco da Silva Pontes, 591 - S. 2Centro - (15) 3284-3692CerquilhoR. Floriano Peixoto, 929 - Santa Cruz(19) 3483-3261São PedroR. Governador Pedro de Toledo, 131Centro - (19) 3486-1037CharqueadaPraça da Bandeira, 50 - Centro(15) 3205-4050TatuíR. Ordele, 16 - Centro(15) 3283-4587Laranjal PaulistaR. Lara Campos, 657 - Centro(15) 3282-5735TietêGuia do Beneficiário • 2023Produtos comercializados pela Uniodonto Piracicaba e atendidos peloscirurgiões-dentistas cooperados descritos neste Manual.Registro ANS 424.137/99-1Registro ANS 460.697/09-3Registro ANS 449.689/04-2Registro ANS 460.676/09-1Registro ANS 438.987/02-5Registro ANS 460.673/09-6Registro ANS 438.986/02-7Registro ANS 460.654/09-0Registro ANS 449.189/04-1Registro ANS 409.337/99-2Registro ANS 409.339/99-9Registro ANS 417.791/99-6Registro ANS 469.679/13-4Registro ANS 463.498/10-5Registro ANS 463.499/10-3Registro ANS 463.500/10-1Registro ANS 424.136/99-3Registro ANS 473.758/15-4Registro ANS 477.715/17-8Registro ANS 480.327/18-2Plano AlfaPlano AlfaPlano BásicoPlano BásicoPlano Beta - RedePlano Beta - RedePlano MegaPlano MegaPlano Misto - BásicoPlano Odontológico Novo 2Plano Odontológico Novo 4Plano Odontológico Novo 8-R50 - Coparticipação de 50%Plano ÔmegaPlano Prata - RedePlano Prata - RedePlano Prata - RedePlano Serv. Pré - Pessoa FísicaÔmega CATÔmega PlusPlano Ômega (coletivo por adesão)A Uniodonto Piracicaba atua nestas cidades:• Águas de São Pedro • Barra Bonita • Capela do Alto • Cerquilho • Cesário Lange • Charqueada • Jumirim • Laranjal Paulista • Pereiras • Piracicaba • Porangaba • Rio das Pedras • Saltinho • São Pedro • Tatuí • Tietê。
unit4 group presentation 要求和建议
Unit 4 group presentation 的 要求和建议
Group Presentations
What is expected: communication, appreciation & creativity 6-7 members in a group Each member speaks for roughly 3-4 minutes Each group will have 20-30 minutes for your group presentation depending on the number of group mambers.
Schedule & Assessment
• Date: • This will take 2-4 class-meetings. • Your performance will be evaluated.
• Your presentation is expected to be well-prepared and carefully revised with due attention to the quality .
• It will be appreciated if it is interesting, original/creative, and interactive.
Steps
1. Step 1: Form teams. Write down names of group members. 2. Step 2: Discuss within the team. Form smaller groups. Assignment task to specific group. 3. Step 3: Group discussion. Allocate responsibilities among group members. 4. Step 4: Individual/home work. 5. Step 5: Group work. Discuss and rehearse. 6. Step 6: Class presentation.
prezo使用方法
prezo使用方法英文回答：Prezi is a presentation software that allows users to create dynamic and engaging presentations. It offers a unique and non-linear approach to presenting information, making it different from traditional slide-based software like PowerPoint. With Prezi, you can create a visual canvas where you can zoom in and out, pan across, and navigate through various topics and subtopics.To use Prezi, you first need to create an account on their website. Once you have signed up, you can start creating your presentation by selecting a template or starting from scratch. Prezi provides a wide range of templates to choose from, which can be customized to suit your needs. You can add text, images, videos, and other multimedia elements to your presentation.One of the key features of Prezi is its zooming andpanning capabilities. Instead of flipping through slides, you can zoom in to focus on specific details or zoom out to provide an overview of the entire presentation. This allows for a more interactive and engaging experience for your audience.In addition to the zooming and panning, Prezi alsooffers various animation and transition effects to enhance your presentation. You can set the order in which the elements appear and create smooth transitions between different sections. This helps to create a seamless flowand keep your audience engaged throughout the presentation.Furthermore, Prezi allows for collaborative editing, making it easy to work with others on the same presentation. You can invite team members to collaborate and make changes in real-time. This is especially useful for group projectsor when multiple presenters are involved.Overall, Prezi offers a fresh and innovative way to present information. Its dynamic and visually appealing nature can help to captivate your audience and make yourpresentation more memorable.中文回答：Prezi是一款演示软件，允许用户创建动态而引人入胜的演示文稿。
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Q
25
供给与需求的市场力量
供给曲线的移动
供给曲线表示其他条件不变的情况下，一种物品
的价格与供给量之间的关系
这里的“其他条件”是决定供应的非价格因素 改变这些非价格因素会使供给曲线移动…
供给与需求的市场力量
26
供给曲线的移动：投入品价格
投入品价格的例子：工资，原材料价格
投入品价格的下降会使在每个产品并价格下都更
例如：
星巴克拿铁咖啡的供应
注意星巴克的供给表满足供
给定理
5.00
6.00
15
18
22
供给与需求的市场力量
星巴克的供给表与供给曲线
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
拿铁 咖啡 的价 格
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
拿铁咖啡 的供应数 量 0 3 6 9 12
7
P $0.00
Qd (市场) 24
1.00
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
21
18 15 12 9 6
Q
供给与需求的市场力量
需求曲线的移动
需求曲线表示在其他条件不变的情况下，价格与
需求量之间关系的图形
这些“其他条件”是决定需求的非价格因素（也
就是决定买者对物品需求的除开物品价格的其他 因素）
3
4 5
15
12 9 6
15
20 25 30
Q
6
供给与需求的市场力量
均衡数量 均衡价格下的供给量与需求量
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
39
D
S
P $0 1 2
QD 24 21 18
QS 0 5 10
3
33
主动学习
2
A. 报税表编制软件的价格下降
报税表编 制软件的 价格
S1
P1
P2
供给曲线并不移 动，而是沿着曲 线到一个更低的 价格，更低的产 量点上
Q2 Q1
报税表编制软件 的数量
34
主动学习
2
B. 软件生产成本的减少
报税表编 制软件的 价格
S1
S2
P1
在每一个价格下， 供给曲者数量增加， 那在每一种价格水平 P，需求量Q会增加 （在本例中需求量增 加为5）
Q
供给与需求的市场力量
需求曲线的移动：收入
正常物品的需求与收入成正比： 收入增加会增加每种价格水平下的需求量，并
使需求曲线向右移动 （低档物品的需求与收入成反比，收入增加会使 低档物品的需求曲线向左移动）
供给与需求的市场力量
过剩(超额供给）: 供给量大于需求量的状态
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
41
D
过剩
S
面临过剩，卖者会通过降 低价格来增加销量
这会使 QD 增加 QS 减少… ……减少过剩
Q
供给与需求的市场力量
37
D
S
均衡：市场价格达 到使供给量与需求 量相等的水平时的 状态
Q
供给与需求的市场力量
均衡价格 使供给与需求平衡的价格
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
38
D
S
P $0 1 2
QD 24 21 18
QS 0 5 10
并使它的需求曲线向右移动
比如，阿特金斯饮食法在90年代开始流行，这引
起对鸡蛋的需求增加，使鸡蛋的需求曲线向右移 动
供给与需求的市场力量
14
需求曲线的移动：预期
预期会影响消费者的购买决定 例如: 如果人们预期他们的收入将增加，他们对于昂
贵餐厅的饮食需求现在就可能增加
如果经济不好，人们会担心他们未来的就业保
互补品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求
量减少的两种物品
例如，电脑与软件。如果电脑价格上升，那人们
会减少电脑的购买，因此也会减少软件的购买。 软件的需求曲线向左移动
其它例子：大学学费与教材，百吉饼与奶油乳酪，
鸡蛋与咸肉
供给与需求的市场力量
13
需求曲线的移动：嗜好
对一种物品嗜好的增加会使那种物品的需求增加，
2.00
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 拿铁咖啡 数量
12
10 8 6 4
5
市场需求与个人需求
市场需求量是所有买者在每一价格水平下需求量的
总和
假设海伦与肯是拿铁咖啡市场上唯一的两个买者
（Qd = 需求量）
价格 $0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
海伦的需求量 肯的需求量
影响买者物品需求的因素有哪些？
影响卖者物品供给的因素有哪些？ 供给与需求怎么决定物品出售的价格与数量？ 影响供给与需求的因素又是如何影响市场价格与数
量？
市场是如何配置资源的？
1
市场和竞争
市场是由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个
群体
竞争市场是有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市
12
10 8 6 4
注意海伦的偏好满足需求定
理
供给与需求的市场力量
4
海伦的需求表与需求曲线
拿铁咖 啡价格 拿铁 咖啡 价格 $0.00 1.00 拿铁咖啡 需求量 16 14
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15
供给与需求的市场力量
供给与需求的市场力量
11
需求曲线的移动：相关物品的价格
替代品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求量
增加的两种物品
例如，皮萨与汉堡包。皮萨价格的上升会增加汉堡
包的需求，并使汉堡包的需求曲线向右移动
其它例子：可口可乐与百事可乐，笔记本电脑与台
式电脑，CD与音乐下载
供给与需求的市场力量
12
需求曲线的移动：相关物品的价格
市场需求量 = = = = = = = 24 21 18 15 12 9 6
6
16 14 12 10 8 6 4
+ + + + + + +
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
拿铁咖啡的市场需求曲线
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25
P1
D2 Q2 Q1
D1
音乐下载的数量
20
供给
供给量：卖者愿意并且能够出售的一种物品的数
量
供给定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品价
格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点
供给与需求的市场力量
21
供给表
供给表：
表示一种物品的价格与供给 量之间关系的表格
拿铁 咖啡 的价 格
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 拿铁咖啡 的供应数 量 0 3 6 9 12
4 5
15
12 9 6
15
20 25 30
Q
6
供给与需求的市场力量
过剩 (超额供给): 供给量大于需求量的状态
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
40
D
过剩
S
例如: 如果 P = $5, 那 QD = 9 QS = 25 会有16单位的过剩 Q
Q
供给与需求的市场力量
供给曲线的移动：技术
技术决定生产一单位的产出品需要多少投入品
一个节约成本的技术改进与投入品价格下降一样
有相同的作用，使供给曲线向外移动。
供给与需求的市场力量
29
供给曲线的移动：卖者
卖者数量的增加使供给数量在每一个价格水平下
都会增加，并使供给曲线向右移动
供给与需求的市场力量
市场供应数量
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
24
市场供给曲线
P QS (市场) 0
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
$0.00
1.00
2.00 3.00
5
10 15
4.00
5.00 6.00
20
25 30
改变它们会引起需求曲线的移动…
8
供给与需求的市场力量
需求曲线的移动: 买者的数量
买者数量的增加会增加每一种价格水平下需求量，
并使需求曲线向右移动
供给与需求的市场力量
9
需求曲线的移动：买者的数量
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
画出一个音乐下载的需求曲线。在下述情况下需 求曲线将如何改变？为什么？
A. iPod的价格下降 B. 音乐下载的价格下降 C. CD价格下降
17
主动学习
1
音乐下载和 iPod 是互补品。iPod 价格的下降会使 音乐下载的需求 曲线向右移动
A. iPod价格的下降
音乐下 载的价格
P1
D1
Q1 Q2
5.00
15