2020年中考复习效果综合测试卷六
中考物理复习九年级全册综合测试卷(含答案)
九年级全册物理综合试卷(考试时间:90分钟;满分:100分)一、选择题(本大题共12小题,每小题3分,共36分。
每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个是正确的。
每小题选对的得3分,不选、多选或错选的均得0分)1.下列关于温度的估测中,最符合实际的是DA.人的正常体温为35 ℃ B.洗澡水的温度约为70 ℃C.广西的冬天最低气温约为-20 ℃ D.人感觉舒适的环境温度约为25 ℃2.以下对于热现象的解释中错误的是CA.打针时,往皮肤上涂一些酒精会感到凉爽——酒精蒸发时吸热B.用冰袋给高热病人降温——冰熔化要吸热C.水蒸气引起的烫伤往往比开水的烫伤更严重——水蒸气液化时吸热D.食品保鲜时,可以在食品旁放一些干冰——干冰升华要吸热3.如图所示,礼花筒利用筒内的高压空气膨胀,将彩带喷向空中,产生喜庆效果。
下列冲程与这一过程能量转化相同的是CA.吸气冲程B.压缩冲程C.做功冲程D.排气冲程4.下列有关热和能的说法中,正确的是BA.发生热传递时,温度总是从高温物体传递给低温物体B.一块0 ℃的冰熔化成0 ℃的水后,温度不变,内能变大C.内燃机的压缩冲程,主要通过热传递增加了气缸内物质的内能D.寒冷的冬天,室外盛水的水缸会破裂,是因为水的比热容较大5.我们生活在电磁波的海洋中,下列关于电磁波的说法中正确的是DA.在房间内不开收音机、电视机时,房间内不存在电磁波B.电磁波不能在真空中传播C.电磁波在空气中的传播速度是340 m/sD.电磁波不仅能传递声音信号,也能传递图像信号6.下面所列电池或电站中,能把光能转换成电能的是AA.太阳能电池 B.干电池 C.核电站 D.水电站7.如图所示的实验,可以用来研究电动机工作原理的是BA B C D8.一段导体两端电压是4.0 V时,通过导体的电流是2.0 A,如果将其两端电压减少1.0 V,则通过导体的电流变为AA.1.5 A B.1.0 A C.0.5 A D.0.25 A9.“珍爱生命,注意安全”是中学生应具备的基本安全意识。
2023年河南省中考物理复习检测试卷附解析
2023年河南省中考物理复习检测试卷学校:__________ 姓名:__________ 班级:__________ 考号:__________注意事项:1.答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2.请将答案正确填写在答题卡上一、单选题1.物理学中用实验研究三个量(或三个量以上)之间的关系时,常采用控制变量法。
下列实验设计不是利用控制变量法的是..................................................................................... ()2.建设节约型社会,节约能源、保护环境是每个公民的责任,下列有关说法正确的是()A.将生活污水直接排入江河B.将旧电池丢到池塘C.生活中尽量使用节能灯具D.放学后教室的灯彻夜通明3.关于平衡力,下列说法中正确的是:()A.物体在平衡力的作用下一定保持静止状态;B.作用在物体上的两个力的三要素完全相同,这两个力一定是平衡力;C.物体受到重力和拉力的作用,这两个力方向相反,它们一定是平衡力;D.运动物体在平衡力的作用下一定保持匀速直线运动状态.4.下面的哪句话是正确的: ()A.只有机器的运动才能叫机械运动;B.整个宇宙都是由运动着的物质组成的,绝对不动的物体是没有的;C.参照物是绝对不动的;D.因为运动是绝对的,所以静止也是绝对的 .5.生活中有许多现象和俗语都蕴涵着物理知识,以下说法中不正确的是()A.“孤掌难鸣”说明物体间力的作用是相互的B.“太阳出来暖洋洋”意思是人体接收的太阳能大于人体的热量C.“下雪不冷化雪冷”表明雪熔化时需要吸收大量的热量D.“水向低处流”是因为水受到重力的作用6.电阻R1和R2并联在电路中,如果R1>R2,那么在相同的时间内........................ ()A.电流对R1做的功多B.电流对R2做的功多C.电流对R1和R2做的功一样多D.无法比较电流做功的多少7.家用的普通照明灯,正常发光时,通过灯丝的电流约为............................................ ()A.200μA B.200mA C.0.02A D.2A8.下列关于电流的单位换算正确的是()A.0.3mA=3×10-3A B.500μA=5×10-4AC.2×10-2A=2×10—5mA D.7×10—2mA=7×10—2A9.白炽灯丝是由钨丝制成的,长期使用灯泡会变黑,这种现象属于()A.先凝华后升华B.先蒸发后凝固C.先升华后凝华D.先汽化后液化10.下雨时,雨点打在房屋的瓦片上发出"嘀嗒"声,这嘀嗒声的声源是:()A.雨点; B.空气; C.瓦片; D.以上都有可能.二、填空题11.诗句“掬水月在手,弄花香满衣”(“掬”意为“捧”)所包含的物理知识有________________和_________________________。
2020年生物中考复习 苏科版八年级上册测试题(word版,有答案)
八上测试题一朵鲜花为什么能结成饱满的果实?一粒种子为什么能长成参天大树?一枚受精鸟卵是如何发育成雏鸟?人体是如何从受精卵发育成独立个体?生态系统是如何维持相对平衡的?通过近期的学习,大家一定找到了答案。
下面让我们一起回顾学到的知识吧!第Ⅰ卷(选择题共40分)一、选择题(每题只有一个最佳答案,请将答案填入答题纸相应区域。
每题2分,共40分。
)1.科学家计算过,小麦结出1kg果实要消耗水300~400kg,小麦吸收的水有90%以上用于A.蒸腾作用B.光合作用C.呼吸作用D.光合和呼吸作用2.下列新个体的产生属于无性生殖的是A.克隆羊“多利”的产生B.雌蝶雄蝶交尾C.雌性白鹅产出受精的蛋D.成年母象产下小象3.春季,柳树老枝上...长出了嫩叶芽。
温度适宜时,嫩叶芽可发育成柳树的A.根B.枝条C.种子D.主干4.下列种子中,营养物质贮存在胚乳中的是A.花生粒B.蚕豆粒C.高粱粒D.大豆粒5.下列人体器官中,能分泌雄激素、产生精子的是A.泪腺B.肝脏C.子宫D.睾丸6.下列有关人的个体发育,描述正确的是A.人的个体发育从婴儿出生开始B.青春期是人体胚后发育中的一个阶段C.人的个体发育只包括胚胎发育阶段D.胚后发育是指从胎儿形成到胎儿成熟7.某同学观察了玉米种子结构(见右图),下列对玉米种子结构,描述正确的是A.1—表示果皮B.2—表示子叶C.3、4、5、6共同构成了玉米的胚D.3—表示胚轴,连接着胚芽和胚根8.进入青春期后,人体形态发育最明显的特点是A.自我意识增强B.肺活量显著增大C.大脑调节功能增强D.身高和体重迅速增长9.下列不.属于男性第二性征的是A.喉结突出B.体重增加C.长出胡须D.声音变粗10.下列生态系统中,自我调节能力最弱的是A.亿万顷湿地B.数万顷绿色山脉C.一亩农田D.百万平方米森林11.蚕豆种子萌发时,下列结构最先突破种皮的是A.胚芽B.胚根C.胚轴D.子叶12.通常,植物进行蒸腾作用的主要器官是A.根B.花C.叶D.种子13.右图是人类的某种生殖细胞,下列相关描述不.正确的是A.该生殖细胞是精子B.该生殖细胞含有细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核C.该生殖细胞外形像蝌蚪,头大尾长,能游动D.该生殖细胞产生后可暂时贮存在膀胱内14.某市民把月季的一根枝条直接植在土壤中来繁殖新个体,这种繁殖方式属于A.扦插B.嫁接C.组织培养D.种子繁殖15.下列实验装置可用来“验证绿色植物进行蒸腾作用”的是右图为鸟卵发育到某阶段的示意图,请回答16-18题:16.如图,图甲中的可以发育成图乙中的“幼雏”A.①B.②C.③D.④17.图甲中,能为幼雏发育提供..的是..养料A.①B.②C.③D.④18.如图甲,结构①的作用是A.保护内部结构B.固定卵黄C.供给水分D.贮存空气下图为家蚕发育过程的示意图,请据图回答19-20题:19.图中表示的是家蚕发育的四个阶段,正确的发育顺序是A.②④③①B.③①②④C.③②④①D.④③①②20.《本草纲目》记载蚕蛹具有治小儿疳积的作用,蚕蛹处于家蚕发育阶段中的A.①B.④C.②D.③第II卷(综合题共60分)21.(8分)某同学进行了观察蚕豆叶表皮气孔的实验,并探究了“温度变化对蚕豆叶表皮气孔开闭的影响”。
2020年中考物理复习卷(六)(有详细解析)
2020年中考物理复习卷(六)《功和机械能、简单机械》综合考试范围:功和机械能、简单机械;考试时间:60分钟;命题人:芮明标姓名_________ 得分__________一、选择题(每题3分,共21分)1、下列说法中正确的是( )A.足球在草坪上沿水平方向向前滚动,重力对足球做了功B.石块从高处下落,重力对石块做了功C.举重运动员把杠铃在空中停留3s,人对杠铃做了功D.推出去的铅球在空中运动过程中,推力对铅球做了功2、在甲、乙两图中,甲图地面粗糙、乙图地面光滑。
质量分别为m, 2m的两个物体在大小为F的恒力作用下,在力的方向上前进了相同的距离,则下列结论正确的是()A.甲图中F做的功小于乙图中F做的功B.甲图中F做的功等于乙图中F做的功C.甲图中F做的功大于乙图中F做的功D.甲图中F做功的功率一定大于乙图中F做功的功率大3、如图所示,用汽车打捞水下重物从水底拉到井口的过程中,汽车以恒定速度向右运动.忽略水的阻力和滑轮的摩擦,四位同学画出了汽车功率P随时间t变化的图象,其中正确的是()A B C D4、某运动员做蹦极运动,如图甲所示,从高处O点开始下落,A点是弹性绳的自由长度,在B点运动员所受弹力恰好等于重力,C点是第一次下落到达的最低点。
运动员所受弹性绳弹力F的大小随时间t变化的情况如图乙所示(蹦极过程视为在竖直方向的运动)。
下列判断正确的是()A.从A点到B点过程中运动员加速下落B.从B点到C点过程中运动员重力势能增大C.t0时刻运动员动能最大 D.运动员重力大小等于F0第4题图第5题图5、如图所示为某种吊车的工作示意图.利用伸缩撑杆可使吊臂绕O点转动;伸缩撑杆为圆弧状,伸缩时对吊臂的支持力始终与吊臂垂直.下列相关说法正确的是()A.吊臂是一个省力杠杆B.使用这种吊车,好处是可以少做功C.匀速顶起吊臂的过程中,伸缩撑杆的支持力大小保持不变D.匀速顶起吊臂的过程中,伸缩撑杆的支持力渐渐变小6、如下图所示,三个滑轮拉同一物体在水平面作匀速直线运动,所用拉力分别为F1、F2、F3,不计滑轮重和绳子与滑轮之间的摩擦,那么有()A. F1 > F2> F3B. F1< F2< F3C. F3< F1< F2D. F3> F1> F27、用如图的甲、乙两滑轮组分别把相同的物体匀速提升相同的高度,两装置的机械效率分别为η甲、η乙,拉力做的功分别为W甲、W乙,若滑轮规格相同,不计绳重及摩擦,下列说法正确的是()A.W甲<W乙η甲<η乙B.W甲>W乙η甲>η乙C.W甲=W乙η甲=η乙D.W甲<W乙η甲>η乙二、填空题(每空1分,共23分)8、如图所示的单摆,让小球从A点静止释放,小球从A点向B点摆动的过程中,小球受到的重对小球功,细绳对小球的拉力功(均选填“做”或“不做”).第8题图第9题图第10题图9、跳绳是一种简便易行的锻炼方式。
(最新)2020年中考数学复习 专题6 四边形与三角形的综合(精讲)试题
专题六四边形与三角形的综合毕节中考备考攻略纵观近4年毕节中考数学试卷,四边形与三角形的综合是每年的必考考点,其中2015年第24题综合考查平行四边形和直角三角形;2016年第25题综合考查菱形和三角形全等;2017年第24题综合考查平行四边形与三角形相似、解直角三角形;2018年第24题综合考查平行四边形、三角形和菱形.预计2019年将继续综合考查四边形与三角形.熟练掌握特殊四边形的性质与判定、特殊三角形的性质、全等三角形的判定与性质、相似三角形的判定与性质,掌握三角形中位线和梯形中位线性质的推导和应用,会画出四边形全等变换后的图形.解决问题时必须充分利用几何图形的性质及在题设的基础上挖掘几何图形中隐含的数量关系和位置关系,在复杂的“背景”下辨认、分解基本图形,通过添加辅助线补全或构造基本图形,并善于联想所学知识,突破思维障碍,合理运用各种数学方法.中考重难点突破四边形与特殊三角形例1 如图,在四边形ABCD 中,AB ∥DC,AB =AD,对角线AC,BD 交于点O,AC 平分∠BAD ,过点C 作CE⊥AB 交AB 的延长线于点E,连接OE.(1)求证:四边形ABCD 是菱形; (2)若AB =5,BD =2,求OE 的长.【解析】(1)先判断出∠OAB=∠DCA,进而判断出∠DAC=∠DCA ,得出CD =AD =AB,即可得出结论; (2)先判断出OE =OA =OC,再求出OB =1,利用勾股定理求出OA,即可得出结果. 【答案】(1)证明:∵AB∥CD ,∴∠CAB =∠ACD. ∵AC 平分∠BAD ,∴∠CAB =∠CAD , ∴∠CAD =∠ACD ,∴AD =CD. 又∵AD=AB,∴AB =CD.又∵AB∥CD ,∴四边形ABCD 是平行四边形. 又∵AB=AD,∴四边形ABCD 是菱形; (2)解:∵四边形ABCD 是菱形,∴AC ⊥BD,OA =OC =12AC,OB =OD =12BD =1.在Rt △AOB 中,∠AOB =90°,∴OA =AB 2-OB 2=2. ∵CE ⊥AB,∴∠AEC =90°. 在Rt △AEC 中,O 为AC 中点, ∴OE =12AC =OA =2.四边形与三角形全等例2 (2018·张家界中考)在矩形ABCD 中,点E 在BC 上,AE =AD,DF ⊥AE,垂足为点F. (1)求证:DF =AB ;(2)若∠FDC=30°,且AB =4,求AD.【解析】(1)利用“AAS ”证△ADF≌△EAB 即可得证;(2)由∠ADF+∠FDC=90°,∠DAF +∠ADF=90°得∠FDC=∠DAF=30°,据此知AD =2DF,根据DF =AB 可得答案.【答案】(1)证明:在矩形ABCD 中,AD ∥BC, ∴∠AEB =∠DAF.又∵DF⊥AE ,∴∠DFA =90°,∴∠DFA =∠B. 又∵AD=EA,∴△ADF ≌△EAB,∴DF =AB ;(2)解:∵∠ADF+∠FDC =90°,∠DAF +∠ADF=90°,∴∠FDC =∠DAF=30°,∴AD =2DF.∵DF =AB =4,∴AD =2AB =8.四边形与三角形相似例3 (2018·资阳中考)已知:如图,在Rt △ABC 中,∠ACB =90°,点M 是斜边AB 的中点,MD ∥BC,且MD =CM,DE ⊥AB 于点E,连接AD,CD.(1)求证:△MED∽△BCA; (2)求证:△AMD≌△CMD;(3)设△MDE 的面积为S 1,四边形BCMD 的面积为S 2,当S 2=175S 1时,求cos ∠ABC 的值.【解析】(1)易证∠DME=∠CBA ,∠ACB =∠DE M =90°,从而可证明△MED∽△BCA;(2)由∠ACB=90°,点M 是斜边AB 的中点,可知BM =CM =AM,又由MD∥BC 可证明∠AMD=∠CMD ,从而可利用全等三角形的判定方法证明△AMD≌△CMD;(3)易证DM =12AB,由(1)可知△MED∽△BCA ,所以S 1S △ACB =⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫DM AB 2=14,所以S △MCB =12S △ACB =2S 1,从而可求出S △EBD =S 2-S △MCB -S 1=25S 1,由于S 1S △EBD =ME EB ,从而可知ME BE =52,设ME =5x,EB =2x,从而用x 表示出AB,BC,最后根据锐角三角函数的定义即可求出答案.【答案】(1)证明:∵MD∥BC ,∴∠DME =∠CBA. ∵∠ACB =∠DEM=90°,∴△MED ∽△BCA ; (2)证明:∵∠ACB=90°,点M 是斜边AB 的中点, ∴BM=CM =AM,∴∠MCB =∠MBC. ∵∠DMB =∠MBC , ∴∠MCB =∠DMB=∠MBC. ∵MD ∥BC,∴∠CMD =180°-∠MCB. 又∵∠AMD=180°-∠DMB , ∴∠AMD =∠CMD. 在△AMD 与△CMD 中, ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧MD =MD ,∠AMD =∠CMD,AM =CM ,∴△AMD ≌△CMD(SAS );(3)解:∵DM=CM,∴AM =CM =DM =BM, ∴DM =12AB.由(1)可知△MED∽△BCA ,∴S 1S △ACB =⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫DM AB 2=14,∴S △ACB =4S 1. ∵CM 是△ACB 的中线,∴S △MCB =12S △ACB =2S 1,∴S △EBD =S 2-S △MCB -S 1=25S 1,∴S 1S △EBD =ME EB ,∴S 125S 1=ME EB ,∴ME EB =52. 设ME =5x,EB =2x,则BM =7x, ∴AB =2BM =14x. ∵MD AB =ME BC =12,∴BC =10x, ∴cos ∠ABC=BC AB =10x 14x =57.1.(2018·贺州中考)如图,在△ABC 中,∠ACB =90°,O,D 分别是边AC,AB 的中点,过点C 作CE ∥AB 交DO 的延长线于点E,连接AE.(1)求证:四边形AECD 是菱形;(2)若四边形AECD 的面积为24,tan ∠BAC =34,求BC 的长.(1)证明:∵点O 是AC 的中点,∴OA =OC.∵CE ∥AB,∴∠DAO =∠ECO. 又∵∠AOD=∠COE ,∴△AOD ≌△COE(ASA ),∴AD =CE, ∴四边形AECD 是平行四边形. 又∵CD 是Rt △ABC 斜边AB 上的中线, ∴CD =AD =12AB,∴四边形AECD 是菱形;(2)由(1)知,四边形AECD 是菱形,∴AC ⊥ED.在Rt △AOD 中,tan ∠DAO =OD OA =tan ∠BAC =34,可设OD =3x,OA =4x, 则ED =2OD =6x,AC =2OA =8x.由题意可得12·6x·8x=24,∴x =1,∴OD =3.∵O,D 分别是AC,AB 的中点, ∴OD 是△ABC 的中位线, ∴BC =2OD =6.2.(2018·盐城中考)在正方形ABCD 中,对角线BD 所在的直线上有两点E,F 满足BE =DF,连接AE,AF,CE,CF,如图.(1)求证:△AB E≌△ADF;(2)试判断四边形AECF 的形状,并说明理由. (1)证明:∵四边形ABCD 是正方形,∴AB =AD, ∴∠ABD =∠ADB ,∴∠ABE =∠ADF. 在△ABE 与△ADF 中,⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧AB =AD ,∠ABE =∠ADF,BE =DF ,∴△ABE ≌△ADF(SAS ); (2)解:四边形AECF 是菱形. 理由:连接AC,交BD 于点O. ∵四边形ABCD 是正方形, ∴OA =OC,OB =OD,AC ⊥EF, ∴OB +BE =OD +DF,即OE =OF. ∵OA =OC,OE =OF,∴四边形AECF 是平行四边形, 又∵AC⊥EF ,∴四边形AECF 是菱形.3.(2018·湖州中考) 已知在Rt △ABC 中,∠BAC =90°,AB ≥AC,D,E 分别为AC,BC 边上的点(不包括端点),且DC BE =ACBC=m,连接AE,过点D 作DM ⊥AE,垂足为点M,延长DM 交AB 于点F. (1)如图1,过点E 作EH⊥AB 于点H,连接DH.①求证:四边形DHEC 是平行四边形; ②若m =22,求证:AE =DF ; (2)如图2,若m =35,求DFAE的值.(1)证明:①∵EH⊥AB ,∠BAC =90°, ∴EH ∥CA,∴△BHE ∽△BAC,∴BE BC =HEAC .∵DC BE =AC BC ,∴BE BC =DC AC ,∴HE AC =DC AC, ∴HE =DC.∵EH ∥DC,∴四边形DHEC 是平行四边形; ②∵AC BC =22,∠BAC =90°,∴AC =AB.∵DC BE =22,HE =DC,∴HE BE =22. 又∵∠BHE=90°,∴BH =HE. ∵HE =DC,∴BH =CD,∴AH =AD. ∵DM ⊥AE,EH ⊥AB, ∴∠EHA =∠AMF=90°,∴∠HAE +∠HEA=∠HAE+∠AFM=90°, ∴∠HEA =∠AFD.∵∠EHA =∠FAD=90°,∴△HEA ≌△AFD,∴AE =DF ; (2)解:过点E 作EG⊥AB 于点G.∵CA ⊥AB,∴EG ∥CA,∴△EGB ∽△CAB, ∴EG CA =BE BC ,∴EG BE =CA BC =35. ∵CD BE =35,∴EG =CD. 设EG =CD =3x,AC =3y,则BE =5x,BC =5y, ∴BG =4x,AB =4y. ∵∠EGA =∠AMF=90°, ∴∠GEA +∠EAG=∠EAG+∠AFM ,∴∠AFM=∠AEG.∵∠FAD=∠EGA=90°,∴△FAD∽△EGA,∴DFAE=ADAG=3y-3x4y-4x=34.毕节中考专题过关 1.(2018·乌鲁木齐中考)如图,在四边形ABCD 中,∠BAC =90°,E 是BC 的中点,AD ∥BC,AE ∥DC,EF ⊥CD 于点F.(1)求证:四边形AECD 是菱形;(2)若AB =6,BC =10,求EF 的长.(1)证明:∵AD∥BC ,AE ∥DC,∴四边形AECD 是平行四边形.∵∠BAC =90°,E 是BC 的中点,∴AE =CE =12BC,∴四边形AECD 是菱形;(2)解:过A 作AH⊥BC 于点H.∵∠BAC =90°,AB =6,BC =10,∴AC =102-62=8.∵S △ABC =12BC·AH=12AB·AC ,∴AH =6×810=245.∵点E 是BC 的中点,BC =10,四边形AECD 是菱形,∴CD =CE =5.∵S ▱AECD =CE·A H =CD·EF ,∴EF =AH =245.2.(2018·青岛中考)已知:如图,▱ABCD 的对角线AC 与BD 相交于点E,点G 为AD 的中点,连接CG,CG 的延长线交BA 的延长线于点F,连接FD.(1)求证:AB =AF ;(2)若AG =AB,∠BCD =120°,判断四边形ACDF 的形状,并证明你的结论.(1)证明:∵四边形ABCD 是平行四边形,∴AB ∥CD,AB =CD,∴∠AFG =∠DCG.又∵GA=GD,∠AGF =∠CGD ,∴△AGF ≌△DGC,∴AF =CD.∴AB =AF ;(2)解:四边形ACDF 是矩形.证明:∵AF=CD,AF ∥CD,∴四边形ACDF 是平行四边形.∵四边形ABCD 是平行四边形,∴∠BAD =∠BCD=120°.∴∠FAG =60°.∵AB =AG =AF,∴△AFG 是等边三角形,∴AG =GF.∵四边形ACDF 是平行四边形,∴FG =CG,AG =DG.∴AD=CF.∴四边形ACDF 是矩形.3.已知:如图,四边形ABCD 中,AD ∥BC,AD =CD,E 是对角线BD 上一点,且EA =EC.(1)求证:四边形ABCD 是菱形;(2)如果BE =BC,且∠CBE∶∠BCE=2∶3,求证:四边形ABCD 是正方形.证明:(1)在△ADE 与△CDE 中,⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧AD =CD ,DE =DE ,EA =EC ,∴△ADE ≌△CDE,∴∠ADE =∠CDE.∵AD ∥BC,∴∠ADE =∠CBD ,∴∠CDE =∠CBD ,∴BC =CD.∵AD =CD,∴BC =AD,∴四边形ABCD 为平行四边形.∵AD =CD,∴四边形ABCD 是菱形;(2)∵BE=BC,∴∠BCE =∠BEC.∵∠CBE ∶∠BCE =2∶3,∴∠CBE =180×22+3+3=45°. ∵四边形ABCD 是菱形,∴∠ABE =∠CBE=45°,∴∠ABC =90°,∴四边形ABCD 是正方形.4.(2018·眉山中考)如图①,在四边形ABCD 中,AC ⊥BD 于点E,AB =AC =BD,点M 为BC 的中点,N 为线段AM 上的点,且MB =MN.(1)求证:BN 平分∠ABE;(2)若BD =1,连接DN,当四边形DNBC 为平行四边形时,求线段BC 的长;(3)如图②,若点F 为AB 的中点,连接FN,FM,求证:△MFN∽△BDC.(1)证明:∵AB=AC,∴∠ABC =∠ACB.∵M 为BC 的中点,∴AM ⊥BC.在Rt △ABM 中,∠MAB +∠ABC=90°.在Rt △CBE 中,∠EBC +∠ACB=90°,∴∠MAB =∠EBC.又∵MB =MN,∴△MBN 为等腰直角三角形,∴∠MNB =∠MBN=45°,∴∠EBC +∠NBE=45°,∠MAB +∠ABN=∠MNB=45°,∴∠NBE =∠ABN ,即BN 平分∠ABE;(2)解:设BM =CM =MN =a.当四边形DNBC 是平行四边形时,DN =BC =2a.在△ABN 和△DBN 中,⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧AB =DB ,∠NBD =∠NBA,BN =BN ,∴△ABN ≌△DBN(SAS ),∴AN =DN =2a.在Rt △ABM 中,由AM 2+BM 2=AB 2,得(2a +a)2+a 2=1,解得a =±1010(负值舍去),∴BC =2a =105;(3)证明:在Rt △MAB 中,F 是AB 的中点,∴MF =AF =BF,∴∠MAB =∠FMN.又∵∠MAB=∠CBD ,∴∠FMN =∠DBC. ∵MFAB =MNBC =12,∴MF BD =MN BC =12,∴△MFN ∽△BDC.5.(2018·枣庄中考)如图,将矩形ABCD 沿AF 折叠,使点D 落在BC 边的点E 处,过点E 作EG∥CD 交AF 于点G,连接DG.(1)求证:四边形EFDG 是菱形;(2)探究线段EG,GF,AF 之间的数量关系,并说明理由;(3)若AG =6,EG =25,求BE 的长.(1)证明:∵GE∥DF ,∴∠EGF =∠DFG.由翻折的性质可知DG =EG,DF =EF,∠DGF =∠EGF ,∴∠DGF =∠DFG ,∴DG =DF,∴DG =EG =DF =EF,∴四边形EFDG 是菱形;(2)解:EG 2=12GF·AF.理由:连接DE,交AF 于点O.∵四边形EFDG 是菱形,∴GF ⊥DE,OG =OF =12GF.∵∠DOF =∠ADF=90°,∠OFD =∠DFA , ∴△DOF ∽△ADF,∴DF AF =OF DF ,即DF 2=OF·AF.∵OF =12GF,DF =EG,∴EG 2=12GF·AF;(3)解:过点G 作GH⊥DC ,垂足为点H. ∵EG 2=12GF·AF ,AG =6,EG =25,即GF 2+6GF -40=0,解得GF =4,GF =-10(舍去).∵DF =EG =25,AF =AG +GF =10, ∴AD =AF 2-DF 2=4 5.∵GH ⊥DC,AD ⊥DC,∴GH ∥AD, ∴△FGH ∽△FAD,∴GH AD =GF AF ,即GH 45=410,∴GH =855.∴BE =AD -GH =45-855=1255.。
2023年中考数学总复习第四章《三角形》综合测试卷及答案
2023年中考数学总复习第四章《三角形》综合测试卷一、选择题(每小题3分,共36分)1.将一副三角尺按如图所示的方式摆放,则∠α的大小为()A.85°B.75°C.65°D.60°(第1题图)(第2题图)2.如图,平行线AB,CD 被直线EF 所截,过点B 作BG⊥EF 于点G,已知∠1=50°,则∠B=()A.20°B.30°C.40°D.50°3.如图,太阳光线与水平线成70°角,窗子高AB=2米,要在窗子外面上方0.2米的点D 处安装水平遮阳板DC,使光线不能直接射入室内,则遮阳板DC 的长度至少是()A.米B.2sin70°米C.米D. 2.2cos70°米(第3题图)(第5题图)4.在Rt△ABC 中,∠C=90°,若斜边AB 是直角边BC 的3倍,则tanB 的值是()A.B.3C.D.5.如图,每个小方格的边长为1,A,B 两点都在小方格的顶点上,点C 也是图中小方格的顶点,并且△ABC 是等腰三角形,那么点C 的个数为()A.1B.2C.3D.46.已知三角形三边长分别为2,x,13,若x 为正整数,则这样的三角形个数为()A.2B.3C.5D.137.如图,在Rt△ABC 中,∠ACB=90°,CD 为AB 边上的高,CE 为AB 边上的中线,AD=2,CE=5,则CD=()A.2B.3C.4D.(第7题图)(第8题图)8.如图,在Rt△ABC 中,∠BAC=90°,∠ABC 的平分线BD 交AC 于点D,DE 是BC 的垂直平分线,点E 是垂足.已知DC=5,AD=2,则图中长为的线段有()A.4条B.3条C.2条D.1条9.如图,在△ABC 外任取一点O,连接AO,BO,CO,并取它们的中点D,E,F,连接DE,EF,DF,得△DEF,则下列说法错误的是()A.△ABC 与△DEF 是位似图形B.△ABC 与△DEF 是相似图形C.△ABC 与△DEF 的周长比为1∶2D.△ABC 与△DEF 的面积比为4∶1(第9题图)(第10题图)10.如图,在数轴上有A,B,C,D 四个整数点(即各点均表示整数),且2AB=BC=3CD,若A,D 两点表示的数分别为-5和6,且AC 的中点为E,BD 的中点为M,BC 之间距点B 的距离为BC 的点为N,则该数轴的原点为()A.点EB.点FC.点MD.点N 11.如图,将宽为1cm 的纸条沿BC 折叠,使∠CAB=45°,则折叠后重叠部分的面积为()(第11题图)(第12题图)12.如图,在△ABC 中,∠ABC=∠C,将△ABC 绕点B。
2020届初中化学复习:中考复习人教版第三单元《物质构成的奥秘》考试测试卷(解析版)
第三单元《物质构成的奥秘》测试卷一、单选题(共15小题)1.下列关于原子的叙述中,错误的是()A.原子不能再分B.原子在不断运动着C.原子可以直接构成物质D.原子的质量主要集中在原子核上2.下列有关元素的说法错误的是()A.物质都是由元素组成的B.地壳中含量最多的元素是氢元素C.同种元素的原子核内质子数相同D.在化学变化中元素的种类不发生改变3.2013年1月19日,首个《国际防治汞污染公约》发布。
图为元素汞的信息,从图中获得的信息正确的一项是()A.汞属于非金属元素B.汞的核电荷数为80C.汞的相对原子质量为200.6gD.在化学反应中,汞原子容易得到电子4.水在不同的条件下会发生三态变化,主要原因是()A.构成水的微粒的大小发生了变化B.构成水的微粒间的间隔发生了变化C.水的物理性质发生了变化D.水的化学性质发生了变化5.某原子的结构示意图如下,下列说法正确的是()A.该原子中所含的质子数为16 B.该原子表示氧原子C.该原子表示氟原子D.该原子的核外电子数为66.某粒子的结构示意图如图所示,下列有关说法中不正确的是()A.该元素原子的核外共有10个电子B.该元素原子的核内质子数为13C.该离子是阳离子D.该离子的最外电子层具有稳定结构7.硅是一种重要的半导体材料。
硅的元素符号是()A. He B. P C. Si D. Al8.物质都是由微粒构成的,下列物质由分子构成的是()A.金刚石B.氯化钠C.干冰D.铁9.镉属于重金属,会危害人体健康。
2013年5月16日,广州市食品药品监管公布的结果显示,抽检大米四成镉超标。
这里的镉可理解为()A.镉元素B.镉单质C.镉离子D.镉原子10.2014年4月14日,科学家约翰•帕特森向人们展示了一款真正意义上的原子手表,它内置了一个芯片级的铯原子钟,每1000年仅有1秒的误差。
已知这种铯原子核内质子数为55,相对原子质量为133,则其核外电子数为()A. 188 B. 78C. 55 D. 2311.根据下列有关粒子的结构示意图得出的结论中,不正确的是()A.它们都是相对稳定结构B.它们属于四种不同元素C.只有②是原子D. ②、②都属于阴离子12.在加压条件下,25m3的石油气(含丙烷、丁烷等气体)可以装入0.024m3的钢瓶中,由此可以说明的是()A.分子的质量很小B.分子由原子构成C.分子之间有间隔D.分子在不断地运动13.下列元素符号书写错误的是()A.铜Cu B.钠NA C.镁Mg D.铁Fe14.生活中的下列现象,用分子的相关知识解释,不正确的是()A.水结成冰,水分子间的间隔变小B.变瘪的乒乓球放入热水中能鼓起来,是因为分子间隔受热变大C . 氢气和液氢都可做燃料——相同物质的分子,其化学性质相同D . 我们能闻到二氧化硫的刺激性气味,是因为分子在不断运动 15.能保持二氧化硫化学性质的最小粒子是( ) A . 氧原子 B . 硫原子C . 氧原子和硫原子D . 二氧化硫分子二、填空题(共3小题) 16.如图是钠元素在元素周期表中的信息。
2020年中考化学复习《化学综合计算》专项测试试题
《化学综合计算》专项测试题一、单选题(每小题只有一个正确答案)1.有氮气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的混合气体40g,其中碳元素的质量分数为30%。
使该混合气体通过足量的灼热氧化铁充分反应后。
再将气体通入过量的石灰水中,能得到白色沉淀的质量为()A.30g B.50g C.100g D.150g2.含CaCO3与CaO的混合物,测得其中钙元素质量分数为60%.取该混合物20g投入足量稀盐酸中充分反应,蒸干所得溶液,可得无水固体的质量为A.12g B.14.8g C.22.2g D.33.3g3.高温加热10g碳酸钙,一段时间后停止加热,测得剩余固体中钙元素的质量分数为50%.此时反应生成的二氧化碳质量为()A.4.4克 B.2克 C.2.4克 D.4克4.实验室有氧化镁和氧化铁的固体混合物32g,使之与400g质量分数为14.6%的盐酸恰好完全反应,将反应后的溶液蒸干得到70.5g固体.则原混合物中金属元素的质量分数为()A.65% B.42.8% C.62% D.45.2%5.有一含CaCO3与CaO的混合物,取该混合物16g,进行充分..高温煅烧后,将剩余固体投入200g溶质质量分数为7.3%的稀盐酸中,恰好完全反应,则原混合物中钙元素的质.量分数...为A.30% B.40% C.50% D.60%6.Fe2O3、CuO的固体混合粉末a g,高温下用足量氢气还原,得到金属混合物2.40 g,将生成的水用足量的浓硫酸吸收后,浓硫酸增重0.9克,则a的值为A.3.20 B.3.30 C.4.00 D.4.207.取含铁、氧两种元素的固体样品11.6g,通入足量CO并充分加热,将产生的气体通入足量澄清石灰水,充分反应后,得沉淀20.0g。
该固体的组成不可能是A.Fe2O3 B.Fe3O4 C.Fe和Fe2O3 D.FeO和Fe2O38.实验室测定某铝土矿中铝元素的质量分数,取13.5g含杂质的铝土矿(杂质不溶于水也不与酸反应)加入到200g稀盐酸中,恰好完全反应,过滤得滤液210.2g,则该铝土矿中铝元素的质量分数为( )A.75.6% B.40% C.50% D.60%9.某镁铝合金的样品7.2 g,研成粉末后与200 g稀盐酸恰好完全反应,则稀盐酸的溶质质量分数可能是A.18.25% B.14.6% C.12% D.3.6 %10.向100 g稀盐酸中加入10 g NaHCO3和CaCO3的固体混合物,充分反应后,反应物均恰好反应完全,生成a g气体。
初三英语中考复习综合卷(附答案)
Part 1 Listening(第一部分听力)(共30分)Ⅰ.Listening comprehension (听力理解)A. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容,选出相应的图片): (共6分)A B C DE F G HB. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear(根据你听到的对话和问题,选出最恰当的答案)(8分)7. A. V ery well. B. Not too bad. C. Very poorly. D. Just so-so.8. A. $24. B. $225. C. $249. D. $273.9. A. He enjoys watching cartoons. B. He doesn’t allow her to watch it.C. The girl can watch it any time.D. The girl can watch it when she has finished her homework.10. A. At home. B. In a restaurant. C. In a library. D. At the airport.11. A. He didn’t like the party. B. He got home late.C. He hurt his head carelessly.D. He left work late and had a headache.12. A. Take a sleeping pill. B. Take a painkiller.C. Do some exercise.D. Drink more water.13. A. The ones in Row 2. B. The ones next to the gate.C. The ones next to each other.D. The ones whose numbers are 2 and 10.14. A. Her car broke down. B. Her train was late.C. She missed the bus.D. She set out too late.C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容,符合的用“T”表示,不符合的用“F”表示)(6分)15. After hearing his friends’ words, Michael asked a detective to find out the truth.16. The detective spent several days finding what happened between Helen and the man.17. Michael was told that his wife had borrowed a lot of money from the man.18. Helen felt very excited when she saw her husband at the school.19. Helen was planning a party for her mother and she didn’t want Michael to join them.20. Michael felt very sorry to his wife for the mistake he had made.D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences(听短文,完成下列内容。
2020届初中化学复习:中考复习人教版第六单元《碳和碳的氧化物》测试卷(解析版)
第六单元《碳和碳的氧化物》测试卷一、单选题(共15小题)1.“低碳生活”有望成为新的时尚流行全球。
“低碳生活”是指工作生活中所耗能量要减少,从而减低碳特别是二氧化碳的排放。
下列不属于“低碳生活”的是 ( )A . 多用电子邮件、QQ 等即时通讯工具,少用传真打印B . 多用一次性消费品C . 将普通灯改为节能灯,使用太阳能热水器D . 购物自带环保布袋,不用塑料袋2.工业生产粗硅的化学方程式是SiO 2+ 2CSi+ 2CO ,该反应中表现还原性的是( )A . SiO 2B .C C . SiD . CO3.某同学对实验室制取氧气和二氧化碳的方法做了比较,并得出以下结论,其中错误的是( ) A . 选用的发生装置可能相同B . 收集方法可能相同C . 反应类型可能相同D . 检验方法一定不同4.某同学用如下图所示装置进行实验,验证二氧化碳能与水反应(已知氮气的密度小于空气的密度),操作为:①从b 端通入氮气 ②从分液漏斗中滴加适量水 ③从a 端通入二氧化碳 ④将石蕊溶液染成紫色的干燥纸花放入广口瓶中其中实验操作顺序最合理的是( )A . ①②③④B . ④③②①C . ④①③①②D . ④③①②③5.甲乙是两名同学设计的这两套制取二氧化碳的发生装置,对两套装置分析不正确的是( )A . 此时甲装置中的止水夹M 处于关闭状态B . 甲装置气体导出过程中容器内外气压相等C . 甲装置可以控制反应的发生或停止D . 乙装置N 处添加止水夹可以与甲装置具有相同功能6.下列有关说法不正确的是( )A . 碳在过量的氧气中燃烧生成CO 和 CO 2B .C 60的相对分子质量为720C . 金刚石、石墨和C 60分子都是由碳元素组成的单质D . 常温下碳的化学性质不活泼7.关于甲、乙、丙、丁四个装置(如图所示)的说法不正确的是( )A . 甲装置可用作制取氧气的发生装置B . 乙装置可用作制取二氧化碳的发生装置C . 可用丙装置收集氢气D . 可用丁装置收集氧气8.二氧化碳占空气总体积的0.03%,正常情况下能维持这个含量基本不变是因为自然界存在如图所示的循环过程,图中A 处不包括下列哪项( )A . 发展和利用太阳能B . 植物的呼吸作用C . 人和动物的呼吸D . 含碳燃料的燃烧 9.下列关于碳单质用途的叙述,错误的是( )A . 用活性炭做冰箱除臭剂B . 用焦炭炼铁C . 用碳粉和铅可制成铅笔芯D . 用石墨可做干电池的电极10.如图为CO 还原CuO“微型”实验装置(夹持仪器等略),已知,下列说法错误的是( )A.实验中所需CO可现制现用B.此装置可节约用品,污染小,现象明显C.此装置内空间较小,空气易排空,实验危险系数小D.该实验中所涉及反应的基本类型有分解反应和置换反应11.科学家成功地利用精密仪器从石墨中分离出单层的石墨片,这是目前世界上人工制得的最薄的材料,如图所示。
2024年中考数学复习(全国版)第六章 圆(测试)(解析版)
在 Rt △ 푂� 中,∵ ∠푂 � = 90°,
∴ 푂�2 = � 2 + 푂 2,
∴ �2 = 122 + (� − 8)2,
∴ � = 13,
即⊙ 푂的半径푂�为 13cm. 故选:A. 【点睛】本题考查了垂径定理、勾股定理的应用,设⊙ 푂的半径푂�为�cm,列出关于�的方程是解题的关
键. 5.【创新题】如图,� 是⊙ 푂的直径,弦 则下列结论一定成立的是( )
��,
故选 A
【点睛】本题考查了三角形的内切圆与内心,掌握内切圆的性质是解题的关键.
7.【创新题】如图,△ � 的内切圆⊙ �与 , �,� 分别相切于点 D,E,F,若⊙ �的半径为 r,∠� = �,
在�푡훥 푂中,푂 = ,∠�푂 = ∠�
D.�△ 푂 =
∴tan�= 푂
∴푂 = tan� = 2tan�,故选项 A 错误,不符合题意;
又 sin� = 푂
∴ = 푂 ·sin�
∴ = 2 = 2 ·sin�,故选项 B 正确,符合题意;
又
cos�
=
푂 푂
∴푂 = 푂 ·cos� = ·cos�
径定理和锐角三角函数的定义.
6.已知△ � 的周长为�,其内切圆的面积为��2,则△ � 的面积为( )
A.12 ��
B.12 ���
C.��
D.���
【答案】A
【分析】由题意可得�△�푂
=
1 2
�
×푂
=
1 2
�
× �,�△ 푂
=
1 2
× �,�△�푂
=
1 2
�
× �,由面
积关系可求解.
【详解】解:如图,设内切圆푂与△ � 相切于点 ,点 ,点�,连接푂�,푂 ,푂 ,푂 ,푂�,푂 ,
2020年中考复习专题练习:动点中线段及线段和差最值问题
2 22 2 AM′ =cos45°= = ,∴∠AM′N=90°,∴M′N=AM′=2,∵PM-PN=PM′- 2 AN PN≤M′N=2,∴当点 P 运动到 P′时,即点 M′、N、P′共线时,PM-PN=PM′-PN =M′N=2,∴PM-PN 的最大值为 2.
=2,AB=10,∴BE=4 5,又 AB=AC,∴△ACQ≌△ABE.∴CQ=BE=4 5.
6/6
13. 4 【解析】如解图,连接 CD,在 Rt△ABC 中,∵∠ACB=90°,BC=2,∠ABC 1
=60°,∴∠A=30°,∴A′B′=AB=2BC=4,∵DB′=DA′,∴CD= A′B′=2, 2
∴BD≤CD+CB=4,∴BD 的最大值为 4.
15. F(-1.4)提示:先做点 C 的关于 x=1 的对称点,再过点 C’做 C’FAB,求出直线 C’F 的解析式,设直线 C’F 与 y 轴相交与点 M,利用全等知识求出点 M 的坐标,进而求出 直线 C’F 的解析式。把直线 C’F 的解析式与直线 AB 的解析式联立起来,解二元一次 方程组,可得点 F 的坐标为 F(-1,4)
若ab4则oe的最小值为如图mon90矩形abcd的顶点ab分别在边omon上运动时a随之在边om上运动矩形abcd的形状保持不变其中ab2bc1运动过程中点d到点o的最大距离为2019陕西如图在正方形abcd中ab8ac与bd交于点on是ao在bc边上且bm6p为对角线bd上一点则pmpn的最大值为
5
A. 2 5 B. 4 5 C. 5 3 D. 10
3/6
知识像烛光,能照亮一个人,也能照亮无数的人。--培根
2020年初中物理中考总复习:人教版第十九章《生活用电》测试卷
第十九章《生活用电》测试卷一、单选题(共15小题)1.安装闸刀开关时,正确的安装法是使电源线的进户线都接在()A.静触头上,动触头要在下边B.动触头上,静触头要在下边C.动触头在左端,静触头在右端D.动触头在右端,静触头在左端2.如果高压线断了,落在地上,那么不要靠近,更不能用手去捡,应该派人看守,并赶快找电工处理,这是因为()A.靠近会造成跨步电压触电B.高压线会把人吸过去C.靠近会造成高压电弧触电D.高压线会把人弹出去3.照明电路的电压和一般情况下的安全电压分别是()A. 380伏60伏B. 220伏60伏以下C. 380伏36伏以下D. 220伏36伏以下4.电工站在干燥的椅子上检修电路,下列情况中肯定不安全的是()A.一手接触到火线B.两只手都接触到火线C.一只手接触火线,另一只手接触到水泥墙壁D.一只手接触零线,另一只手接触到水泥墙壁5.应该用测电笔去辨别火线与零线,决不能用手直接去接触电线,这是因为()A.手接触火线时,手不会发光,无法辨别火线B.手接触零线时,通过人体的电流很大,人体会触电C.氖管发光时,一定不会有电流通过人体D.氖管发光时,通过人体的电流很小,人体不会触电6.家庭电路中,电路上总电阻和总功率的情况是()A.亮着的灯越多,总电阻越大,总功率越大B.亮着的灯越多,总电阻越小,总功率越小C.亮着的灯越多,总电阻越小,总功率越大D.亮着的灯越多,总电阻越大,总功率越小7.如图是小明家的部分电路,开始时各部分工作正常.他将电饭煲的插头插入三孔插座后,正烧水的电热壶突然停止工作,但电灯仍正常发光,拔出电饭煲的插头,电热壶仍不能工作,把试电笔分别插入插座的左、右孔,氖管均发光.若电路中只有一处故障,则()A . 电热壶所在电路的B 、C 间断路 B . 插座的接地线断路C . 电路的C 、D 间导线断路 D . 电路的A 、B 间导线断路8.安装大功率用电器的插座时,只在通插座的火线上接一根保险丝,而不是在火线、零线上都接,这是因为( )A . 可以节省一个保险盒B . 与只在零线上装保险丝效果一样C . 和在零线火线上都装保险丝效果一样D . 为了防止保险丝熔断后插座仍与火线连通而带电 9.一旦发现有人触电,下列做法中正确的是( ) A . 立即去找电工 B . 立即去拉电线C . 立即去拉触电人D . 立即去切断电源10.发现有人触电,应先( ) A . 报警或喊人B . 迅速扶起,并送往医院C . 找电工或专业人员抢救D . 想办法切断电源 11.如图是一种试电笔的构造图,则下列说法中正确的是( )A . 使用试电笔时手应接触笔尖金属体B . 使用试电笔时手不能接触笔尾金属笔卡C . 试电笔中的电阻可以用铁丝代替D . 当氖管发光时有微弱电流通过人体12.在家庭电路中,下列情况不会造成触电现象的是( ) A . 人站在地上,一只手接触火线 B . 人站在地上,两只手同时接触火线 C . 人站在地面上,两只手接触零线D . 人站在绝缘凳上,一只手接触火线,一只手接触零线13.家庭电路中有较多的电热器,如电饭锅,电水壶,随着家中接入电路中的电热器越多,整个家庭电路的总阻值________,总电流________,电路消耗的总功率________,下列判断正确的是( )A . 变大 变大 变小B . 变小 变大 变大C . 变小 变大 变小D . 不变 变大 变大14.电冰箱、洗衣机等家用电器都有三孔插头,其中有一孔接地线,这是为了( ) A . 避免因家用电器漏电而发生触电事故 B . 确保家用电器能工作 C . 延长家用电器使用寿命 D . 节约电能15.人发生触电事故的原因是( ) A . 人体能导电 B . 人体带电太多了C . 通过人体的电流超过了一定限度D . 人体接触了用电器 二、填空题(共3小题)16.如图所示,灯泡L 发光,正确使用试电笔接触A 点,试电笔氖管________,接触B 点,试电笔氖管______(选填“发光”或“不发光”).17.如图所示情况会发生触电事故是________和________.(注意安全,请勿模仿)18.在日常用电中,需要特别警惕本来不该带电的物体__________,本来绝缘的物体________,因此应该注意:防止绝缘部分________,避免电线跟其他金属物体________. 三、实验题(共1小题) 19.认识短路的危害 设计实验目的:认识短路的危害器材:低压电源(直流6 V)、开关、额定电流为1 A 的保险丝、额定电压为6 V 的灯泡、 导线、电流表(演示电流表,0~5 A 档) 进行实验(1)在图中,CD 间接上一段保险丝,AB 间接入电流表,其它部分按图所示连接好电路.(2)当开关闭合时,灯泡________(填“发光”或“不发光”),电流表________(填“有”或“无”)示数.(3)断开开关,在B、D间接一根粗铜丝,当闭合开关的瞬间,你将会观察到________A.电流表的指针迅速摆动较大的幅度,保险丝也随即熔断B.电流表的指针无示数,保险丝不会熔断C.电流表读数稳定不变,灯泡正常发光D.电流表读数稳定不变,灯泡不亮分析论证B、D间接入铜丝时,灯泡被短路.根据欧姆定律知道,闭合开关的瞬间,线路中的电流________,通过保险丝和导线的电流________,但是保险丝的电阻比导线大很多,在电流相同时,导体的电功率跟电阻成________比,所以保险丝的电功率比铜丝的电功率大得多,使保险丝的温度升高,这实际是我们学过的电流的________效应.四、计算题(共2小题)20.在用电高峰时,我们会发现家庭电路中的白炽灯比正常发光时要暗一些,同学们在学习了电学知识后对这一现象进行了调查研究.如图供电电源的电压始终是220 V,当用户的总功率是8.6 KW时,用户实际得到的电压是215 V.试求:(1)此时,标有“220 V 100 W”的白炽灯的实际电功率是多少?分析灯泡的亮度将如何变化?(2)当用户的总功率是8.6 KW时,通过输电线的电流是多少?输电线的电阻是多少?在3 h内输电线上消耗的电能是多少?(忽略温度对灯丝电阻的影响)21.炎炎夏日即将来临,明明家新购置了一台1 kW的空调.已知他家原有用电器的总功率是1 020 W,电能表上标有“220 V 10 A”的字样.请你通过计算说明:(1)使用这台空调时,通过它的电流是多少?(2)从安全用电的角度考虑,明明家的电路是否允许安装这样一台空调?答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】静触头和动触头一般是上下位置安装,上面安装静触头,接进户线,下边安装动触头,接室内线,可以防止闸刀开关自动闭合电路.2.【答案】A【解析】如高压线落到地面,人靠近时会造成跨步电压触电,故要派人看守现场,迅速找电工师傅来处理.3.【答案】D【解析】我国照明电路的电压是220 V,经验表明,对人体的安全电压是不高于36 V,故只有选项D的数据是正确的.4.【答案】C【解析】A、电工站在干燥的椅子上一手接触到火线,电流无法形成回路,不会造成触电,故不合题意;B、电工站在干燥的椅子上两只手都接触到火线,电流无法形成回路,不会造成触电,故不合题意;C、一只手接触火线,另一只手接触到水泥墙壁,在火线、人体、大地之间形成回路,会造成触电,是不安全的,符合题意;D、一只手接触零线,另一只手接触到水泥墙壁,没有电流流过人体,不会造成触电,故不合题意.5.【答案】D【解析】A、当手接触火线时,由于火线与大地之间的电压为220 V,而人体安全的电压是不高于36 V,因此手直接接触火线,人会有生命危险;B、手只接触零线时,由于零线与大地之间的电压为0,不会有电流通过人体;CD、用测电笔测量火线时,加在测电笔和人之间的电压是220 V,测电笔和人是串联的,串联的电阻起分担电压的作用,电阻越大,分担的电压越大,测电笔的电阻很大,分担的电压很大,人分担的电压很小电流很小,电压不高于36 V,不会对人造成危害.6.【答案】C【解析】家庭电路中各盏照明灯是并联的,亮着的灯越多,并联的支路越多,总电阻越小;反之,亮着的灯越少,并联的支路越少,总电阻越大;因为家庭电路的电压等于各用电器的额定电压,所以各用电器的实际功率等于额定功率,又因为电路中的总功率等于各用电器的实际功率之和,亮着的灯越多,电路消耗的总功率越大;反之亮着的灯越少,电路消耗的总功率越小.7.【答案】C【解析】电灯仍正常工作,说明不是保险丝烧坏了,没有发生短路,而把测电笔分别插入插座的左、右插孔,氖管均能发光,说明火线有电,而零线开路了,且是在C、D之间开路.8.【答案】D【解析】如果在火线和零线上各装一根保险丝,则电路超载时有可能零线上的保险丝熔断,而火线上的保险丝未熔断,那么用电器虽然不能工作但仍带电,这样将很不安全,因此为了安全起见,确保火线上的保险丝熔断,只在火线上装一根熔丝.故选项ABC不符合题意,选项D符合题意.9.【答案】D【解析】A、当人体触电后能够承受的电流是有限的,电流达到100 mA时,3 s的时间就可以使人窒息,心脏停止跳动,立即去找电工不符合触电急救措施,所以选项A不正确.B、人是导体,有人触电时用手去拉电线,人体间接接触火线同样会发生触电事故,所以选项B不正确.C、人是导体,有人触电时用手去拉触电人,人体间接接触火线同样会发生触电事故,所以选项C 不正确.D、发现有人触电立即去切断电源,符合触电急救措施,所以选项D正确.10.【答案】D【解析】一旦发生触电事故,应立即断开电源开关,或用绝缘体将电线挑开,使触电者与电源脱离,并进行现场抢救.11.【答案】D【解析】AB、手不要接触试电笔前端的金属体,必须接触试电笔末端的金属体,使电源和大地之间形成通路,故AB错误;CD、在使用试电笔时,试电笔的高值电阻和人串联在火线和大地之间,加在两者之间的电压是220 V,此时试电笔的高值电阻分担的电压很大,人体分担的电压很小,通过人体的电流很小,氖管发光,不会发生触电事故,因此不能用铁丝代替试电笔中的电阻,故C错误,D正确.12.【答案】C【解析】A、由于大地是导体,所以人站在地上,一只手接触火线时,会有电流通过人体,故发生触电事故;B、由于大地是导体,所以人站在地上,两只手同时接触火线时,会有电流通过人体,故发生触电事故;C、由于理论上说,零线和大地之间没有电压,所以人站在地面上,两只手接触零线不会发生触电事故;D、由于人体是导体,所以人站在绝缘凳上,一只手接触火线,一只手接触零线,此时会有电流通过人体,故发生触电事故;13.【答案】B【解析】(1)在家庭电路中,接入的用电器越多,相当于更多的电阻并联在一起,根据电阻越并越小可知,电路中的总电阻变小;(2)在家庭电路中,接入的用电器越多,相当于并联了更多的支路,根据并联电路的总电流等于各支路电流之和,电路中的总电流会变大;(3)在家庭电路中,接入的用电器越多,相当于并联了更多的支路,由P=UI可知,电压不变,电流变大,总功率变大.14.【答案】A【解析】洗衣机、电冰箱等家用电器都使用三孔插座,是由于这些用电器的外壳是金属,金属是导体,当用电器漏电时,会使外壳带电,若接上地线,即便漏电,电流也就通过地线,流入大地,而防止了触电事故的发生.15.【答案】C【解析】通常情况下,不高于36 V的电压对人是安全的,称为安全电压.当加在人体上的电压大到一定数值时,就可能发生触电事故.16.【答案】发光不发光【解析】由图可知,A点与火线相连,接触A点,所以测电笔是发光的;B与零线相连,接触B点,测电笔是不会发光的.17.【答案】甲丙【解析】人体触电,原因是有电流流过,形成通路.人体为导体,一边与火线相接,一边与零线相接或与大地相接,都会形成通路,图甲、丙中有电流流过人体,会触电,图乙、丁中没有电流流过人体,不会触电.18.【答案】带了电导了电破损接触【解析】在日常用电中,需要特别警惕本来不该带电的物体带了电,本来绝缘的物体导了电,因此应该注意:防止绝缘部分破损,避免电线跟其他金属物体接触.19.【答案】(2)发光有(3)A很大相同正热【解析】解:进行实验(2)当开关闭合时,由图可知,这是一个正常连接的电路,灯泡与保险丝串联,所以灯泡发光,电流表有示数.(3)断开开关,在B、D间接一根粗铜丝,此时灯泡被短路,电流通过保险丝后,直接经电流表回到电源负极,所以当闭合开关的瞬间,将会观察到电流表的指针迅速摆动较大的幅度,保险丝也随即熔断,灯泡不发光.故只有A符合题意;分析论证当B、D间接入铜丝时,灯泡被短路.根据欧姆定律I=可知,闭合开关的瞬间,线路中的电流很大,通过保险丝和导线的电流相同,但是保险丝的电阻比导线大很多,由公式P=I2R可知,在电流相同时,导体的电功率跟电阻成正比,所以保险丝的电功率比铜丝的电功率大得多,使保险丝的温度升高,这实际是我们学过的电流的热效应.故答案为:20.【答案】解:(1)灯泡的电阻为R===484 Ω,灯泡的实际功率为P实===95.5 W,因为P实<P额所以灯泡亮度将变暗.(2)通过输电线的电流为I===40 A,由于输电线与用户是串联,所以电流相等,输电线两端的电压为U线=220 V-215 V=5 V,输电线的电阻为R线===0.125 Ω,输电线上消耗的电能为W线=U线It=5 V×40 A×3×3 600 s=2.16×106J.答:灯的实际功率95.5 W,灯泡亮度将变暗;输电线的电流40 A,电阻0.125 Ω,消耗的电能2.16×106J.【解析】(1)已知灯泡的额定电压和额定功率,根据R=求出灯泡的电阻,再根据P=求出灯泡的实际功率,根据灯泡的亮暗取决于灯泡的实际功率分析灯泡亮度的变化.(2)根据I=求出通过输电线的电流,根据串联电路电压特点求出输电线分得的电压,再根据欧姆定律求出输电线的电阻,最后根据W=UIt求出在3 h内输电线上消耗的电能.21.【答案】解:(1)由P=UI可得,使用这台空调时通过的电流:I1==≈4.55 A;(2)电能表允许家用电器同时工作的最大功率P=UI=220 V×10 A=2 200 W,因P>P1+P2=1×103W+1 020 W=2 020 W,所有,明明家的电路允许安装这样一台空调.答:(1)使用这台空调时,通过它的电流是4.55 A;(2)从安全用电的角度考虑,明明家的电路允许安装这样一台空调.【解析】(1)根据P=UI求出空调使用时通过的电流;(2)由电能表的参数可知正常工作电压和允许通过的最大电流,根据P=UI求出允许家用电器同时工作的最大功率,然后与所有家用电器的总功率相比较,然后得出答案.。
2020届初三中考化学复习专题第六单元《碳和碳的化合物》考试测试卷(解析版)
2020届初三中考化学复习专题第六单元《碳和碳的化合物》考试测试卷(解析版)第六单元《碳和碳的化合物》测试卷一、单选题(共15小题)1.如图所示:甲瓶中盛放的是浓硫酸,乙瓶中放的是用石蕊溶液染成紫色的干燥小花,若关闭阀门I、打开阀门II,紫色小花不变色;若关闭阀门II,打开阀门I,紫色小花()A.变红色B.变蓝色C.变白色D.不变色2.两份质量相等的碳,一份与足量的氧气完全反应生成二氧化碳,另一份与氧气反应全部生成一氧化碳,则前者与后者消耗的氧气的质量比为()A. 3:4 B. 3:8C. 2:1 D. 1:23.工业生产粗硅的化学方程式是SiO2+ 2CSi+ 2CO,该反应中表现还原性的是()A. SiO2 B. C C. Si D. CO4.我省中考理科综合试卷的客观题部分实行计算机阅卷,考生答题时必须用2B铅笔填涂答题卡。
2B铅笔芯的主要成分是()A.木炭B.石墨C.焦炭D.铅5.下列物质或方式中的“碳”,主要不是针对碳单质的是()A.碳素墨水B.打印碳粉C.低碳生活D.石墨碳棒6.下列有关验证二氧化碳的性质的实验中,只和它的物理性质有关的是()A.B.C.D.7.“低碳生活”有望成为新的时尚流行全球。
“低碳生活”是指工作生活中所耗能量要减少,从而减低碳特别是二氧化碳的排放。
下列不属于“低碳生活”的是()A.多用电子邮件、QQ等即时通讯工具,少用传真打印B.多用一次性消费品C.将普通灯改为节能灯,使用太阳能热水器D.购物自带环保布袋,不用塑料袋8.实验室制取CO2有以下步骤:①连接好装置;①向试管中小心放入几小块石灰石;①向试管中小心注入适量稀盐酸;①检查装置的气密性;①收集产生的气体;①用燃烧的木条检验集气瓶是否收集满CO2,以上操作按由先至后的顺序排列正确的是()A. ①①①①①①B. ①①①①①①C. ①①①①①①D. ①①①①①①9.已知:CuO+2C2Cu +CO2↑。
下图表示一定质量的CuO和C固体混合物在受热过程中各物质质量随时间的变化趋势。
2020届初三中考历史一轮复习模拟测验卷 (6)
2020年届中考历史复习精编资料历史一轮复习综合能力检测卷考试范围:历史全册知识考试时间:90分钟一、选择题1.英国著名哲学家培根曾经说过:“印刷术、火药、指南针这三件东西,已经改变了世界的面貌。
”把这三件东西传到西方的是A.阿拉伯人B.印度人C.中国人D.意大利人2.关于拜占庭帝国与阿拉伯帝国的相同点,正确的是①都建立了地跨欧、亚、非三大洲的帝国②都进行了侵略扩张③都促进了东西方文化传播④都侵略过印度河、黄河流域A.①②③B.①③④C.①④D.②③④3.欧洲的文明深受古代希腊罗马文化的影响,被称为“古代希腊罗马文化的最后继承与保存者”的是A.西罗马帝国 B.亚历山大帝国 C.法兰克王国 D.拜占庭帝国4.下图反映了缔结封君封臣关系的仪式,连接封君与封臣之间关系的纽带是A.政治特权B.土地的封赐C.军功D.神权5.下列对西欧封建社会特点的解读有误的是A.在查理·马特建立的采邑制基础上,逐渐形成了封建等级制度B.各封建主之间层层分封,“附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”C.教皇拥有大片领土,处于封建等级最底层的是男爵D.工商业城市普遍兴起,通过斗争,有些城市成为独立的城市共和国6.(2019·揭西县第三华侨中学初三月考)古埃及宫廷中形成了一套礼仪,如大臣觐见法老必须行跪拜礼,吻法老脚前的尘土。
如果臣下能吻法老的脚尖,意味着他得到了法老的奖赏。
古埃及推行这一礼仪的主要目的是A.得到法老的奖赏B.给维护法老奢靡的生活C.显示法老的无上权威D.利用宗教维护统治秩序7.(2019·辽河油田兴隆台第一初级中学中考模拟)南昌被誉为“军旗升起的地方”,是因为在这里()A.诞生了中国共产党B.红军主力大会师C.初步形成了抗日民族统一战线D.打响了武装反抗国民党反动统治的第一枪8.(2019·湖北中考真题)孙中山是中国民主革命的先行者。
下列历史事件与孙中山有直接关系的是①成立兴中会②参与创办机关刊物《民报》③任武昌起义总指挥④任中华民国临时大总统A.①②④B.①②③C.②③④D.①③④9.(2017·广东初二期末)近代化就是在经济上实现工业化,在政治上实现民主化的过程,中国的近代化在这两大领域的开启性事件分别是A.洋务运动和辛亥革命B.洋务运动和戊戌变法C.五四运动和戊戌变法D.实业救国和辛亥革命10.下列不属于中国在《南京条约》中被迫开放的通商口岸是()A.福州B.南京C.广州D.上海11.东汉末年,为三国鼎立局面形成奠定基础的战役是A.牧野之战B.巨鹿之战C.赤壁之战D.官渡之战12.为了制造舆论和取得威望,他们巧设了“鱼腹丹书”“篝火狐鸣”等计策,声言“大楚兴,陈胜王”,并伺机杀死押送他们的两名将尉,九百人一致赞成共举大事,于是以公子扶苏、项燕的名义起事。
浙江省杭州市2020中考英语复习提分专练试题人教新目标版
提分专练(一)校园生活+科普知识【Group A】Ⅰ. 单词拼写1.Lucy had a traffic a on her way home. Luckily, she was not hurt, just got scared.2.Mr. Black doesn't like traveling. He usually s at home last summer.3.I like the nights with t of stars in the sky.4.The museum is open every day e Monday.5.The patient has f into a deep sleep after taking the sleeping pill.6.In order to make the classes i and lively, teachers may use some short videos in class.7.There were no boys in the classroom. They are playing basketball on the p .8.The kids clapped and shouted excitedly when the actor a .9.I haven't h from my pen pal since last January. I miss him so much.10.As the old saying goes, “He who has n been to the Great Wall is nota true man.”Ⅱ. 语法填空Tessa is now 18 years old. She's leaving her school soon. She remembers her time at school very well. Some of it is good but some of it brings back bad 1. (memory). Good 2. bad, they are unforgettable memories for her.My first dayI'll never forget my first day at primary school. I remember there was a 3. (fun) smell in the school and I felt really nervous. We were in assembly(集合), and the head teacher was introducing 4. (he). A girl next to me started asking me questions about my shoes! So, I told her about my shoes. 5. (sudden) the head teacher looked at me with an angry face. “Be quiet when I am speaking! Go and stand in the corne r.” I remember 6.(feel) so stupid.My first teacherI remember her name was Mrs. Simpson and she was our music teacher. She was really pretty and had 7.lovely smile. She had a soft voice and always 8. (wear) the same sweater! She seemed so nice after that terrible head teacher.My nickname(绰号)Everyone in the class had a nickname. Some of the nicknames were funny and some weren't very nice. There was a thin girl 9. was called “spider legs”. I remember they used to call me “mushroom(蘑菇) head” 10.my hair stuck out(突出) on either side. It made a lasting impression on me. Not a good one.【Group B】Ⅰ. 单词拼写1.You can ride your bike to school, but remember to be c all the time.2.Because of air p , it is not always easy to see the blue sky now.3.All the students are d into four teams by the teacher to finish the task.4.The bank is o the supermarket, on the other side of the road.5.It is a good habit to brush your t at least twice a day.6.My uncle has t himself French since the year before last.7.Study hard, or you won't make any p .8.My grandma likes to be with the young though she's in her e now.9.Many times I t about giving up, but I kept on.10.Linda's health has i greatly since she started on this new diet. Ⅱ. 语法填空If you watch the sky for about an hour after the sun goes down, you may see some “moving stars”. 1.they are not really stars. They are man-made satellites. And the 2. (big) of all is the International Space Station(ISS). From May to July is the bestseason to watch the ISS flying over 3. earth. And people can see it 4. their eyes during the time.The scientists want to live on the ISS. They think that the best way to learn more about space is to live there.When the space station 5. (finish), it will be like a city in space. People will stay and study there with many of the things they have at home. Laboratories, living rooms 6. power stations are being built. “The ISS is the most expensive program. 7. (billion) of dollars is spent on it every year.Scientists hope that the ISS 8. (help) us understand the human body better, explore space and study the earth. Kathryn Clark, an ISS scientist said, “It can help us make life on the earth better.”Sixteen countries are part of the space program: the US, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 9.(Europe) countries. China isn't an ISS country, but it has helped with some of the experiments already. In 2003, China sent some rice up to the ISS 10. (find) out what space would do to it.【参考答案】Group AⅠ.1.accident 2.stayed 3.thousands4.except5.fallen6.interesting7.playground 8.appeared9.heard 10.neverⅡ.1.memories 2.or 3.funny 4.himself 5.Suddenly 6.feeling 7.a 8.wore9.who/that 10.becauseGroup BⅠ.1.careful 2.pollution 3.divided4.opposite5.teeth6.taught7.progress8.eighties9.thought 10.improvedⅡ.1.But 2.biggest 3.the 4.with5.is finished6.and7.Billions8.will help9.European 10.to find提分专练(二)人物故事+文化习俗【Group A】Ⅰ. 单词拼写1.He is seventy, but he still remains a in sports.2.To celebrate Grandfather's e birthday, children are going to hold a big party.3.Don't walk a the street when the traffic lights are red.4.He r telling his mother about it last week. Now he is very upset.5.—Have you d all the milk?—Yes, and we need to buy some more.6.In China, many children are t care of by their grandparents in the village while their parents are working in the city.7.My parents often e me to do volunteer jobs.8.No pain, no gain. W working hard, no one can achieve success in life.st night he found it d to fall asleep because of the loud noise outside.10.What are people in Korea s to do when they meet for the first time? Ⅱ. 语法填空On a cold winter morning, a poor boy was on his way to school. He was so hungry that he decided to beg(乞讨) for 1. meal at the next house.A kind young woman opened the door and 2. (bring) him a large glass of milk. He had it 3.(slow), and then asked, “How much do I pay?” “None,” she replied. “Mother taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” He said, “Thank you so much.”4. (year) later the woman became seriously ill. The local doctor sent5. (she) to a big city, where a famous doctor can cure her illness. When Dr. Howard Kelly heard the name of the town she came6. , a strange light filled his eyes. Immediately, he rose and went to her room. He recognized her at once and decided to do his best7. (save) her life. From that day on, he gave special attention to her and her illness.After a long time, the woman was well at last. Dr. Kelly asked the hospital office to pass the final bill to him. He looked at it 8. then wrote something on the side. The bill 9. (send) to her room. She was afraid to open it 10. she had thought that it would take the rest of her life to pay it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side caught her attention, “Paid in full with a glass of milk”.【Group B】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.—Why didn't you go to see the film at 7:00 p.m. last Sunday?—I was p for the exam to be held the next day.2.Edison is one of the greatest i in the world.3.As we r the top of the mountain, we felt so happy and proud.4.Thank you for s us around the museum. We've learned a lot.5.When you visit a f country, it is important to know how to ask for help politely.6.He hasn't come yet. What has h to him?7.They don't like to eat out. They often cook meals by t at home.8.S up late is bad for your health.9.She is t years old now, and next year she will be fourteen.10.He is not h , so we hardly believe what he says.Ⅱ. 语法填空How do you spend your spare time? There will be different answers to it. Most people in Poland(波兰) have their own ways of 1. (spend) free time. Sometimes they just want to take a rest, but they try 2. (do) somethingmore pleasant most of the time. They have many different 3. (hobby), which help them to get away their everyday problems and spend their free time happily.Many Polish people like traveling. They always look for new places that they have never 4. (be) to and add new and exciting experiences to their journey. Some of them like to climb mountains, others like to go to a sea or a lake to swim, 5. these can make them get exercise and are good for their health.Many Polish people also like to do sports in their free time. They are usually crazy 6. football, and football 7. (think) as the Polish national sport. Many football fans may support 8. certain team, so they go to watch every match of the team they support, and they buy many things 9. have any relation(关系) with the team. Watching matches and doing it both are good ways to relax.In addition, doctors say that doing sports is very good for health. Many people in town, 10. (especial) young men, often go to the gym to attend the exercise classes to keep healthy.Besides these ways, Polish people have many other ways to spend their free time. And they really enjoy their free time.【参考答案】Group AⅠ.1.active 2.eightieth 3.across4.regretted5.drunk6.taken7.encourage8.Without 9.difficult 10.supposedⅡ.1.a 2.brought 3.slowly 4.Years5.her6.from7.to save8.and9.was sent 10.becauseGroup BⅠ.1.preparing 2.inventors 3.reached4.showing5.foreign6.happened7.themselves 8.Staying 9.thirteen10.honestⅡ.1.spending 2.to do 3.hobbies 4.been5.because6.about7.is thought8.a9.that/which 10.especially提分专练(三)健康生活+学习提高【Group A】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.Reading books can help you write a well.2.I s a bedroom with my brother when I was a child, but now I don't.3.France has many fantastic sights, i the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral.4.Singing English songs makes me more i in learning English.5.As we reached the top of the mountain, we felt a sense of a .6.—What are the policemen doing?—They are s the building for the robber.7.We are next-door n . We get on well with each other.8.The boy wants a new computer, but his mother turns a d ear to his wishes.9.In the n part of China, autumn is the best season of a year.10.Lucy, have you ever spoken to a f to practice your English?Ⅱ. 语法填空Why do some people eat too much? Is it because they're hungry? Or is there a scientific explanation?There are a number of theories(理论) to explain overeating. One factor(因素) 1. (depend) on the time of day. “It's all part of a habit,” says Randy Seeley, a professor in Cincinnati. “You're 2.(hunger) at noon because that's the time you've eaten lunch for the past 100 days.” Another reason we may eat more than necessary is because the body needs 3. (satisfy) a sweet tooth or a craving(渴望) for sugar. Drinking alcohol also makes people eat more, because 4. body wants something to absorb(吸收) the alcohol.Overeating can also be a biological question. For example, your body temperature can tell your brain that you feel hungry. “Your body temperature drops 5. it's time to eat, and eating warms you up,” says Gina Harlow, a professor 6. Harvard University. Also, the smell of certain foods can make us 7. (imagine) the pleasure of eating them. Harlow adds, “If you know you love French fries, smelling them will make you want to eat 8.because you know how good they are. And that can lead to eating too much.”9. , the next time you realise you've eaten too much, don't worry 10. it. You can always blame it on science.【Group B】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.Smiling costs n , but gives so much.2.Jeff is a good l . He always pays attention to you when you are talking.3.People who are friendly and helpful make it a lot e to get along in anew place.4.Nowadays cats are no longer good at c mice. They would rather be people's pets.5.Nothing is i to those who will try. Just go ahead.6.According to the w report, it is going to rain tomorrow.7.The photos are very nice. When did you have them t ?8.The gate is too small for an elephant to go t .9.It is generally considered unwise to give a child w he or she wants.10.After they discussed for 2 hours, they came to an a at last.Ⅱ. 语法填空According to a recent report, kids in primary school spend about six hours every week 1. (do) their homework. So kids hate homework. However, their parents hate homework, 2. .Is it good for kids to do homework? Of course, a great number 3. researches do show that kids can remember 4. they have learnt in class better by finishing their homework on time and homework itself plays an important role in developing their learning skills, such as independent thinking and creativity.But for parents, the result is not 5. same. After a day of hard work, most of them feel like they're going through school a 6. (two) time when they sit down with their kids each night to help with their homework. And a recent survey found that 46 percent of 7. (parent) feel like they don't spend enough quality time with their children, because they spend too much time doing the housework or helping with homework. And another 29 percent of parents have arguments(争论) with their kids often when they have different answers to the same question.Now several education scientists 8. (strong) advise parents to stop helping. They say it 9.(give) their kids more independence and give parents back their free time. At the same time, the number of homework-connected arguments will be less at home.Kate Smith, an education scientist, says,“You don't have to know everything. Children need to put 10. (they) hands up for help and so do parents. Use your resources—online teachers, or even your neighborhood—just as k.”【参考答案】Group AⅠ.1.articles 2.shared 3.including4.interested5.achievement6.searching7.neighbors 8.deaf 9.northern10.foreignerⅡ.1.depends 2.hungry 3.to satisfy4.the5.when6.at7.imagine8.them9.So 10.aboutGroup BⅠ.1.nothing 2.listener 3.easier4.catching5.impossible6.weather7.taken 8.through 9.whatever10.agreementⅡ.1.doing 2.too 3.of 4.what 5.the 6.second 7.parents 8.strongly9.will give 10.their提分专练(四)人物故事+科普知识【Group A】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.The five boys attended a birthday party last Sunday and they e themselves very much.2.This wooden bridge was b more than 20 years ago.3.The president is very tired every day because he has to make many importantd .4.The little boy cried s when his best friend moved to another city.5.As a t festival, the Dragon Boat Festival is becoming more and more popular in China.ually books for children are w in simple languages.7.These books are mine and t are yours.8.You need a passport when you go a .9.Don't l at the people who are in trouble.10.There are four seasons in a year—spring, summer, a and winter.Ⅱ. 语法填空“I love the traveling part of my job. And, they pay me to go on holiday,” says Annie Carter, a travel nurse. But what's so great about the job?Carter, 29, has a(n) 1. (usual) job. She's a travel nurse from the US. This means 2. she works on different projects for some time in various parts of the country. Travel nurses often work for around 20 weeks in one place, and move around the country depending on where they 3. (need). For example, last year, Carter worked in a teaching hospital in Alaska for six months.Travel nurses benefit(得益) 4. many ways. “I know I may want to settle down someday, but this job helps me 5. (decide) where,” Carter explains. “I have choices of where I can work.” The freedom to choose where and when 6. (work) is a great benefit. Travel nurses can take time off when they want and don't need to be stuck at 7. same job day after day. Also, they can experience working in different hospitals and meet lots of people. Besides, the cost of travel and living are included in the job 8. they don't need to worry about money.“But not everyone 9.(be) a good fit for this job,” says hospital chairman Perry Richardson. He knows that starting a job every few 10.(month) can be very stressful. But, for those who don't mind, being a travel nurse is a job with lots of fun.【Group B】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.He left home in a hurry and f to turn off the light this morning.2.—What's the w of the elephant?—About two tons.3.A friend of my father's b this model plane for me last week.4.In order to improve her listening skills, Wang Ming often w American movies.5.Those Western students in our school use chopsticks to have meals instead of k or forks.6.Red lanterns are often h along the streets before the Spring Festival.7.Don't be n . Try your best and you will pass the exam easily.8.The boy hurt himself in P.E.class. The teacher and two students took him to the h at once.9.The British teacher is very humorous. He always tells us interesting j .10.T and sixteen is thirty-six.Ⅱ. 语法填空All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together 1. others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, or one eats and the other 2. (eat). One kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链). All food chains begin with 3. sun, and all food chains become broken up if one of them 4. (disappear).All life needs sunlight to live on. But only plants can use sunlight directly. Plants are “5.(factory)”. They make food from sunlight, water andthings in the soil and the air.Plants feed all other living things. Animals can only use the 6. (sun) energy after it has been changed into food by plants. Some animals feed directly on plants, and others eat 7. (small) animals than themselves. Meat-eating animals are only eating plants indirectly.8. about human beings? We are members of any food chain. We eat rice, vegetables, fruit and so on. We also eat meat. But men often break up the food chain. They kill wild animals. They also make rivers, lakes and seas dirty. When these rivers, lakes 9. seas are polluted, the fish in them cannot be eaten. If men eat the fish, they 10. (get) strange diseases.Each form of life is linked(联系) to all others. Breaking the links puts all life in danger.【参考答案】Group AⅠ.1.enjoyed 2.built 3.decisions4.sadly5.traditional6.written7.those8.abroadugh 10.autumnⅡ.1.unusual 2.that 3.are needed 4.in 5.(to) decide 6.to work 7.the 8.so 9.is 10.monthsGroup BⅠ.1.forgot 2.weight 3.bought4.watches5.knives6.hung7.nervous8.hospital 9.jokes 10.twentyⅡ.1.with 2.is eaten 3.the 4.disappears5.factories6.sun's7.smaller8.What/How 9.and 10.will get提分专练(五)日常生活+人物故事【Group A】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.It rained so h last night that the lake is full of water now.2.It's reported that some wild a are facing the danger of dying out.3.—Do you like to go climbing at weekends?—No, I like dancing and painting. They're my h .4.When it b to rain, Ben was helping his mom make dinner.5.Smoking is h to our health, so Beijing stops smoking in all public places now.6.My grandfather is interested in c old coins.7.It's believed that tea was b to Korea and Japan during the 6th and 7th centuries.8.The Spring Festival usually falls in J or February.o She was a great w and he's especially famous for his play, Teahouse.10.I love my motherland as much as you love y .Ⅱ. 语法填空A butcher is in his shop one day when a dog walks in. It has an envelope in its mouth. The butcher takes it out of the 1. (dog) mouth and opens it. Inside, there's $20, and a note. It says, “Can I have a do zen pork chops(猪排) and a steak please?” The butcher is 2.(amaze). He gives the dog the order in a bag, and places it around the dog's neck.The next day, the same thing happens. 3. this time, the butcher decides to follow the dog home. So, when the dog leaves the shop, the man walks 4. it. He watches as the dog stops at some traffic lights. The dog 5. (press) the button to cross the road and waits. The green man on the traffic light appears and the dog crosses, 6. (careful) watching for traffic. Next, the dog arrives at a bus stop. It waits patiently again and jumps onto a bus when it comes. The butcher is very impressed and continues 7. hisway.Eventually, the dog gets off the bus and walks to a house. The man watches from the street as the dog starts scratching(抓) at the door with his paw. After a couple of seconds, a woman opens the door and starts 8.(shout) at the dog. The butcher runs to the woman and says, “Hey! What are you doing? This dog is amazing. He's 9.clever est animal I've ever seen.” And the woman replies, “What? This is the 10. (three) time this week he's forgotten his key.”【Group B】Ⅰ.单词拼写puters are w used in different fields now.2.Mary b a dictionary from me last Monday, and she hasn't returned it yet.3.The more trees we plant, the more b our city will be.4.When the little boy saw the terrible dog, he began to cry l .5.They have just had a d about where to spend their holiday.6.He s his old car for $5,000 yesterday. He wants to buy a new one.7.My friends and I volunteered to help the h people after the terrible earthquake.8.September is the n month of a year.9.Every time I travel, I carry a camera to take p .10.After finishing high school, he's hoping to go to c this autumn. Ⅱ. 语法填空There was once a king who had a great palace with a 1. (wonder) garden. In the garden, there lived all kinds of animals. All of 2. (they) enjoyed living there.There was only one thing in the garden that the king hated: 3. old tree in the center of the garden. It was so old and dry. This made the king so angry that he 4. (final) asked some people to cut it down and turned the palace into a swimming pool. 5. , after the tree was cut down, the animalsleft the garden. Without the 6. (animal), the garden was not so beautiful as before. The king was sad, 7. he didn't know what had happened.A young man went to the king, and said he could explain what had happened. “This was because you cut the old tree down,” said the young man. “There were thousands of moths(飞蛾) 8. lived in the tree. Birds needed the moths to eat and then they produced wastes for plants to grow. The plants then attracted(吸引) many other animals to your garden. So your garden became very beautiful. But as you cut the tree down, the animals had to leave.”“Excellent!” 9.(say) the king, “I'll make you rich and you will try to make my garden beautiful again.”“I'm afraid it will take many years 10. (finish),” said the young man.The king was sad, but all he could do was just to wait.【参考答案】Group AⅠ.1.heavily/hard 2.animals 3.hobbies4.began5.harmful6.collecting7.brought 8.January 9.writer 10.yoursⅡ.1.dog's 2.amazed 3.But 4.after5.presses6.carefully7.on8.shouting9.the 10.thirdGroup BⅠ.1.widely 2.borrowed 3.beautiful4.loudly5.discussion6.sold7.homeless8.ninth9.photos 10.collegeⅡ.1.wonderful 2.them 3.an 4.finally5.However6.animals7.but8.which/that9.said 10.to finish提分专练(六)健康生活+观点建议【Group A】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.She p classical music to pop music.2.The little girl is r after a butterfly happily in the garden.3.Now Chinese teenagers have p of chances to take part in all kinds of outdoor activities.4.S , a car appeared on the road and nearly hit the boy.5.Our head teacher is s with us. We must arrive at school on time and we can't listen to music in class.6.—May I use your pen? Y works better.—Of course. Go ahead.7.He is a good father and his two d , Lily and Lucy, are very proud of him.8.Jerry is an h boy who is trusted by everyone.9.The Science Museum is a good place for children to try out their newi .10.You will surely s one day if you never give up.Ⅱ. 语法填空A high school in England has an idea to allow students to sleep longer in the morning. Hampton Court House School is starting a 1:30 to 7:00 p.m. timetable 1. September. It will become the only school in Britain 2.starts lessons in the afternoon. The head teacher said the changed hours should help students get 3.(high) grades. He said, “We want to get students into an environment where they can get good sleep and their 4.(body) are working well in correct ways.” He added,“It's about 5. works in our neighborhood.”The afternoon start 6. (support) by research by Oxford University. Researcher Dr. Paul Kelley said,“You can't train 7.(you) to get up at a practical time.” He said we are not in control of choosing the best time to work because it's biological(生物钟)—our nature, just like we have no control over our heartbeat or how our ears do their work. Dr. Kelley added, “Anything you do to change the timing of your body 8. (mean) different parts of your body will not be able to work together at the same time to keep you going and this is where people get ill…It is no fixing it by 9.(give) someone an alarm clock.” 10. student at the school,Gabriel Purcell-Davis, said students are tired all day now,“…as soon as 10 o'clock hits, that's when we…do all our work.”【Group B】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.The naughty boy is always p by his mother for his bad behavior.st term, I r a bicycle to school every day.3.English, Chinese and French are important working l of the UN.4.Glass wasn't widely used until the 13th c .5.Although the runner t his best in the marathon, he didn't get any prizes.6.Nick is h . He is always ready to help others.7.The room is so dark that I can't see anything c .8.China is a great country with a long h of more than 5,000 years.9.My mother often makes n with eggs on my birthday.10.We should put away the b glass, or it will hurt someone.Ⅱ. 语法填空Many people are afraid of speaking in public. The following suggestions will help you to make a speech better.Write note cards. Write main ideas on your cards. Put in some fun facts, questions, other 1. (activity) on the cards to share with the class. Don't look at 2. (you) note cards for a long time while speaking. If necessary,you're only going to want to have 3. quick look at the card for information, not read every last word.Smile at your class. When it comes time to speak, there's nothing 4. draws your class into your speech than a good smile. Be happy, 5. you're about to teach your class something they didn't know before. Once you smile, it's hard for everyone else not 6. (smile). That'll make everyone smile and maybe those smiles will make you 7. (actual) smile.Make eye contact. Nothing is more 8. (bore) than listening to a speaker who looks at the floor or at note cards. Relax. Your class is made up of your friends and you talk to them all the time. Talk the same way now. Have a look at every person in the classroom 9. least once. Then everyone will feel like you're communicating with them. Also, you'll look like you know what you're 10. (talk) about.Use hand motions(手势). Move your hands along as you talk, using them to express your key points and keep the class interested. It will also lead your nervous energy into a better place.【参考答案】Group AⅠ.1.prefers 2.running 3.plenty4.Suddenly5.strict6.Yours7.daughters8.honest 9.ideas 10.succeedⅡ.1.in 2.that 3.higher 4.bodies5.what6.is supported7.yourselves8.means 9.giving 10.AGroup BⅠ.1.punished 2.rode nguages4.century5.tried6.helpful7.clearly8.history 9.noodles 10.brokenⅡ.1.activities 2.your 3.a 4.that5.because6.to smile7.actually8.boring9.at 10.talking提分专练(七)人物故事+文化传统【Group A】Ⅰ.单词拼写1.Can you help me t this English poem into Chinese?2.We students should listen to t carefully in class.3.Hold on to your dreams. One day they may come t .4.The meat is p a terrible smell. Throw it away at once.5.A n of useful inventions like smartphones, have changed our lives.6.The foreigner is getting used to eating with c to have meals.7.This is the most e watch in the shop. I can't afford it.8.It's r heavily outside. You'd better not go out, or you'll get wet.9.Hangzhou has c a lot in the last few years. It's a great attraction。
2020年中考化学复习题型专练图像选择题(解析版)
中考化学复习题型专练题专练图像选择题1.现有A、B两份质量相等的固体,其中A为纯净的高锰酸钾,B是高锰酸钾和少量二氧化锰的混合物,将A、B分别放入两只试管中,并在两个酒精灯上同时加热制取氧气,当A、B均完全反应后,如下图所示,得到的氧气的质量m与时间t的关系图象中,正确的是()A.B.C.D.【答案】C【解析】高锰酸钾在加热的条件下分解为锰酸钾、二氧化锰和氧气,无需使用催化剂,因为A中高锰酸钾的质量大于B中高锰酸钾的质量,因而A产生的氧气比B多,两个反应的速率相同。
故选:C。
2.某同学误将少量KMnO4当成MnO2加入KClO3中进行加热制取氧气,部分物质质量随时间变化如下图所示,下列关于该过程的说法正确的是()A.c代表氧气B.t2时刻,O2开始产生C.t1时刻,KMnO4开始分解D.KMnO4质量在反应前后不变【答案】C【解析】根据高锰酸钾加热生成二氧化锰可以做催化剂,同时生成氧气;氯酸钾在二氧化锰做催化剂和加热的条件下生成氧气,将少量KMnO4当成MnO2加入KClO3中进行加热制取氧气,氯酸钾的质量大于高锰酸钾可判断:图中a:氯酸钾,b:高锰酸钾,c:氯化钾;t1时刻,KMnO4开始分解产生氧气;起催化作用物质是高锰酸钾分解产生的二氧化锰,随着加热反应进行其质量先增大,直至高锰酸钾完全分解后,二氧化锰质量保持不变。
根据以上分析可知:A、c代表氯化钾,故A错误;B、t1时刻,O2开始产生,故B错误;C、t1时刻,KMnO4开始分解,故C正确;D、KMnO4质量在反应前后改变,故D错误。
故选C。
3.下图所示的四个图象,能正确反映对应变化关系的是()A.水的电解B.木炭在氧气中燃烧C.加热一定量的氯酸钾制氧气D.将生铁加入一定量的稀盐酸中【答案】D【解析】A、电解水生成氢气和氧气,氢气和氧气质量比是1∶8,体积比是2∶1,选项A不正确;B、木炭燃烧生成二氧化碳,二氧化碳质量起点应该是0,随着反应的进行逐渐增大,选项B不正确;C、加热一定量的氯酸钾制氧气,氯酸钾分解生成氯化钾和氧气,随着反应进行,氧气质量增大,完全反应后氧气质量不再变化,选项C不正确;D、铁和稀盐酸反应生成氯化亚铁和氢气,随着反应进行,固体质量减小,铁完全反应后剩余固体是碳等物质,质量不再变化,选项D正确。
2024年中考数学一轮复习章节测试及解析—第七章:图形的变化(提升卷)
2024年中考数学一轮复习章节测试及解析—第七章:图形的变化(提升卷)(时间:90分钟满分:120分)一、选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的)1.下列垃圾分类标志分别是厨余垃圾、有害垃圾、其他垃圾和可回收物,其中既是轴对称图形又是中心对称图形的是()A.B.C.D.【答案】B【分析】根据轴对称图形与中心对称图形的概念求解.【详解】解:A、是轴对称图形,不是中心对称图形,故此选项不合题意;B、既是轴对称图形,也是中心对称图形,故此选项符合题意;C、是轴对称图形,不是中心对称图形,故此选项不合题意;D、既不是轴对称图形,也不是中心对称图形,故此选项不符合题意;故选:B.【点睛】此题主要考查了中心对称图形与轴对称图形的概念.轴对称图形的关键是寻找对称轴,图形两部分折叠后可重合,中心对称图形是要寻找对称中心,旋转180度后与原图重合.2.下列图形中,既是轴对称图形又是中心对称图形的是()A .B .C .D .【答案】D【解析】【分析】根据轴对称图形与中心对称图形的概念求解.【详解】解:A 、是轴对称图形,不是中心对称图形,故此选项不符合题意;B 、不是轴对称图形,是中心对称图形,故此选项不符合题意;C 、是轴对称图形,不是中心对称图形,故此选项不符合题意;D 、既是轴对称图形,又是中心对称图形,故此选项符合题意;故选:D .【点睛】此题主要考查了中心对称图形与轴对称图形的概念:轴对称图形的关键是寻找对称轴,图形两部分折叠后可重合;中心对称图形是要寻找对称中心,旋转180度后两部分重合.3.如图,在ABC 中,120BAC ∠=︒,将ABC 绕点C 逆时针旋转得到DEC ,点A ,B 的对应点分别为D ,E ,连接AD .当点A ,D ,E 在同一条直线上时,下列结论一定正确的是()A .ABC ADC ∠=∠B .CB CD=C .DE DC BC +=D .AB CD∥【答案】D【分析】由旋转可知120EDC BAC ∠=∠=︒,即可求出60ADC ∠=︒,由于60ABC ∠<︒,则可判断ABC ADC ∠≠∠,即A 选项错误;由旋转可知CB CE =,由于CE CD >,即推出CB CD >,即B 选项错误;由三角形三边关系可知DE DC CE +>,即可推出DE DC CB +>,即C 选项错误;由旋转可知DC AC =,再由60ADC ∠=︒,即可证明ADC 为等边三角形,即推出60ACD ∠=︒.即可求出180ACD BAC ∠+∠=︒,即证明//AB CD ,即D 选项正确;【详解】由旋转可知120EDC BAC ∠=∠=︒,∵点A ,D ,E 在同一条直线上,∴18060ADC EDC ∠=︒-∠=︒,∵60ABC ∠<︒,∴ABC ADC ∠≠∠,故A 选项错误,不符合题意;由旋转可知CB CE =,∵120EDC ∠=︒为钝角,∴CE CD >,∴CB CD >,故B 选项错误,不符合题意;∵DE DC CE +>,∴DE DC CB +>,故C 选项错误,不符合题意;由旋转可知DC AC =,∵60ADC ∠=︒,∴ADC 为等边三角形,∴60ACD ∠=︒.∴180ACD BAC ∠+∠=︒,∴//AB CD ,故D 选项正确,符合题意;故选D .【点睛】本题考查旋转的性质,三角形三边关系,等边三角形的判定和性质以及平行线的判定.利用数形结合的思想是解答本题的关键.4.如图,在小正三角形组成的网格中,已有6个小正三角形涂黑,还需涂黑n 个小正三角形,使它们与原来涂黑的小正三角形组成的新图案恰有三条对称轴,则n 的最小值为A .10B .6C .3D .2【答案】C 【解析】如图所示,n 的最小值为3,故选C .【名师点睛】本题主要考查利用轴对称设计图案,解题的关键是掌握常见图形的性质和轴对称图形的性质.5.四盏灯笼的位置如图.已知A,B,C,D的坐标分别是(−1,b),(1,b),(2,b),(3.5,b),平移y轴右侧的一盏灯笼,使得y轴两侧的灯笼对称,则平移的方法可以是()A.将B向左平移4.5个单位B.将C向左平移4个单位C.将D向左平移5.5个单位D.将C向左平移3.5个单位【答案】C【分析】直接利用利用关于y轴对称点的性质得出答案.【详解】解:∵点A(−1,b)关于y轴对称点为B(1,b),C(2,b)关于y轴对称点为(-2,b),需要将点D(3.5,b)向左平移3.5+2=5.5个单位,故选:C.【点睛】本题主要考查了关于y轴对称点的性质,正确记忆横纵坐标的关系是解题关键.6.在平面直角坐标系中,等边AOB ∆如图放置,点A 的坐标为()1,0,每一次将AOB ∆绕着点О逆时针方向旋转60︒,同时每边扩大为原来的2倍,第一次旋转后得到11AOB ∆,第二次旋转后得到22A OB ∆,…,依次类推,则点2021A 的坐标为()A .()202020202,2-B .()202120212,2C .()202020202,2D .()201120212,2-【答案】C【分析】由题意,点A 每6次绕原点循环一周,利用每边扩大为原来的2倍即可解决问题.【详解】解:由题意,点A 每6次绕原点循环一周,20216371......5÷= ,2021A ∴点在第四象限,202120212OA =,202160xOA ∠=︒,∴点2020A 的横坐标为20212020122=2⨯,纵坐标为20212020=22-,()2020202020212,2A ∴,故选:C .【点睛】本题考查坐标与图形变化-旋转,规律型问题,解题的关键是理解题意,学会探究规律的方法,属于中考常考题型.7.如图,在菱形OABC 中,点B 在x 轴上,点A 的坐标为(2,),将菱形绕点O 旋转,当点A 落在x 轴上时,点C 的对应点的坐标为()A .(2--,或2)-B .(2,C .(2,-D .(2--,或(2,【答案】D【解析】【分析】如图所示,过点A 作AE ⊥x 轴于点E ,根据题意易得△AOB 为等边三角形,在旋转过程中,点A 有两次落在x 轴上,当点A 落在x 轴正半轴时,点C 落在点C′位置,利用旋转的性质和菱形的性质求解,当A 落在x 轴负半轴时,点C 落在点C′′位置,易证此时C′′与点A 重合,即可求解.【详解】解:如图所示,过点A 作AE ⊥x 轴于点E ,则23tan AOE=2∠,,∴∠AOE=60°,∵四边形ABCD 是菱形,∴△AOB 是等边三角形,当A 落在x 轴正半轴时,点C 落在点C′位置,此时旋转角为60°,∵∠BOC=60°,∠COF=30°,∴∠C′OF=60°-30°=30°,∵OC′=OA=4,∴OF=C'O cos ∠,C′F=C'Osin C'OF=2∠,∴C′(2,--),当A 落在x 轴负半轴时,点C 落在点C′′位置,∵∠AOC=∠AOC+∠BOC=120°,∴∠A′′OC=120°,∠GOC′=30°又∵OA=OC′′,∴此时C′′点A 重合,C C′′(2,,综上,点C 的对应点的坐标为(2--,或(2,,故答案为:D .【点睛】本题考查菱形的性质,解直角三角形和旋转的性质,解题的关键是根据题意,分析点A 的运动情况,分情况讨论.8.如图,ABC 中,90,8,6ACB AC BC ∠=︒==,将ADE 沿DE 翻折,使点A 与点B重合,则CE的长为()A.198B.2C.254D.74【答案】D【分析】先在RtABC中利用勾股定理计算出AB=10,再利用折叠的性质得到AE=BE,AD=BD=5,设AE=x,则CE=AC-AE=8-x,BE=x,在Rt△BCE中根据勾股定理可得到x2=62+(8-x)2,解得x,可得CE.【详解】解:∵∠ACB=90°,AC=8,BC=6,∴=10,∵△ADE沿DE翻折,使点A与点B重合,∴AE=BE,AD=BD=12AB=5,设AE=x,则CE=AC-AE=8-x,BE=x,在Rt△BCE中∵BE2=BC2+CE2,∴x2=62+(8-x)2,解得x=25 4,∴CE=2584-=74,故选:D .【点睛】本题考查了折叠的性质:折叠前后两图象全等,即对应角相等,对应边相等.也考查了勾股定理.9.在平面直角坐标系中,抛物线245y x x =-+与y 轴交于点C ,则该抛物线关于点C 成中心对称的抛物线的表达式为()A .245y x x =--+B .245y x x =++C .245y x x =-+-D .245y x x =---【答案】A【分析】先求出C 点坐标,再设新抛物线上的点的坐标为(x,y ),求出它关于点C 对称的点的坐标,代入到原抛物线解析式中去,即可得到新抛物线的解析式.【详解】解:当x=0时,y=5,∴C (0,5);设新抛物线上的点的坐标为(x,y ),∵原抛物线与新抛物线关于点C 成中心对称,由20x x ⨯-=-,2510y y ⨯-=-;∴对应的原抛物线上点的坐标为(),10x y --;代入原抛物线解析式可得:()()21045y x x -=--⋅-+,∴新抛物线的解析式为:245y x x =--+;故选:A .【点睛】本题综合考查了求抛物线上点的坐标、中心对称在平面直角坐标系中的运用以及求抛物线的解析式等内容,解决本题的关键是设出新抛物线上的点的坐标,求出其在原抛物线上的对应点坐标,再代入原抛物线解析式中求新抛物线解析式,本题属于中等难度题目,蕴含了数形结合的思想方法等.10.如图.将菱形ABCD 绕点A 逆时针旋转α∠得到菱形'''AB C D ,B β∠=∠.当AC 平分''B AC ∠时,α∠与β∠满足的数量关系是()A .2αβ∠=∠B .23αβ∠=∠C .4180αβ∠+∠=︒D .32180αβ∠+∠=︒【答案】C【分析】根据菱形的性质可得AB=AC ,根据等腰三角形的性质可得∠BAC=∠BCA=1(180)2B ︒-∠,根据旋转的性质可得∠CAC′=∠BAB′=α∠,根据AC 平分''B AC ∠可得∠B′AC=∠CAC=α∠,即可得出4180αβ∠+∠=︒,可得答案.【详解】∵四边形ABCD 是菱形,B β∠=∠,∴AB=AC ,∴∠BAC=∠BCA=1(180)2B ︒-∠=1(180)2β︒-∠,∵将菱形ABCD 绕点A 逆时针旋转α∠得到菱形'''AB C D ,∴∠CAC′=∠BAB′=α∠,∵AC 平分''B AC ∠,∴∠B′AC=∠CAC=α∠,∴∠BAC=∠B′AC+∠BAB′=2α∠=1(180)2β︒-∠,∴4180αβ∠+∠=︒,故选;C .【点睛】本题考查旋转的性质及菱形的性质,熟练掌握相关性质并正确找出旋转角是解题关键.二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)11.如图,三角形纸片ABC 中,点D ,E ,F 分别在边AB ,AC ,BC 上,BF =4,CF =6,将这张纸片沿直线DE 翻折,点A 与点F 重合.若DE ∥BC ,AF =EF ,则四边形ADFE 的面积为__________.【答案】【分析】根据折叠的性质得到DE 为ABC 的中位线,利用中位线定理求出DE 的长度,再解t R ACE △求出AF 的长度,即可求解.【详解】解:∵将这张纸片沿直线DE 翻折,点A 与点F 重合,∴DE 垂直平分AF ,AD DF =,AE EF =,ADE EDF ∠=∠,∵DE ∥BC ,∴ADE B ∠=∠,EDF BFD ∠=∠,90AFC ∠=︒,∴B BFD ∠=∠,∴BD DF =,∴BD AD =,即D 为AB 的中点,∴DE 为ABC 的中位线,∴152DE BC ==,∵AF =EF ,∴AEF 是等边三角形,在t R ACE △中,60CAF ∠=︒,6CF =,∴tan 60CF AF ==︒∴AG =∴四边形ADFE 的面积为122DE AG ⋅⨯=,故答案为:.【点睛】本题考查解直角三角形、中位线定理、折叠的性质等内容,掌握上述基本性质定理是解题的关键.12.如图,将边长为1的正方形ABCD 绕点A 顺时针旋转30°到111AB C D 的位置,则阴影部分的面积是______________;【答案】2323-【分析】CD 交11B C 于点E ,连接AE ;根据全等三角形性质,通过证明1AB E ADE △≌△,得1EAB EAD ∠=∠;结合旋转的性质,得130EAB EAD ∠=∠=︒;根据三角函数的性质计算,得1EB ,结合正方形和三角形面积关系计算,即可得到答案.【详解】解:如图,CD 交11B C 于点E ,连接AE根据题意,得:190AB E ADE ∠=∠=︒,11AB AD ==∵AE AE=∴1AB E ADE△≌△∴1EAB EAD∠=∠∵正方形ABCD 绕点A 顺时针旋转30°到111AB C D ∴130BAB ∠=︒,90BAD ∠=︒∴119060B AD BAB ∠=︒-∠=︒∴130EAB EAD ∠=∠=︒∴111tan 3EB EAB AB =∠=∴13EB =∴111112236AB E ADE S S AB EB ==⨯=⨯=△△∴阴影部分的面积()()122AB E ADE AB BC S S =⨯-+△△23=-故答案为:23-.【点睛】本题考查了正方形、全等三角形、旋转、三角函数的知识;解题的关键是熟练掌握正方形、全等三角形、旋转、三角函数的性质,从而完成求解.13.如图,在Rt △ABC 中,∠B =90°,∠A =30°,AC =8,点D 在AB 上,且BD点E 在BC 上运动.将△BDE 沿DE 折叠,点B 落在点B′处,则点B′到AC 的最短距离是_____.【答案】2【解析】【分析】如图,过点D作DH⊥AC于H,过点B′作B′J⊥AC于J.在Rt△ACB中,根据三角函数知识可得DB′+B′J≥DH,DB′=DB=,当D,B′,J共线时,B′J的值最小,此时求出DH,DB′,即可解决问题.【详解】解:如图,过点D作DH⊥AC于H,过点B′作B′J⊥AC于J.在Rt△ACB中,∵∠ABC=90°,AC=8,∠A=30°,∴AB=AC•cos30°=,∵BD,∴AD=AB﹣BD=,∵∠AHD=90°,∴DH=12AD=332,∵B′D+B′J≥DH,DB′=DB ∴B′J≥DH﹣DB′,∴B′J≥3 2,∴当D,B′,J共线时,B′J的值最小,最小值为3 2;故答案为2.【点睛】本题主要考查了图形的折叠,特殊锐角三角函数的知识.14.如图,射线OM 、ON 互相垂直,8OA =,点B 位于射线OM 的上方,且在线段OA 的垂直平分线l 上,连接AB ,5AB =.将线段AB 绕点O 按逆时针方向旋转得到对应线段A B '',若点B '恰好落在射线ON 上,则点A '到射线ON 的距离d ≈______.【答案】245【分析】添加辅助线,连接'OA OB 、,过'A 点作'A P ON ⊥交ON 与点P .根据旋转的性质,得到''A B O ABO ≅ ,在'Rt A PO ∆和中,'B OA BOA ∠=∠,根据三角函数和已知线段的长度求出点A '到射线ON 的距离=A'P d .【详解】如图所示,连接'OA OB 、,过'A 点作'A P ON ⊥交ON 与点P .∵线段AB 绕点O 按逆时针方向旋转得到对应线段A B ''∴'8OA OA ==,''B OB A OA∠=∠∴''''B OB BOA A OA BOA ∠-∠=∠-∠即''B OA BOA∠=∠∵点B 在线段OA 的垂直平分线l 上∴118422OC OA ==⨯=,5OB AB ==2222543BC OB OC =--∵''B OA BOA∠=∠∴'sin ''sin 'A P BC B OA BOA A O OB∠==∠=∴'385A P =∴24'5d A P ==【点睛】本题主要考查旋转的性质和三角函数.对应点到旋转中心的距离相等,对应点与旋转中心所连的线段的夹角等于旋转角,旋转前、后的图形全等.15.如图,将Rt △ABC 的斜边AB 绕点A 顺时针旋转α(0°<α<90°)得到AE ,直角边AC 绕点A 逆时针旋转β(0°<β<90°)得到AF ,连接EF .若AB=3,AC=2,且α+β=∠B ,则EF=__________.【答案】13【解析】由旋转的性质可得AE=AB=3,AC=AF=2,∵∠B+∠BAC=90°,且α+β=∠B ,∴∠BAC+α+β=90°,∴∠EAF=90°,∴22AE AF +1313【名师点睛】本题考查了旋转的性质,勾股定理,灵活运用旋转的性质是本题的关键.16.如图,将ABCD 绕点A 逆时针旋转到AB C D ''' 的位置,使点B '落在BC 上,B C ''与CD 交于点E ,若3,4,1AB BC BB '===,则CE 的长为________.【答案】98【分析】过点C 作CM//C D ''交B C ''于点M ,证明ABB ADD ''∆∆∽求得53C D '=,根据AAS 证明ABB B CM ''∆≅∆可求出CM=1,再由CM//C D ''证明△CME DC E '∆∽,由相似三角形的性质查得结论.【详解】解:过点C 作CM//C D ''交B C ''于点M ,∵平行四边形ABCD 绕点A 逆时针旋转得到平行四边形AB C D '''∴AB AB '=,,AD AD '=B AB C D D '''∠=∠=∠=∠,BAD B AD ''∠=∠∴BAB DAD ''∠=∠,B D '∠=∠∴ABB ADD ''∆∆∽∴3,4BB AB AB DD AD BC ''===∵1BB '=∴43DD '=∴C D C D DD ''''=-CD DD '=-AB DD '=-433=-53=AB C AB C CB M ABC BAB '''''∠=∠+∠=∠+∠ ∴∠CB M BAB ''=∠∵413B C BC BB ''=-=-=∴B C AB'=∵AB AB '=∴∠AB B AB C ABB ''''=∠=∠∵//AB C D ''',//C D CM''∴//AB CM'∴∠AB C B MC'''=∠∴∠AB B B MC''=∠在ABB '∆和B MC '∆中,BAB CB M AB B B MC AB B C ∠=∠⎧⎪∠='''∠''⎨⎪=⎩∴ABB B CM''∆≅∆∴1BB CM '==∵//CM C D'∴△CME DC E'∆∽∴13553CM CE DC DE '===∴38CE CD =∴333938888CE CD AB ====故答案为:98.【点睛】此题主要考查了旋转的性质,平行四边形的性质,全等三角形的判定与性质以及相似三角形的判定与性质,正确作出辅助线构造全等三角形和相似三角形是解答本题的关键.17.如图,点P 是正方形ABCD 内一点,且点P 到点A 、B 、C的距离分别为4则正方形ABCD 的面积为________【答案】314【解析】【分析】如图,将△ABP绕点B顺时针旋转90°得到△CBM,连接PM,过点B作BH⊥PM于H.首先证明∠PMC=90°,推出∠CMB=∠APB=135°,推出A,P,M共线,利用勾股定理求出AB2即可.【详解】解:如图,将△ABP绕点B顺时针旋转90°得到△CBM,连接PM,过点B作BH⊥PM于H.∵2,∠PBM=90°,∴2PB=2,∵PC=4,3,∴PC2=CM2+PM2,∴∠PMC=90°,∵∠BPM=∠BMP=45°,∴∠CMB=∠APB=135°,∴∠APB+∠BPM=180°,∴A ,P ,M 共线,∵BH ⊥PM ,∴PH=HM ,∴BH=PH=HM=1,∴AH=2+1,∴AB 2=AH 2+BH 2=()2+12,∴正方形ABCD 的面积为14+4.故答案为.【点睛】本题考查旋转的性质,全等三角形的判定和性质,正方形的性质,解直角三角形等知识,解题的关键是学会利用旋转法添加辅助线,构造全等三角形解决问题.18.如图,已知正方形ABCD 边长为1,E 为AB 边上一点,以点D 为中心,将DAE △按逆时针方向旋转得DCF ,连接EF ,分別交BD ,CD 于点M ,N .若25AE DN =,则sin EDM ∠=__________.【答案】5【分析】过点E 作EP ⊥BD 于P ,将∠EDM 构造在直角三角形DEP 中,设法求出EP 和DE 的长,然后用三角函数的定义即可解决.【详解】解:∵四边形ABCD 是正方形,∴AB ∥DC ,∠A=∠BCD=∠ADC=90°,AB=BC=CD=DA=1,BD =.∵△DAE 绕点D 逆时针旋转得到△DCF ,∴CF=AE ,DF=DE ,∠EDF=∠ADC=90°.设AE=CF=2x ,DN=5x ,则BE=1-2x ,CN=1-5x ,BF=1+2x .∵AB ∥DC ,∴~FNC FEB .∴NC FC EB FB =.∴1521212x x x x -=-+.整理得,26510x x +-=.解得,116x =,21x =-(不合题意,舍去).∴1221233AE x EB x ===-=.∴103DE ===.过点E 作EP ⊥BD 于点P ,如图所示,设DP=y ,则2BP y =.∵22222EB BP EP DE DP -==-,∴)2222210233y y ⎛⎫⎛⎫-=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭.解得,223y =.∴222210222333EP E D DP ⎛⎫⎛⎫=-=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭.∴在Rt △DEP 中,253sin 5103EP EDP ED ∠==.即5sin 5EDM ∠=.故答案为:55【点睛】本题考查了正方形的性质、旋转的性质、相似三角形的判定与性质、勾股定理、锐角三角函数、方程的数学思想等知识点,熟知各类图形的性质与判定是解题的基础,构造直角三角形,利用锐角三角函数的定义是解题的关键.20.如图,在平面直角坐标系中,AB y ⊥轴,垂足为B ,将ABO 绕点A 逆时针旋转到11AB O V 的位置,使点B 的对应点1B 落在直线34y x =-上,再将11AB O V 绕点1B 逆时针旋转到112A B O 的位置,使点1O 的对应点2O 也落在直线34y x =-上,以此进行下去……若点B 的坐标为()0,3,则点21B 的纵坐标...为______.【答案】3875【分析】计算出△AOB 的各边,根据旋转的性质,求出OB 1,B 1B 3,,得出规律,求出OB 21,再根据一次函数图像上的点求出点B 21的纵坐标即可.【详解】解:∵AB ⊥y 轴,点B (0,3),∴OB=3,则点A 的纵坐标为3,代入34y x =-,得:334x =-,得:x=-4,即A (-4,3),∴OB=3,AB=4,,由旋转可知:OB=O 1B 1=O 2B 1=O 2B 2=…=3,OA=O 1A=O 2A 1=…=5,AB=AB 1=A 1B 1=A 2B 2=…=4,∴OB 1=OA+AB 1=4+5=9,B 1B 3=3+4+5=12,∴OB 21=OB 1+B 1B 21=9+(21-1)÷2×12=129,设B 21(a ,34a -),则OB 21129=,解得:5165a =-或5165(舍),则335163874455a ⎛⎫-=-⨯-= ⎪⎝⎭,即点B 21的纵坐标为3875,故答案为:387 5.【点睛】本题考查了一次函数图象上点的坐标特征,旋转以及直角三角形的性质,求出△OAB的各边,计算出OB21的长度是解题的关键.三、解答题(本大题共6小题,共66分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤)21.如图,正方形网格中,每个小正方形的边长都是一个单位长度,在平面直角坐标系中,△OAB的三个顶点O(0,0)、A(4,1)、B(4,4)均在格点上.(1)画出△OAB关于y轴对称的△OA1B1,并写出点A1的坐标;(2)画出△OAB绕原点O顺时针旋转90°后得到的△OA2B2,并写出点A2的坐标;(3)在(2)的条件下,求线段OA在旋转过程中扫过的面积(结果保留π).【解析】(1)如下图所示,点A1的坐标是(–4,1);(2)如下图所示,点A2的坐标是(1,–4);(3)∵点A(4,1),∴=∴线段OA在旋转过程中扫过的面积是:290(17)360⨯π⨯=174π.【名师点睛】本题考查简单作图、扇形面积的计算、轴对称、旋转变换,解答本题的关键是明确题意,利用数形结合的思想解答.22.在Rt ABC 中,90,5,3ACB AB BC ∠=︒==,将ABC 绕点B 顺时针旋转得到A BC ''△,其中点A ,C 的对应点分别为点A ',C '.(1)如图1,当点A '落在AC 的延长线上时,求AA '的长;(2)如图2,当点C '落在AB 的延长线上时,连接CC ',交A B '于点M ,求BM 的长;(3)如图3,连接,AA CC '',直线CC '交AA '于点D ,点E 为AC 的中点,连接DE .在旋转过程中,DE 是否存在最小值?若存在,求出DE 的最小值;若不存在,请说明理由.【答案】(1)8AA '=;(2)1511BM =;(3)存在,最小值为1【分析】(1)根据题意利用勾股定理可求出AC 长为4.再根据旋转的性质可知AB A B '=,最后由等腰三角形的性质即可求出AA '的长.(2)作CD AC '⊥交AC '于点D ,作//CE A B '交AC '于点E .由旋转可得A BC ABC ''∠=∠,3BC BC '==.再由平行线的性质可知CEB A BC ''∠=∠,即可推出CEB ABC ∠=∠,从而间接求出3CE BC BC '===,DE DB =.由三角形面积公式可求出125CD =.再利用勾股定理即可求出185BE =,进而求出335C E '=.最后利用平行线分线段成比例即可求出BM 的长.(3)作//AP A C ''且交C D '延长线于点P ,连接A C '.由题意易证明BCC BC C ''∠=∠,90ACP BCC '∠=︒-∠,90A C D BC C '''∠=︒-∠,即得出ACP A C D ''∠=∠.再由平行线性质可知APC A C D ''∠=∠,即得出ACP APC ∠=∠,即可证明AP AC A C ''==,由此即易证()APD A C D AAS ''≅ ,得出AD A D '=,即点D 为AA '中点.从而证明DE 为ACA ' 的中位线,即12DE A C '=.即要使DE 最小,A C '最小即可.根据三角形三边关系可得当点A C B '、、三点共线时A C '最小,且最小值即为=A C A B BC ''-,由此即可求出DE 的最小值.【详解】(1)在Rt ABC 中,4AC ==.根据旋转性质可知AB A B '=,即ABA '△为等腰三角形.∵90ACB ∠=︒,即BC AA '⊥,∴4A C AC '==,∴8AA '=.(2)如图,作CD AC '⊥交AC '于点D ,作//CE A B '交AC '于点E .由旋转可得A BC ABC ''∠=∠,3BC BC '==.∵//CE A B ',∴CEB A BC ''∠=∠,∴CEB ABC ∠=∠,∴3CE BC BC '===,DE DB =.∵1122ABC S AB CD AC BC == ,即543CD ⨯=⨯,∴125CD =.在Rt BCD 中,2295DB BC CD =-=,∴185BE =.∴335C E BE BC ''=+=.∵//CE A B ',∴BM BC CE C E '=',即33335BM =,∴1511BM =.(3)如图,作//AP A C ''且交C D '延长线于点P ,连接A C '.∵BC BC '=,∴BCC BC C ''∠=∠,∵180ACP ACB BCC '∠=︒-∠-∠,即90ACP BCC '∠=︒-∠,又∵90A C D BC C '''∠=︒-∠,∴ACP A C D ''∠=∠.∵//AP A C '',∴APC A C D ''∠=∠,∴ACP APC ∠=∠,∴AP AC =,∴AP A C ''=.∴在APD △和AC D '' 中ADP A DC APD A C D AP A C '''∠=∠⎧⎪∠=∠'''⎨⎪=⎩,∴()APD A C D AAS ''≅ ,∴AD A D '=,即点D 为AA '中点.∵点E 为AC 中点,∴DE 为ACA ' 的中位线,∴12DE A C '=,即要使DE 最小,A C '最小即可.根据图可知A C A B BC ''≤-,即当点A C B '、、三点共线时A C '最小,且最小值为==53=2A C A B BC ''--.∴此时1=12DE A C '=,即DE 最小值为1.【点睛】本题为旋转综合题.考查旋转的性质,勾股定理,等腰三角形的判定和性质,平行线的性质,平行线分线段成比例,全等三角形的判定和性质,中位线的判定和性质以及三角形三边关系,综合性强,为困难题.正确的作出辅助线为难点也是解题关键.23.已知在 ABC 中,O 为BC 边的中点,连接AO ,将 AOC 绕点O 顺时针方向旋转(旋转角为钝角),得到 EOF ,连接AE ,CF .(1)如图1,当∠BAC =90°且AB =AC 时,则AE 与CF 满足的数量关系是;(2)如图2,当∠BAC =90°且AB≠AC 时,(1)中的结论是否仍然成立?若成立,请写出证明过程;若不成立,请说明理由;(3)如图3,延长AO 到点D ,使OD =OA ,连接DE ,当AO =CF =5,BC =6时,求DE 的长.【答案】(1)AE CF =;(2)成立,证明见解析;(3)5113【分析】(1)结论AE CF =.证明()AOE COF SAS ∆≅∆,可得结论.(2)结论成立.证明方法类似(1).(3)首先证明90AED ∠=︒,再利用相似三角形的性质求出AE ,利用勾股定理求出DE 即可.【详解】解:(1)结论:AE CF =.理由:如图1中,∠=︒,OC OB=,BAC,90=AB AC⊥,∴==,AO BCOA OC OB∠=∠=︒,90AOC EOF∴∠=∠,AOE COF,OE OFOA OC==,∴∆≅∆,AOE COF SAS()∴=.AE CF(2)结论成立.理由:如图2中,,OC OB=,BAC∠=︒90∴==,OA OC OB,AOC EOF∠=∠∴∠=∠,AOE COFOA OC=,OE OF=,()AOE COF SAS∴∆≅∆,AE CF∴=.(3)如图3中,由旋转的性质可知OE OA=,OA OD=,5OE OA OD∴===,90AED∴∠=︒,OA OE=,OC OF=,AOE COF∠=∠,∴OA OE OC OF=,AOE COF∴∆∆∽,∴AE OA CF OC=,5CF OA== ,∴5 53 AE=,253 AE∴=,5113 DE∴=.【点睛】本题属于几何变换综合题,考查了旋转变换,全等三角形的判定和性质,相似三角形的判定和性质,勾股定理等知识,解题的关键是正确寻找全等三角形或相似三角形解决问题,属于中考压轴题.24.已知:如图①,将一块45°角的直角三角板DEF 与正方形ABCD 的一角重合,连接,AF CE ,点M 是CE 的中点,连接DM .(1)请你猜想AF 与DM 的数量关系是__________.(2)如图②,把正方形ABCD 绕着点D 顺时针旋转α角(090a ︒<<︒).①AF 与DM 的数量关系是否仍成立,若成立,请证明;若不成立,请说明理由;(温馨提示:延长DM 到点N ,使MN DM =,连接CN )②求证:AF DM ⊥;③若旋转角45α=︒,且2EDM MDC ∠=∠,求AD ED的值.(可不写过程,直接写出结果)【答案】(1)AF=2DM (2)①成立,理由见解析②见解析③622+【解析】【分析】(1)根据题意合理猜想即可;=,连接CN,先证明△MNC≌△MDE,再证明(2)①延长DM到点N,使MN DM△ADF≌△DCN,得到AF=DN,故可得到AF=2DM;②根据全等三角形的性质和直角的换算即可求解;③依题意可得∠AFD=∠EDM=30°,可设AG=k,得到DG,AD,FG,ED的长,故可求解.【详解】(1)猜想AF与DM的数量关系是AF=2DM,故答案为:AF=2DM;(2)①AF=2DM仍然成立,=,连接CN,理由如下:延长DM到点N,使MN DM∵M是CE中点,∴CM=EM又∠CMN=∠EMD,∴△MNC≌△MDE∴CN=DE=DF,∠MNC=∠MDE∴CN∥DE,又AD∥BC∴∠NCB=∠EDA∴△ADF≌△DCN∴AF=DN∴AF=2DM②∵△ADF≌△DCN∴∠NDC=∠FAD,∵∠CDA=90°,∴∠NDC+∠NDA=90°∴∠FAD+∠NDA=90°∴AF ⊥DM③∵45α=︒,∴∠EDC=90°-45°=45°∵2EDM MDC ∠=∠,∴∠EDM=23∠EDC=30°,∴∠AFD=30°过A 点作AG ⊥FD 的延长线于G 点,∴∠ADG=90°-45°=45°∴△ADG 是等腰直角三角形,设AG=k,则DG=k ,k ,k ,∴故ADED 622+=.【点睛】此题主要考查四边形综合,解题的关键是熟知正方形的性质、旋转的特点、全等三角形的判定与性质及三角函数的运用.25.如图1,点B 在线段CE 上,Rt △ABC ≌Rt △CEF ,90ABC CEF ∠=∠=︒,30BAC ∠=︒,1BC =.(1)点F 到直线CA 的距离是_________;(2)固定△ABC ,将△CEF 绕点C 按顺时针方向旋转30°,使得CF 与CA 重合,并停止旋转.①请你在图1中用直尺和圆规画出线段EF 经旋转运动所形成的平面图形(用阴影表示,保留画图痕迹,不要求写画法)该图形的面积为_________;②如图2,在旋转过程中,线段CF 与AB 交于点O ,当OE OB =时,求OF 的长.【答案】(1)1;(2)12π;(3)23OF =【解析】【分析】(1)根据直角三角形的性质和全等三角形的性质可得∠ACF=∠ECF=30°,即CF 是∠ACB 的平分线,然后根据角平分线的性质可得点F 到直线CA 的距离即为EF 的长,于是可得答案;(2)①易知E 点和F 点的运动轨迹是分别以CF 和CE 为半径、圆心角为30°的圆弧,据此即可画出旋转后的平面图形;在图3中,先解Rt △CEF 求出CF 和CE 的长,然后根据S 阴影=(S △CEF +S 扇形ACF )-(S △ACG +S 扇形CEG )即可求出阴影面积;②作EH ⊥CF 于点H ,如图4,先解Rt △EFH 求出FH 和EH 的长,进而可得CH 的长,设OH=x ,则CO 和OE 2都可以用含x 的代数式表示,然后在Rt △BOC 中根据勾股定理即可得出关于x 的方程,解方程即可求出x 的值,进一步即可求出结果.【详解】解:(1)∵30BAC ∠=︒,90ABC ∠=︒,∴∠ACB=60°,∵Rt △ABC ≌Rt △CEF ,∴∠ECF=∠BAC=30°,EF=BC=1,∴∠ACF=30°,∴∠ACF=∠ECF=30°,∴CF 是∠ACB 的平分线,∴点F 到直线CA 的距离=EF=1;故答案为:1;(2)①线段EF 经旋转运动所形成的平面图形如图3中的阴影所示:在Rt △CEF 中,∵∠ECF=30°,EF=1,∴CF=2,CE=3,由旋转的性质可得:CF=CA=2,CE=CG=3,∠ACG=∠ECF=30°,∴S 阴影=(S △CEF +S 扇形ACF )-(S △ACG +S 扇形CEG )=S 扇形ACF -S 扇形CEG =()2230330236036012πππ⨯⨯-=;故答案为:12π;②作EH ⊥CF 于点H ,如图4,在Rt △EFH 中,∵∠F=60°,EF=1,∴13,22FH EH ==,∴CH=13222-=,设OH=x ,则32OC x =-,2222223324OE EH OH x x⎛⎫=+=+=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,∵OB=OE ,∴2234OB x =+,在Rt △BOC 中,∵222OB BC OC +=,∴2233142x x ⎛⎫++=- ⎪⎝⎭,解得:16x =,∴112263OF =+=.【点睛】本题考查了旋转的性质和旋转作图、全等三角形的性质、角平分线的性质、扇形面积公式、勾股定理和解直角三角形等知识,涉及的知识点多,综合性较强,熟练掌握上述知识、灵活应用整体思想和方程思想是解题的关键.26.如图,在矩形ABCD 中,E 是边AB 上一点,BE BC =,EF CD ⊥,垂足为F .将四边形CBEF 绕点C 顺时针旋转()090αα︒<<︒,得到四边形CB E F '''.B E ''所在的直线分别交直线BC 于点G ,交直线AD 于点P ,交CD 于点K .E F ''所在的直线分别交直线BC 于点H ,交直线AD 于点Q ,连接B F ''交CD 于点O .(1)如图1,求证:四边形BEFC 是正方形;(2)如图2,当点Q 和点D 重合时.①求证:GC DC =;②若1OK =,2CO =,求线段GP 的长;(3)如图3,若//BM F B ''交GP 于点M ,1tan 2G ∠=,求'GMB CF H S S △△的值.【答案】(1)见解析;(2)①见解析;②3)125-【分析】(1)先利用三个角是直角的四边形是矩形证明,再根据BE BC =证得结论;(2)①证明''CGB CDF ≅ 即可得到结论;②方法一:设正方形边长为a ,根据'~'B KO F CO ,求出11''22B K BC a ==,利用勾股定理得到222''B K B C CK +=,求出a,得到5B C '=,5B K '=,根据B KC ' ∽△CKG ,求出KG ,再根据PKD GKC ≅ ,求出答案;方法二:过点P 作PM GH ⊥于点M ,根据CG CD =,2CD CK =求出6CG =,由26PM CK ==,12GM =,再利用勾股定理求得结果;(3)方法一:延长''B F 与BH 的延长线交于点R ,证明~'GBM CRF ,求出'1'2F H CF =,设'F H x =,'2CF x =,则CH =,证明'~'RB C RF H ,求得2'''22CF R CF H S S x == ,由'~'GB C GE H,求出)21GB x =-,利用~'GBM CRF ,求出'6255GMB CF R S S -= ,即可得到答案;方法二,过点B 作BN PG ⊥,垂足为点N .设FH x =,则'''''2CF B E E F BC x ====,'4GB x =,求得(2'465GBN CHF S GB S CH -⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭ ,证明~'GBN GCB,求出55GB GC =,再证明~''MBN B F C ,求出答案;方法三:设AB 与PQ 交于N 点,设FH x =,则'''''2CF CB B E E F BC x =====,'4GB x =,证明~'MBN F OC,得到(2'9620MBN F OC S BN S CO -⎛⎫==⎪⎝⎭ ,根据12GBN S BG BN =⨯⨯ ,求出答案.【详解】(1)在矩形ABCD 中,90B BCD ∠=∠=︒,∵EF AB ⊥,则90EFB ∠=︒,∴四边形BEFC 是矩形.∵BE BC =,∴矩形BEFC 是正方形.(2)①如图1,∵90GCK DCH ∠=∠=︒,∴'90CDF H ∠+∠=︒,90KGC H ∠+∠=︒,∴'KGC CDF ∠=∠,又∵''B C CF =,''GB C CF D ∠=∠,∴''CGB CDF ≅ ,∴CG CD =.②方法一:设正方形边长为a ,∵PG ∥CF ',∴'~'B KO F CO ,∴'1'2B K OK CF CO ==,∴11''22B K BC a ==,∴在'Rt B KC 中,222''B K B C CK +=,∴222132a a ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭,∴5a =.∴5B C '=,5B K '=,∵90,CB K GCK B KC GKC ''∠=∠=︒∠=∠,∴B KC ' ∽△CKG ,∴2CK B K KG '=⋅,∴KG =∵1,,2B K a KE DKE B KC DE K KB C ''''''==∠=∠∠=∠,∴△B’CK ≌△E’KD ,∴DK=KC ,又∵∠DKP=∠GKC ,∠P=∠G ,∴PKD GKC ≅ ,∴PG=KG ,∴PG =;方法二:如图2,过点P 作PM GH ⊥于点M ,由''CGB CDF ≅ ,可得:CG CD =,由方法一,可知2CD CK =,∴6CG =,由方法一,可知K 为GP 中点,从而26PM CK ==,12GM =,从而由勾股定理得PG =.(3)方法一:如图3,延长''B F 与BH 的延长线交于点R ,由题意可知,'//CF GP ,'//RB BM ,∴~'GBM CRF ,'G F CR ∠=∠,∴'1tan tan ''2F HG F CH CF ∠=∠==,设'F H x =,'2CF x =,则CH =,∴''''''2CB CF E F B E BC x =====,∵'//'CB HE ,∴'~'RB C RF H ,∴''1''2F H RH RF B C RC RB ===,∴CH RH =,'''B F RF =,∴2CR CH ==,2'''22CF R CF H S S x == ,∵'//'CB HE ,∴'~'GB C GE H ,∴'22'33GC B C x GH E H x ===,'2'3B C E H ==,∴)21GB x =,∵~'GBM CRF ,∴22'216255GMBCF Rx S GB S CR ⎡⎤-⎛⎫=== ⎪⎝⎭.∵'''2CF R CF H S S =,∴'125GMB CF HS S -= .方法二,如图4,过点B 作BN PG ⊥,垂足为点N .由题意可知,'//CF GP ,'//HE BN ,∴~'GBN CHF ,∴2'GBN CHF S GB S CH ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭,∵'//CF GP ,∴'NGB F CH ∠=∠,∴'1tan tan ''2CB FH G F CH GB CF ∠=∠===,设FH x =,则'''''2CF B E E F BC x ====,'4GB x =,∴CH =,CG =,则)21GB x =,∴(22'21465GBN CHF x S GB S CH ⎛⎫--⎛⎫=== ⎪⎝⎭,∵2'1'2CF H S CF FH x =⋅= ,∴(2465GBNSx -=,∵'//HE BN ,∴~'GBN GCB,∴55'5GB GC CB BN -===,∵'//CB BN ,//''BM B F ,'//'CF GB ,∴~''MBN B F C ,∴22''55625'55MBN B F C S BN S CB ⎛⎫-⎛⎫=== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,∴(2''26655MBNB FC SS x --==,∴(((222462626555MBGNBG MBN SS S xxx ---=-=-=,∴'12455GMB CF H S S -= .方法三:如图5,设AB 与PQ 交于N 点,设FH x =,则'''''2CF CB B E E F BC x =====,'4GB x =,由题意可知,'//CF GP ,//''BM B F ,//BN CO ,∴~'MBN F OC ,∴2'MBN F OC S BN S CO ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭,由方法(2)可知,)251GB x =,所以)51BN x =-,又∵22533CO CK x ==,∴(2'96520MBN F OC S BN S CO -⎛⎫==⎪⎝⎭ ,∴((229625362542035BMNSxx --=⨯=,∵)(222151652GBN S BG BN x x =⨯⨯==- ,∴(((2223625262562555GBMGBN NBM SS S x xx --=-=--=,∴2'1''2CF H S CF F H x =⨯⨯= ,∴'12455GMB CF H S S -= .【点睛】此题考查正方形的判定定理及性质定理,旋转的性质,全等三角形的判定及性质,相似三角形的判定及性质,锐角三角函数,综合掌握各知识点并熟练应用解决问题是解题的关键.。
2020年中考生物专题复习-生物体的结构层次测试题(解析版)
专题复习-生物体的结构层次测试题一、选择题(本大题共25小题,共50.0分)1.正常情况下,人的体细胞中含有46条染色体,在分裂过程中,染色体的数目变化情况是()A. 46-46-46B. 46-92-92C. 92-92-46D. 46-92-462.某学习小组观察洋葱表皮细胞临时装片时,在视野中观察到如图所示的图象,小组讨论认为,可能是装片制作过程中某一步骤操作不当所致,最可能是()A. 滴水B. 取材C. 展平D. 盖片3.吃甘蔗时,先要削去坚硬的外皮,然后咀嚼乳白色的结构会有许多甜汁,咀嚼后把蔗渣吐掉。
从结构层次的角度分析,坚硬的外皮、乳白色的结构、咀嚼后的蔗渣分别是()A. 保护组织、营养组织、输导组织B. 上皮组织、营养组织、分生组织C. 保护组织、输导组织、结缔组织D. 上皮组织、营养组织、输导组织4.日常生活中酿酒、做面包、蒸馒头等都离不开酵母菌.酵母菌属于真菌,其细胞结构与动植物细胞有明显不同,比动物细胞多和比植物细胞少的结构分别是()A. 细胞壁细胞核B. 细胞壁叶绿体C. 细胞质叶绿体D. 液泡细胞核5.西瓜堪称“瓜中之王”,是葫芦科双子叶开花植物。
原产于非洲,唐代引入新疆,五代时期引入中土。
关于西瓜的叙述,正确的是()A. 西瓜属于被子植物,有双受精现象,胚乳提供胚芽萌发所需的养料B. 在结构层次上,西瓜属于器官,瓜瓤和瓜皮都是子房壁发育成的C. 在西瓜迅速膨大的季节,植株吸收的水分大多进入细胞的液泡中D. 西瓜脂肪含量低,含糖量高,这些成分主要在胃和小肠中被吸收6.如图是人体结构层次及其关系示意图,下列有关叙述中正确的是()A. 心脏和肺都属于④所示的结构层次B. 动物和植物都有⑤所示的结构层次C. ①形成②的过程遗传物质发生改变D. ③的细胞结构功能及遗传物质不同7.要想把玻片标本中的一个气泡从显微镜视野的右下方移出去,应将玻片移向()A. 右上方B. 左上方C. 右下方D. 左下方8.洋葱鳞片叶表皮细胞和人体口腔上皮细胞都具有的结构是()①细胞壁②细胞膜③细胞质④细胞核⑤线粒体⑥叶绿体⑦液泡。