发动机英文翻译

发动机
将内能转化成动能的机构称之为发动机，汽车发动机的形式主要是以气缸和活塞作为转换机构的内燃机。根据燃料以及点火形式的不同可分为汽油机或柴油机，或有以氢气、天然气、石油气为燃料的发动机，其燃烧形式与汽油机差异较小。根据工作循环与活塞冲程特性划分，又可分为两冲程与四冲程发动机，
Engine

To be able to translate into kinetic energy of the body known as the engine, car engine is the main form of the cylinder and piston of internal combustion engine as a conversion mechanism. According to the fuel and ignition forms can be divided into different gasoline engine or a diesel engine, or hydrogen, natural gas, petroleum gas as fuel to the engine, the gasoline engine combustion form and smaller differences. According to the working cycle and piston stroke characteristics, and can be divided into two stroke and four stroke engine,

四冲程汽车发动机主要有气缸、活塞、活塞连杆、曲轴、配气机构（气门、凸轮轴等）、火花塞（汽油机）、缸内喷油嘴（柴油机，以及带有缸内直喷技术的汽油机）、机油泵及机油循环、水泵及水循环，另有一系列传感器以及ECU等众多部件组成。
Four stroke engine main cylinder, piston, piston connecting rod, crankshaft, valve ( valve, cam shaft ), a spark plug ( gasoline engine ), in-cylinder fuel injector ( diesel engine, as well as with in-cylinder direct injection gasoline engine ), oil pump and oil circulation, water pump and water circulation, another series of sensors and ECU and many other components.
内燃发动机的构造及工作原理

The structure and working principle of internal combustion engine




往复活塞式内燃机的工作腔称作气缸，气缸内表面为圆柱形。在气缸内作往复运动的活塞通过活塞销与连杆的一端铰接，连杆的另一端则与曲轴相连，构成曲柄连杆机构。因此，当活塞在气缸内作往复运动时，连杆便推动曲轴旋转，或者相反。同时，工作腔的容积也在不断的由最小变到最大，再由最大变到最小，如此循环不已。气缸的顶端用气缸盖封闭。在气缸盖上装有进气门和排气门，进、排气门是头朝下尾朝上倒挂在气缸顶端的。通过进、排气门的开闭实现向气缸内充气和向气缸外排气。进、排气门的开闭由凸轮轴控制。凸轮轴由曲轴通过齿形带或齿轮或链条驱动。进、排气门和凸轮轴以及其他一些零件共同组成配气机构。通常称这种结构形式的配气机构为顶置气门配气机构。现代汽车内燃机无一例外地都采用顶置气门配气机构。构成气缸的零件称作气缸体，支承曲轴的零件称作曲轴箱，气缸体与曲轴箱的连铸体称作机体。

Reciprocating piston internal combustion engine working chamber called the cylinde

r, the inner surface of the cylinder. In the cylinder for reciprocating motion of the piston through the piston pin and one end of the connecting rod is hinged, the other end of the connecting rod is connected with the crankshaft, form the crank connecting bar mechanism. Therefore, when the piston in the cylinder for reciprocating motion, the connecting rod drives the crankshaft to rotate, or the opposite. At the same time, a working chamber volume is also constantly from the smallest to the largest, again by the maximum to minimum, so the cycle. The top end of the cylinder by cylinder lid closure. The cover of the cylinder is provided with the inlet valve and exhaust valve, intake, exhaust valve head down tail up upside down in the cylinder top. Through the inlet, exhaust valve opening and closing to within the cylinder to cylinder exhaust gas and. Inlet, exhaust valve opening and closing is controlled by a camshaft. Cam shaft by the crankshaft via a toothed belt or a gear or chain drive. Inlet, exhaust valve and the cam shaft and other parts composed of gas distribution mechanism. Often called the structural form of the gas distribution mechanism for overhead valve mechanism. Modern car engines are invariably uses overhead valve mechanism. To form the cylinder parts called cylinder body, supporting the crankshaft parts called the crankcase, cylinder block and crankcase casting body known as the body.

工作原理

一、四冲程汽油机工作原理
四冲程往复活塞式内燃机在四个活塞行程内完成进气、压缩、作功和排气等四个过程，即在一个活塞行程内只进行一个过程。因此，活塞行程可分别用四个过程命名。
1.进气行程
活塞在曲轴的带动下由上止点移至下止点。此时排气门关闭，进气门开启。在活塞移动过程中，气缸容积逐渐增大，气缸内形成一定的真空度。空气和汽油的混合物通过进气门被吸入气缸，并在气缸内进一步混合形成可燃混合气。
2.压缩行程
进气行程结束后，曲轴继续带动活塞由下止点移至上止点。这时，进、排气门均关闭。随着活塞移动，气缸容积不断减小，气缸内的混合气被压缩，其压力和温度同时升高。
3.作功行程
压缩行程结束时，安装在气缸盖上的火花塞产生电火花，将气缸内的可燃混合气点燃，火焰迅速传遍整个燃烧室，同时放出大量的热能。燃烧气体的体积急剧膨胀，压力和温度迅速升高。在气体压力的作用下，活塞由上止点移至下止点，并通过连杆推动曲轴旋转作功。这时，进、排气门仍旧关闭。
4.排气行程
排气行程开始，排气门开启，进气门仍然关闭，曲轴通过连杆带动活塞由下止点移至上止点，此时膨胀过后的燃烧气体(或称废气)在其自身剩余压力和在活塞的推动下，经排气门排出气缸之外。当活塞到达上止点时

，排气行程结束，排气门关闭。

Working principle

One, four stroke gasoline engine working principle

Four stroke reciprocating piston internal combustion engine in the four piston travel to complete the intake, compression, power and exhaust four processes, i.e. in a piston travel only a process. Therefore, the stroke of the piston are four processes named.

In 1 the intake stroke

The crankshaft in a piston driven by the TDC to bdc. When closing the exhaust valve, intake valve opening. In the process of moving piston, cylinder volume gradually increases, the cylinder to form certain vacuum degree. The mixture of air and gasoline through the intake valve is sucked into the cylinder, and the cylinder is further mixed to form a combustible mixture. ""

2 compression stroke"

After the intake stroke, the crankshaft continues to drive the piston only by the shift of the top dead point. At this time, inlet, exhaust valves are closed. Along with the movement of the piston, the cylinder volume decreases, mixing gas in the cylinder is compressed, its pressure and temperature increase.

3 power stroke

The end of the compression stroke, mounted on the cylinder head of the spark plug to produce the spark, the cylinder and mixed flammable gas ignition, flame spread rapidly through the combustion chamber, and release a lot of heat. Combustion gas and the rapid expansion of the volume, pressure and temperature rise rapidly. Under the action of the air pressure, the piston from TDC to BDC, and through the connecting rod to drive the crankshaft to rotate to work. Then, in, the exhaust valve remains closed. ""

The 4 exhaust stroke

Exhaust stroke, exhaust valve open, the intake valve remains closed, the crankshaft through a connecting rod piston driven only by the shift of upper stop point, the expansion after the combustion gas ( or gas ) in its own residual pressure and the piston driven by the exhaust valve, cylinder. When the piston reaches the top dead point, the end of the exhaust stroke, exhaust valve closing.
二、 四冲程柴油机工作原理
四冲程柴油机的工作循环同样包括进气、压缩、作功和排气等四个过程，在各个活塞行程中，进、排气门的开闭和曲柄连杆机构的运动与汽油机完全相同。只是由于柴油和汽油的使用性能不同，使柴油机和汽油机在混合气形成方法及着火方式上有着根本的差别。
1.进气行程
在柴油机进气行程中，被吸入气缸的只是纯净的空气。
2.压缩行程
因为柴油机的压缩比大，所以压缩行程终了时气体压力高。
3.作功行程
在压缩行程结束时，喷油泵将柴油泵入喷油器，并通过喷油器喷入燃烧室。因为喷油压力很高，喷孔直径很小，所以喷出的柴油呈细雾状。细微的油滴在炽热的空气中迅速蒸发汽化，并借助于空气的运动，迅速与空气混合形成可燃混合气。由于气缸内的温

度远高于柴油的自燃点，因此柴油随即自行着火燃烧。燃烧气体的压力、温度迅速升高，体积急剧膨胀。在气体压力的作用下，活塞推动连杆，连杆推动曲轴旋转作功。
4.排气行程
排气行程开始，排气门开启，进气门仍然关闭，燃烧后的废气排出气缸。

Two, four stroke diesel engine working principle"

Four stroke diesel engine working cycle also includes an intake, compression, power and exhaust four process, in each stroke of the piston, intake, exhaust valve and the opening and closing of crank and connecting rod mechanism of movement and the gasoline engine is exactly the same. Just because of the different performance of diesel and gasoline, diesel and gasoline engine in the mixed gas forming method and ignition mode is essentially the difference.

In 1 the intake stroke

In the diesel engine intake stroke, is drawn into the cylinder is pure air.

2 compression stroke

Because the compression ratio of the diesel engine, so the compression stroke end when the gas pressure high.

3 power stroke

At the end of the compression stroke injection pump, diesel pump into the fuel injector, and through the injector fuel into the combustion chamber. Because of high fuel injection pressure, nozzle diameter is very small, so a fine mist spray of diesel. Fine oil droplets in the hot air in the rapid evaporation, and with the aid of the motion of the air, quickly is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture. Because the cylinder temperature is much higher than that of diesel combustion, so then spontaneously combusts diesel. The combustion gas pressure, the temperature rises rapidly, the rapid expansion of the volume. Under the action of the air pressure, the piston pushes the connecting rod, the connecting rod pushes the crankshaft to rotate to work.

The 4 exhaust stroke

Exhaust stroke, exhaust valve open, the intake valve remains closed, the exhaust from the cylinder after combustion.


三、二冲程汽油机工作原理
二冲程内燃机的工作循环是在两个活塞行程即曲轴旋转一周的时间内完成的。在四冲程内燃机中，常把排气过程和进气过程合称为换气过程。在二冲程内燃机中换气过程是指废气从气缸内被新气扫除并取代的过程。这两种内燃机工作循环的不同之处主要在于换气过程。
1.第一行程活塞在曲轴带动下由下止点移至上止点。
当活塞还处于下止点时，进气孔被活塞关闭，排气孔和扫气孔开启。这时曲轴箱内的可燃混合气经扫气孔进入气缸，扫除其中的废气。随着活塞向上止点运动，活塞头部首先将扫气孔关闭，扫气终止。但此时排气孔尚未关闭，仍有部分废气和可燃混合气经排气孔继续排出，称其为额外排气。当活塞将排气孔也关闭之后，气缸内的可燃混合气开始被压缩。直至活塞到达上止点

，压缩过程结束。
2.第二行程活塞由上止点移至下止点。
在压缩过程终了时，火花塞产生电火花，将气缸内的可燃混合气点燃。燃烧气体膨胀作功。此时排气孔和扫气孔均被活塞关闭，惟有进气孔仍然开启。空气和汽油经进气孔继续流入曲轴箱，直至活塞裙部将进气孔关闭为止。随着活塞继续向下止点运动，曲轴箱容积不断缩小，其中的混合气被预压缩。此后，活塞头部先将排气孔开启，膨胀后的燃烧气体已成废气，经排气孔排出。至此作功过程结束，开始先期排气。随后活塞又将扫气孔开启，经过预压缩的可燃混合气从曲轴箱经扫气孔进入气缸，扫除其中的废气，开始扫气过程。这一过程将持续到下一个活塞行程中扫气孔被关闭时为止。

Three, two stroke gasoline engine working principle"

Two stroke internal combustion engine working cycle is in the two piston strokes that crankshaft rotation time. In four stroke internal combustion engine, the exhaust and intake process often collectively referred to as the ventilation process. In two stroke internal combustion engine of ventilation process refers to the exhaust gas from the cylinder to be new gas cleaning and replacing process. The two working cycle of an internal combustion engine of the difference is mainly the exchange process. The

1 the first stroke the piston in the crankshaft driven only by the shift of the top dead point. The

When the piston is in BDC, inlet hole closed by a piston, exhaust hole and sweep the stomata opening. Then the crankcase combustible mixture into the cylinder through the scavenge, sweep away the waste gas. As the piston to the TDC, the piston head first will sweep the stomatal closure, scavenging termination. But when the exhaust Kong Shang did not close, still have a portion of the exhaust gas and combustible gas mixture through the vent holes to discharge, called extra exhaust. When the piston into the vent hole is closed, the cylinder and mixed flammable gas began to be compressed. Until the piston reaches the top dead point, the end of compression. The

2 second stroke the piston from TDC to bdc. The

At the end of the compression process, the spark plug to produce the spark, the cylinder and mixed flammable gas light. Combustion gas expansion work. When the exhaust holes and scavenge are closed by a piston, but the air is still open. Air and gasoline with air inlet continues to flow into the crankcase, until the piston skirt part in stomatal closure. As the piston continues down the stop motion, crankcase volume continued to shrink, which mixture is pre compression. Thereafter, the piston head first into the vent hole opening, after the expansion of combustion gas is a gas, exhausted via the vent holes. So far the work process is over, began to exhaust smoke. Subsequent piston will sweep the stomatal opening, after the compres

sed combustible mixed gas from the crankcase through the pores into the cylinder sweep, sweep away the waste gas, start scavenging process. This process continues until the next stroke of the piston in the scavenge is closed now.

四、 二冲程柴油机工作原理
1．第一行程活塞由下止点移至上止点。
当活塞还处于下止点位置时，进气孔和排气门均已开启。扫气泵将纯净的空气增压到0.12～0.14MPa后，经空气室和进气孔送入气缸，扫除其中的废气。废气经气缸顶部的排气门排出。当活塞上移将进气孔关闭的同时，排气门也关闭，进入气缸内的空气开始被压缩。活塞运动至上止点，压缩过程结束。
2．第二行程活塞由上止点移至下止点。
当压缩过程终了时，高压柴油经喷油器喷入气缸，并自行着火燃烧。高温高压的燃烧气体推动活塞作功。当活塞下移2/3行程时，排气门开启，废气经排气门排出。活塞继续下移，进气孔开启，来自扫气泵的空气经进气孔进入气缸进行扫气。扫气过程将持续到活塞上移时将进气孔关闭为止。



Four, two stroke diesel engine working principle

1 the first stroke of the piston by stopping point first stopping point.

When the piston is in the lower dead point position, the inlet and exhaust valves are open. The pure air scavenging pump pressurized to 0.12 ~ 0.14MPa, the air chamber and the air inlet into the cylinder, the exhaust gas cleaning. Exhaust gas in the cylinder at the top of the exhaust valve. When the piston moves up to the inlet hole closed at the same time, the exhaust valve is also closed, the inner cylinder into the air to be compressed. The movement of the piston top dead point, the end of compression.

2 second stroke the piston from TDC to bdc.

When the compression process at the end of the injector, high pressure diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, and self combustion. High temperature high-pressure combustion gas to push the piston to do work. When the piston moves to 2 / 3 of the trip, the exhaust valve is opened, the exhaust gas through the exhaust valve. The piston continues downward movement, air inlet opening, from the scavenging pump air through the inlet into the cylinder scavenging. Scavenging process will continue until the piston upward into the stomatal closure.