英汉翻译复习材料

英汉翻译复习材料
A New Coursebook On English-Chinese Translation
Chapter One: Introduction of Translation
1.1Definition
1.1.1What is translation?
1.1.2Translatability (可译性)
1.1.3Translatability has limitations
1.1.4Classification
①intralingual translation & interlingual translation
②interpretation & translation
③Translation of literary works, of scientific materials ,of practical writing, of journalese
(newspapers and magazines)
④full text; extr acted; adapted translation
1.2 Criterion of translation
1.2.1 Criterion at home and abroad
(1)严复的“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)
(2) 钱钟书的“化境”(sublimation)
(3) 傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit)
(4) Alexander F. Tytler’s three principles of translation
1.2.2 Basic criterion : faithfulness & smoothness
Faithfulness
①Faithful to the original meaning
e.g. 1. Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.
误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力干。

改译：简并不是因为想赚钱才下力干的。

②Faithful to the original style
Never offer to teach fish to swim.
不要班门弄斧，孔门卖文。

They were crying crocodile tears on the old man’s funeral.
在老人的葬礼上他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪。

Smoothness
e.g.3 She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold.
误译：她不仅常常大笑，而且还有一颗黄金之心。

改译：她不仅笑口常开，而且还有一颗金子般的心。

1.2.3 Requirement for translator
①Profound linguistic ability
②Extensive knowledge of culture
③Highly sense of responsibility
Chapter two Process of translation
Comprehending, expressing, checking
2.1 Comprehending
Comprehending and Expressing
①Linguistic analysis
②Contextual an alysis
大家对你很有意见。

People have a lot of complaints about you.
你应该听从医生的意见。

You should follow the doctor’s advice.
③Logical analysis
She did not marry you because you were a big shot.
He is not absent because he is ill.
I did not come ,because I had to stay with her.
2.2 Expressing
①Balanced connection between faithfulness and smoothness
e.g.5 They had barely enough time to catch the train.
他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。

他们差点没赶上火车。

e.g.6 ﹍and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
并且使这个民有，民治，民享的政府永世常存。

要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办事的政权在世界上永远存在。

②Both content and form should be faithful to the original
e.g.7 “我那里管的上这些事来！见识又浅，嘴又笨，心又直，‘人家给个棒槌，我就拿着认真（针）了’。

”（《红》第十六回）I’m too ignorant, blunt and tactless.
③Deny self (individuality, lan guage expressing habit, desire in creation) and limited freedom in creation
Cast pearls before swine.
She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
Like father, like son.
What’s done is done, and can’t be undone.
对牛弹琴。

她出生在富贵人家。

有其父必有其子。

木已成舟。

2.3 Checking
Chapter 3 Approaches to translation
Foreignization & Domestication
Foreignization is source language (SL) culture oriented, as close as to the original culture, while domestication is target language (TL) culture oriented.
Chapter 4 Translation Unit
What is translation unit?
翻译单位是能在译文和原文中有相应的能自由对等地进行相互转
换的单位。

Start with the sentence and take into account the discourse
立足于句，放眼语篇
Chapter 5 Rules of language comparisons
5.1 Semantic differences
(1)Full correspondence
Radar=雷达New York =纽约Tianjin University=天津大学
(2) Partial correspondence
peach:年轻貌美的女子 She is really a peach
(3) Non-correspondence or almost non-correspondence
cousin: 堂兄，堂弟，堂姐，堂妹，表姐，表妹，表哥，表弟(male or female) 5.2 Differences in lexicology
1.Tense
①Coke used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now.
②It’s been years since I skated last. Now I can’t skated as fast as I could.
5.3 Syntactic differences
e.g.1 If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
E.g.2 I went to dance with a girl who is from Russia and who has a Southern accent. 我同一位操南方口音的俄罗斯姑娘跳舞。

Difference of mode of thinking
I doubt whether he’ll come.
我看他不会来了。

I don’t doubt that he’ll come.
I am sure that he’ll come.
我确信他会来。

I have not come to you for money.
我来不是找你要钱的。

I don’t think you have paid for it yet.
我想你还没付钱吧。

We don’t bel ieve that he will agree with you.
我们相信他不会同意你的意见。

2. He is a nuisance, I want to see the back of him.
他真讨厌，我不愿意见到他。

His name escapes my memory.
我想不起他的名字。

3. He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy.
他本来要多给你一些帮助的，只是他太忙了。

She could have passed the exam if she worked harder.
如果她更用心一点，本来是可以及格的。

You could have come at a better time.
你来得不是时候。

Chapter 6 Basic techniques of translation
I. Conversion of parts of speech
Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their
各国社会制度的不同，不应妨碍相互之间的合作。

They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
他们尽了最大努力帮助病号和伤员。

We must make full use of the natural resources available.
我们应当充分利用现有的自然资源。

He opened the window to let fresh air in.
他把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。

II Conversion of voice
Problems should be solved in good time.
问题应该及时加以解决。

The application of computers should be paid enough attention to.
计算机的应用应予以足够的重视
III. Addition
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是价廉物美。

Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所禁止吸烟。

V.1. 正说转反说
He’s often absent-minded.
他常常心不在焉。

Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise.
雷锋的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。

There are two aspects to everything; to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignorant of the other.
任何事物都有两点，说只有一点叫知其一不知其二。

Avoid operating the keys roughly.
使用按键，勿用力过猛。

2.反说转正说
No smoking!
严禁吸烟！
We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.
我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。

VI. concretization of the abstraction
At 22, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro.
２２岁的时候，他生平第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。

VII. Abstraction of the concretization
How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart?
评论家和读者之间，也就是理智与情感之间的这种分歧如何理解？
VIII. Division
It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware she
was speaking to Miss Pinkerton.
老太太问她明白不明白她正在对平克顿小姐说话。

／／这话毫无用处
The young man was very miserable. // He had no money about him.// All his savings had been stolen.
这个年轻人很惨，已落到了身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄被窃。

Chapter 7 Overcoming translationese
7.1 翻译症的含义：（Meaning of Translationese）
E.g.1 They had barely enough time to catch the train.
误译：他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。

改译：他们差点没赶上火车。

7.2 翻译症的表现形式（Forms of Translationese）
其一，语言不顺，既违背了汉语语言规范，又破坏了读者的阅读兴趣。

其二，语义不通，往往让读者不知所云，甚至把读者引上歧路。

7.3 产生翻译症的根源(Reasons )
一，照搬英汉词典释义。

二，照搬原文功能词
三，照搬原文语序
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.
我原打算在今年一月访问中国，后来又不得不予以推迟，这使我深感失望
四：照搬原文表达方式
7.4 Ways to overcome translationese
I believe the Beijing Municipal Government has recognized the problem and the twelfth Five-Year Plan will address it effectively.
我相信北京市政府已认识到了这个问题，会在十二个五年计划中/
十二五规划中进行效地应对。

Both parties shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.
合约双方必须遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。