2009年9月国家公共英语(四级)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2009年9月国家公共英语（四级）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.
In addition to the established energy sources such as gas, coal, oil and nuclear, there are a number of other sources that we ought to consider. Two of these are hydroelectric and tidal power. These two sources are【21】______ in that they are both renewable. 【22】______ , hydropower is more widely used than tidal. In【23】______ , a substantial amount of electricity is already produced in HEP (hydroelectric power)stations worldwide, 【24】______ tidal stations are still in the very early【25】______ of development. As far as geographical【26】______ is concerned, HEP projects are to be found on lakes and rivers, while tidal【27】______ are constructed only at river mouths where tidal【28】______ is great. Unfortunately these are【29】______ in number. At present HEP stations are found mainly in Norway, Canada, Sweden and Brazil, whereas tidal plants are in【30】______ in France, Russia and China. As regards capital【31】______ , both require very high investment. On the other hand, generating【32】______ are quite low in both cases. In fact, a large scale HEP plant is capable of producing power more【33】______ than conventional sources, such as coal, oil and nuclear plants. Tidal power also compares【34】______ with nuclear and oil generated electricity, 【35】______ the amount of money on production. 【36】______ HEP stations, tidal constructions have a long life【37】______ . It is estimated that they can operate for over 100 years. With respect to【38】______ of supply, tidal stations【39】______ from HEP ones in that they often can only supply power【40】______. HEP stations, however, pro vide a constant supply of electricity.
1．【21】
A．compatible
B．parallel
C．similar
D．identical
正确答案：C
解析：compatible兼容的；parallel平行的；similar类似的；identical完全相同的，一模一样的；similar常与介词in连用表示在某方面相似，这里表示水力电能和潮汐能的相似之处在于两者都可再生，故选C。

2．【22】
A．Furthermore
B．However
C．Hence
D．Otherwise
正确答案：B
解析：furthermore此外，而且；however 然而，不过；hence因此，由此；otherwise否则，不然。

前一句说明两种能源具有相似性，后一句说明水力电能比潮汐能的使用范围更广，由此可知两句话之间属于转折关系，故选B。

3．【23】
A．addition
B．brief
C．general
D．fact
正确答案：D
解析：in addition另外；in brief简言之；in general大体上；in fact事实上。

该句告诉我们，水力发电站已经为人们提供了大量电能，而潮汐电站的建设仍然处于最初阶段，这是对前一句的解释，故选D。

4．【24】
A．provided
B．since
C．whereas
D．though
正确答案：C
解析：provided可作连词表示假如；since既然；whereas(用以比较或对比两个事实)然而，但是，尽管；though虽然。

这里对水力发电站和潮汐电站的发展进行了对比，故选C。

5．【25】
A．stages
B．periods
C．years
D．sessions
正确答案：A
解析：in the early stages意为“处于早期，在最初阶段”，是固定搭配，故选A。

6．【26】
A．location
B．position
C．situation
D．condition
正确答案：B
解析：本句是从地理位置上来说明水电站和潮汐电站的不同之处，故排除C 和D项。

location和position都有“方位、位置”的意思，但是location强调具体的位置，例如住址，position表示笼统意义上的“位置、方位”，指人或物相对于其他人或物的方位关系，本句表示的是笼统意义上的两种电站的地理位置，故选B。

7．【27】
A．patterns
B．designs
C．plans
D．schemes
正确答案：C
解析：pattern图案；design设计图样；plan规划；scheme方案。

这里指的是为潮汐电站做出规划，排除A和B项。

虽然plan和scheme都有计划、方案的意思，但是plan还有“规划”的意思，即在某事真正进行之前已经详细考虑了实施步骤，故选C。

8．【28】
A．variation
B．balance
C．frequency
D．stability
正确答案：C
解析：variation变化；balance平衡；frequency频率；stability稳定。

这里指的是潮汐电站只能规划建于潮汐发生频率高的河流入口处，故选C。

9．【29】
A．small
B．few
C．rare
D．scarce
正确答案：A
解析：这里指的是潮汐发生频率高的河流入口处的数量很少；四个选项中只有small可以修饰number，表示数量少，故选A。

10．【30】
A．operation
B．production
C．procession
D．action
正确答案：A
解析：in operation工作中，使用中；in production投入生产；in procession 列队行进；in action在运转，在操作。

该句讲的是，只有法国、俄罗斯和中国在使用潮汐电站，故选A。

11．【31】
A．spending
B．planning
C．financing
D．saving
正确答案：A
解析：spending开支；planning规划过程；financing融资；saving节省。

此处表示的是两种电站的运转都需要大的花销，故选A。

12．【32】
A．expenditures
B．benefits
C．costs
D．profits
正确答案：D
解析：expenditure花费；benefit益处；cost成本；profit利润。

根据句意，两种电站产生的利润都很低，故选择D。

13．【33】
A．expensively
B．consistently
C．periodically
D．cheaply
正确答案：D
解析：expensively昂贵地；consistently持续地；periodically周期性地；cheaply 便宜地。

该句及下一句说明这两种新能源电站与传统能源电站相比所具有的优越性，即耗费的成本低，故选D。

14．【34】
A．conveniently
B．beneficially
C．advantageously
D．favorably
正确答案：D
解析：conveniently方便地；beneficially受益地；advantageously有利地；favorably有利地。

在资金产出方面，潮汐电站与核电站及石油电站相比要具有优势，故排除A项。

虽然与其余三个词的含义相似，但是favorably具有几种事物相对比某事居上的含义，符合文意，故选D。

15．【35】
A．on account of
B．in terms of
C．regardless of
D．in spite of
正确答案：B
解析：on account of由于，因为；in terms of就…而论，在…方面；regardless of不管，不顾；in spite of不管。

这里指的是在资金产出方面，潮汐电站与核电站及石油电站相比要具有优势，故选B。

16．【36】
A．Like
B．Except
C．Regarding
D．With
正确答案：A
解析：like像…一样；except除…之外；regarding关于；with prep．和…在一起。

下一句说，据估计水力电站和潮汐电站能够运行100多年，因此这里指的是像水力电站一样，潮汐电站也有很长寿命，故选A。

17．【37】
A．application
B．endurance
C．expectancy
D．extension
正确答案：C
解析：appficafion申请；endurance忍耐力；expectancy预期；extension延伸。

这里指的是两种电站存在的时间很长，life expectancy意为“预期寿命，预计存在(持续)的期限”，为固定搭配，故选C。

18．【38】
A．concentration
B．continuity
C．conformity
D．conductivity
正确答案：B
解析：concentration集中；continuity连续性；conformity(对社会规则的)遵从；conductivity n．导电性。

最后一句说水力电站能够持续供电，而且出现了“however”，表示转折，由此可以判断这句的句意与此相反，讲的是潮汐电站与水力电站在供电的连续性方面的不同之处，故选B。

19．【39】
A．develop
B．differ
C．depart
D．derive
正确答案：B
解析：develop from由…发展而来；differ from不同于…；depart from违反，背离(常规)；derive from起源于。

这里讲的是水力电站与潮汐电站在供电的持续性方面的不同之处，故选B。

20．【40】
A．interchangeably
B．immediately
C．intermittently
D．intensively
正确答案：C
解析：interchangeably可交换地；immediately立即；intermittently 间歇地；intensively强烈地。

水力电站可以持续供电，而潮汐电站不同于水力电站，潮汐电站不能持续供电，只能间隙性供电，故选
C．
Section III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes)
Part BDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Inflation has just exploded. The real problem is that we have an underlying rate of inflation—an impetus of wages chasing prices—of maybe 9 percent that is heading towards 10 percent. There also have been tremendous shocks in energy, food and housing prices, making it worse. By the end of the year, we will be in a situation where year in, year out, we can look forward to at least 10 percent inflation. And the question will be:How much worse will oil, food and housing prices make that? The situation has degenerated to the point that the only way to turn it around is to think of some very extreme changes in policy. A policy of gradualism, where you’re talking about a mild recession and another 1 to 2 million people unemployed, won’t make much difference. Postponing action just means that inflation presses further and
is even more difficult to deal with. You have to start with revenue and monetary restraint. All the burden now is on monetary policy. We should shift to a much more restrictive revenue policy and an easier monetary policy. To be significant, the 1981 budget should be cut by at least 20 billion dollars from 616 billion President Carter proposed. That’s a major cut in government programs—and very hard to do. It’s impossible if you save defense and all the programs indexed for changes in the cost of living. So it means cuts across the board in every area—including the indexed programs, such as Social Security and food stamps. State and local-government revenue-sharing programs are another major candidate. You’ve also got to reopen the 1980 budget and cut that. Then I would favor wage and price controls to break the impetus of the wage-price interaction. In order to get quick results, I’d set the standard around 5 or 6 percent for both wages and prices. Basically, you’re aiming to cut the rate of inflation in half the first year. There would be no excep?tions, but you would focus on large corporations and major labor settlements. For the special sectors where the big shocks have occurred, controls won’t work. Instead, you need additional policies in each one of those areas. There are no cheap or easy solutions to the inflation problem. My answer is to take all the things that everybody wants to do, and instead of choosing among them, do all of them. We’ve got to think in terms of a comprehensive program.
21．In the author’s opinion, the high inflation rate in the US was accompanied by
A．energy crises.
B．mounting wages.
C．housing shortage.
D．shrinking market.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第一段第二句“The real problem is that we have an underlying rate of inflation——an impetus of wages chasing prices——of maybe 9 percent that is heading towards 10 percent．”可以看出，我们国家存在一种潜在的通货膨胀率，而这种潜在的通货膨胀率以工资追赶物价的形式表现出来。

这说明随着物价不断上涨，工资也不断上涨，由此可知，高通货膨胀率伴随工资上涨而来。

故选B。

22．The only way to reverse the worsening situation seems to be
A．a policy of gradualism.
B．sacrifice of public interests.
C．radical changes of policy.
D．postponing of drastic actions.
正确答案：C
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第三段第一句“The situation has degenerated to the
point that the only way to turn it around is to think of some very extreme changes in policy．”可以看出通货膨胀的情况已经相当恶化，采取某些极为激进的政策是扭转局势的唯一方式；C项中的“radical”意为“激进的”，故选C。

23．We can learn from the fourth paragraph that
A．a substantial cut in annual revenue is called for.
B．defense and social welfare programs should undergo cuts.
C．we should leave intact programs for bettering people’s living.
D．we should exercise less control over monetary policy.
正确答案：A
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第四段第四句“To be significant，the 1981 budget should be cut by at least 20 billion dollars from 616 billion President Carter proposed．”可以看出，为了显著改善通货膨胀情况，1981年卡特总统提议的6160亿的政府预算应该至少减少200亿，即应该大量减少税收来改善通货膨胀情况，故A项符合文意；根据第四段最后一句“It’s impossible if you save defense and all the programs indexed for changes in the cost of living．”可以看出，我们不可能通过减少国防投入和节省改善大众生活条件项目的资金来减少政府预算，故B项的表述错误；第四段没有关于如何改善人民生活的表述，故不选择C项；根据第四段第一句“You have to start with revenue and monetary restraint．”可以看出，为了控制通货膨胀，我们应该增强对税收及货币政策的限制，而D项的表述与文意相反，故不选择D项。

24．The phrase “special sectors” (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably refers to A．energy, food and housing.
B．indexed programs.
C．social security and food stamps.
D．large corporations and labor settlements.
正确答案：A
解析：该题为释义题。

第七段第一句“For the special sectors where the big shocks have occurred…”告诉我们，这些特殊行业已经受到了通货膨胀的巨大影响，而且根据第一段最后一句“There also have been tremendous shocks in energy，food and housing prices，making it worse．”可以看出，能源、食品及住房价格已经发生了巨大震荡，这使得通货膨胀更加糟糕；综合以上两方面的因素，故选A。

25．What is the text mainly about?
A．The defect of US monetary system.
B．The causes of ever-worsening inflation in the US.
C．Prospects for the US economic situation.
D．A comprehensive settlement of inflation in the US.
正确答案：D
解析：该题为主旨题。

全文主要是讲如何应对美国的通货膨胀，而且文章最
后一句话“We’ve got to think in terms of a comprehensive program．”说明采取全面综合的措施来应对通货膨胀，这篇文章主要讲的是如何全面综合的应对美国的通货膨胀，故选D.
For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the slaves, but these could be obtained at coastal ports, without any need for going deep inland. Slavery had been an established institution in Africa. Prisoners of war had been enslaved, as were also debtors and individuals guilty of serious crimes. But these slaves usually were treated as part of the family. They had clearly defined rights, and their slave status was not necessarily inherited. Therefore it is commonly argued that Africa’s traditional slavery was mild compared to the trans-Atlantic slave trade organized by the Europeans. This argument, however, can be carried too far. In the most recent study of this subject, some scholars warned against the illusion that “cruel and dehumanizing enslavement was a monopoly of the West. Slavery in its extreme forms, including the taking of life, was common to both Africa and the West. The fact that African slavery had different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it was —the exploitation and control of humanbeings. “Neither can it be denied that the wholesale shipment of Africans to the slave plantations of the Americas was made possible by the participation of African chiefs who rounded up their fellow Africans and sold them as a handsome profit to European ship captains waiting along the coasts. Granting all this, the fact remains that the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different in quantity and quality from the traditional type of slavery that had existed within Africa. From the beginning the European variety was primarily an economic institution rather than social, as it had been in Africa. Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations, and were quite ready to work their slaves to death if it was more profitable to do so than to treat them more mercifully. This inhumanity was reinforced by racism when the Europeans became involved in the African slave trade on a large scale. Perhaps as a subconscious rationalization they gradually came to look down on Negroes as inherently inferior, and therefore destined to serve their white masters. Rationalization also may have been involved in the Europeans’ use of religion to justify the traffic in human beings. It was argued, for instance, that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil-believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization.
26．In the first paragraph, the author argues that
A．the Europeans were innocent in the trade of African slaves.
B．slavery in Africa and in the West was the same in nature.
C．the view in the most recent studies of enslavement is baseless.
D．slaves had been treated even more cruelly in the African tradition.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第一段倒数第二句“The fact that African slavery
had different origns and consequences should not lead to deny what it was—me exploitation and control of human beings．”我们知道，尽管非洲当地的奴隶制度与欧洲的奴隶制度有着不同的起源和不同的结果，但是我们应该承认其本质仍然是对人类的剥削和控制，因此非洲及西方国家的奴隶制度在本质上是相同的，故选择B项。

27．Which of the following was true of the local African slavery?
A．Slaves might have their own families.
B．The son of a slave might not be a slave.
C．Slavery was confined to the coastal regions.
D．There was no killing in African slavery.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为细节题。

文中并未提到选项A表述的内容；根据第一段第五句“They had dearly defined rights，and their slave status was not necessarily inherited．”我们知道，非洲当地的奴隶拥有明确的权利，而且他们的奴隶身份不一定是世袭的，因此，我们可以判断出，奴隶的下一代不一定还是奴隶，B项正确；第一段第一句“For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the salves．but these could be obtained at coastal ports，without any need for going deep inland．”告诉我们，运往欧洲的奴隶来自于海港地区，并没有指出非洲本地的奴隶制度只限于海港地区，故C项的表述是错误的；根据第一段倒数第三句“Slavery in its extreme forms，including the taking of life，was common to both Africa and the West．”我们知道，屠杀奴隶的事件在非洲和西方国家都有发生，故D项的表述是错误的。

28．The sentence “This argument... can be carried too far”implies that
A．African’s traditional slavery was inhumane.
B．the slavery in Africa was confined to some regions.
C．supporters of this argument knew little of Africa.
D．slave shipment was not so serious as was imagined.
正确答案：A
解析：该题为推理题。

问题中的“argument”指的是第一段第六句“Therefore it is commonly argued that Africa’s traditional slavery was mild compared to the trans—Atlantic slave trade organized by the Europeans．”即人们普遍认为，相对于欧洲人组织的跨大西洋的奴隶贸易来说，非洲传统的奴隶制度要温和一些，接下来“This argument，however，can be carried too far．”即作者认为该观点有失偏颇。

根据46题我们知道非洲的奴隶制度与欧洲的奴隶制度本质上都是一致的，因此非洲的奴隶制度同样是不人道的，故选择A项。

29．Supporters of the rationalization of slavery believe that the trade
A．was out of good intents from the beginning.
B．helped the development of local religion.
C．was a help for civilizing the Africans.
D．drove the evils out of the African religions.
正确答案：C
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第二段第三句“Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations…”我们知道，西方的奴隶贸易者及蓄奴者只是出于经济方面的考虑才进行奴隶贸易的，并不意味着出于好意，即“good intents”，故A项错误；根据第二段最后一句“It was argued，for instance，that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil—believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization．”我们知道，“合理化”观点的支持者认为蓄奴使非洲信仰邪恶的宗教转变为真正的信仰及文明，但是，并没有指出蓄奴促进了非洲宗教的发展，故B项错误，同时可知C项正确；文中没有D 项表述的意思。

30．The relation between the two paragraphs is that in the 2nd paragraph the author
A．challenges the viewpoint in the 1 st paragraph.
B．modifies his view expressed in the 1 st paragraph.
C．provides the reason for the argument in the 1st paragraph.
D．further analyzes the issue discussed in the 1 st paragraph.
正确答案：A
解析：该题为推理题。

根据第二段第一句“Granting all this，the fact remains that the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different in quantity and quality from the traditional type of slavery that had existed within Africa．”可知，作者表示虽然第一段认为非洲本地的奴隶制度与欧洲的奴隶制度本质上是一致的，但是欧洲组织的奴隶贸易在数量上和质量上都完全不同于非洲传统的奴隶制度，接下来作者主要讲述了欧洲奴隶制度的特点。

因此，第二段对第一段观点提出了质疑，故选择A项。

As West Nile virus creeps toward California, an unlikely warrior could provide the first line of defense; the chicken. The familiar fowl make irresistible targets for mosquitoes. Unlike crows, chickens don’t get sick from West Nile. But they do produce telltale antibodies to the virus. So in test coops scattered across the state, more than 2000 “sentinel chickens”submit to frequent blood tests. When antibodies do turn up, California health officials will know that the inevitable has occurred;the West Nile epidemic will have swept the country. Last week alone, more than 100 new human cases of West Nile were reported. The virus was detected as far west as Colorado and Wyoming, infecting 371 and killing 16 people in 20 states plus the District of Columbia. This year West Nile appeared earlier in the mosquito season—mid-June instead of August—and claimed younger victims; the average age dropped from 65 to 54. Federal health officials are still trying to figure out why, but say they may be finding more West Nile precisely because they’re on the lookout for it. As Dr. Julie Gerberding, the new director of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) , recently told reporters, “We’re not in crisis mode. “When West Nile hit
New York City in 1999, the CDC realized it was a victim of its own success. Because health officials had conquered most mosquito-borne diseases decades ago, many states abolished their mosquito-control programs. The Feds rushed in with funds —some $ 50 million since 1999, plus $ 31 million more this year alone —to train insect researchers, set up state testinglabs and kill off the annoying insects. The CDC established a new computer monitoring system and held strategy sessions with state officials. Some epidemiologists question the focus —and the millions —lavished on a virus that’s killed fewer than 20. “There’s an epidemic in gun violence that’s taking more lives than West Nile virus, “ says Dr. William Steinmann, director of the Tulance Center for Clinical Effectiveness and Prevention. But the Feds say their efforts have kept West Nile from doing far more damage. “We’re basically building the infrastructure to deal with this over the next 50 years, “ says Dr. Lyle Peterson, a CDC ep?idemiologist. “This is here to stay. “So far, there are no remedies for West Nile. Officials eventually expect the virus to settle into a quiet pattern of mild infections with occasional outbreaks. To do battle at home, the CDC recommends eliminating standing water and using insect spray with DEET —simple precautions, but the best defense against an invader that shows no signs of going away.
31．In California scientists use chicken to
A．sweep away the West Nile epidemic.
B．produce antibodies to West Nile virus.
C．fight against the spread of West Nile virus.
D．monitor the presence of the West Nile virus.
正确答案：D
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第一段第三句至第五句”Unlike crows，chickens don’t get sick from West Nile．But they do produce telltale antibodies to the virus．So in test coops scattered across the state，more than 2000‘sentinel chickens’submit to frequent blood tests．”我们知道，和乌鸦不一样，鸡不会染上西尼罗河病毒，但是鸡会产生一种抗体，这种抗体能够让人们详细了解西尼罗。

河病毒，因此，全州有2000多只“哨兵鸡”在接受频繁的血液检查。

因此，我们可以判断出，加利福尼亚州的科学家对鸡进行血液检查是为了检查鸡有没有产生西尼罗河病毒抗体，即检测西尼罗河病毒存在与否，故选择D项。

32．According to Federal health officials, the fact that more West Nile cases have been reported indicates that
A．more states are affected.
B．the average age dropped drastically.
C．health officials are more alert to the disease.
D．the epidemic season began a month earlier.
正确答案：C
解析：该题为细节题。

第二段第四句“Federal health officials are still trying to
figure out why，but say they may be finding more West Nile precisely because they’re on the lookout for it．”中的“be on the lookout for something”意为“注意，留心，警戒”，由此我们知道，联邦公共卫生官员仍然在寻找病毒蔓延的原因，但是认为因为他们对病毒的警惕性高，因此才可能会发现更多的感染者。

故只有C 项的表述正确。

33．CDC considered the outbreak of West Nile in 1999 as a consequence of
A．the abolition of the mosquito-control programs.
B．the surviving mosquito-borne infections.
C．the abuse of some $ 50 million in funds.
D．its failure to conquer mosquito-borne diseases.
正确答案：A
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第三段第一句和第二句“When West Nile hit New York City in 1999，the CDC realized it was a victim of its OWn success．Because health officials had conquered most mosquito—borne diseases decades ago，many states abolished their mosquito-control programs．”我们知道，1999年西尼罗河病毒在纽约大规模传播，疾病控制中心的官员意识到，纽约成为其成功的牺牲品，因为几十年前，公共卫生官员已经攻克了以蚊子为传染源的疫病，所以很多州废除了蚊子控制项目，故选择A项。

34．Feds claimed that their spending on West Nile control was
A．worthwhile in the long run.
B．liable to continue regardless of the great cost.
C．bound to settle the problem once and for all.
D．wasteful in view of the few victims of the disease.
正确答案：A
解析：该题为推理题。

根据第四段第三句和第四句“But the Feds say their efforts have kept West Nile from doing far more damage．‘We’re basically building the infrastructure to deal with this Over the next 50 years，’says Dr．Lyle Peterson，a CDC epidemiologist．”我们知道，联邦调查局认为他们所做出的努力防止了西尼罗河病毒造成更大的损失，而且他们正在建设基础设施为未来50年的病毒预防做出准备，因此，我们可以推断出，联邦政府认为他们为预防病毒蔓延所作出的努力在长远来说是值得的，故A项正确；文中没有提到联邦调查局可能会继续为控制西尼罗河病毒投入资金以及将会彻底解决西尼罗河病毒蔓延事件，故不选择B、C项；D项是流行病学家而非联邦调查局的观点，故不选。

35．Which of the following would CDC most probably recommend?
A．Health weighs more than wealth.
B．Prevention is better than cure.
C．Actions speak louder than words.
D．Better late than never.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为推理题。

根据最后一段第三句“To do battle at home，the CDC recommends eliminating standing water and using insect spray with DEET--simple precautions，but the best defense against all invader that shows no signs of going away．”我们知道，为了消灭家里的病毒，疾病控制中心的官员建议消除死水及使用驱蚊露喷雾杀虫剂，这只是一些简单的预防措施，但却是对付西尼罗河病毒的最好的方式，故选择B项。

Jill Ker Conway, president of Smith, echoes the prevailing view of contemporary technology when she says that “ anyone in today’s world who doesn’t understand data processing is not educated. “But she insists that the increasing emphasis on these matters leave certain gaps. Says she: “ The very strongly utilitarian emphasis in education, which is an effect of man-made satellites and the cold war, has really removed from this culture something that was very profound in its 18th and 19th century roots, which was a sense that literacy and learning were ends in themselves for a democratic republic. “In contrast to Plato’s claim for the social value of education, a quite different idea of intellectual purposes was advocated by the Renaissance humanists. Overjoyed with their rediscovery of the classical learning that was thought to have disappeared during the Dark Ages, they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justification—religious, social, economic, or political. Its purpose, to the extent that it has one, is to pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutes civilization. “What could man acquire, by virtuous striving, that is more valuable than knowledge?” asked Erasmus, perhaps the greatest scholar of the early 16th century. That idea has acquired a tradition of its own. “The educational process has no end beyond itself, “ said John Dewey. “It is its own end. “But what exactly is the corpus of knowledge to be passed on? In simpler times, it was all included in the medieval universities’Quadrivium ( arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music ) and Trivium(grammar, rhetoric, logic). As recently as the last century, when less than 5% of Americans went to college at all, students in New England establishments were compelled mainly to memorizeand recite various Latin texts, and crusty professors angrily opposed the introduction of any new scientific discoveries or modern European languages. “They felt, “said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr. , the Union Pacific Railroad president who devoted his later years to writing history, “that a classical education was the important distinction between a man who had been to college and a man who had not been to college, and that anything that diminished the importance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy. “
36．The first paragraph shows that Jill Ker Conway accepts utilitarian emphasis in education
A．wholeheartedly.
B．with reservation.
C．against her own will.
D．with contempt.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为推理题。

根据第一段第二句“But she insists that the increasing emphasis on these matters leave certain gaps．”我们知道，虽然吉尔·克尔·康维支持实用主义教育，但是她认为实用主义教育仍然有一些欠缺，故选择B项。

37．Education for education’s sake was probably opposed by
A．scholars in the Renaissance period.
B．Jill Ker Conway.
C．scholars in the Dark Ages.
D．Plato.
正确答案：D
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第二段第一句和第二句“In contrast to Plato’s claim for the social value of education，a quite different idea of intellectual purposes was advocated by the Renaissance humanias．Overjoyed with…they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justification--religious，social，economic，or political．”我们知道，柏拉图认为教育应该具有社会价值，而文艺复兴时期的人文主义者持有与柏拉图完全不同的观点，提出知识的传授不应该具有宗教、社会、经济、政治目的，由此我们可以推断出，文艺复兴时期的人文主义者同意“教育只为教育而生”即“education for education’s sake”的观点，而柏拉图持相反的观点，选项C在文中没有提到；根据对第56题的分析可知，吉尔·克尔·康维虽支持实用主义教育，但仍认为它有一些欠缺。

综合考虑，最有可能反对“教育的目的就是教育本身。

”的是柏拉图，故选择D项。

38．The idea that education transmits knowledge is dated back to
A．the Renaissance humanists.
B．the medieval universities.
C．the 18m century’s American scholars.
D．the cold war period.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第三段第二句“In simpler times，it was an included in the medieval universities Quadrivium farithmetic，geometry，astronomy，music)and Trivium(grammar，rhetotic，logic)．”我们知道，在简单时代，中世纪大学向学生传授四门学科(算术、几何、天文、音乐)和三学科(语法、修辞、逻辑)的知识，因此我们可以判断出教育传授知识的观点可以追溯到中世纪大学，选择B项。

39．It can be inferred that Charles Francis Adams, Jr.
A．devoted his later years to classical education.
B．was an advocate of education in history.
C．was an opponent to classical education.
D．regretted diminishing the importance of the distinction.
正确答案：C
解析：该题为细节加推理题。

根据第三段第四句“…Charles Francis Adams，Jr．…devoted his later years to writing history…”我们知道，小查尔斯·弗兰西斯·亚当斯在晚年致力于历史写作，故A项错误；根据第三段第四句“…Charles Francis Adams，Jr．，the Union Pacific Railroad president who devoted his later years to writing history…”我们知道，小查尔斯·弗兰西斯·亚当斯是太平洋铁路联盟的主席，在晚年时期致力于历史写作，由此我们可以推断出他之所以谈论到教育问题，只是将其作为其历史写作的一部分，这并不能说明他是历史上的教育倡导者，故不选择B项；根据第三段第四句中“‘They felt，’said regretfully Charles Francis Adams，Jr．，…‘that a classical education was the important distinction between a man who had been to college and a man who had notbeento college，andthatanythingthatdiminishedtheimportance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy．”’我们知道，小查尔斯·弗兰西斯·亚当斯遗憾地说道：“他们认为古典教育是区别一个人有没有受过大学教育的重要标准，而且还认为对这个标准的抹杀从根本上来说都是在制造革命，并且很可能陷入混乱。

”因此，我们可以判断出小查尔斯-弗兰西斯·亚当斯对古典教育持反对观点，故选择C项；根据C项的分析，我们知道小查尔斯·弗兰西斯·亚当斯对上世纪大学教授认为古典教育是区别一个人有没有受过大学教育的重要标准的观点表示遗憾，而非对区别标准的抹杀表示遗憾，故D项错误。

40．According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true?
A．Five percent of American college students learnt Latin texts.
B．Students in New England learnt Latin texts in official organizations.
C．Students were compelled to learn modern European languages.
D．American college students had to learn Latin grammar by heart.
正确答案：B
解析：该题为细节题。

根据第三段第三句“As recently as the last century，when less than 5％of Americans went to college at all，students in New England establishments were compelled mainly to memorize and recite various Latin texts…”我们知道，上世纪美国只有不到5％的人接受大学教育，而只有新英格兰教育机构的学生们被强迫记忆及背诵各类拉丁文课文，故A、D项错误；根据A项的分析我们知道，新英格兰的学生在教育机构学习拉丁文课文，教育机构属于官方组织，故B项正确；根据第三段第三句“…crusty professors angrily opposed the introduction of any new scientific discoveries or modern European languages．”我们知道，脾气暴躁的大学教授愤怒的反对引进任何新科学发现或者现代欧洲语言，故C项错误。

Part DDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Neither the Americans nor the Russians have the resources to continue。