原料奶细菌计数和解决方案

几头感染奶牛会造成冷缸奶细菌数量严重超标。
• They do not reproduce in cold conditions
在冷藏条件下不繁殖。
• Numbers found in raw bulk milk primarily indicates the bacteria that entered from infected cows, not due to growth in the tank
总之，金葡菌零星进入奶中的形式与牛群感染头数低有关
• Staph aureus infected cows are not considered the main reason for an elevated bacteria count 金葡菌感染牛不是原料奶细菌数升高的主要原因。
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Bacteria Counts - Strep ag 细菌计数-无乳链球菌球菌
Infected cows shed very large numbers in their milk
感染牛奶中的细菌数量很高
感染，牛奶就会被乳腺泡或乳池中的细菌污染。 • Typical mastitis causing bacteria include乳腺炎致病细菌有:
• Staph aureus • Staph species • Strep ag • non-ag Streps • coliforms • other bacteria that occasionally cause udder infections.
Bacteria Counts – Staph aureus 细菌计数-金黄色葡萄球菌
Generally shed in relatively low numbers by infected cows
通常感染牛奶中的细菌数量不大。
• The shedding pattern is sporadic with significant ups and downs
Raw milk bacteria counting & trouble shooting
原料奶细菌计数与解决方案
DeLaval East Asia Marketing Development Dept Maria Mai
利拉伐东亚区市场开发部
买光照
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Bacteria Counts - Cow’s Milk 奶牛乳房中的细菌数
• Milk is sterile when made by cells in the udder 牛奶在乳腺的泌乳细胞中合成时是无菌的
• If a cow has an udder infection the milk will become contaminated with these bacteria in the alveoli or the cisterns.如果奶牛的乳腺被
• Similar to Strep ag. 与无乳链球菌相同
• infected cows can shed huge numbers during clinical episodes 临床发病牛的奶中会带有大量细菌。 • possible for infected cows to cause an unacceptably high tank bacteria count 感染牛会导致冷缸奶体细胞数超标。 • One or two infected cows actively shedding can produce an elevation of the bulk tank count to 50-60,000/ml in a 300-400 cow herd .
• Bacteria content of milk from the cow’s udder
奶牛乳房内
• Bacteria from external teat surface contamination that enters the milk乳头外部污染 • Bacteria in the milking cluster and on all milk contact surfaces in the system including the bulk tank
• These may be from udder and teat canal infections and from teat skin surfaces where they normally reside
葡萄球菌属通常生存在乳头皮肤表面，或来源于 感染的乳房和乳头池。
• Raw milk numbers of this group typically are not high enough to cause bulk tank bacteria count problems
• A small number of cows with Strep ag infections can release enough bacteria (millions/ml) to cause a serious elevation of bulk tank bacteria numbers
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细菌计数有什么作用?
- 帮助牛奶生产者、奶源 管理人员和服务人员查 找和解决原eLaval 2003 Presentation Name/Ref
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Bacteria Quantity 细菌数量
• Bulk milk bacteria counts depend on the following冷缸奶细菌数受以下环节影响:
冷缸奶中无乳链球菌数量通常是感染牛最初带有的数量，不 是在冷缸中增加的。
- Unless poor cooling 除非冷藏条件不良
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Bacteria Counts - Staph species 细菌计数-葡萄球菌属
在21oC以上迅速繁殖生长。 • Cold refrigeration temperatures 36 -38oF(2-4oC) will stop their growth altogether
2-4oC的冷藏温度停止生长
• If milk is cooled quickly and kept cold throughout storage the number found in the raw milk will remain low 牛奶挤出后迅速降温贮存，原奶中的数量不会高。
细菌零星进入奶中，变化起伏较大。
• Generally the relatively low shedding pattern and the relatively low number of cows in the herd infected at any one time with Staph aureus limits the number released into raw milk
一两头感染牛在发病活跃期会使300-400头牛的冷缸 奶细菌数升高5-6万/ml。
• for this reason such infections are always a concern 因此，此类感染因注意原奶的细菌数问题。
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Bacteria Counts – Strep species 细菌计数-链球菌属
• Some of the Strep species may grow under refrigeration conditions 某些链球菌属可以在冷藏条件下生长。
• raw milk counts may be influenced by the number initially placed in the tank as well as the growth rate in the tank.
thermophiles嗜热菌?bacteriainthisgroupcansurviveexposuretopasteurizationtemperatures巴氏灭菌可存活?oftenlivebiofilmsonmilkcontactsurfaces常生存于与牛奶接触的器皿表面的生物膜处?theyusethebiofilmmaterialplustheirownabilitytoproducethermalresistantbarrierstosurvive他们利用生物膜和自身的耐热能力存活
挤奶设备包括冷缸，所有接触牛奶的表面
• Bacteria growth that occurs while milk is held in storage on the farm.在牧场贮存时，细菌数量增加
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原料奶中的此类菌不会造成冷缸奶细菌超标问题。
• Exposure to cold slows their growth
冷藏条件下生长缓慢。
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Bacteria Counts - Strep species 细菌计数-链球菌属
Routine bulk tank testing usually incl 冷缸奶常规检测包括：
SCC 体细胞数 SPC 标准平板计数 PI 初始计数
• 乳腺炎 • 挤奶程序 • 设备卫生 • 制冷问题
other tests 其他测试
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Bacteria Counts – Staph aureus 细菌计数-金黄色葡萄球菌
• Staph aureus bacteria are classified as “mesophiles” 金葡菌属 “嗜温菌”
• they need warm temperatures above 70oF(21oC) to reproduce rapidly and grow in numbers
- this limits the contribution to tank milk from infected cows. Clinical cows typically are held out of the tank.
感染牛对冷缸奶的影响不大。临床感染牛奶不会进入冷缸。
Coliforms may be able to grow in cold milk 可以在冷奶中生长
原料奶中的细菌计数结果可能包括最初进入奶中的 细菌数量和在冷缸中繁殖的数量。
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Bacteria Counts – Coliforms 细菌计数-大肠菌
Cows generally do not shed coliforms except around the time of clinical outbreaks. 除非在临床发病期，感染牛奶通常不带有大量大肠菌。
• Sub-clinical coliform infections occur but are not a cause for heavy bacteria release.大肠杆菌会引起隐性乳腺炎发病，但不会造成奶中细菌数升高 • Also, at any point, a very small % of cows will have coliform infections 无大批感染
• Each bacterial infection has its own unique potential to contaminate milk in the udder 每种细菌感染都有可能在乳房内污染牛奶。
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