LongSentencesTranslation

LongSentencesTranslation
Long Sentences Translation
I Long Sentences Formation:
II Procedure for Long Sentences Translation
Example: P. 50 L.2-5 Unit Three
1. To grasp the stem of the Sentence
2. To analyze clearly the grammatical structure and especially clarify the references of the Prons
3. To make all words and phrases understood by consulting dictionaries, etc
4. To translate the sentence according to the normal order
5. To rearrange the order of the version according to the Chinese language feature
6. To polish and check the version
III Specific Techniques in Long Sentences Translation
1.嵌入法(embedding)：指翻译时把后置修饰语（如定语从句等）放在它原来所修饰的中心词（先行词）前。

E.g.: This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party. Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.
2. 切分法(cutting)：把修饰成分（如定语从句等）独立处理，即把它和先行词分开，然后根据它与上下文的逻辑关系调整其位置。

E.g.: Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then
either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
Plastic is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical process at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.
3. 分离法(splitting): 就是把长句中的某些成分（一个从句，一个短语，甚至一个词）分离出来，独立处理。

An outsider's success could even curiously help two parties to get agreement they want.
The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. This island, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacations, a land 主语谓语
宾语—→状语（从句）主语从句
名词定语（同位语）从句限制性非限制性宾语从句名词定语（同位语）从句限制性非限制性第一级第二级第三级
第四级
of magic and wonder.
这个曾经与世隔绝的岛，现在变成了寒暑假旅游圣地，变成了一个奇观。

4.倒装法(reversing)
Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often make that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position on their land.
Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
5. 插入法(inserting):是指运用特定的标点符号处理句子中的插入成分或类似插入的成分，这些标点符号包括：括号，冒号，破折号。

The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
Only through the intellectual activities of logical thinking such as judgment, inference, deduction, induction, synthesis and sublimation etc., namely a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential and eliminating the false and retaining the true, can perceptual cognition be elevated to the level of conceptual cognition.
只有通过逻辑想象的智能活动例如，判断、推理、演绎、感应、合成和升华等，这些抛弃无用之处选择有潜力的地方删除错误保留真相的过程，能使感知认识上升为概念认识。

6. 综合法(synthesis):需要翻译者充分考虑中英两种语言的需要，在理解的基础上打破结构的约束。

But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessnes s, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and -- until toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself -- an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.
阿道夫希特勒，这个具有恶魔般的个性，钢铁般的一直，不寻常的天性，冷酷的性格，超凡的智慧，翱翔的智慧，但是最终，当沉溺于权利和成功时，他因为对于他有过人的能力去估计人和情况有信心而失败，没有他就不会有第三帝国。

IV Exercises
1) There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so
interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
没有什么比这个更让一个陷入各种麻烦或者花费的女主人失望的事了。

当她发现她的客人对和她的丈夫谈论政策和商业问题而没有注意到咖啡的味道、精心制作的点心、或者漂亮的房子，这些她主要感兴趣和值得骄傲的事。

2)A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.
许多行星被认为没有地球大，但是它们中的大部分很大，能把几百个或几千个地球装在里面并且还有剩余空间；在许多的地方我们能遇到巨大的行星，大到能包含千千万万的地球。

3.It is flattering to believe that they (ideas) are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.
很高兴人们相信思想是深奥的，把它表达清楚以至于所有的人都能读很难，自然这不会发生在那些作者身上，因为错误的是他们带有他们自己的没有精确反应的技巧的思想。

4.It is not that the scale in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement that the former.
不是磅秤适合称量一些东西，而天平适合称量另一些，他们的结构或者工作方式的原则不同；但是后者是更好地装置，当然他的测量比前者更精准。

5.…but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and more people less certain, a feeling for the value of human life has become deeper and more widespread.
但是自从大量的文明人类过去认为的他们寻求另一种生活的信心超过了死亡，越来越多的人不确定这种感觉，这种对人类生活变得更加深远和广泛的感觉。

6.There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.
水手们一直迷信于海豚将救起那些溺水的人把他们推向水面，或者通过用防守阵型环绕他们而保护他们免受于鲨鱼的威胁。

7.Furthermore, it is obvious that strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rest upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
此外，明显的一个国家的经济和它的农业和工业的效率直接相关，也和各种科学家和技术工作者的努力息息相关。

8.It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought.
这是个常见的事，一个高高壮壮的学生为了抢地铁或公交车上剩的最后一个座位而用手肘把一个年长的妇女推向一边，而不是他应该做的站在一边给她让座。

9. A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office. In view of the foregoing, it is regretted that your office has no
record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this bureau was notified at once.
一个当前的文件调查表明信件不再是这个办事处里的私有财产。

信件在两个月之前收到，在学习之后，交会你的办公室。

很遗憾你的办公室没有它的收据记录。

如果这个信件被找到，这个办事处立即被通知那么它将很感激。

10.I believe that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations –so I am encourage to believe by
the speeches to which we have already listened this morning –when I say that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, so that we can escape form frustration and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement.
我相信我对每个诚挚的和严肃的美国代表（通过我们今天早上已经听到的演讲我有勇气相信）说的。

和我们在未来会做得更好的平等的决定相比，我认为周年纪念必须是过去我们失败的诚实评价的场合。

所以我们能从挫折中逃脱，把周年纪念变成值得尊敬的事和一项成就。

Commonly Used Transitional Devices (W ords and Expressions)
1.表示举例说明：
For example; For instance; a case in point; as a proof; as an illustration; namely; specifically; that is; to illustrate; to take… for example; to show what I mean; such as
2.表示增加或补充意义：
again; also; and; besides; equally; furthermore; in addition; in other words; likewi se; moreover, what’s more; to put it another way; to repeat; then; too
3.表示强调
above all; anyway; as a matter of fact; certainly; indeed; in fact; in particular; most important; obviously; surely; to be sure; truly; undoubtedly; without doubt; after all; at least; at most; chiefly
4.表示对照
by contrast; but; conversely; in contrast; instead; on the contrary; on the other hand; otherwise; unlike; whereas; while; yet; of course; nevertheless
5.表示转折
although; but; despite; however; in spite of; nevertheless; on the contrary; otherwise; though; yet
6.表示比较：
by comparison; equally important; in comparison with; in the same way; in the same manner; likewise; like; similarly
7.表示原因或目的：
as; as a consequence of; because; because of; by reason of; by reason that; due to; for reasons of; in consequence of; in order that; in order to; in that; in view of; in virtue of; now that; on account of; owing to; seeing that; since; so as to; so that; thanks to
8.表示结果：
accordingly; as a result; consequently; for this(that) reason; hence; in this way; so; therefore; thus; then
9.表示让步：
after all; although; clearly; in spite of; despite; for all that; it is true that; still; yet
10.表示时间和顺序：
after; after a while; after that; afterwards; at first; at last; at the same time; before; before that time; finally; in the end; in the first place; last; meanwhile; next; since then; so far; then; to begin
with; up to now; up to then
at first…then…later…after that…next ….afterwards…in the meantime…in the end
firstly…, secondly…, …finally first…, second…,third…, …last
in the first place, … in the second place
11. 章段开头常用词语：
As far as … is concerned; 就……而论as far as we know 据我们所知
As everybody knows 众所周知As the proverb says 有句谚语说As the saying goes 俗话说
As might have been expected 不出所料At present 当前At first 首先At the start 开始
At this point 在这一点上First of all 首先Frankly speaking 坦白地说Generally speaking 一般来说
I am of the opinion that…我认为I want to begin by saying.. 首先我要说
In the beginning 首先In the first place 第一It can be easily proved that …很容易证明
It can be said with certainty that…可以肯定地说It cannot be denied that …无可否认
It goes without saying that…不用说It has been demonstrated that…已经证明
It has been found that…已经发现It has been proved (shown) that 业已证明
It has to be noticed that…必须注意It is a common saying that…俗语说
It is one’s belief that … 某人相信It is one’s opinion that…某人认为
It is possible (probable) that…有可能It is impossible that…不可能It is likely that …有可能
It is calculated (estimated) that 据估计It is evident from … that…由……证明
It is generally agreed (recognized) that 人们通常（普遍）认为It is sometimes asked that …人们有时问
It is asserted (believed, considered, claimed, declared, expected, hoped, predicated, proposed, regarded, reported supposed, thought, understood) that.. 有人（人们，大家）相信（认为，宣称……）
It is hardly too much to say that …毫不夸张地说It is no secret that…无庸讳言
It is well-known that…众所周知It must be admitted (emphasized, pointed out) that…必须承认（强调，指出）It should be made clear that…应当讲明的是It stands to reason that………是合乎情理的
No one can deny that…谁也不可否认Nothing is more important than the fact that…最重要的事实是
Now that we know that…既然我们知道On the subject of 关于So far 迄今
So the story goes 传说Sometimes… sometime…时而……时而…….
There is no denying the fact that…无可否认There is no doubt that…毫无疑问
Therefore we should realize that …因此我们应当明白T o begin(start) with 首先To be sure 诚然
To tell the truth 老实说Until recently 直到前不久We are all aware that…我们都明白
We must recognize the fact that…我们必须承认We stand to it that…我们坚决主张
What calls for special attention is that…引起特别注意的是What is important is that…重要的是
What we believe is that…我们相信What with…由于……的原因When it comes to…就……而论Whetherone will or noet 不管怎样With a view to 为……起见With regard (respect) to 关于
12. 章段结尾常用词语：
Above all 最重要的是After all 毕竟All in all 总的说来All things considered 总而言之
All this means that…所有这一切都意味着As a consequence(result) 结果
As the matter stands 事实上At last (length) 最后At all events 无论如何
Consequentl y, most people believe that…结果，大多数人相信Finally, we hope that…最后，我们希望
For short 简言之From this point of view 就此而论Hence, we conclude that…因此，我们断言
I will conclude by saying that…最后，我要说I want to make one final point that…我要说的最后一点是In a word 总之In brief 简言之In conclusion 最后In general 总之In short 简言之In summary 总之In the end 最后In the last analysis 归根结底In the last place 最后
It may be confirmed that…可以肯定It may be safely said that …可以有把握地说
Last but not least 最后但并不是最不重要的Last of all 最后On the whole 总的来看
That is all there is to it 仅此而已The long and the short of it 总而言之
Therefore，we have the reason to believe that.. 因此，我们有理由相信
Thus we are given to understand that.. 所以，我们懂得To make a long story short 简言之
To sum up 概括地说With this end in view 为此by and large
总的说来，大体上
Eventually 最后In a nutshell 概括地说。