Modeling the Building Blocks of a 10% Efficient Segmented Thermoelectric Power Generator

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国家开放大学电大《人文英语4》形成性考核附答案

第七单元一、选择填空，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。

（每题10分）题目1— Here you are, Sir.— _________________.正确答案是：Thank you very much题目2— Would you like a tea?— _________________.正确答案是：Yes, please题目3There's lots of fruit _________ the tree. Our little cat is also in the tree.选择一项：译文：树上长了许多果实。

我们的小猫也在树上。

正确答案是：on题目4Have you ever visited the Summer Palace, _____ there are many beautiful halls, ridges and a huge lake?译文：你去过颐和园吗？那儿有很多漂亮的大厅、屋脊，还有一个很大的湖。

正确答案是：where题目5It is not until you have lost your health _____________ you know its value.译文：直到失去了健康你才知道它的重要性。

正确答案是：that题目1— May I speak to Prof . Li please?— _________________.正确答案是：I'm afraid you've got the wrong number题目2— What does your English teacher look like?— _________________.正确答案是：She looks much like her mother题目3Two days is not enough for him to finish the work. He needs__________ day.译文：两天时间他完成不了这项工作，还学要一天正确答案是：a third题目4It's high time that he settled down in the country and __________ a new life.译文：他早干在那村庄安定下来开始新的生活。

积木搭建房子英语作文

积木搭建房子英语作文Title: Building a House with Blocks。

Building a house with blocks is not just a childhood pastime; it's a creative endeavor that fosters imagination and problem-solving skills. From the moment the first block is stacked to the final touch of a roof, the process is a journey of construction and design. Let's delve into the steps involved in creating a block house and explore the lessons learned along the way.Step 1: Planning and Design。

Before laying the first block, it's essential to have a vision for the house. Consider factors like size, shape,and layout. Will it be a cozy cottage or a towering mansion? Sketching out a blueprint helps visualize the final product and ensures a smoother construction process.Step 2: Foundation。

Every sturdy house begins with a strong foundation. In block construction, this means creating a stable base to support the weight of the structure. Careful placement and alignment of the blocks are crucial at this stage to prevent instability later on.Step 3: Walls。

3d美术英语词汇

3d美术英语词汇The realm of 3D art encompasses a vast and intricate vocabulary, each term serving as a building block in the creation of captivating digital worlds. As the field of 3D art continues to evolve, mastering this lexicon becomes paramount for both aspiring and seasoned artists alike. In this essay, we will delve into the key terminologies that shape the language of 3D art, exploring their significance and applications within the creative process.At the foundation of 3D art lies the concept of modeling, the process of creating three-dimensional digital representations of objects, characters, or environments. The primary building blocks of modeling are vertices, points in 3D space that define the shape of a mesh. These vertices are connected by edges, forming the wireframe structure that outlines the form. Faces, the polygonal surfaces between these edges, give the model its solid appearance and texture.The manipulation of these vertices, edges, and faces is the domain of mesh editing, where artists sculpt and refine the digital form.Techniques such as extrusion, which extends faces to create new volume, and subdivision, which increases the resolution of a mesh, allow for the intricate shaping of complex shapes. Smoothing operations, like subdivision surface modeling, create organic, flowing forms, while Boolean operations, such as union and difference, enable the combination and subtraction of shapes.Closely tied to the modeling process is the concept of UV mapping, the process of unwrapping a 3D model's surface onto a flat, two-dimensional texture. This mapping allows artists to apply detailed textures and patterns to the model, bringing it to life with color, depth, and visual interest. The UV coordinates, which correspond to specific points on the 3D mesh, serve as a roadmap for the texture artists to follow.Once the model is created and textured, the next step is to imbue it with movement and animation. This is where the principles of rigging and skinning come into play. Rigging involves the creation of a skeletal system within the 3D model, consisting of joints and bones that mimic the underlying structure of the subject. Skinning, on the other hand, is the process of binding the mesh to the rig, allowing the model to deform and move naturally as the rig is animated.The art of animation itself encompasses a wide range of techniques and terminologies. Key frames, the specific points in time where theanimator defines the position and movement of the model, form the foundation of animation. In-betweening, the process of generating the intermediate frames between key frames, creates the illusion of smooth, continuous motion. Pose-to-pose animation, where the artist focuses on defining key poses and allowing the software to generate the in-betweens, contrasts with straight-ahead animation, where the movement is created frame by frame.Lighting, a crucial aspect of 3D art, also has its own specialized vocabulary. Ambient light, the overall illumination of a scene, sets the mood and atmosphere, while directional lights, such as the sun, cast shadows and create depth. Spot lights and point lights, with their focused beams and radial falloff, allow artists to highlight specific areas and create dramatic lighting effects. The concept of light mapping, the baking of lighting information into a texture, enables efficient and realistic lighting in real-time 3D applications.Closely related to lighting is the realm of materials and shaders, which define the surface properties of 3D objects. Diffuse, the base color of a material, interacts with light to create the object's primary appearance. Specular highlights, the bright reflections on shiny surfaces, add depth and realism. Roughness and glossiness determine the smoothness or grittiness of a material, while normal maps and displacement maps add intricate surface details.The final stage of the 3D art process is rendering, the act of generating the final image or animation from the 3D scene. Rendering engines, such as Unreal Engine and Unity, utilize various algorithms and techniques to translate the digital scene into a visually stunning output. Terms like ray tracing, which simulates the behavior of light, and global illumination, which accounts for the indirect lighting in a scene, are essential to understanding the rendering process.Beyond the technical aspects of 3D art, the industry also has its own set of specialized roles and workflows. Concept artists, who create the initial visual ideas and designs, work in tandem with 3D modelers, who bring those concepts to life. Texture artists, responsible for creating the detailed surface patterns, collaborate with lighting artists, who fine-tune the illumination of the scene. Riggers and animators work together to bring characters and objects to life, while technical artists bridge the gap between the creative and the technical, ensuring the seamless integration of all the elements.In conclusion, the vocabulary of 3D art is a rich and multifaceted language, encompassing a wide range of terms and concepts that are essential to the creation of captivating digital worlds. From the fundamental building blocks of modeling to the advanced techniques of lighting and rendering, each term serves as a tool in the artist's arsenal, enabling them to bring their visions to life withprecision and artistry. As the field of 3D art continues to evolve, mastering this lexicon becomes increasingly important, allowing artists to communicate effectively, collaborate seamlessly, and push the boundaries of what is possible in the digital realm.。

关于大学必修课的英语作文

The Importance of University Core CoursesIn the realm of higher education, university core courses serve as the fundamental building blocks of a student's academic journey. These courses, often referred to as "required" or "mandatory" courses, are designed to provide students with a broad foundation of knowledge and skills that are essential for their intellectual and personal growth.Firstly, university core courses introduce students to a diverse range of disciplines, encouraging them to explore areas beyond their primary academic interests. Whether it's the study of history, literature, science, or social sciences, these courses help students develop a well-rounded understanding of the world and the issues that affect it. This interdisciplinary approach cultivates a mindset that is open to new ideas and perspectives, essential for critical thinking and problem-solving.Moreover, core courses often require students to engage in critical analysis, critical thinking, and writing skills. By analyzing texts, data, and arguments, students learn to question assumptions, evaluate evidence, and formulate coherent arguments. These skills are invaluable in academic and professional settings, where the ability to communicate ideas and perspectives effectively is paramount.Additionally, university core courses provide an opportunity for students to engage with faculty members and peers from diverse backgrounds and perspectives. This exposure to diverse viewpoints challenges students to think outside the box, broaden their horizons, and develop a more inclusive understanding of the world.In conclusion, university core courses are crucial for students' intellectual and personal development. They provide a solid foundation of knowledge, cultivate critical thinking and writing skills, and promote exposure to diverse perspectives. By taking these courses seriously and making the most of the learning opportunities they present, students can set themselves on a path for success in their academic and professional careers.在高等教育领域，大学必修课是学生学术旅程中的基本构建模块。

人文英语4-单元自测7

一、选择填空，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。

（每题10分）题目1— What does your English teacher look like?— _________________.正确答案是：She looks much like her mother题目2— Would you like a tea?— _________________.正确答案是：Yes, please题目3There's lots of fruit _________ the tree. Our little cat is also in the tree.译文：树上长了许多果实。

我们的小猫也在树上。

正确答案是：where题目5It is not until you have lost your health _____________ you know its value.译文：直到失去了健康你才知道它的重要性。

正确答案是：that二、阅读理解：选择题（每题10分）题目6选择题Imagine a school that expected its students to become literate(有读写能力的) without any formal instruction. Most parents would be alarmed by such an approach, which would leave their children confused and with gaps in their understanding. This however has been the philosophy on character development in many of our schools. Why is the development of character seen as somehow different from the other skills that we teach?Of course there will always be learning by osmosis(耳濡目染)in any school, but as a teacher and primary school head I have found that a child's moral literacy is strengthened when they acquire the building blocks of good character such as consideration, courage and honor: qualities which are commonly known as virtue(美德).I personally find that exploring a virtue over a two-week period provides a simple and effective program that allows for the creative input of both teacher and student and a chance for the virtue to embed(使融入)itself. Once a lesson on a virtue such as honesty has been completed we need to allow time for children to practice this concept just as would be the case with fractions or verbs. Allowing children to role play a situation such as making up excuses to cover a mistake can be enormously interesting, and the drama can be frozen allowing the characters to be questioned about their feelings and motives. It's also a safe way for children to experience for themselves how a lie usually goes out of control.我们作为教育者的角色是要寻找时机去帮助我们的学生。

英语语言学填空题及答案(最新版)

Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in isa synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to thelanguage.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.priorngue; parole11.prescriptive12.spoken13.written14.conducted15.typesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in termsof _and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted althoughit is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms ofmanner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic mediumbeled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.bilabial; stops11.phonetic similarity12.oral cavity13.tense; lox14.simultaneous distinctive featurespound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found inlanguage.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries themajor components of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connectionbetween their sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, anew words are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning andcategory distinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements ofsound , words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of thegrammer that is concerned with ______ and ________.10.The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____andadverbs, are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are alwaysbound morpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purelygrammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the majorways to produce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound willbe in this category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.nouns; verbs; adjectives11.do not12.inflectional morphemes13.derivation; compounds14.morphological rules15.grammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements ofthe some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specifier)X(complement)ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.phrases11.coordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.modifiers14.transformation15.matrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context and the .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, , and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of themeaning of the word. The various meaning of the word areto some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by .13. Reference deals with the relationship between theelement and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by thecompany it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of . 答案：s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specificplementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaningWelcome To Download 欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

statistical language model

Statistical Language ModelIntroductionStatistical Language Model (SLM) is a technique used in natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistics to estimate the probability of a sequence of words or phrases. It is a fundamental part of many NLP tasks such as speech recognition, machine translation, and text generation. In this article, we will explore the key concepts, applications, and techniques used in statistical language modeling.Key Concepts1. Language ModelsA language model is a mathematical representation of the probability of a sequence of words in a given language. It assigns a score to each possible word sequence based on the patterns observed in a large corpus of text. Language models capture the syntactic and semanticrelationships between words and help predict the next word in a sequence given the preceding context.2. Probability DistributionIn statistical language modeling, a probability distribution is used to assign probabilities to different word sequences. The probability distribution provides a measure of how likely a particular word sequence is in a given language. It can be represented as a conditional probability, where the probability of a word depends on the context or the preceding words in the sequence.3. N-gramsN-grams are contiguous sequences of N words. They are the basic building blocks of a language model. N-grams can be unigrams (single words), bigrams (pairs of words), trigrams (triplets of words), or more. Thechoice of the value of N depends on the context and the specific language modeling task. N-grams help capture the local dependencies between words and are used to estimate the probability of word sequences.Applications of Statistical Language Models1. Speech RecognitionStatistical language models play a crucial role in automatic speech recognition systems. They help improve the accuracy of speechrecognition by incorporating the language-specific knowledge into the decoding process. By assigning higher probabilities to likely word sequences, SLMs help in choosing the most probable interpretation of an input speech signal.2. Machine TranslationSLMs are used in machine translation systems to generate fluent and grammatically correct translations. By assigning higher probabilities to the translations that are more likely to occur in the target language, SLMs help in choosing the most appropriate translations for input sentences. They also help improve the overall quality of the translated text.3. Information RetrievalStatistical language models are used in information retrieval systems to rank search results based on their relevance to a given query. SLMs help in estimating the probability of a query given a document or acollection of documents. This probability is used to assign a relevance score to each document, and the documents with higher scores are ranked higher in the search results.4. Text GenerationSLMs are used in text generation tasks such as automatic summarization, text completion, and dialogue systems. By modeling the probabilities of word sequences, SLMs can generate coherent and contextually appropriatetext. They help in generating fluent and natural-sounding text by predicting the most probable next word based on the preceding context.Techniques in Statistical Language Modeling1. Maximum Likelihood EstimationMaximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is a common technique used to estimate the probabilities of word sequences in SLMs. MLE estimates the parameters of the probability distribution by maximizing the likelihood of the observed data (word sequences) given the model. This technique assumes that the observed data is generated by the model, and it finds the parameters that make the observed data most likely.2. Smoothing TechniquesSmoothing techniques are used to handle the problem of unseen or rare word sequences in SLMs. When a word sequence is not present in the training data, its probability is zero, leading to poor model performance. Smoothing techniques assign non-zero probabilities to unseen word sequences by redistributing the probability mass from the seen word sequences. Popular smoothing techniques used in SLMs include Laplace smoothing, add-k smoothing, and Good-Turing smoothing.3. Backoff and InterpolationBackoff and interpolation techniques are used to combine n-gram models of different orders to improve the performance of SLMs. In backoff, when a higher-order n-gram is not observed in the training data, the model backoffs to a lower-order n-gram to estimate the probability. Interpolation combines the probabilities from multiple n-gram models to estimate the probability of a word sequence. These techniques help in capturing both the local and global dependencies between words.4. Neural Language ModelsRecent advancements in deep learning have led to the development of neural language models. These models use neural networks, such asrecurrent neural networks (RNNs) or transformer models, to learn the probability distribution over word sequences. Neural language models have shown significant improvements over traditional SLMs by capturing complex language patterns and long-range dependencies.ConclusionStatistical Language Models are powerful tools in natural language processing and computational linguistics. They help in estimating the probability of word sequences and are used in various NLP tasks such as speech recognition, machine translation, and text generation. By capturing the syntactic and semantic relationships between words, SLMs enable computers to understand and generate human language. With advancements in techniques like neural language models, the accuracy and fluency of SLMs are continually improving, making them essential in numerous applications requiring natural language processing.。

英语语言学填空题及答案（最新版）

英语语言学填空题及答案（最新版）Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in isa synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to thelanguage.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different oflinguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.prior/doc/a86555740.html,ngue; parole11.prescriptive12.spoken13.written14.conducted15.typesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in termsof _and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted althoughit is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms ofmanner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic medium/doc/a86555740.html,beled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.bilabial; stops11.phonetic similarity12.oral cavity13.tense; lox14.simultaneous distinctive features/doc/a86555740.html,pound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found inlanguage.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries themajor components of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connectionbetween their sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, anew words are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning andcategory distinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements ofsound , words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part ofthegrammer that is concerned with ______ and ________.10.The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____andadverbs, are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are alwaysbound morpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purelygrammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the majorways to produce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound willbe in this category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.nouns; verbs; adjectives11.do not12.inflectional morphemes13.derivation; compounds14.morphological rules15.grammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements ofthe some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specifier)X(complement)/doc/a86555740.html,ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.phrases11.coordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.modifiers14.transformation15.matrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context and the .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, , and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of themeaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by .13. Reference deals with the relationship between theelement and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by thecompany it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of . 答案：/doc/a86555740.html,s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specific/doc/a86555740.html,plementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaningWelcome T o Download欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第三册）答案

最佳答案21世纪大学实用英语综合教程(第三册)答案7,8题在最后Unit 15. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. curious2.affects3. emergency4. locked5. Relatively6. complaining7. protested8. react 9. mood 10. unique 11. consciousness 12. surgery6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. the bottom line2. thanks to3. reflect on4. had lost touch5. wentthrough6. followed around7. looking on8. woke up9. takeaction 10. after all10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. Each time my brother complained about the difficultyof his work, I asked him to look on the bright side.2. The police reacted immediately when report came thattwo kids had been held up at gunpoint in a nearby building.3. When I pointed out the mistakes in her calculation,instead of correcting them as soon as possible, Mary protested that it was nother fault.4. Tom was curious about the joke I told my colleagues,but he didn’t get it.5. Thanks to his positive attitude, Jack took action andsaved his own life before he lost consciousness in the emergency room.6. When I reflect on what I have achieved in the past, Ihave to say that success comes from hard work. That is the bottom line.Unit 25. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. intense2. concept3. committed4. deserve5. selfish6. compromise7. matters8. opponent 9. influence 10. effort 11. shortcuts 12.evidence6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. work at2.According to3. run through4. in sight5. live with6. a variety of7. When it comes to8. live up to10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. Take Michael Jordan, it!ˉs easy for people tosee hisachievements while neglect the price ofblood and sweat that he has paid on the court in order tocome out on top.2. Right in the first English class, our teacher conveyeda clear message to us: as the basic buildingblocks of the language, new words must be memorized; anyother shortc ut is fool!ˉs gold.3. Thousands of Chinese laborers contributed greatly tothe construction of America!ˉsfirsttranscontinental railroad, and their intense effortsdeserve a page in American history.4. When it comes to training, the coach has no problemli ving with all sorts of complaints of theplayers but he never compromises with any of them.5. Traditional ethics seem especially important in somesituations where the margin between rightand wrong is as thin as an eggshell.6. As competition intensifies, our opponents and we areall working hard to live up to higherservice standards.Unit 35. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. withdraw2. opposite3. consult4. seeking5. chief6.frustrated7. gather8. suggestions 9. numerous 10. crucial 11. approval 12.yield6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. give up on2. kicked out3. at the end of my rope4.count!-out5. provide!-wit6. that is7. on the brink of8. moved forward10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. The health report stresses the importance of freshfruit and vegetables in our diet.2. I spent a whole week gathering the courage to say noto their request.3. These journeys made him realize to the fullest extentthat many of the world!ˉs species were onthe brink of extinction.4. Approval of the patient!ˉs family should be soughtbefore doctors carry out such operations.5. Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economicrecovery.6. We gave up on the missing mountain climber after hehad been missing for two weeks.Unit 45. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. mankind2. determination3. burden4. define5.financial6. resources7. research 8. cure 9. evil 10. hardship 11. suicide 12. suffered6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. broke down2. took!-for granted3. look!-in the eye4.couldn!ˉt help but respect h5. crying over6. no doubt7. dressing up8. slipped into9. Translate the following sentences into English.1. He was no doubt a great hero so people couldn!ˉt helpbut cry over his death.2. The actor used his celebrity status to fund researchthat might someday yielda cure for AIDS.3. The disabled man once considered suicide to relievehis family of the heavy burden.4. Children dress up as Superman to capture adults!ˉattention.5. It wasn!ˉt until I matured that I realized I shouldn!ˉtbe afraid to look adversity and hardship ithe eye.6. He could have easily stayed at home, for he had plentyof financial resources to keep him fromworrying about medical bills..Unit 55. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. discharged2. anger3. latter4. relationship5.engaged6. backgrounds7. miserable 8. invitation 9. match 10. folded 11.overseas 12. propose6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. broke down2. from time to time3. From the verybeginning4. knocked down5. agreed to6. talk!-round7. due to8. give in9. insilence 10. go abroad10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. I just received a email in which Jessica expressed herregret of ending the relationship with herbeloved boyfriend.2. She broke down at the loss of her family, and theimpact of this miserable incident remained forthe rest of her life.3. Both my parents object to my going abroad to furthermy studies. I wonder if I should give in ortry to talk them round.4. Edgar was not good with words, so whenever Jessicavented her anger on him, he only enduredit in silence.5. The cheerful background music matches his mood verywell, for he!ˉs just got engaged to hisbeloved girlfriend.6. From time to time the system would utter a piercingnoise indicating its inability to run properly.Unit 65. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. rejected2. properly3. judgment4. employer5. lack6. feedback7. qualified8. suitable9. candidate 10. confident 11. potential 12.punctual6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. cope with2. miss out3. applied for4. keep!-in mind5. for a bit6. reflecting on7. fill out 8. get back 9. a variety of 10. To our amazement10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. Sometimes even if you are totally qualified for thejob, you may still be rejected.2. You should learn to cope with difficult situation. Andeven more important, don!ˉt look to othersfor help.3. To my shock/amazement, he was not only involved in avariety of extracurricular activities butalso had applied for a part-time job.4. Keep in mind that one more failure is one step closerto success.5. Don!ˉt dwell on the reasons that are out of yourcontrol, because this job doesn!ˉt entirely suiyou and your chances are slim.6. Although you may not always like to hear negativefeedback, whatever you do, don!ˉt burn your bridges.Unit 75. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. tuition2. anxiety3. horrors4. switched5. quarter6. steady7. roughly8. prospects 9. disorder 10. represent 11. apparent 12.population6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. were booked up2. not getting anywhere3. ups anddowns4. burst out5. get along with6. broke up with7. in advance8. had no choice9. Inspite of 10. take your own life10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. The students who seek psychological counselingrepresent only the tip of the iceberg. Moststudents endure the stress in silence.2. The horror movie overwhelmed him so much that he beganto suffer from a sleeping disorder,even insomnia.3. Lisa had always been a straight-A student until herjunior year, when she had to hold down twopart-time jobs to pay her tuition.4. In spite of the result of the aptitude test, Johndecided to switch his major from accounting topsychology.5. He would rather remain a sales clerk, apparentlybecause he prefers a steady life to a life full ofups and downs.6. The computer has broken down on more than oneoccasion. Isn!ˉt that enough for professionalhelp?Unit 85. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Changethe forms where necessary.1. chemical2. soil3. disturb4. mixture5. substance6.ruin7. consumers8. stable9. pollution 10. supplies 11. decay 12. main6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below.Change the forms where necessary.1. leaked out2. due to3. are known as4. depend on5.giving off6. make up7. live on8. have used up10. Translate the following sentences into English.1. With the construction of the nuclear power plant, thiscity now doesn!ˉt h ave to worry about itsown electricity supply. Instead, it can supplyelectricity to other cities nearby. 2. These vegetables do not decay when kept at arelatively stable low temperature.3. This city is known as the financial center of thecountry. The de velopment of its economydepends heavily on banking and foreign trade.4. This plant only lives on the top of certain highmountains and gives off a very sweet smell inspring.5. The main cause of this area!ˉs water pollution i thechemical substance th at leaks out of a papermill by the river bank.6. This kind of litter is made up of a mixture ofchemical waste. It has poisoned the soil, ruining itcompletely.第一单元7.1.Each time I look at the photographs I tookin the countryside, I think of the friends that I made there.2.Each time an experiment was performed, hewould check and recheck the results obtained.3.Each time I meet him on weekends, he is inhigh spirits and joins in all kinds of acitivitied whenever he can.4.Every time she travels by plane, she feelsnervous and worried about her own safety.5.Every time I lose heart, he always tells meto take a positive attitude and look for the best result from anything thatseems bad,6.Every time you feel like smoking, remindyourself how much healthier you are without smoking.8.1. improve the situation instead of lookingon the negative aspects.2.Instead of going to work in a bad mood3.If you had an axe instead of a knife4.they chose him instead of you5.under a tree instead of in the library6.look younger instead of older第三单元7.1. He used to be involved in community affairs,2. You will soon get\be used to it.3. and he used to take me around hislaboratory.4. It used to be a large orchard then,5. he is used to being the center\focus ofpublic attention6. but back in his office he is used togiving orders8.1. I haven’t seen any snow since I moved to Florida.2. I have spoken to him only once since theparty.3.She has been working for the company sinceshe graduated from college.4. The English football team has not won theWorld Cup since 1996.第四单元7.1.It wan’t until midnight that it stopped raining.2.It wasn’t until yesterday that I noticed something wrong with the machine.3.It wasn’t until they left the church that Jane discovered she had l ost her watch.4.It wasn’t until April 16,1917 that the United States entered the war.5.It wasn’t until recently that the cure for the disease was developed.6.It wasn’t until the harm was alreadydone that they began to deal with the problem.8.real; own; choices; other; more; belief; so; believe; Whether; set第五单元71.feel as if you were the most unfortunate person in the world.2.feel as if he had accomplished a great deed.3.felt as if I had known her for years.4.feel as if some needles were piercing your skin?8.1.not to leave to tomorrow what ought to be done today.2.not to judge a person by appearance3.not to touch it4.not to send him to boarding school第六单元7．1.The girl could not read, nor could she write.2.The boy is not satisfied with the living conditions, nor are his classmates3.Ted was not at the meeting, nor was he at work yesterday4.Mary hadn’t said a single word since supper, nor had her husband5.They didn’t invite me, nor did they invite my parents6.The parents never punish their child, nor does the teacher.81.To my deep regret, I am unable to accept your kind invitation2.To John’s surprise, this college graduate couldn’t even operate the computer.3.To the parents’delight, their son had fully recovered from the disease.4.To our great disappointment, we played so well yet still lost.5.To everyone’s shock, Brian died of a heart attack yesterday —he’s so young!6.To the woman’s horror, she saw her neighbor killed in the accident.第七单元7:1.Hopefully, the suicide rate among college students will soon be undercontrol.2.Several of the passengers were hurt. Luckily, none was killed.3.Fortunately, a doctor was nearby when he suffered the heart attack.4.Not surprisingly, people in large cities have begun sharing taxis in order tosave both time and money.5.Unfortunately, I didn’t have my credit card with me or I’d certainly havebought the beautiful dress for my girlfriend.8:1.It is said that only three people in the world can understand his theory.2.It was reported that the divorce rate dropped by 1.5% last year.3.It is known to us all that parents are our first teachers.4.It was officially announced that the government would increase the funding forhigher education.5.It is thought that every European can speak English, but that’s just no第八单元7 1. with the completion of the bridgeconstruction2.withthe introduction of the new teachingmethod3.withthe pollution of their water and land4.withthe help of radioactive elements8 1.Tom did not join the navy ，instead，hedecided to became an actor2.Jackdid not go to the library as had planet . instead，she met up somefriends and went for a drink3.Bobdid not feel upset，instead，he remainedhappy even after their new car was stolen4.Grace did not marry the youngman she really loved .instead，she becamethe wife of a 77-year-old millionaire.。

2020版曼昆版宏观经济学(第十版)扩展资料英文版第11章

255CHAPTER 11Aggregate Demand I: Building the IS–LM ModelNotes to the InstructorChapter SummaryChapter 11 introduces students to the IS –LM model. The chapter is taken up principally withthe derivation of the IS and LM curves, prior to the use of the model in Chapter 12.CommentsPresentation of IS –LM is greatly facilitated by the fact that students have seen all of theelements already. This makes it much easier to teach than when it is taught prior to a long-runmodel. The amount of time spent on the material in Chapters 11 and 12 is partly a matter oftaste. It probably requires three lectures at a minimum to present basic IS –LM (omittingdetailed discussion of the Great Depression from Chapter 12), although some instructorsmight prefer to spend up to six lectures on this material.When teaching the IS curve, some instructors may find that it is preferable to start withthe loanable-funds derivation of the IS curve. The advantage of this approach is that it builds on the Chapter 3 model: equilibrium in Chapter 3 is summarized by ()()S Y I r =, where Y is exogenous; the IS curve is simply given by S (Y ) = I (r ), where income is now anendogenous variable. The Keynesian cross can then be presented as a special case. Use of the WebsiteThe model exercises for Chapter 3 can be used as an alternative way to derive the IS curve.Students can calculate and graph all of the {r , Y } pairs consistent with goods-marketequilibrium and also see how changes in exogenous variables shift this curve.Although the textbook does not spend a lot of time on the monetary/fiscal policy debate,the website material can be used to go through the standard exercises on the relative efficacyof monetary and fiscal policy under different assumptions on the parameters.Use of the WebsiteUse the website to download annual data for the U.S. consumer price indexand the 1-year and 10-year Treasury yields over the past 20 years. Compute the real interestrate for each of the Treasury yields by subtracting CPI inflation from each yield. Discuss howreal interest rates change with inflation in the short run compared to what you would expectover longer periods of time.258 | CHAPTER 11Aggregate Demand I: Building the IS–LM ModelChapter SupplementsThis chapter includes the following supplements:11-1The Key Features of the IS–LM Model11-2Mr. Keynes and the Classics: The Art of Modeling11-3The IS–LM Model: A Critical Evaluation11-4Additional ReadingsLecture Notes | 257 Lecture NotesIntroduction➢Figure 11-1We now have a basic idea of how the economy functions in the short run. Because in the shortrun prices are not completely flexible, changes in aggregate demand affect output, not justprices. To develop this short-run theory of the economy, we must now consider aggregatedemand and supply in more detail. This chapter and the next present a more detailed analysisof aggregate demand based on the IS–LM model. This model was developed by John Hicksin the 1930s as an interpretation of John Maynard Keynes’s seminal work, The GeneralTheory of Employment, Interest and Money, and is based on an analysis of equilibrium in thegoods and money markets, supposing that the price level is fixed. We can interpret the IS–LMmodel in two distinct ways: first, as a theory of GDP determination, supposing that the pricelevel is fixed; second, as a theory of aggregate demand and so as part of an aggregate demand–aggregate supply model.11-1 The Goods Market and the IS CurveThe building blocks of the IS–LM model are familiar from earlier analysis. The IS side of themodel summarizes equilibrium in the goods market and is based partly on the classical modelof Chapter 3; the LM side of the model summarizes equilibrium in the money market and sois related to the analysis of money in Chapter 5.The basic equation summarizing equilibrium in the goods market, for a closed economy, is familiar:Y = C + I + G.As before, we suppose thatC = C(Y – T)I = I(r)G=GT=T.The only difference from our earlier analysis is that we no longer suppose that real GDP isdetermined on the supply side, since that is true only in the long run. But this is far from aninnocuous change. Previously, given that Y was fixed at Y, we were able to use this model todetermine the equilibrium interest rate in the economy. Now, there are different combinationsof the interest rate and the level of GDP that are consistent with equilibrium. Writingequilibrium in terms of the loans market givesS(Y) = I(r).Recall from the analysis of the classical model thatS p = Y – T – CS g = T – G⇒ S = Y – C(Y – T) – G.Now, consider how changes in GDP change saving. An increase in GDP (∆Y), from thisequation, raises saving directly by ∆Y and lowers it by an amount equal to MPC × ∆Y. Thus,the total change in saving is∆S = (1 – MPC)∆Y > 0.258 | CHAPTER 11Aggregate Demand I: Building the IS–LM ModelSo an increase in income increases total saving, other things being equal. We know, therefore,that it decreases the interest rate. Thus, we draw the conclusion that, for equilibrium to existin the goods market, higher levels of GDP must be associated with lower interest rates.We can tell the same story another way. Suppose that interest rates increase. This decreases the level of investment. In response to this fall in investment demand, firms produceless output. Now recall the circular flow. A decrease in output leads firms to employ fewerworkers and to use their capital less intensively; hence, income goes down. In response to thedecreased income, households consume less. This effect on consumption reinforces the initialeffect, so we get the same conclusion—higher interest rates are associated with lower outputand vice versa.We summarize this reasoning in terms of the IS curve. This is defined as {r, Y} combinations such that the goods market (equivalently, the loanable-funds market) is inequilibrium. The previous reasoning tells us that it slopes downward.The Keynesian CrossA common means of deriving the IS curve, based on the second explanation above, is knownas the Keynesian cross. The Keynesian cross also gives us insights into how fiscal policyaffects the economy. The key idea of this model is that planned expenditure may differ fromactual expenditure if firms sell less or more than they anticipated and so build up or run downtheir inventory. Planned expenditure is simply the amount that households, firms, and thegovernment intend to spend on goods and services. We write it asPE = C + I + G.Suppose, for the moment, that the interest rate is fixed at r so that the level of plannedinvestment is exogenous [I(r)]. Then, we can write planned expenditure as()+I r()+G.PE=C Y-T➢Figure 11-2Planned expenditure is thus an increasing function of income.In equilibrium, planned expenditure equals actual expenditure, which, of course, equals GDP:PE = Y.We can graph both planned and actual expenditure against income to get the Keynesian crossdiagram.➢Figure 11-3The adjustment to equilibrium takes the form of changes in inventory. If actual expenditure exceeds planned expenditure, this means that firms produced too much.Remember that inventory investment is counted as expenditure; it is as if firms sell the goodsto themselves. Actual expenditure exceeds planned expenditure when firms accumulateinventory. In this circumstance, firms would cut back on their production, lessening theirinventory accumulation and so decreasing actual expenditure. An analogous situation occursif planned expenditure exceeds actual expenditure. In this case, firms are unintentionallygetting rid of inventory, giving them an incentive to increase production. In practice, we thinkthat this adjustment takes place rapidly, so we focus upon the situation where the economy isin equilibrium.➢Figure 11-4What happens if planned spending increases? For example, suppose that government spending increases. That would induce firms to produce more output. Recalling the circularLecture Notes | 257 flow, this implies that workers and owners of firms obtain more income and so increase their consumption. Planned spending and, ultimately, output go up by more than the original increase➢Figure 11-5in government spending. To put it another way, government spending has a multiplier effect on output through the government-purchases multiplier.What is the economics behind this process? The answer can be found in the circular flow of income. An increase in government purchases (say, ∆G = $1 billion) directly increases GDP by the same amount. Firms hire workers to produce this extra output, so wages and profits, hence income, rise by an equal amount. This induces extra consumption equal to MPC × ∆G (for example, if MPC = 0.75, then consumption increases by $750 million). Thus, expenditures, which originally rose by ∆G, now rise by (1 + MPC)∆G = $1.75 billion.The story does not stop here. Since this additional consumption again increases income, consumption rises even further, by an amount equal to MPC × (MPC × ∆G). In this example, consumption increases by an additional $563 million. And the process continues. The ultimate increase in GDP is given by∆Y = (1 + MPC + MPC2 + MPC3 + . . .)∆G= [1/(1 – MPC)]∆G⇒ ∆Y/∆G = 1/(1 – MPC).The multiplier has a couple of interpretations—one benign, the other less so. From one perspective, we can think about the multiplier as telling us that we have the power to use fiscal policy to affect the economy dramatically in the short run. This suggests that fiscal policy might be a potent tool for stimulating the economy in a recession, for example. But another implication is that fluctuations in spending have magnified effects on GDP. The reasoning that we have just considered would apply equally well if the initial change were an exogenous shock to planned investment or consumption. Keynes suggested that fluctuations in GDP might be caused by initial fluctuations in investment due to the capricious behavior of investors (which he called their animal spirits).➢Figure 11-6Just as increases in spending increase GDP, so do cuts in taxes. The mechanism is similar: tax cuts increase disposable income and hence stimulate consumption. The only difference comes from the fact that a tax cut of ∆T increases consumption initially by MPC × ∆T. Thus, the tax multiplier equals the government-purchases multiplier multiplied by –MPC:∆Y/∆T = – MPC/(1 – MPC).Case Study: Cutting Taxes to Stimulate the Economy:The Kennedy and Bush Tax CutsCuts in personal and corporate income taxes were used by President Kennedy to stimulate the economy in 1964, on the advice of his Council of Economic Advisers. The economy grew rapidly in the wake of these cuts. Keynesian economists think that this experience supports the idea, embodied in the Keynesian cross model, that tax cuts stimulate aggregate demand and boost the economy. Tax cuts may also increase people’s incentive to supply labor, thus increasing the aggregate supply of goods and services.When George W. Bush proposed tax cuts during his campaign in 2000, the economy was near full employment, and some economists were concerned that a tax cut might raise aggregate demand and spur inflation. But candidate Bush’s advisers argued that reductions in marginal tax rates would increase labor supply and thus increase aggregate supply. After the election, as the economy began to weaken, President Bush’s advisers began touting the tax-cut proposal as a way to stimulate spending and thus increase aggregate demand. The tax cut258 | CHAPTER 11Aggregate Demand I: Building the IS–LM Modelthat finally passed in May 2001 included a “rebate” mailed to taxpayers that was intended tospeed up the stimulus to the economy. A subsequent tax cut in 2003 further stimulated theeconomy, turning a relatively weak recovery into a more robust one.Case Study:Increasing Government Purchases to Stimulate the Economy:The Obama StimulusPresident Obama’s stimulus plan for the economy was passed by Congress and signed intolaw in February 2009. The plan, which totaled nearly $800 billion in spending and tax cuts,represented a classic Keynesian-style response to the worsening recession. Economistsdebated the plan, in particular the relatively heavier emphasis on spending as opposed to taxreductions. In justifying the plan’s larger spending component, Obama administrationeconomists argued that the multiplier for government purchases was about 50 percent greaterthan the multiplier for tax cuts. Some economists criticized the plan as being too small, giventhe magnitude of the recession. They argued that the stimulus spending needed to be muchlarger if it were to offset the recession. Other economists, however, doubted whether moneyallocated for spending on infrastructure would have immediate effects on the economy. Theywere concerned that much of the spending would not occur in the first year and that therecession could well be over by then. These economists generally favored greater emphasison tax cuts that might have more immediate effects on households’ income and thus spending.The economy finally did recover from the recession, but much more slowly than the Obamaadministration had forecast. Whether this represented a failure of the stimulus policy orsimply a recession more severe than economists initially believed remains a question ofdebate.Case Study: Using Regional Data to Estimate MultipliersKeynesian theory suggests that changes in taxes and government spending have importanteffects on income and output for the economy. But in practice, measuring the effects on theeconomy from fiscal policy is difficult because there is no simple way to control for otherevents that are also affecting the economy. For example, fiscal stimulus is often adopted inresponse to a weak economy, so it is difficult to separate the effects of stimulus from theeffects of prolonged fallout from a recession. Recent studies have attempted to address thisproblem by using data from states or provinces within a country. Some regional variation ingovernment spending is unrelated to other events affecting regional economies, allowing theeconomic impact of government spending to be more precisely measured.One study considers variation in U.S. federal defense spending at the state level and computes its impact on state GDP. Another study considers variation in public investmentspending in Italian provinces as a result of crackdowns on organized crime (investment fallstemporarily following crackdowns) and assesses the effect on province-level GDP. Bothstudies find government spending multipliers of about 1.5.These estimates may overstate the true size of national government spending multipliers because this spending is financed with taxes at the national, not regional, level, and such taxeswould dampen the stimulus effects. Also, the national multiplier may be smaller becausecentral banks respond to national rather than regional conditions and may offset some of thestimulus from government spending by raising interest rates. One feature, however, thatwould imply a larger national multiplier is leakage of spending into imports of goods andservices. For a state or region, imports from other states and regions are a much higherpercentage of GDP than are imports from abroad for a nation as a whole. Leakage into importsreduces the marginal propensity to spend on regionally produced goods and services andthereby reduces the size of the multiplier.Lecture Notes | 257The Interest Rate, Investment, and the IS Curve➢Figure 11-7The transition from the Keynesian cross model to the IS curve is achieved by noting that planned investment changes if the real interest rate changes. The Keynesian cross analysis tells us that changes in planned investment change GDP. For example, if interest rates increase, planned investment falls, and so does output. Thus, higher levels of the interest rate are associated with lower levels of output.How Fiscal Policy Shifts the IS Curve➢Figure 11-8The position of the IS curve depends on fiscal-policy variables. Increases in government spending or decreases in taxes increase the equilibrium level of output at any given interest rate. Thus they are associated with outward shifts in the IS curve.11-2 The Money Market and the LM CurveThe Theory of Liquidity PreferenceTo understand the determination of interest rates, we turn to the money market. Again, our building blocks are familiar from the classical model. Our starting point is the condition for equilibrium in the money market:M/P = L(i, Y).According to this equation, the demand for real balances equals the real supply of money M/P. The demand for real balances, as explained in Chapter 4, depends on the level of GDP and the nominal interest rate; this is known as the theory of liquidity preference. The real supply of money depends on the nominal money supply, which is an exogenous policy variable, and the price level, which is also taken to be exogenous in the IS–LM model.Recall from the Fisher equation that the nominal interest rate equals the real interest rate plus the expected inflation rate. If expected inflation is zero, i = r. For simplicity, we suppose for the moment that this is the case, so we can writeM/P = L(r, Y).We reintroduce expected inflation in Chapter 12.➢Figure 11-9Just as the IS curve gives us {r, Y} combinations consistent with equilibrium in the goods market, the LM curve gives us {r, Y} combinations consistent with equilibrium in the money market. To see how this works, consider a diagram of the market for money. Notice that the demand for money is a function of r and Y. Increases in r decrease the demand for money; increases in Y increase the demand for money. The supply of and demand for money determine the equilibrium interest rate. Changes in the money supply therefore affect the equilibrium interest rate.Case Study: Does a Monetary Tightening Raise or Lower Interest Rates?➢Figure 11-10In the early 1980s, Paul V olcker, the chair of the Federal Reserve, slowed the rate of money growth in a successful attempt to decrease inflation. The Fisher equation teaches us that lower258 | CHAPTER 11Aggregate Demand I: Building the IS–LM Modelinflation tends to reduce nominal interest rates in the long run. Our analysis of the moneymarket reveals that when prices are sticky, anti-inflationary monetary policy reduces realmoney balances and increases interest rates in the short run. Both effects are visible in the1980s data.Income, Money Demand, and the LM Curve➢Figure 11-11The basic analysis of the LM curve is now straightforward. Higher GDP raises the demandfor money. If the real supply of money is fixed, then interest rates must rise to bring thedemand for money back in line with the supply. So higher GDP is associated with higherinterest rates when the money market is in equilibrium. The LM curve slopes upward.How Monetary Policy Shifts the LM Curve➢Figure 11-12The position of the LM curve depends on the real money supply. An increase in the real moneysupply for a given level of GDP implies lower interest rates. An increase in the money supplythus shifts the LM curve downward and conversely.11-3 Conclusion: The Short-Run Equilibrium➢Figure 11-13➢Figure 11-14➢Supplement 11-1, “The Key Features of the IS–LM Model”➢Supplement 11-2, “Mr. Keynes and the Classics: The Art of Modeling”➢Supplement 11-3, “The IS–LM Model: A Critical Evaluation”Finally, we can put together the IS and LM curves and find the one {r, Y} combination that isconsistent with equilibrium in both the goods and the money markets. Since points on the IScurve are consistent with equilibrium in the goods market and points on the LM curve areconsistent with equilibrium in the money market, the point where the two curves intersectgives the one combination of the real interest rate and GDP for which both markets are inequilibrium.If used carefully, IS–LM is a simple but powerful model for understanding the short-run behavior of the economy; it is a model that helps many economists answer macroeconomicquestions. We make much use of it from here on.LECTURE SUPPLEMENT11-1 The Key Features of the IS–LM ModelThe IS–LM analysis is simply a more detailed look at what lies behind aggregate demand. It decomposes aggregate demand into its two constituent markets: money and goods. The money market is summarized in the LM curve, the goods market in the IS curve. The advantages of the analysis are that it allows us to look at the two markets separately, to examine the determination of interest rates, and to distinguish clearly between fiscal and monetary policy. It is a very useful tool for short-run analysis of the economy.The key things to understand about the IS–LM analysis are as follows:1.The position of the LM curve depends on M/P.2.Expansionary monetary policy shifts the LM curve out.3.Increases in the price level shift the LM curve in.4.Exogenous shocks to money demand shift the LM curve.5.The position of the IS curve depends on G and T.6.Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the IS curve out.7.Exogenous spending shocks shift the IS curve.8.The slopes of the IS and LM curves depend on various parameters that indicate the sensitivityof money demand, investment demand, and consumption demand to income and interestrates.9.Expansionary fiscal policy works by directly increasing spending but leads to short-runcrowding out because increased money demand pushes up interest rates and discouragesinvestment.10.Expansionary monetary policy works by pushing down interest rates and thus encouraginginvestment spending.11.The adjustment of the economy to long-run equilibrium operates through changes in theprice level, leading to changes in M/P, and hence in interest rates and investment. In the IS–LM diagram, long-run adjustment entails shifts in the LM curve.267ADDITIONAL CASE STUDY11-2 Mr. Keynes and the Classics: The Art of Modeling Keynesian economics was born with the publication of The General Theory of Employment, Interestand Money, by John Maynard Keynes. In terms of its impact on the discipline, this was surely one ofthe most important books in the history of economics. Yet for the modern student of economics, itmakes for difficult reading. Apparently, this was also true for contemporary readers: “It will be admittedby the least charitable reader that the entertainment value of Mr. Keynes’s General Theory ofEmployment is considerably enhanced by it satiric aspect. But it is also clear that many readers havebeen left very bewildered by this Dunciad.”1One reason why Keynes’s work had such impact was that the Nobel prize–winning economist John Hicks found a way to translate Keynes’s ideas into a simple and easily understood diagram: the IS–LMmodel. If Keynes’s book was one of the most influential in the history of economics, then Hicks musttake much of the credit. Compare, for example, the following:Now if the investment-demand schedule shifts,…income will, in general, shift also. But theabove [saving/investment] diagram does not contain enough data to tell us what its newvalue will be; and, therefore, not knowing which is the appropriate [saving] curve, we donot know at what point the new investment-demand schedule will cut it. If, however, weintroduce the state of liquidity-preference and the quantity of money and these betweenthem tell us that the rate of interest is r2, then the whole position becomesdeterminate….Thus the [investment] curve and the [saving] curves tell us nothing about therate of interest. They only tell us what income will be, if from some other source we can saywhat the rate of interest is.2The curve IS can therefore be drawn showing the relation between income and interestwhich must be maintained in order to make saving equal to investment.3It is a tribute to Hicks’s modeling skills that IS–LM analysis survives to this day in textbooks and in journal articles. It has become such a standard tool that writers usually do not even bother to citeHicks when using it. And whereas some criticize the model and others claim that it misrepresentsKeynes’s work, it seems likely to endure as a useful tool for short-run macroeconomic analysis. Hickscannot have suspected his understatement when he wrote that “in order to elucidate the relation betweenMr. Keynes and the ‘Classics,’ we have invented a little apparatus. It does not appear that we haveexhausted the uses of that apparatus.”41 J.R. Hicks, “Mr. Keynes and the Classics,” Econometrica 5, no.2 (April 1937), reprinted in J. Hicks, Critical Essays in Monetary Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 126–42.2 J.M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936), 181.3 Hicks, Critical Essays in Monetary Theory, 135.4 Ibid., 135.264ADVANCED TOPIC11-3 The IS–LM Model: A Critical EvaluationThe IS–LM model occupies a curious position in modern macroeconomics. It has been at the heart ofmuch macroeconomic theory and policy from its invention in 1936 to the present. Professionalmacroeconomists in business, government, and academia utilize the model to help them understand theworld. Yet, at the same time, many professional economists— particularly academics—have becomeincreasingly skeptical of its usefulness. Critics of IS–LM argue that the model is flawed because it isinherently static, lacks microeconomic underpinnings, and does not provide an adequate treatment ofexpectations. One such critic, Robert King, concludes that “the IS–LM model has no greater prospectof being a viable analytical vehicle for macroeconomics in the 1990s than the Ford Pinto has of beinga sporty, reliable car for the 1990s.”1The IS–LM model is static because it makes no attempt to explain the behavior of the economy over time. Rather, the model yields values of certain endogenous variables at a point in time, given thevalues of other exogenously specified variables. In the simple IS–LM model, there is no attempt toanalyze how the endogenous variables evolve over time, despite that many of the underlyingrelationships in the model are meant to capture decisions with an explicit time dimension. For example,the consumption function is meant to reflect the consumption–saving choices of households, and theinvestment function is based on firms’ decisions to undertake current expenditures in the anticipationof future benefits.One way to introduce dynamics into an IS–LM model is to make price adjustment endogenous.Much Keynesian modeling in the 1960s and 1970s took this approach. The idea was to explain theadjustment of wages and prices over time based on supply and demand in the labor and goods markets.For example, if output is above its natural rate, then unemployment will be below its natural rate. Strongdemand for goods and labor would then cause wages and prices to rise. In this setting, the IS–LM modelexplains output at a point in time, given the price level, while the specification of price adjustmentexplains how prices change, given past values of output. Such an approach will be successful only ifwe can adequately capture the complexities of price and wage adjustment by simple, ad hoc price andwage equations. And that, in turn, brings us back to the question of microeconomic underpinnings.The search for solid microeconomic foundations for the IS–LM model has been going on since the early days of Keynesian economics. Researchers in the 1950s and 1960s provided microeconomicjustification for the consumption function, the investment function, and the money demand functionthat are used in the IS–LM model. (Much of this work is explained in Part V of the textbook.) Morerecently, researchers have analyzed how firms set prices and wages and have thus developed muchbetter microfoundations for wage and price stickiness (see Chapter 14 of the textbook). As this workprogressed, however, it became evident that expectations have a critical influence on the economy: anindividual’s decision on how much to consume and how much to save depends on what he expects hisfuture income to be; a firm’s investment decisions depend on expectations of future sales. Likewise,the price- and wage-setting decisions of firms and workers depend on expectations of future inflationand other variables.Because the IS–LM model is static, anticipations of future events cannot be handled endogenously.Rather, the IS–LM model treats shifts in expectations as exogenous. If firms anticipate strong demandand so increase investment, or if rising consumer confidence leads to increased consumption, thisshows up in the IS–LM model as an exogenous outward shift of the IS curve. If expected inflationincreases, the nominal interest rate will be higher for any given value of the real rate and money demandwill fall. This shows up in the IS–LM model as an exogenous outward shift of the LM curve.2 The problem is that expectations might themselves be affected by changes in other exogenous variables. Suppose that the money supply is increased. The basic IS–LM model predicts that the LMcurve will shift out, leading to higher output and lower interest rates. But firms and consumers mighttake the change in the money supply as a signal that the Fed has adopted a more expansionary monetarypolicy. Anticipations of higher demand and higher income might then increase investment andconsumption, shifting the IS curve out and conceivably causing real interest rates to rise. Anticipations1 R. King, “Will the New Keynesian Macroeconomists Resurrect the IS–LM Model?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (Winter 1993): 67–82.2 This assumes that the IS–LM diagram is drawn with the real interest rate on the axis; otherwise, it is the IS curve that shifts.267。

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第三册）课文翻译及课后习题答案

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第三册）答案1~8Unit 1 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. curious 2. affects 3. emergency 4. locked 5. Relatively 6. complaining 7. protested 8. react 9. mood 10. unique 11. consciousness 12. surgery 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. the bottom line 2. thanks to 3. reflect on 4. had lost touch 5. went through 6. followed around 7. looking on 8. woke up 9. take action 10. after all 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Each time my brother complained about the difficulty of his work, I asked him to look on the bright side. 2. The police reacted immediately when report came that two kids had been held up at gunpoint in a nearby building. 3. When I pointed out the mistakes in her calculation, instead of correcting them as soon as possible, Mary protested that it was not her fault. 4. Tom was curious about the joke I told my colleagues, but he didn’t get it.5. Thanks to his positive attitude, Jack took action and saved his own life before he lost consciousness in the emergency room. 6. When I reflect on what I have achieved in the past, I have to say that success comes from hard work. That’s the bottom line.Unit 2 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 7. 1. intense 2. concept 3. committed 4. deserve 5. selfish 6. compromise matters 8. opponent 9. influence 10. effort 11. shortcuts 12. evidence 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. work at 2. According to 3. run through 4. in sight 5. live with 6. a variety of 7. When it comes to 8. live up to 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Take Michael Jordan, it’s easy for people to see his achievements while neglect the price of blood and sweat that he has paid on the court in order to come out on top. 2. Right in the first English class, our teacher conveyed a clear message to us: as the basic building blocks of the language, new words must be memorized; any other shortcut is fool’s gold.3. Thousands of Chinese laborers contributed greatly to the construction of e a America’s first transcontinental railroad, and their intense efforts deservpage in American history. 4. When it comes to training, the coach has no problem living with all sorts of complaints of the players but he never compromises with any of them. 5. Traditional ethics seem especially important in some situations where the margin between right and wrong is as thin as an eggshell. 6. As competition intensifies, our opponents and we are all working hard to live up to higher service standards. Unit 3 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. withdraw 2. opposite 3. consult 4. seeking 5. chief 6. frustrated 7. gather 8. suggestions 9. numerous 10. crucial 11. approval 12. yield 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. give up on 2. kicked out 3. at the end of my rope 4. count!-out 5. provide!-wit 6. that is 7. on the brink of 8. moved forward 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. The health report stresses the importance of fresh fruit and vegetables in our diet. 2. I spent a whole week gathering the courage to say no to their request. 3. These journeys made him realize to the fullest extent that many of the world’s species were on the brink of extinction. ught before doctors carry out 4. Approval of the patient’s family should be sosuch operations. 5. Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery. 6. We gave up on the missing mountain climber after he had been missing for two weeks. Unit 4 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. mankind 2. determination 3. burden 4. define 5. financial 6. resources 7. research 8. cure 9. evil 10. hardship 11. suicide 12. suffered 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. e 4. couldn’t help but 1. broke down 2. took!-for granted 3. look!-in the eyrespect 5. crying over 6. no doubt 7. dressing up 8. slipped into 9. Translate the following sentences into English. e couldn’t help but cry over his death.1. He was no doubt a great hero so peopl2. The actor used his celebrity status to fund research that might someday yield a cure for AIDS. 3. The disabled man once considered suicide to relieve his family of the heavy burden. 4. Children dress up as Super man to capture adults’ attention.5. It wasn’t until I matured that I realized I shouldn’t be afraid to look adversity and hardship in the eye. 6. He could have easily stayed at home, for he had plenty of financial resources to keep him from worrying about medical bills. . Unit 5 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. discharged 2. anger 3. latter 4. relationship 5. engaged 6. backgrounds 7. miserable 8. invitation 9. match 10. folded 11. overseas 12. propose 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. broke down 2. from time to time 3. From the very beginning 4. knocked down 5. agreed to 6. talk!-round 7. due to 8. give in 9. in silence 10. go abroad 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. I just received a email in which Jessica expressed her regret of ending the relationship with her beloved boyfriend. 2. She broke down at the loss of her family, and the impact of this miserable incident remained for the rest of her life. 3. Both my parents object to my going abroad to further my studies. I wonder if I should give in or try to talk them round. 4. Edgar was not good with words, so whenever Jessica vented her anger on him, he only endured it in silence. 5. The cheerful background music matches his mood very well, for he’s just got engaged to his beloved girlfriend. 6. From time to time the system would utter a piercing noise indicating its inability to run properly. Unit 6 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. rejected 2. properly 3. judgment 4. employer 5. lack 6. feedback 7. qualified 8. suitable 9. candidate 10. confident 11. potential 12. punctual 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. cope with 2. miss out 3. applied for 4. keep!-in mind 5. for a bit 6. reflecting 10. To our amazement on 7. fill out 8. get back 9. a variety of 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Sometimes even if you are totally qualified for the job, you may still be rejected. 2. You should learn to cope with difficult situation. And even more important, don’t look to others for help. 3. To my shock/amazement, he was not only involved in a variety of extracurricular activities but also had applied for a part-time job. 4. Keep in mind that one more failure is one step closer to success. b 5. Don’t dwell on the reasons that are out of your control, because this jo doesn’t entirely suit you and your chances are slim. 6. Although you may not always like to hear negative feedback, whatever you do, don’t burn your bridges. Unit 7 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. tuition 2. anxiety 3. horrors 4. switched 5. quarter 6. steady 7. roughly 8. prospects 9. disorder 10. represent 11. apparent 12. population 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. were booked up 2. not getting anywhere 3. ups and downs 4. burst out 5. get along with 6. broke up with 7. in advance 8. had no choice 9. In spite of 10. take your own life 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. The students who seek psychological counseling represent only the tip of the iceberg. Most students endure the stress in silence. 2. The horror movie overwhelmed him so much that he began to suffer from a sleeping disorder, even insomnia. 3. Lisa had always been a straight-A student until her junior year, when she had to hold down two part-time jobs to pay her tuition. 4. In spite of the result of the aptitude test, John decided to switch his major from accounting to psychology. 5. He would rather remain a sales clerk, apparently because he prefers a steady life to a life full of ups and downs. 6. The computer has broken down on more than one occasion. Isn’t that enough for professional help? Unit 8 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. chemical 2. soil 3. disturb 4. mixture 5. substance 6. ruin 7. consumers 8. stable 9. pollution 10. supplies 11. decay 12. main 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. leaked out 2. due to 3. are known as 4. depend on 5. giving off 6. make up 7. live on 8. have used up 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. With the construction of the nuclear power plant, this city now doesn’t have to worry about its own electricity supply. Instead, it can supply electricity to other cities nearby. 2. These vegetables do not decay when kept at a relatively stable low temperature. 3. This city is known as the financial center of the country. The development of its economy depends heavily on banking and foreign trade. 4. This plant only lives on the top of certain high mountains and gives off a very sweet smell in spring. 5. The main cause of this area’s water pollution i the chemical substance that leaks out of a paper mill by the river bank. 6. This kind of litter is made up of a mixture of chemical waste. It has poisoned the soil, ruining it completely. 。

人文英语4 单元自测七

单元自测七一．选择填空1、— So sorry to trouble you.—It's a pleasure .2、— Would you like a tea?— Yes, please.3、There's lots of fruit on__ the tree. Our little cat is also in the tree.4、The film brought the hours back to me __when_ I was taken good care of in that remote village.5、Have you ever visited the Summer Palace, _where_ there are many beautiful halls, ridges and a huge lake?6、— What does your English teacher look like?—She looks much like her mother7、— May I speak to Prof . Li please?— I'm afraid you've got the wrong number.8、How can he _hear___ if he is not __listening_?9、It is not until you have lost your health __that you know its value.10、--Did the medicine make you feel better?--No. The more __medicine I take_, __ the worse_ I feel.11、— Here you are, Sir.—— _Thank you very much12、The computer system _broke down_suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.13、It's high time that he settled down in the country and ___started_a new life.14、Two days is not enough for him to finish the work. He needs _a third day.15、The red flower goes from one to another_ in the class.二、阅读理解选择题Imagine a school that expected its students to become literate(有读写能力的) without any formal instruction. Most parents would be alarmed by such an approach, which would leave their children confused and with gaps in their understanding. This however has been the philosophy on character development in many of our schools. Why is the development of character seen as somehow different from the other skills that we teach?Of course there will always be learning by osmosis(耳濡目染)in any school, but as a teacher and primary school head I have found that a child's moral literacy is strengthened when they acquire the building blocks ofgood character such as consideration, courage and honor: qualities which are commonly known as virtue(美德).I personally find that exploring a virtue over a two-week period provides a simple and effective program that allows for the creative input of both teacher and student and a chance for the virtue to embed(使融入)itself. Once a lesson on a virtue such as honesty has been completed we need to allow time for children to practice this concept just as would be the case with fractions or verbs. Allowing children to role play a situation such as making up excuses to cover a mistake can be enormously interesting, and the drama can be frozen allowing the characters to be questioned about their feelings and motives. It's also a safe way for children to experience for themselves how a lie usually goes out of control.Our role as educators is also to look for opportunities to help our students as they attempt to strengthen their characters. When something goes wrong we guide the young person to the virtue that will prevent it from happening again. For instance, when am student thoughtlessly disturbs the calm atmosphere of the library, instead of a response such as, "that was really disrespectful and selfish of you!" we draw out from them the required virtue: "When you're walking through the library, what virtues do you need to use?"1.Which of the following is the main idea of this passage?（ The author and his staff embed virtues into lessons and school life to encourage character development in children.）2.We can infer from the first paragraph that （the approach to character education is generally considered different from the approaches to other skills）3.The word "philosophy" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to （viewpoint）4.The author is a （teacher ）5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way to build character in children?（ Story readings and discussions）参考答案： BCCAARespondent: Binhai People's HospitalAddress: No 7, Binhai Road, Binhai CityThe following answer is given to Zhang Hua's claim for personal-injury compensation by the Binhai People's Hospital:1. The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with Zhang Hua. Zhang Hua had an oral contract to remove the high-voltage metercabinet with Binhai No. 2 Construction Installation Company on June 10, 2008. He was assigned by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent.2. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua for the following reasons. Firstly, according to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations, Binhai No.2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for any injury employees suffered in the contract performance. Secondly, Zhang Hua seriously violated the operational procedure in removing thehigh-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto.3. The respondent shall not be responsible for compensating the injuries of Zhang Hua. According to the General Principles of the Civil Law, any person engaged in highly dangerous operations shall be responsible for compensation. In this case, the respondent entered into a contract with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company, whereby the source of high danger shifted to Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation, and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company have no connection with the respondent.Therefore, Binhai People's Hospital is not liable for compensating Zhang Hua. We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiff's action according to law.To：Binhai City Intermediate People's CourtRespondent: Binhai People's CourtDate: May 10th, 20111.According to the plaintiff，（ Binhai People's Hospital）should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua.2. Zhang Hua had an oral contract with （Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company ）3.The respondent stated （ 3）reasons to reject Zhang Hua's claim.4. Zhang Hua himself（should） bear some responsibilities.5.（General Principles of the Civil Law） was quoted by the respondent.正误判断To: Guangzhou People's CourtPlaintiff: Handcup MarketingDomicile: No. 33, 4th Road, New YorkLegal Representative: Qingguo SuPosition: Manager of Handcup MarketingDefendant: South China CorporationDomicile: No. 21 South Binjiang Road, GuangzhouLegal Representative: Bai MeiPosition: Manager of the South China CorporationCLAIMS:1. To order the Defendant to pay to the Plaintiff 18,000,000 RMB, including 15,000,000 RMB for the dispatched products and 3,000,000 RMB for the interest.2. To order the Defendant to pay for the court fees.FACTS AND REASONS：The defendant is the plaintiff's distributor in Southern China. From September 2010 to October 2011, the plaintiff issued all kinds of products worth 15,000,000 RMB to the defendant.（see Exhibit I）Each of the said transactions was signed and received by the defendant (see Exhibit II). Although the plaintiff had repeatedly requested, the defendant failed to pay the debt on time.The indebtedness arising out of the transactions between the plaintiff and the defendant shall be under the legal power of Chinese laws. The defendant refused to accept mediation. The plaintiff is now facing huge economic losses (see Exhibit III). Therefore, in accordance with relevant Chinese laws and regulations, the defendant should bear corresponding civil responsibility.According to Articles 106 and 112 in the PRC General Civil Law, Article 108 in the PRC Civil Procedural Law and other related laws and regulations, the plaintiff hereby files this case with the court for your adjudication.Plaintiff：Handcup MarketingDate：May 14th, 2012ATTACHMENTS：1. One copy of the plaintiff's business license；2. One copy of the original Certificate of the Legal Representative；3. One copy of the original Power of Attorney；4. Exhibit I: Invoices for each transaction；5. Exhibit II: Receipts for each transaction；6. Exhibit III: List of losses.1.Handcup Marketing is suing South China Corporation of not paying for the transactions.（T）2.Qingguo Su is a lawyer （F）3.The plaintiff has got well prepared before filing the lawsuit （T）4.The plaintiff didn't know which laws and regulations should be applied in this case. （F）5. The defendant owed the plaintiff RMB 15,000,000 for the dispatched products （T）。

antconc用法

antconc用法一、AntConc基本用法AntConc是一款超棒的语料库分析工具呢！它的界面简洁明了。

你打开AntConc之后，首先要做的就是加载语料库。

这就好比你要打开一个装满各种宝贝（文本数据）的大箱子。

可以加载纯文本文件，格式得是.txt的哦。

比如说，你要是研究某本小说的用词特点，就把这本小说转成.txt格式然后加载进去。

在查询功能方面，它很强大。

你可以直接输入一个单词或者短语进行搜索。

就像你在一个大仓库里找特定的货物一样。

例如，你输入“love”这个单词，它就能快速地在整个语料库中把包含“love”的所有句子都找出来。

而且它还能显示这个单词在语料库中的频率分布呢，这就像是知道这个“货物”在仓库各个角落的数量一样。

它还有一个很实用的功能是生成词表。

你点击一下相应的按钮，它就像一个超级管家一样，把语料库中的所有单词按照一定的顺序（比如频率高低）给你列出来。

这有助于你快速了解这个语料库中的主要词汇构成。

二、AntConc中的固定搭配分析用法AntConc对于分析固定搭配那是相当拿手的。

你可以使用它的“N - grams”功能。

比如说，你想研究英语中的双词搭配（bigrams），就像“hot dog”这种常见的固定搭配。

你设置好参数为2（表示两个单词一组），然后它就会在语料库中搜索所有这样的双词组合。

这就如同在一群小伙伴中找那些总是手拉手一起出现的组合一样有趣。

还有哦，对于多词固定搭配也没问题。

假设你想找像“in the end”这种三个单词的固定搭配，你把参数设为3，它就能把语料库中所有这种三词组合给你揪出来。

这就像是在一个复杂的拼图中找到特定的几块总是连在一起的小块。

三、双语例句（英语 - 汉语）1. “I used AntConc to analyze the fr equency of the word'happiness' in this English novel. It was like having a magic key to unlock the secrets of the author's use of this important concept.（我使用AntConc来分析这个英语小说里‘happiness（幸福）’这个词的频率。

英语作文金字塔

英语作文金字塔The English essay pyramid is a metaphorical structure that represents the building blocks of a well-crafted essay. Here are the key elements that make up this pyramid:1. Introduction: This is the base of the pyramid, where you introduce your topic and grab the reader's attention. It sets the stage for the rest of your essay.2. Body Paragraphs: These are the bulk of the pyramid and consist of several paragraphs, each focusing on a single main idea that supports your thesis statement. Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence, supporting details, and a transition to the next paragraph.3. Evidence: Within the body paragraphs, evidence is crucial. This can be in the form of facts, statistics, examples, or quotes that back up your claims.4. Analysis: Along with evidence, your analysis is what elevates your essay. It's not enough to just present facts; you must explain their significance and how they support your argument.5. Counterarguments: A strong essay acknowledges potential counterarguments and addresses them, showing a balanced view and strengthening your own position.6. Conclusion: The top of the pyramid is the conclusion, where you summarize your main points and restate your thesis. It should leave the reader with a clear understanding of your argument and its importance.7. Cohesion and Coherence: Throughout the essay, the ideas must flow logically from one to the next. This is the invisible mortar that holds the pyramid together.8. Grammar and Syntax: The structure of the pyramid is only as strong as its construction. Proper grammar and syntax are essential for clarity and credibility.9. Vocabulary: The choice of words can greatly affect the impression your essay makes. A rich vocabulary allows for more precise and powerful expression.10. Style and Tone: The way you write can influence how your essay is perceived. A consistent style and appropriate tone are important for maintaining reader engagement.By focusing on these elements, students can construct a robust English essay that not only meets academic standards but also effectively communicates their ideas and arguments.。

没有规矩不成方圆英语作文

Rules as the Foundation of SocietyIn the ancient Chinese proverb, "Without rules, there can be no squares or circles," lies a profound truth about the essential nature of society and order. This adage encapsulates the idea that rules and regulations are the fundamental building blocks of a well-functioning society. They provide structure, guidance, and boundaries that allow individuals to coexist peacefully and pursue their goals within a framework of mutual respect and understanding.The significance of rules extends far beyond the mere maintenance of order. They are the invisible hand that guides society towards progress and development. Without rules, chaos and confusion would reign supreme, stalling any chances of growth and advancement. Rules ensurefairness and equality, preventing the exploitation of weaker members of society and ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed.In the realm of education, rules play a pivotal role in shaping the minds of the future generation. They instill discipline and teach students the importance of following directions and adhering to deadlines. This discipline, inturn, helps students develop the necessary skills to excelin their academic and professional careers. The structure provided by rules also encourages creativity and innovation, as students are free to explore and experiment within the boundaries set by the rules.The workplace is another arena where the importance of rules cannot be overstated. Rules and regulations ensure safety and productivity, protecting employees from harm and ensuring that work is completed efficiently and effectively. They also foster a culture of professionalism and respect, ensuring that everyone is treated fairly and with dignity.In the larger context of society, rules are the gluethat binds people together, creating a sense of community and belonging. They instill a sense of responsibility and accountability, encouraging individuals to act in the best interests of the collective rather than selfishly pursue their own goals. Rules also provide a framework forresolving conflicts and disputes, ensuring that they are settled in a fair and equitable manner.Moreover, rules act as a bulwark against corruption and abuse. They ensure that power is exercised responsibly andthat those in positions of authority are accountable for their actions. Rules prevent the abuse of power and protect the rights and freedoms of the individuals within society. In conclusion, the proverb "Without rules, there can be no squares or circles" resonates deeply with the fundamental principles of social order and progress. Rules are the invisible threads that hold society together, guiding it towards a future of peace, prosperity, and harmony. They instill discipline, foster creativity, ensure fairness, and protect the rights of all. It is only through the establishment and enforcement of rules that we can hope to build a world that is safe, equitable, and full of potential for all.**规矩：社会之基**古老的中国谚语“没有规矩，不成方圆”深刻地揭示了社会秩序的本质。

关于语法的英语作文120字

关于语法的英语作文120字英文回答：Syntax, the intricate fabric that weaves words into meaningful sentences, plays a crucial role in the communication of ideas and the comprehension of language.It encompasses a comprehensive set of rules and conventions that govern the proper arrangement, sequencing, and relationship of words within a sentence.One of the core aspects of syntax is sentence structure, which defines the fundamental building blocks of a sentence. In English, sentences typically consist of a subject, a verb, and an optional complement. The subject refers to the entity performing the action expressed by the verb, while the complement completes the meaning of the verb byproviding additional information.Another important element of syntax is grammatical categories, which classify words based on their functionwithin a sentence. The most common grammatical categories include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. Each category serves a specific purpose, contributing tothe overall meaning and structure of the sentence.Furthermore, syntax involves the use of grammatical constructions, such as clauses and phrases. Clauses are grammatically complete units that contain a subject and a verb, while phrases do not have a subject-verb relationship. Clauses can be independent or dependent, depending on whether they can stand alone as complete sentences or must be connected to an independent clause.Additionally, syntax encompasses the concept of agreement, which ensures that elements within a sentence match in terms of number, gender, and case. For instance, a singular subject requires a singular verb, and a plural subject requires a plural verb.中文回答：语法，是一门用以将单词编织成富有意义的句子，在交流思想和理解语言方面具有至关重要作用的复杂学科。

家庭结构的英文作文

家庭结构的英文作文Family Structure: The Building Blocks of Society The structure of the family unit has evolved significantly over time, but its importance remains constant. Whether nuclear, extended, blended or single-parent, the family provides the foundation upon which individuals grow and societies are built.In traditional nuclear families, children benefit from the stability of having two parents who offer love, guidance and support. The close-knit bonds foster a sense of belonging and security. Extended families, often including grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins, create an even wider network of support and connection.However, families today come in many forms. Blended families, combining children from previous relationships, have become increasingly common. While navigating new dynamics can be challenging, these families also have the opportunity to expand their love and learn from their differences.Single-parent households, though faced with unique struggles, demonstrate resilience and strength.Regardless of structure, the key elements of a strong family remain the same: unconditional love, open communication, shared values and mutual respect. When these qualities are present, children develop the self-esteem and life skills needed to thrive.Beyond the home, family structure plays a crucial role in shaping society.Stable families create stable communities. They pass down traditions, foster civic engagement and model important interpersonal skills. Healthy families, in all their diverse forms, are the building blocks of a healthy society.In an ever-changing world, the family continues to be our most fundamental source of belonging, our first classroom and our constant touchstone. By recognizing and supporting all types of family structures, we invest in a brighter future for generations to come.中文翻译：家庭单位的结构随着时间的推移而显著演变,但其重要性始终不变。

变魔术的英文单词

变魔术的英文单词The art of illusion is a fascinating world where reality bends and the impossible becomes possible. Magic tricks, with their mysterious allure, captivate audiences of all ages.In the realm of magic, the English language is not just a means of communication; it's a tool that can enhance the performance, weaving words into the fabric of the trick to create a spellbinding narrative."Abracadabra" is a word that has become synonymous with magic, its syllables rolling off the tongue with a rhythmic charm that adds to the magician's allure. It's a word that can turn the mundane into the extraordinary.But magic is not just about the grand gestures and the dramatic reveals. It's also about the subtlety of words, the finesse with which a magician can misdirect an audience's attention. A well-chosen phrase can be as powerful as the most elaborate illusion.The vocabulary of magic is rich and varied, filled with words like "levitation," "disappearing act," and "illusionist," each carrying its own weight of wonder and intrigue. These words are the building blocks of the magician's craft, the linguistic sleight of hand that makes the impossible seem possible.In the hands of a skilled magician, even the most ordinary words can take on a life of their own, becoming part of a larger story that plays out on the stage of the imagination. The language of magic is, in itself, a form of enchantment.。

particle physics名词

particle physics名词**Particle Physics 名词解释**：“Particle Physics”意为粒子物理学，是研究构成物质和射线的基本粒子以及它们之间相互作用和转化规律的学科。

**词性**：名词**意思**：专注于探索微观世界中基本粒子的特性、行为和相互关系的科学领域。

**用法**：- “Particle Physics is a fascinating field.”（粒子物理学是一个迷人的领域。

）- “He is dedicated to the study of Particle Physics.”（他致力于粒子物理学的研究。

）**近义词**：Elementary Particle Physics, High Energy Physics**双语例句**：1. Have you ever wondered how particle physics explains the mysteriesof the universe? （你有没有想过粒子物理学是如何解释宇宙的奥秘的？）2. My friend and I had a heated debate about the latest discoveries in particle physics. （我和我的朋友就粒子物理学的最新发现进行了激烈的辩论。

）3. Isn't it astonishing that particle physics can reveal the fundamental building blocks of matter? （粒子物理学能够揭示物质的基本组成部分，这难道不令人惊讶吗？）4. The professor's lecture on particle physics blew my mind! （教授关于粒子物理学的讲座让我大开眼界！）5. If we could understand particle physics completely, would we unlock all the secrets of nature? （如果我们能完全理解粒子物理学，我们是否能解开大自然的所有秘密？）6. My sister, who is a physicist, is deeply immersed in the world of particle physics. （我的姐姐是一位物理学家，她深深地沉浸在粒子物理学的世界里。

关于学汉语的建议信英语作文80词

关于学汉语的建议信英语作文80词Embrace the Journey: A Comprehensive Guide to Mastering the Intricacies of Mandarin.Embarking on the path to Mandarin proficiency can be an enriching and transformative experience. However, it is not without its challenges. As you navigate the complexities of tones, characters, and grammar, it is essential to equip yourself with the right tools and strategies.1. Immerse Yourself in the Language:Immersion is key to language acquisition. Surround yourself with native speakers, watch Mandarin films, listen to music, and read articles and books. The more you expose yourself to the language, the easier it will become to absorb its nuances.2. Master the Basics:Begin with a solid foundation in Pinyin, the romanization system for Mandarin. This will help you with pronunciation and word recognition. Gradually move on to learning characters, which form the building blocks of the language.3. Focus on Tones:Mandarin is a tonal language, meaning that the pitch of your voice can change the meaning of a word. Practice distinguishing between the four tones by listening to native speakers and using tone drills.4. Practice Regularly:Consistency is crucial. Set aside dedicated time each day for Mandarin practice. Find a study partner, join language exchange groups, or hire a tutor to improve your fluency.5. Embrace Mistakes:Mistakes are inevitable, especially when learning a new language. Don't get discouraged by them; instead, view them as opportunities for growth. Ask questions, correct your errors, and continue practicing.6. Find Motivation:Set clear goals and stay focused on why you want to learn Mandarin. Whether it's for travel, business, or personal fulfillment, having a strong motivation will keep you going when challenges arise.7. Use Technology to Enhance Learning:Take advantage of language learning apps, online dictionaries, and grammar resources. These tools can provide immediate feedback, expand your vocabulary, and reinforce concepts.8. Immerse Yourself in Culture:Mandarin is inextricably linked to Chinese culture.Explore Chinese history, literature, art, and music to gain a deeper understanding of the language and its context.9. Seek Support:Join online forums, connect with other learners, orfind a mentor who can provide guidance and encouragement. Surrounding yourself with a supportive community can boost your confidence and motivation.10. Enjoy the Journey:Learning Mandarin should be an enjoyable experience. Don't rush the process; take your time to savor the intricacies of the language and celebrate your progress along the way. Remember, fluency is a marathon, not a sprint. Embrace the challenge and relish the rewards that come with unlocking the wonders of Mandarin.。

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Modeling the Building Blocks of a 10%Efﬁcient Segmented Thermoelectric Power GeneratorD.T.CRANE,1,2D.KOSSAKOVSKI,1and L.E.BELL 11.—BSST LLC,5462Irwindale Avenue,Irwindale,CA 91706,USA.2.—e-mail:dcrane@This paper describes the development of a modeling tool used for design and analysis of the building blocks of thermoelectric generators (TEGs).The described model captures the performance of a thermoelectric couple at varying loads and temperatures.The model includes the effects of interfacial resistances and other thermal losses.Validation experiments have been con-ducted,and the results are discussed.Once validated,the model was then used to design a 10%efﬁcient segmented TEG,which was then built and tested.With this effective design tool along with improving thermoelectric material performance,a 14%efﬁcient TEG is within reach.Key words:Thermoelectric,power generation,modeling,optimization,segmented elements,high efﬁciencyINTRODUCTIONWith the recent paper from Heremans et al.1showing a new class of enhanced thermoelectric (TE)material,the potential for making higher-efﬁciency thermoelectric generators (TEG)has skyrocketed.Other studies from the last 10years 2,3have also shown the promise and potential of ther-moelectric technology.In addition,Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)has had considerable success in developing material segmentation concepts.4To make the most of these new materials and material segmentation concepts,effective modeling must be used.Snyder 5deﬁned equations with a reduced-variable approach that effectively enable analysis and design of a single-or multimaterial element.This method provides a more accurate prediction of performance than an approach using the standard TE equations deﬁned in books such as Angrist,6which uses average material properties over the temperature difference across the TE element.Snyder Õs method breaks down the temperature difference across a thermoelectric element into smaller temperature steps and evaluates the prop-erties of the material at each step.The compatibilityand self-compatibility of the materials are also accounted for as well as interfacial resistances.Crane and Bell 7introduced how these equations and algorithms have been manipulated initially.The current paper further describes a TEG model that can be used to effectively simulate single-,double-,and triple-stage segmented elements.Validation studies will be presented,culminating in the use of the validated model to effectively design,build,and test a 10%efﬁcient TEG.SINGLE-ELEMENT ANALYSISTo start the validation process of the TEG model,a well-deﬁned,single-segment leg construction was evaluated.Figure 1shows a Bi 2Te 3subassembly or engine made up of three p -and n -TE couples and 12total elements.Figure 2shows the individual per-formance of one of these TEG engines.Voltage and power are shown as a function of current at hot-side temperatures of 100°C,150°C,and 190°C.The cold-side water-bath temperature was 20°C.Simulated data,also reﬂected in the graphs,differs from measured data by <5%for each hot-side tempera-ture over a current range of 0A˚to 20A ˚.The ﬁtting factor used in these simulations was the electrical interfacial resistance.The calculated electrical interfacial resistance for this particular TEG engine was 5.5l X cm 2.This estimated electrical interfacial(Received August 1,2008;accepted January 14,2009;published online February 4,2009)Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS,Vol.38,No.7,2009Special Issue PaperDOI:10.1007/s11664-009-0673-y Ó2009TMS1382resistance can be compared with those described in the literature.8Electrical interfacial resistances <10l X cm 2are considered to be reasonable.Thermal interfacial resistance is considered to be proportional to the electrical interfacial resistance,related by the Wiedemann–Franz law.TWO-STAGE SEGMENTED ELEMENTVALIDATION Figure 3shows an example of a two-stage seg-mented element couple made of 2-mm-thick TAGS [(AgSbTe 2)(1Àx)(GeTe)x ]/PbTe and 0.6-mm-thick Bi 2Te 3.The segmented elements were made by soldering the two segments together.In the ﬁgure,the segmented elements are soldered to a gold-plated copper car-tridge-heater housing (cartridge heater not shown).This heater housing also functions as the hot-side connector for the TE.The two wires coming out of the heater housing on the right side of the ﬁgure are a thermocouple and voltage lead.There are two more copper connectors (not shown)that sandwich the TEs against the heater housing and serve as the cold side of the couple.Each of these connectors has a ther-mocouple and voltage lead as well.This couple has been a reliable development tool.It has not been optimized for weight or volume.A similar couple was tested,with the results shown in Figs.4–6.The only differences in this couple were that the Bi 2Te 3segments were 1.0mm thick instead of 0.6mm and there were six instead of four elements per side.The ﬁgures presentcoupleFig.1.TEG engine.voltage versus current analysis for TEG engine,validating computermodel.Fig.3.Two-stage segmented element couple made of TAGS/PbTe and Bi 2Te 3.Modeling the Building Blocks of a 10%Efﬁcient Segmented Thermoelectric Power Generator 1383performance at peak efﬁciency for measured and simulated data.The tests were conducted in vac-uum.Power outputs can be derived for each side of the couple (p and n )using the voltage measure-ments at each connector and the current measure-ment through separate current-carrying wires.Heat input is measured as the electricity used to power the cartridge heater.This amounts to the total heat used,including all losses.The calculated efﬁciency from these power and heat measurements is the net efﬁciency of the couple reported here.The tests for the ﬁrst column in the graphs were conducted with a 50%/50%ethylene glycol/water bath temperature of 20°C while the second column had a bath temperature of 0°C.Since the tem-peratures were directly measured in the copper connectors,the only ﬁtting factors were the p -andn -side electrical interfacial resistances.For both sets of conditions,efﬁciencies greater than 9%were achieved through direct measurement and simulated to <1%error.The calculated electrical interfacial resistance for the p -side was 8.0l X cm 2when the bath temperature was 20°C and 11.0l X cm 2when the bath temperature was 0°C.The calculated elec-trical interfacial resistance for the n -side was 1.8l X cm 2when the bath temperature was 20°C and 2.1l X cm 2when the bath temperature was 0°C.These estimated electrical interfacial resistances can be compared with those described in the literature.8The model also attempts to account for losses due to the measurement wires as well as other heat losses due to conduction,convection,and radiation.The wire losses are accounted for by determining the length of the wire from the hot source to where it is ﬁxed to the cold side for strain relief.The cross-sectional area of the wire can be calculated and,with the thermal conductivity of the wire material along with the measured temperatures of the hot and cold connectors,the losses can be computed.The wires included in this setup included one heater wire,one thermocouple wire,and one voltage lead wire.Subtracting these computed losses increases the efﬁciencies from 9.07%to 9.93%for the bath of 20°C condition and from 9.40%to 10.29%for the bath of 0°C condition.With these tests being conducted in vacuum,the convective losses were effectively zero.However,the radiation losses with such a high hot-side temper-ature (500°C)were signiﬁcant.If all losses were subtracted,the efﬁciency for the bath of 20°C con-dition would go to 11.8%and the efﬁciency for the bath of 0°C condition would go to 12.3%.This assumes an average exposed surface emissivity of 0.75.The emissivity value was another ﬁtting factor used to match the heat input values measured going into the heater compared with those calculated togoparison of p -side power output for measured and simu-lated data for a two-stage segmented elementcouple.parison of n -side power output for measured and simu-lated data for a two-stage segmented elementcouple.parison of total efﬁciency for measured and simulated data for a two-stage segmented element couple.Crane,Kossakovski,and Bell1384through the TE material itself.This emissivity value is comparable to values found in the literature for oxidized unpolished surfaces (surfaces oxidized during the soldering process prior to operating the device in vacuum).9USING THE VALIDATED MODELAS AN EFFECTIVE TOOLBy achieving relative errors of <5%for single-material elements as well as two-stage segmented elements,the model can be considered to be rea-sonably validated.More testing over a broader range of design conditions would be needed to increase conﬁdence in the model.The model was then used as a design tool to better understand the effects of certain parameters such as electrical interfacial resistance and exposed surface emissiv-ity.Figure 7shows simulated efﬁciencies as a function of electrical interfacial resistance and cur-rent for a Bi 2Te 3couple with a hot-side temperature of 200°C and a cold-side temperature of 20°C and a TAGS/PbTe couple with a hot-side temperature of 500°C and a cold-side temperature of 20°C.The temperature differences were considered to be across the interfaces and the materials.These efﬁ-ciencies were calculated assuming no other heat losses.An order of magnitude change in electrical interfacial resistance for the TAGS/PbTe couple changes the peak efﬁciency from 11.25%to 9.60%,a relative change of 15%.An order of magnitude change in electrical interfacial resistance for the Bi 2Te 3couple changes the peak efﬁciency from 6.75%to 5.40%,a relative change of 20%.The detrimental effects of increasing electrical interfacial resistance are not linear and can obviously be quite severe.MAKING A 10%EFFICIENT GENERATOR Using the validated model and the information learned from the previous experiments and analy-ses,a design target of a 10%efﬁcient generator was established.Analysis showed that 0.6-mm-thick Bi 2Te 3segments would provide higher efﬁciencies than the 1.0-mm-thick segments used previously with the 2.0-mm-thick (available size)TAGS and PbTe segments.In addition,due to the compatibility mismatch between the p -and n -sides of the couple,a larger cross-sectional area on the n -side compared with the p -side also yields higher efﬁciencies.Thus,the p -side of the couple was designed to use four 3.0mm 93.0mm segmented elements while the n -side would use six.To reduce the amount of heat loss,high-temperature insulating felt was used.Unfortunately,a vacuum chamber was not avail-able at the time of the tests to further reduce con-vective losses.Wire losses were reduced by eliminating the voltage lead wire from the hot con-nector.This prevented the measurement of separate voltages for the p -and n -sides.Thus,only a total power output could be measured.Figure 8shows the test results for the designed 10%efﬁcient couple.As can be seen from the graph,limited repeatability was achieved and net efﬁcien-cies >10%were measured for temperature differ-ences >500°C.A picture of the TEG tested can also be seen in Fig.8.The two external copper wires were not attached during testing.CONCLUSIONSA model for a TEG building block has been developed from previous work.This modelwasFig.7.Simulated efﬁciency of a Bi 2Te 3couple and a TAGS/PbTe couple with different electrical interfacial resistances.Modeling the Building Blocks of a 10%Efﬁcient Segmented Thermoelectric Power Generator 1385validated through tests of single-material elements and two-stage segmented elements,where relative errors were shown to be <5%for a range of hot-and cold-side temperatures and varying electrical loads for power output and efﬁciency.The ﬁtting factor for power output is the electrical interfacial resistance.Calculated values for this parameter are in line with those described in the literature.Similarly,the ﬁtting factor for heat loss is the average emissivity of the exposed surfaces.This calculated value also matches those in the literature.Using the validated model,multiparameter opti-mization algorithms were used to effectively design a 10%efﬁcient TEG.This TEG building block was then built and tested with net efﬁciencies exceeding 10%at temperature differences >500°C.The model has been shown to be an effective tool in designing effective TEGs.Design areas that can still be improved have been exposed when the model is used with multiparameter optimization algo-rithms and in parametric analyses.Areas that can still be improved include interfacial resistance,conductive and radiative heat loss,and TE material compatibility.If these areas can be improved along with effective use of the model with multiparameter optimization algorithms and the promise of new materials with high ﬁgure of merit,a pathway to a 14%generator is within reach.Next steps include the continued testing of different materials and material combinations to further validate the model,including testing a three-stage segmented couple and using the model to design a TEG with net efﬁciencies of at least 14%.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank John Fairbanks and the US Department of Energy Freedom Car Ofﬁce and Mihal Gross of the US Ofﬁce of Naval Research for their support and funding for much of the work relating to this paper;Aaron Yocum from DOE NETL for project management;Jeff Sharp from Marlow Industries for supplying material and providing signiﬁcant material-related support;Jeff Snyder from Caltech for consultation on mod-eling and segmentation technology;and Maggie Compton for document preparation.REFERENCES1.J.P.Heremans,V.Jovovic, E.S.Toberer, A.Saramat,K.Kurosaki, A.Charoenphakdee,S.Yamanaka,and G.J.Snyder,Science 321,554(2008).doi:10.1126/science.1159725.2.K.F.Hsu,S.Loo,F.Guo,W.Chen,J.S.Dyck,C.Uher,T.Hogan,E.K.Polychroniadis,and M.G.Kanatzidis,Science 303,818(2004).doi:10.1126/science.1092963.3.T.C.Harman,P.J.Taylor,M.P.Walsh,and Forge,Science 297,2229(2002).doi:10.1126/science.1072886.4.T.Caillat,J.P.Fleurial,G.J.Snyder,and A.Borshchevsky,20th International Conference on Thermoelectrics (Beijing,China:IEEE,2001).5.G.J.Snyder,Thermoelectrics Handbook Macro To Nano ,ed.D.M.Rowe (Boca Raton,FL:CRC Press,2006),pp.9-1–9-26.6.S.W.Angrist,Direct Energy Conversion ,4th ed.(Boston:Allyn and Bacon,Inc.,1982).7. D.T.Crane and L.E.Bell,25th International Conference onThermoelectrics (Vienna,Austria:IEEE,2006).8.G.S.Nolas,J.Sharp,and H.J.Goldsmid,Thermoelec-trics—Basic Principles and New Materials Developments (Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2001).9. F.P.Incropera and D.P.De Witt,Fundamentals of Heat andMass Transfer ,3rd ed.(New York,NY:Wiley,1990).Fig.8.Measured test data for a segmented element couple made of TAGS/PbTe and Bi 2Te 3that achieved 10%net efﬁciency.Crane,Kossakovski,and Bell1386。