ch15 Monopoly

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lubematerch-15链条油的参数

lubematerch-15链条油的参数
Lubematerch-15链条油是一种专门用于摩托车、自行车和机动车
等车辆链条润滑的润滑油。

它具有以下几个参数：
1.高温稳定性：Lubematerch-15链条油采用了高质量的基础油和
添加剂，具有良好的高温稳定性，能够在高温环境下保持润滑效果，
不易挥发或燃烧，有效延长链条的使用寿命。

2.抗磨损性能：该链条油含有特殊的抗磨损添加剂，能够降低链
条与链轮之间的摩擦和磨损，保护链条表面不受磨损和腐蚀，减少链
条的磨损和损坏，延长链条和链轮的使用寿命。

3.良好的附着性：Lubematerch-15链条油具有良好的附着性，能
够有效地粘附在链条表面形成一层保护膜，提供持久而稳定的润滑效果，不易被风沙、灰尘等外界环境影响，保持链条清洁和顺滑。

4.不挥发：该链条油具有不挥发性，不会在使用过程中挥发殆尽，保持润滑效果持久，不会造成链条表面干燥、生锈或其他损坏，降低
链条维护成本。

5.环保性：Lubematerch-15链条油采用环保配方，不含有有害物质，不会对环境造成污染，符合环保标准，使用起来更加安全可靠。

总的来说，Lubematerch-15链条油具有高温稳定性、抗磨损性能、良好的附着性、不挥发和环保性等优点，适合于各种车辆链条的润滑
保养，能够有效延长链条的使用寿命，提高车辆的性能和安全性。

在
使用时，建议按照产品说明书上的规定进行正确的润滑操作，保证链
条能够得到充分的保护和润滑。

--市场失灵--参考答案

第十章市场失灵及其解决对策一、名词解释1．市场失灵 (market failures)是指市场机制不能导致资源有效配置的状况。

2．科斯定理 (coase theorem) 是指只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或者很小，则无论在开始时将财产权赋予谁，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效的。

3．公共物品 (public goods)是指既无排他性又无竞争性的物品。

4(external effects)来某种利益或者危害，而该行为主体又没有为此而得到报酬或进行补偿的现象。

5．垄断 (monopoly)：垄断的定义有狭义和广义之分。

狭义意义上的垄断指一家厂商控制一个行业的全部销售量，即只存在惟一卖者的市场结构。

广义意义上的垄断认为垄断是一个或几个厂商控制一个行业的全部或大部分供给的情况。

6．自然垄断 (nature monopoly) ：早期的自然垄断概念与资源条件的集中有关，主要是指由于资源条件的分布集中而无法竞争或不适宜竞争所形成的垄断。

在现代这种情况引起的垄断已不多见。

现在自然垄断则与规模经济紧密相连，指一个企业能以低于两个或者更多的企业的成本为整个市场供给一种物品或者劳务，如果相关产量范围存在规模经济，自然垄断就产生了。

7．非对称信息(asymmetric information)是指市场上的某些参与者拥有，但另一些参与者不拥有的信息。

8．反托拉斯法(antitrust law) 是指针对限制贸易的协议或共谋、垄断或企图垄断市场、兼并、排他性规定、价格歧视、不正当竞争或欺诈行为等所制定的法律。

9．公共管制 (publiccontr01)是指政府对垄断的管制，通常有垄断价格管制和垄断产量管制。

10．逆向选择(inversechoice)是指在买卖双方信息非对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品驱逐出市场的现象。

换句话来说，逆向选择就是拥有信息优势的一方，在交易中总是趋向于作出尽可能地有利于自己而不利于别人的选择的情况。

产业组织理论课件(PPT)

• 但新企业的进入，导致供给右移。 • 由于投入价格不变，企业的AC曲线不变，新均衡在原均衡
价格水平上重新形成。
P
P
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Q
第二十二页，共一百四十一页。
Q
2222
〔2〕本钱递增 (běn qián)
• 当需求增加，初始(chū shǐ)时价格上升。
• 然后，新企业的进入，导致供给曲线右移。 • 但由于投入品价格的上升，新均衡高于初始均衡的
• 在长期，无法采用加总个别企业的供给曲线
• 而获得长期供给曲线。
• 因为，企业在进出产业的过程(guòchéng)中，
• 我们无法确知需要加总
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• 的是哪些企业。 2200
第二十页，共一百四十一页。
假设(jiǎshè)
• 为了分析此问题，我们假设：
• 1、所有企业都可以获得现有的生产技术。
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第四页，共一百四十一页。
6.1-1 Perfect Competition
完全竞争 (wánquán)
• 〔1〕The Characteristic of Perfect Competition
完全(wánquán)竞争市场的特点
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A、
• 虽然最正确产量(chǎnliàng)仍然由MC=MR决定，但价格却并不是相应的MR，而是比MR大的AM。
• 即：取决于P〔=AR〕与MR之间有多大距离，
• 而这又取决于需求曲线的形状。
• 即使是同一产量，当需求曲线不同时，会对 • 应不同的价格；反之也然。
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英语

十年真题阅读词汇：宏观经济类economic system 经济体系planned economy 计划经济marked economy 市场经济market-oriented economy 市场导向型经济market cycle 市场周期market demand 市场需求state-owned business 国有经济industrialization 工业化home market 国内市场red-hot economy 白热化经济prosperous 经济繁荣的globalization 全球化global inflation 全球通货膨胀multinational corporation 跨国公司stock price 股票价格venture investment 风险投资borker 经纪人stakeholder 股东economic puppet 经济傀儡credit card 信用卡monetary policy 货币政策competitive price 竞争价格retail price 零售价commodity price 物价steer the economy to a soft landing 经济软着陆devalue 贬值interest rate 利率capital 资金资本intellectual property 知识产权infrastructure 基础设施treasury 国库财政部patent office 专利局十年真题阅读词汇：微观经济类productivity 生产力production 生产，产品transaction 交易consumption 消费subscribe to 订购commodity 日用品inferior article 劣质商品qualitatively 质量上monopoly 垄断merger 合并，回归consolidation 巩固，合并incorporate 合并downscale 缩减规模centralization 集中，中央集权化professionalization 职业化freight 运费shippper 托运人，发货人premium 保险费dealership 代理权，经销权retailer 零售商surplus 过剩predominance 优势vitality 活力unexploited 为开发的energy-intensive 能源密集型的commercialized 使商业化underfund 对……提供资金不足mountainous debt 负债累累free enterprise 自由企业limited liability company 有限责任公司bureaucratic management 官僚式管理top management 高层管理administration 管理，经营administrator 管理人员shareholder 股东executive director 执行理事entrepreneur 企业家competitor 竞争者consultancy 顾问职业blueprint 蓝图manpower 人力title 头衔，称号part-timer兼职人员temporary worker 临时工self-employment 给自己打工opening 空缺职位negotiate 谈判compensation 赔偿，薪水merge 合并(名词merger)heighten 使提高，加强monopoly 垄断freight 货物，运费substantial 可观的，大量的；实质的，真实的coordinated 协调的(coordinate)bulk (巨大的)体积，大量；(大)块have…by the throat 掐住…的脖子consolidation 巩固，加强(动词consolidate)appeal (to) 申诉，上诉；吸引captive 被俘虏的rate relief 费用减免 discrimination 歧视；区别on the grounds that 基于…理由subscribe 同意，赞成；订购，订阅flourish 繁荣arbiter 裁决人，决定者；仲裁人brightening 光明的surging 急剧上升的(动词surge急剧上升；上涌)内容摘要: “推特情人”被收入词典，同社交网站推特（Twitter）有关，它指的是在推特网上颇受其它用户仰慕的推友。

《高级宏观经济学》教学大纲(硕士研究生)-RonaldoCarpio

《高级宏观经济学》教学大纲（硕士研究生） - RonaldoCarpio《高级微观经济分析》教学大纲(博士研究生)课程代码:(按本专业或方向培养方案填写)课程名称:(按本专业或方向培养方案填写)英文名称:Advanced Microeconomic Analysis课程性质:(按本专业或方向培养方案填写)学分学时:3学分，48学时授课对象:金融学院一年级博士研究生课程简介:Based on Microeconomics I (for master students), the course will discuss thecontemporary development in microeconomics. This course is also designed to develop andextend the students’ analytical and reading skills in modern microeconomics. A student who haspassed the course should be able to read typical articles in the mainline journals, understand theanalytical derivations and arguments commonly used in the literature, and know how to solve themore widely used models.先修课程:Microeconomics for master students选用教材:1、 Mas-Colell, A., M. D. Whinston, and J. Green, Microeconomic Theory. (MWG)2、 Jehle, Geoffrey A. and Philip J. Reny, Advanced Microeconomic Theory. (JR)考核方式与成绩评定:Final Exam %; Midterm Exam %; Class Participation % 主讲教师:Carpio Ronaldo、颜建晔所属院系:金融学院联系方式:******************、*******************答疑时间及地点:求索楼123,Wednesday 13:30-14:30 (Carpio)，Tuesday 15:00-17:00(颜)第一章:Consumer Theory教学目标和要求:Understand the consumer’s problem and consumer demand.教学时数:6学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:calculus教学内容:Preferences, Utility, and Consumer’s Problem第一节:Consumer’s Problem第二节:Indirect Utility, Demand作业与思考题:JR Ch 1.6参考资料:JR Ch 1, Appendix A1, A21第二章: Topics in Consumer Theory教学目标和要求:Understand duality, integrability, and uncertainty.教学时数:6 学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:statistics教学内容:Duality, Integrability, and Uncertainty 第一节:Duality of Consumer’s Problem第二节:Revealed Preferences & Uncertainty 作业与思考题:JR Ch 2.5 参考资料:JR Ch 2第三章: Theory of the Firm教学目标和要求:Understand the firm’s profit maximization problem.教学时数:6 学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:Chapter 1,2教学内容:Production, Cost, Profit Maximization 第一节:Production Functions & Cost第二节:Duality in Production, Competitive Firms 作业与思考题:JR Ch 3.6参考资料:JR Ch 3第四章: Partial Equilibrium教学目标和要求:Understand partial equilibrium markets. 教学时数:3学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:Chapter 3教学内容:Perfect & Imperfect Competition, Welfare 第一节:Competition 第二节:Equilibrium & Welfare作业与思考题:JR Ch 4.4参考资料:JR Ch 4第五章: Walras’/competitive equilibrium2教学目标和要求:competitive market economies from a Walrasian (general) equilibrium perspective.Let students understand “why the competitive market/equilibrium may work or fail?”教学时数:6学时方式:讲授教学准备知识:consumer theory, production theory教学内容:第一节:Walrasian economy and mathematical language of microeconomics 第二节:competitive equilibria of pure exchange and with production 作业与思考题:JR5.5, exercises of MWG Ch15, 18, 教师自编习题集参考资料:MWG Mathematical Appendix, Ch15, 18; JR5.4第六章: Social choice function/theory and social welfare: normative aspect of microeconomics教学目标和要求:When we judge some situation, such as a market equilibrium, as “good”or “bad”, or “better” or “worse” than another, we necessarily make at least implicit appeal to some underlying ethical standard. Welfare economics helps to inform the debate on social issues by forcingus to confront the ethical premises underlying our arguments as well as helping us to seetheir logical implications.Let students have a systematic framework for thinking about normative and social welfare topics.教学时数:3学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:Walrasian equilibrium教学内容:第一节:social choice, comparability, and some possibilities第二节:Rawlsian, Utiliterian, and flexible forms作业与思考题:JR6.5, exercises of MWG Ch21, 22, 教师自编习题集参考资料:MWG Ch21.A, Ch21.E, Ch22.C; JR Ch6第七章: Strategic Behavior and Asymmetric Information教学目标和要求:A central feature of contemporary microeconomicsafter Walrasian economy is the multi-agent interaction which represents the potential for the presence of strategicinterdependence. Let students grasp classic models of imperfect competition under symmetric and asymmetric information.3教学时数:3学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:perfect competition教学内容:第一节:monopoly and oligopoly under symmetric information第二节:oligopoly under asymmetric information作业与思考题:教师自编习题集参考资料:MWG Ch12; JR Ch4第八章: Theory of Incentives教学目标和要求:The strategic opportunities that arise in the presence of asymmetricinformation typically lead to inefficient market outcomes, a form of market failure. Underasymmetric information, the first welfare theorem no longer holds generally. Thus, the main themeto be explored is to stimulate different agents’ optimal/efficient behaviors in differentinformational settings to achieve the “second-best” market outcomes.教学时数:9学时教学方式:讲授准备知识:Strategic Behavior and Asymmetric Information教学内容:第一节:Adverse selection第二节:Moral hazard*第三节:Task separation/integration,第三节:Career concern作业与思考题:exercises of MWG Ch13, 14, 教师自编习题集参考资料:JR Ch8; MWG Ch13, 14第九章前沿研究讲座:待定邀请校外老师(待定)给学生们讲演最新研究，引导学生讨论;在学生掌握现代微观经济学基本模型之后能够接触到前沿研究。

芬达吉他型号

Fender的型号编码详细说明小弟根据Fender产品手册翻译的，希望能造福广大F丝。

不过本人水平有限，很多朋友肯定比我熟悉Fender的产品，如果有错误和遗漏的地方欢迎指正和补充！Fender产品系列（旗下所有品牌和产品型号）的编号结构以10个数字组成。

XXX-XXXX-XXX举例：011-7702-803A．前三位编号XXX-XXXX-XXX前三位代表Fender电吉他&电贝斯的产地与琴桥配置XXX-XXXX-XXX第一位是表示产品的有无Floyd Rose双摇琴桥n编号0为无Floyd Rose双摇琴桥0XX-XXXX-XXXn编号1为有Floyd Rose双摇琴桥1XX-XXXX-XXX（不包括“Fender Time Machine”系列）举例：113-4700-306 就是一款双摇电吉他吉他XXX-XXXX-XXX后两位数字代表的是吉他的产地编号n编号13/14代表墨西哥产电吉他&电贝斯n编号10/11/17代表的是美国产电吉他n编号19代表美国产电贝斯（注：Highway系列电贝斯产地代码是”11”）n编号15代表美国产Custom Shop电吉他&电贝斯n编号25/27代表日本产电吉他&电贝斯（主要集中在Classic和Special Edition等系列里，还有部分Artist 系列）n编号26代表韩国产电吉他&电贝斯（主要集中在Special Edition 系列里）补充：以前韩国Fender都是Cort代工的，现在应该都在印度尼西亚生产，有部分型号为Samick（三益）印尼工厂代工的。

日本Fender 工厂目前也关闭了，貌似要全部整合到墨西哥工厂，目前Fender旗下品牌在日本只有一家代工Jackson日产的工厂。

（第一部分完结）B.中四位编号（第二部分）XXX-XXXX-XXX中四位代表Fender电吉他&电贝斯的型号和基本配置XXX-XXXX-XXX前两位数字代表具体型号，无规律，特定型号特定数字编号。

专四高频词组400条

【专四词汇】专四高频词组400条(1)capitalize on/upon 利用（2）of one's own accord 出于自愿，主动地 (3)in the region of 在...领域，大约，差不多（4）be critical of 对...挑剔，对...吹毛求疵（5）stab sb in the back 中伤某人（6）domestic and diplomatic affairs 内政外交问题（7）residential garbage 生活垃圾（8）give offense to someone 冒犯某人（9）at a stretch 不停地，连续地（10）brain drain 人才流失（11）to the utmost 最大限度地（12）get around to (较重要的事处理完后）处理某事（13）identify with sb 与...产生共鸣（14）manage a promise 达成妥协（15）bring sb to justice 将...绳之以法（16）uphold justice 主持正义（17）a drop in the bucket 九牛一毛（18）in full career 以全速前进（19）without giving any thought for 根本不考虑 (20)be on circuit 在巡回当中（21）out of one's wits 不知所措（22）in confidence 秘密地（23）take sb into one's confidence 把...作为知己（24）put a curb on 抑制（25）take no notice of 不计较（26）have a hatred for sb/at sth 憎恶某人/某事（27）let one's feelings to predjudice sb 感情用事（28）without predjudice to 不损害现有利益（29）a recipe for success 成功的秘诀（30）a wealth of something 大量（有用）的东西（31）at the prospect of 为...着想（32）remarkable contribution 杰出贡献（33）in the capacity of 以...身份（34）be full of enthusiasm/be enthusiastic about 热衷于... （35）be given to (doing) sth 经常做...习惯于 (36)out of joint 出了问题（37）blow up one's own trumpet/horn 自吹自擂（37）in alliance with ..和..联合起来（38）an array of 一大批..（39）be in awe of 敬畏..，畏惧.. （40）fell bound to 感到有责任做... （41）bet on the wrong horse 做出错误的估计（42）at a full blast 一鼓作气地（43）make so bold as to 冒昧大胆（44）crow one's head off 大吹大擂（45）beneath one's dignity 有失某人的身份（体面）(46) a new international climate of detente 国际关系缓和的新迹象（47）be cursed with 受...折磨，受..之害（48）put a curse on 诅咒某人(49)be executed for 因...被处死（50）after the fashion of 仿照.. （51）first and foremost 首要的是，首先（52）have a talent/genius for 有...天赋（53）have a grudge against sb 妒忌某人（54）on the horizon 即将来临（55）hush up 隐瞒，掩饰（56）under the necessity of doing sth 被迫做 (57)back and forth 反复来回（58）hard to pick the red 敬酒不吃吃罚酒（59）in the flesh 本人，亲自（60）intellectual starveling智力匮乏（61）with the intention of doing sth..为了干.. （62）label ...(as) sth 把...说成是...（63）lick one's tips 垂涎欲滴（64）be liable for 对...有责任（65）in a lump 全部（66）be in obedience to 服从（67）be offended with sb 对...生气（68）be offended at /by sth 因..而生气（69）have a passion for 酷）爱.. （70）get/fly into a passion/rage 勃然大怒（71）phase in/ out 逐步(不）使用（72）take precautions against 预防（73）be proficient in/at 精通 (74)make provision for 为将来或以防万一而做准备（75）immune from prosecution 免于起诉（76）provoke sb into(doing)sth 激起某人做某事 (77）be all the rage 风靡一时（78）go purple with rage 脸色发紫（79）Party Central Committee 党中央（80）relieve one's feelings 发泄感情（81）beyond remedy 无可救药（82）take up residence in 住迁（83）large sections of 大部分（84）start from the scratch 从头做起，从零开始（85）food,clothing,shelter(housing),transportation 衣食住行（86）make a sketch of 为..写生（87）string along with 随某人同行（88）on the stroke 准时地（90）massive superiority in 在...占优势（91）with an air of 带着..神气（92）the supplement to sth ...的补充（93）in full swing 正在热烈进行中（94）in sympathy with 赞同支持（95）absolve sb from 免除某人的（96）within an ace of 差一点，几乎（97）administer drugs 开药（98）be alien to 与...不相符（99）make amends (to sb) for sth 赔偿（某人的）...（100）on the analogy of 根据...类推（101）be antecedent to 先于（102）be appreciative of 感激（103）asscend the throne登基（104）run ashore 搁浅（105）General Assembly联合国大会（106）take bribe 受贿（107）be attentive to 关怀，照顾周到（108）under the banner of 以..的名义（109）be barren of 没有....（110）raise/lift a blockade 解除封锁（111）a bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳（112）once in a blue moon 难得一次（113）out of the blue 出乎意料的是（114）call sb's bluff 要求某人做其威胁要做的事情（115）in the bosom of 在...的怀抱中（116)on the brink of 濒于...（117）bully sb into doing sth 强迫某人做某事（118）under the cloak of 在..的掩盖下，以..为借口（119）in compliance with 服从，依照（120）no/none other than 恰恰，正是（121）take sb's cue from 学...的样（122）natural blockade 天然屏障（123）be blunt with sb 对..直言不讳（124）nip sth in the bud 把..消灭在萌芽状态（125）touch the right chord 引起某人的共鸣，触动某人的心弦（126）make a concession to 对..作出让步（127）in conformity to 符合（128）in comformity with 遵照（129）in contempt of 不把...放在眼里（130）at daggers drawn(with sb) 剑拔弩张，势不两立（131）at sb's disposal 任某人处理（132）good knowledge of literature 博学多才（133）an elevation of 海拔...（134）scarcely endurable 难以忍受（135）be open to conviction 乐于听取不同意见（136）be enchanted by 被..陶醉（137）excel at/in doing sth 在...方面见长（138）excel oneself 胜过平时（139）be flush with 与...平齐（140）none the less 仍然，还是（141）fiddle around 浪费时间，虚度光阴（142）sth is never in question ...毋庸置疑（143）fleece sb of sth 诈取某人某物（144）fling oneself into 投身于（145）in the first flush of 一时喜悦之下（146）on the fringe of 在...的边缘（147）make a fuss about/over大惊小怪，小题大做（148）make a fuss of sb 过分体贴（关怀）某人（149）cast a gloom over sth 使..笼罩在忧郁（悲哀）之中（150）have a gossip with sb 与某人闲聊（151）with a bad grace 不情愿地，勉强地（152）fry in one's own grease 自作自受（153）grease the hand of 买通（154）grease one's palm 贿赂某人（155）grin from ear to ear 咧嘴大笑（156）be at grips with 猛攻（157）in gross 大体上，一般地（158）give harbour to 包庇某人（159）haul down one's flag 投降（160）at all hazards 不顾任何风险（161）hinder/dissuade/preclude sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事（162）hustle and bustle 拥挤，熙熙攘攘（163）be inaugurate as ...就任..（164）be indignant at/over/about 因某事而愤怒（165）be indignant with sb 对某人感到愤怒（166）be instrumental in doing sth 有助于做..（167）to all intents and purposes 几乎完全，差不多等于（168）in the interim 在此期间，与此同时（169）spiritual maladies 道德败坏（170）to levy taxes on incomes 征收所得税（171)make out a livehood 勉强糊口（172）by a narrow margin 勉强，以微弱的..（173）sink into melancholy 陷入沉思（174）menace sb with 以..威胁某人（175）play the mischief with 把..弄糟（176）make a mock/mockery of 愚弄，把..当笑柄（177）have a monopoly of/in/on 独占（178）injure public morality 伤风败俗（179）mortal enemies 死敌（180）file a petition against 申请取消（181）on/under the pretext/plea of 以..为借口（182）on the premise that 以...为前提（183）on the rack 十分痛苦（184）rack one's brain 绞尽脑汁（185）make a raid on 对..进行袭击，对..进行突然搜查（186）suppress a rebellion 镇压反叛（187）reconcile oneself to 使适应（188）reconcile ..with ..使..和..和解（189）redeem one's honor 挽回某人的名誉（190）refine on 对..精益求精（191）light refreshments 小吃（192）repent of (doing)sth 为...而后悔（193）bear a resemblance to 与..相似（194）make a resolve to do sth 决心做某事（195）have resort to 诉诸于，依赖（196）exact/get/have/take one's revenge(on sb)报仇（197）revenge oneself on sb/take revenge on sb 向某人报仇（198）revolve around 以..为主要内容（199）run riot 撒野，胡作非为（200）put the screw(s) on 对..施加压力，强迫法(201)lay siege on 包围，封锁（202）shrug off 对..满不在乎，对..不屑一顾（203）sneer at 对...嗤之以鼻（204）on the spur of the moment 一时冲动之下（205）stray(away) from the point 离题（206）make great strides 取得很大成绩（207）take...in (one's) stride 从容处理（208）pull a stunt 耍花招（209）in succession to 继任，继承（210）keep sb in suspense 使某人担心（211）swallow one's words 收回所说的话（212）on suspicion of 有...嫌疑 (213)thrash the life out of sb 把某人打死（214）thrust one's way 向前推进（215）by the same token 由于同样原因，同样地（216）(more) by token 更加，而且，还有（217）come to the throne 即位（218）seize a throne 篡位（219）thread on sb's heels 紧跟某人身后（220）tread on sb's toes 触怒某人（221）be unanimous in 在..方面意见完全一致（222）usher in 开启，宣告，开创（223）at the utmost 顶多（224）draw a veil over 避而不谈，隐瞒（225）give vent to sth 发泄（感情等）（226）be vulnerable to 易受..影响，伤害（227）have/keep one's wits about 冷静，临危不乱（228）be steeped in/steep oneself in sth 埋首于，沉湎于（229）be beset with 被..所困扰（230）be destitute of 缺乏..的..没有..的.. （231）be at feud with 与..不和（232）be in ectasies over 对..心醉神迷（233）make a plea for 恳求（234）in retrospect 回顾往事，回想起来（235）cash on delivery 货到付款（236）grind away at 用功于（237）as bold as brass 极其胆大妄为（238）cherish thye memory of sb 思念某人（239）act in defiance of orders 违抗命令（240）bid defiance to 向..挑战（241）in the twinkling of an eye 眨眼间（242）keep abreast of/with (the time)与（时）俱进（243）adroit at/in sth 熟练掌握（244）be affiliated with 隶属于，附属于（245）in the aggregate 总的来说（246）have an apathy about to/towards/about 对..冷淡（247）in the asscendant (权力，影响等）越来越大（248）by common assent 一致赞成（249）balk/boggle /wince at-在..前退缩（250）have a bash at 试试看（251）begrudge doing 不肯做..（252）bicker with sb over/about sth 为（某事）吵嘴（253）bear the brunt of 首当其冲（254）blunder away 错失良机（255）be a great boon to/for (成为）对..极为感谢/有用的东西（256）bridle at 对..表示恼怒（257）cajole/coax/con/dupe sb into (out of) doing sth 哄骗某人做某事（258）to be candid with you 坦白对你说（259）commensurate with/to 与..相称（260）coerce sb into sth 逼迫某人做某事（261）be compatible with 与..和睦相处,与..兼容（262）put a (whole) new complexion 使..（大为）改观（263）keep/lose one's composure 镇定自若/沉不住气（264）confederate(oneself) with 与..联合（265）be congenial to sb 与某人志趣相投（266）make a conjecture 做推测（267）conseerate oneself to 致力于（268）be conversant with 精通（269）give countenance to 支持（270）cram sth with 用..填满某物（271）cramp one's style 使不能施展才华（272）when it comes to te crunch 在关键时刻（273）culminate in 以..结束（274）delve into/among sth 对..进行探索（275）demean oneself to do sth 降低身份做某事（276）to make a detour 绕道而行（277）to detract from sb's merit 贬低某人的功绩（278）deviate/digress from 背离（279）dilate on/upon 细说（280）bring discredit on 玷辱..的名声（281）throw discredit on 使人对..起疑心（282）be distraught with 因..而心烦意乱（283）domineer over sb 对某人发号施令。

“黑话”球拍，你了解几款？（二）

“黑话”球拍，你了解几款？（二）作者：天堂有羽来源：《羽毛球》2020年第11期上一期，我们介绍了羽毛球黑话的发源地与变化，黑话入门版中的“大姐夫/二姐夫”、“老豆腐”与“梁朝伟”。

这一期，黑话段位会逐渐加深，我们来说说那些已经停产却仍然不缺影响力、有里程碑意义的老型号。

黑话：老十/黑十白钛紫钛橙钛人话：YONEX Titanium 10/ Ti10钛十之老色（黑色）一代白色二代紫色三代橙色限量先卖个关子，这期会顺路解锁“YONEX方头拍五大里程碑型号名单”，钛十是这五大之一，另外四个型号也同样“涉黑”，容后慢慢补齐。

对于经典的钛十，也许一句话就够：“既能组织球路，又能随意突击。

”组织球路即控制性能，随意突击即进攻性能。

如果评价再精炼一点的话，就是一个词——“均衡”。

是的，钛十做到了均衡型球拍的巅峰，以至于我个人把所有挥重、拍面大、中杆硬度等都适中的球拍都“归祖”到一个种类中去，这个种类的名称就叫做——钛十均衡。

想做好全面型、均衡型的球拍，“学习钛十好榜样”——这个心法是我当年的老师山西“大傻”李强先生告诉我的。

他在做自己品牌的DASHA球拍的时候，曾认真地学习了钛十一代与二代的参数。

里程碑的选择标准之一，就是放到今天如果仍然按那些型号的标准与参数，再做一支新球拍出来，仍然不会过时。

这个评价对钛十来说当之无愧，比如说钛十有“转世灵童”，典型如NS9900，在细框、挥重、拍面大小、涂装色调乃至三分之一线槽的设计上，与后来的多色营销手法等几乎一致。

至于NS9900，坊间传说是YY最资深的那位产品经理大约在2008年退休前专门为李宗伟打造的，而这位产品经理在其壮年的时候，一定也参与了钛十的设计，否则这两个型号的精气神不可能这么像。

对于钛十的一、二、三代，以前读者存在不少误解。

主要集中在“白钛”，即钛十二代上。

我觉得应该是当年被一些论坛给误导了，某论坛上有人说“二代钛十将拍头调轻，所以更适合业余”;还有网友说“钛十二代放弃了加长细杆，所以进攻更好”。

F-15OMEGASTIK 烧漆笔 STK系列说明书

OMEGASTIK ®Crayons STK SeriesDescription: A temperature melt material in stick form.General directions for use:Suitable for both smooth and rough surfaces and for determining all temperatures. Comes in an adjustable metal holder.Stroke workpiece with the proper OMEGASTIK ®,from time to time during heating. Below its temperature rating, theOMEGASTIK ®, leaves a dry (chalky) mark; when its rating is reached, the OMEGASTIK ®, leaves a liquid smear.Alternative method:Can be used for determining temperatures below 700°F and when heating rapidly to higher temperatures.Mark workpiece with appropriate OMEGASTIK ®before heatingbegins. When its stated temperature is reached, the mark liquifies.If the surface is too smooth to be distinctly marked (while cool) with an OMEGASTIK ®, the use of OMEGALAQ ®is es:In welding, forging, heat-treating and fabrication of metals;molding of rubber and plastics; and generally for applications where the workpiece is accessible.Time Response:On the order of milliseconds (0.001 sec).Maximum Range:2500°F Accuracy:±1.0%in adjustable $9.16each metal holdersOMEGAPELLETS ®PelletsPLT SeriesDescription:A temperature melt material in pellet form.Directions for use:Placeappropriate pellet on workpiece in the furnace before heating begins.When the very first signs of melting appear, the temperature rating of the pellet has been reached. In reducing atmospheres, Special Series "R" OMEGAPELLETS ®should be used. Data sheet available upon es:For checking furnacetemperatures and for applications which involve heating of longduration, as in the heat treating of large units. For testing thetemperature of heating surfaces, do not use OMEGAPELLETS ®. Instead use OMEGALAQ ®or OMEGASTIKS ®Size:Standard OMEGAPELLETS ®are 1⁄8x 7⁄16".Maximum Range:2500°F Accuracy:±1.0%$10.73per tube of 20 pellets Series "R":$12.24per tube of 20pelletsPLT-CUPS-50Cups to hold pellets:$7.00 per 50User Note:Important caution:Disregard color changes. Temperature signal is the melting of stick, lacquer, or pellet, not any change of color during heating.OMEGALAQ ®Liquid LAQ SeriesDescription:Same material used in pellets and sticks in lacquer suspension. Lacquer serves a transport function only. Thinning OMEGALAQ ®will not affect its accuracy.Directions for use:Shake or stir to uniform consistency. Apply thin smear to the working surface before heating begins. It dries almost instantly to a mark. When the stated temperature is reached on subsequent heating, this mark liquifies sharply. A meltedOMEGALAQ ®coating does not revert to its original dull-opaque appearance but remains glossy-transparent which makes subsequent interpretation a simple matter.Uses:For application to fabrics,rubber, plastics and smooth surfaces, like glass or polishedmetal–on which OMEGASTIK ®may not leave a distinct mark, or cannot conveniently be used. Widelyaccepted for monitoring temperatures in the electronics field.Time Response:On the order of milliseconds (0.001 sec)Maximum Range:2000°F Accuracy : ±1.0%OMEGALAQ ®2 oz. Bottle $11.50Pint65.00OMEGALAQ ®may be thinned to ensure workable consistency.OMEGALAQ ®175 to 2000°F: Order GREEN LABELThinner 2 oz. Bottle $ 4.50Temperature Indicating Tabs,Crayons, Lacquers,and PelletsMinimum Order:10OMEGALABELSof a single part numberOMEGALABEL®Labels OMEGALABEL®irreversible self-adhesive temperature monitors consist of one or more heat-sensitive indicators sealed under transparent, heat-resistant windows. The centers of the indicator circles will turn black at the temperature ratings shown on the label. The change to black is irreversible and registers the temperature history of the workpiece. The exposed OMEGALABEL®can be made part of the permanent record by removing it and affixing it to a service report. These conveniently applied and easy-to-interpret temperature indicating tabs find many industrial and military uses, as well as applications in research and development programs. The OMEGALABEL®will indicate a specified temperature or sequence of temperatures, with a tolerance of plus or minus one percent of the stated temperature rating. The performance of the OMEGALABEL®is not affected by transient contact with solvents, gasoline, fuel oil, lubricants, hot water, or steam. The OMEGALABEL®should be evaluated for applications where it is inadvisable to use OMEGASTIK®, OMEGALAQ®, or OMEGAPELLETS®.700°F and 750°F ranges*Series “R” OMEGAPELLETS®are availablein these temperatures only. For 550°F andbelow, regular OMEGAPELLETS®can beused for reducing atmospheres†OMEGALAQ®Liquids: Best candidatesfor high vacuum•OMEGALAQ®not available*Specify Temperature in °F. Example: STK-0113°FNOTE:Temperature indicating labels, stiks, pellets and lacquers tend to outgas in vacuumN O T E:S e e LA Q specification sheet for latest information on OMEGALAQ®.The OMEGALABEL®isparticularly useful in thesolution of problems, whichinclude: monitoring the safeoperating temperatureof equipment and processes;determining temperatures asa guide to design andmaterial selection in researchand development projects;determining temperatures asa guide to designand material selection inresearch and developmentprojects; safeguardingtemperature sensitive materialsin storage and transit; obtainingoperating temperature data ofcomponents and regions notreadily accessible to othermethods. To use theOMEGALABEL®, remove thebacking, exposing the adhesive;press the OMEGALABEL®firmlyto the work surface.No special treatment is needed for thesurface, although it should beclean and dry to obtainmaximum adhesion.Accuracy:±1.0%Typical ApplicationsMachinery and EquipmentBearings, gear boxes,transmission housings, heatexchangers, radiators.Electrical ApparatusGenerators, transformers, rectifiers, motorcasings and bearings, metal or plasticappliances.Electronic AssembliesTubes, transformers, transistors, resistors,printed circuits, housings.Aircraft and RocketsEngine parts, cargo compartments, tires,brakes, heating systems, rocket chamberwalls, blast tubes.Appliance WarrantiesMonitoring warranties specifying operationat safe temperatures.Heat-Sensitive MaterialsDrugs, biologicals, photographic andX-ray film, foodstuffs, chemicals.OMEGALABEL®IndicatorsNOTE: The LAQ product has been updated!PLEASE REVIEW THE LAST PAGE OF THIS PDFfor THE LATEST PRODUCT INFOMATION!†OMEGALAQ ®Liquids: Best candidates for high vacuum **Not available in pint††Temperature ranges available from 175°to 325°F.Note:Temperature indicating labels and lacquers tend to outgas in vacuum Ordering Example:LAQ-0250G OMEGALAQ ®liquid 250°F (121°C), $11.50OMEGALAQ ®Liquid SpecificationsTime Response:On the order of milliseconds (0.001 sec)Maximum Range:2000°F (1093°C)Accuracy : ±1.0%LAQ-0450G$1150OMEGALAQ ®Liquid LAQ SeriesDescription:Same material used in OMEGAMARKER ®in lacquer suspension. Lacquer serves atransport function only. OMEGALAQ ®may be thinned to ensure workable consistency. Thinning OMEGALAQ ®will not affect its accuracy.Order GREEN LABEL THINNER.Directions for use:Shake or stir to uniform consistency. Apply thin smear to the working surface before heating begins. It dries almost instantly to a mark. When the stated temperature is reached on subsequent heating, this mark liquifies sharply. A meltedOMEGALAQ ®coating does not revert to its original dull-opaque appearance but remains glossy-transparent which makes subsequent interpretation a simple es:For application to fabrics,rubber, plastics and smooth surfaces, like glass or polished metal–on which OMEGAMARKER ®may not leave a distinct mark, or cannot conveniently be used.Widely accepted for monitoringtemperatures in the electronics field.OMEGALAQ ®Kit LAQ-KITAn inexpensive kit including a roll of 100 TAP adhesive labels, a 2 oz.bottle of OMEGALAQ ®, and a 2 oz.bottle of thinner that doesn’t leave a mark on any surface.TAP Adhesive LabelsTAP adhesive labels measure 12.7 L x 15.9 mm W (0.500 x 0.625") and have a thickness of 0.064 mm (0.0022") and can be used at a maximum temperature of 180°C (356°F). They are made of a polymide film with a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive.N E W !M a k e Y o u rO w n L ab e l s Experimental Kit, Model LAQ-KIT-(*)††Liquid (up to 350°F), one 2 oz bottle of Green Label Thinner, and one roll of 100 adhesive labels, $39. Shown smaller than actual size.Model TAP, roll of 100 adhesive labels, $28,shown smaller than actual size.OMEGALAQ ®Liquids, $11.50, and OMEGALAQ ®Thinner, $4.50shown smaller than actual size.CANADA www.omega.ca Laval(Quebec) 1-800-TC-OMEGA UNITED KINGDOM www. Manchester, England0800-488-488GERMANY www.omega.deDeckenpfronn, Germany************FRANCE www.omega.fr Guyancourt, France088-466-342BENELUX www.omega.nl Amstelveen, NL 0800-099-33-44UNITED STATES 1-800-TC-OMEGA Stamford, CT.CZECH REPUBLIC www.omegaeng.cz Karviná, Czech Republic596-311-899TemperatureCalibrators, Connectors, General Test and MeasurementInstruments, Glass Bulb Thermometers, Handheld Instruments for Temperature Measurement, Ice Point References,Indicating Labels, Crayons, Cements and Lacquers, Infrared Temperature Measurement Instruments, Recorders Relative Humidity Measurement Instruments, RTD Probes, Elements and Assemblies, Temperature & Process Meters, Timers and Counters, Temperature and Process Controllers and Power Switching Devices, Thermistor Elements, Probes andAssemblies,Thermocouples Thermowells and Head and Well Assemblies, Transmitters, WirePressure, Strain and ForceDisplacement Transducers, Dynamic Measurement Force Sensors, Instrumentation for Pressure and Strain Measurements, Load Cells, Pressure Gauges, PressureReference Section, Pressure Switches, Pressure Transducers, Proximity Transducers, Regulators,Strain Gages, Torque Transducers, ValvespH and ConductivityConductivity Instrumentation, Dissolved OxygenInstrumentation, Environmental Instrumentation, pH Electrodes and Instruments, Water and Soil Analysis InstrumentationHeatersBand Heaters, Cartridge Heaters, Circulation Heaters, Comfort Heaters, Controllers, Meters and SwitchingDevices, Flexible Heaters, General Test and Measurement Instruments, Heater Hook-up Wire, Heating Cable Systems, Immersion Heaters, Process Air and Duct, Heaters, Radiant Heaters, Strip Heaters, Tubular HeatersFlow and LevelAir Velocity Indicators, Doppler Flowmeters, LevelMeasurement, Magnetic Flowmeters, Mass Flowmeters,Pitot Tubes, Pumps, Rotameters, Turbine and Paddle Wheel Flowmeters, Ultrasonic Flowmeters, Valves, Variable Area Flowmeters, Vortex Shedding FlowmetersData AcquisitionAuto-Dialers and Alarm Monitoring Systems, Communication Products and Converters, Data Acquisition and Analysis Software, Data LoggersPlug-in Cards, Signal Conditioners, USB, RS232, RS485 and Parallel Port Data Acquisition Systems, Wireless Transmitters and Receivers。

amberlyst-15的结构

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巴德微观经济学原理(英文版第8版)教学课件Econ_Ch16

16.1 Monopoly and How it Arises (5 of 9)
3. This same total output costs 10 cents a kilowatt-hour with two firms,
4. and 15 cents a kilowatt-hour with four firms.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
One firm can meet the market demand at a lower cost than two or more firms can, and the market is a natural monopoly.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Foundations of Microecon
Monopoly
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Are Microsoft’s Prices Too High?
16.1 Monopoly and How it Arises (6 of 9)
Legal Barrier to Entry A legal barrier to entry creates legal monopoly. A legal monopoly is a market in which competition and entry are restricted by granting of a public franchise, government license, patent, or copyright.

ZIPPO材质类型编号对照表

ZIPPO材质类型编号对照表（10～1941）编号说明10 座机Barcroft Table Lighter ( 1-4代)11 座机Barcroft Table Lighter ( 1,2代) with initial（有大写字母）12 女式座机Lady Bradford Table Lighter12A 花纹纯银Floral Sterling Silver13 纯银沙子Brush Finish Sterling Silver14 切角纯银Vintage Sterling Silver15 纯银镜面High Polish Sterling Silver1500 纤巧纯银镜面16 所有纤细机都以16开头，后面的2个数字为外壳代码all Slim Zippos begin with 16, followed by finish number (2 digit)17 纯银砖Engine Turned Sterling Silver19 纯银条Engine Turned without Initial Panel Sterling Silver20 Sterling Silver Engine Turned (同上)21 回旋花纹的纯银Christy Swirl Sterling Silver21B 日版光板涂钛涂Japanese Titanium Coating without Logo22 回旋冬青树花纹纯银Christy Holly Sterling Silver23 1941年复刻纯银镜面1941 Replica Sterling Silver High Polish24 1941年复刻纯银绸纱1941 Replica Sterling Silver Brushed Finish31 经典镀金Classic Gold Plated32 典雅金色镀金Golden Elegance Gold Plated33 微光镀金Shimmer Gold Plated33S 微光镀银Shimmer Silver Plated33SS 微光纯银Shimmer Sterling Silver34 漩涡纹镀金Swirl Gold Plated ( Golden Elegance )35 金黑雅士Black Elegance Gold Plated36 金玳瑁Golden Tortoise Gold Plated（*纤细金玳瑁编号为3600，非16开头~）37 金凯尔特Celtic Design Gold Plated38 金丝网Gold Grill & Bars High Polish Gold Plated39 深雕金钻石Carved Diamonds High Polish Gold Plated100 银镜High Polish Silver Plate102WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金斜纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Diagonal Patterns103WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金装饰竖纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Decorative Column104WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金植物花纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Inlaid Floral108WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金斜边Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Diagonal Borders109WG 镀银镶嵌24K金Cattails花纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Cattails110WG 镀银镶嵌24K金歌德式卷纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Gothic Scroll110 纯钛Solid Titanium113 银沙子Brush Silver Plate114 银镜子High Polish Silver Plate121FB 古银Antique Silver Plate122 火焰标志的古银收藏系列Zippo Collection - Logo/Flame Antique Silver Plate124 芭芭拉座机65周年纪念Lady Barbara Table Lighter 65 Anniversary129 芭芭拉座机Lady Barbara Table Lighter141 切角古银Antique Silver Vintage143 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Snowstar144 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Rhythmical Ribbons145 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Feline Elegance146 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Carlisle Leaf147 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Vinca Vine148 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Oriental Blossom150 黑冰Black Ice151 金幻彩Spectrum161 铜沙子Brushed Copper162 铠甲沙子ARMAR Blushed Chrome165 14K紫金14K Solid Gold167 铠甲镜面ARMAR High Polish Chrome168 铠甲铜沙子ARMAR Blushed Brass169 铠甲铜镜子ARMAR High Polish Brass175** （早期）运动系列Sports Series (early)180** 200（即沙子）底的运动系列(200 base)195 18K纯金18K Solid Gold200 磨砂镀铬，即“沙子”200G 金沙子200RG 磨砂玫瑰金M200 暗铬镜子Midnight Chrome High Polish201FB 古铜Antique Brass202FB 切角古铜沙子带清晰涂层（只限日本）Brushed Antique Brass w/ Clear Coat (Japan Only)203 雪花刻系列（蚀刻造工）204 铜刻字沙子Brush Finish Solid Brass204B 铜沙子Brush Finish Solid Brass without lettering205 缎纱Satin Chrome206 （20690-20693）2004年新版“仕林说手绘系列”B206 复古沙子Antique Brushed Chrome (Pewter 白蜡)207 花沙Street Chrome207G 金花沙Gold Dust Street Gold207WD 207底的迪斯尼系列Walt Disney Collection(on Regular Street Chrome Zippo)208 骨饰-抛光铜并雕刻船只Scrimshaw-Scrimshaw Ship High Polish Brass209 Zippo游客中心的磨砂铜版本Zippo/Case Visitors Center Brushed Brass210 日本版钛涂层带主题标记或其他的Japanese Titanium Coating with logo or etc.211 铁矿石Iron Stone212 沙哑漆Sand Matte214 白哑漆White Matte215 鸭绿色哑漆Teal Matte215CW 卡森窝特印弟安人系列216 奶油色哑漆Cream Matte217双色浮雕铜镜TwoTone Cameo High Polish Brass218 黑哑漆Black Matte219 迷彩哑漆Camoflage Matte220 蓝哑漆Blue Matte221 绿哑漆Green Matte222 紫（如葡萄酒般紫）哑漆Burgundy Matte223 灰哑漆Gray Matte224 水银哑漆Quicksilver Matte227 赤哑漆Terra cotta228 褐哑漆Brown Matte229 天蓝哑漆Royal Matte (Royal Blue Matte)230 切角沙子Vintage Brush Finish230RG 玫瑰金切角沙子Vintage Brushed Rose Gold231 橙哑漆Orange Matte233 红哑漆Red Matte236 黑烤漆Black Crackle237 紫哑漆Purple Matte239 海军蓝哑漆Navy Matte ( Navy Blue Matte )240 切角铜沙子Vintage Brush Brass241 切角古铜Antique Brass Vintage245 托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 斗牛士Toledo-Matador Solid Brass（纯铜）246 托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 唐吉诃德Toledo-Don Quixote Solid Brass（纯铜）247 托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 八角星Toledo Octastar Solid Brass（纯铜）248托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 12星宿Toledo-12 Point Star Solid Brass （纯铜）250 镜面High Polish Chrome250G 金镜High Polish Gold Plated250RG 玫瑰金镜High Polish Rose GoldM250 暗铬沙子Midnight Chrome Brush Finish254 铜刻镜面High Polish Solid Brass254B 铜镜High Polish Solid Brass without lettering255 200底的临摹签名火机Facsimile Signature Lighter (200 base)260 切角镜面Vintage High Polish Chrome260S 切角镀银Vintage Silver Plated260RG 切角玫瑰金镜Vintage High Polished Rose Gold270 切角铜镜Vintage High Polish Brass271 94圣诞系列Christmas 94272 94圣诞系列Christmas 94273 94圣诞系列Christmas 94274 94圣诞系列Christmas 94275 沙子带防丢带（也叫“丢不了”）Brushed Chrome w/Loop&Lanyard (Loss Proof)277 95圣诞系列- 圣诞老人钻烟囱Santa in Chemney278 95圣诞系列- 圣诞树Christmas Tree280** 200底的军徽系列Military Insignas Series (200 base)281 白大理石（纹路）Marble - White Marble282 灰大理石（纹路）Marble - Gray Marble283 褐大理石（纹路）Marble - Brown Marble284 绿大理石（纹路）Marble - Green Marble285 红大理石（纹路）Marble - Red Marble286 蓝大理石（纹路）Marble - Blue Marble287 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-鹰Scrimshaw-Eagle Brushed Chrome（沙子）288 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-野鸭Scrimshaw-Duck Brushed Chrome（沙子）289 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-帆船Scrimshaw-Square-Rigger Brushed Chrome（沙子）290 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-野狼Scrimshaw-Howling Wolf Brushed Chrome（沙子）291 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Two Cupids292 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Be My Valentine293 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Valentine Collection 1995 294 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Valentine Collection 1995 300 200底的个人字母组合火机Personal Monogram Lighter (200 base) 301FB 仿古红铜Antique Copper302 1947zippo车Zippo Car Street Chrome （花沙）303 47号赛车TF Racing #47 Street Chrome （花沙）304 摩托运动Zippo MotorSports Red Matte （红哑漆）305 全美公路赛车Grand American Road Racing Street Chrome（花沙）306 全美公路赛车Grand American Road Racing High Polish Chrome（镜面）311 Metalique - Windy312 Metalique - The Reveler313 Metalique - Zippo Car314 Metalique - Five O'clock Club315 Metalique - 1939 World's Fair316 Metalique - A Week's Trial317 骨雕-宪章号战舰Scrimshaw-USS Constitution High Polish Chrome (镜面)318 骨雕-神秘(只限美国) Scrimshaw-Mystic High Polish Chrome (USA only) (镜面)319 骨雕-鲸鱼Scrimshaw-Whales High Polish Chrome (镜面)320A 金花纹Floral Gold Plated321 陶瓷饰物Mobile Ceramic322 蓝网套Blue Mesh323 橙色格子Orange Grid324 混和图样Assorted Symbols325 对称圆Symmetric Circles326 各种几何图形Varied Geometrics327 卡通抽象画Cartoon Abstract328 时髦抽象画Modern Abstract331 蛮荒大西南系列- 山狗啸月Coyote Moon High Polish Chrome（镜面）332 蛮荒大西南系列- 死亡谷Death Valley High Polish Chrome（镜面）333 蛮荒大西南系列- 仙人掌Cactus Fire High Polish Chrome（镜面）334 蛮荒大西南系列- 野牛硬币Buffalo Head High Polish Chrome（镜面）335 蛮荒大西南系列- Sundance High Polish Chrome（镜面）336 蛮荒大西南系列- Navajo印第安人High Polish Chrome（镜面）337 蛮荒大西南系列- 惊走之水牛Buffalo Stampede High Polish Chrome （镜面）341 切角古银Antique vintage Copper343 蛮荒大西南系列- 雷鸟Thunderbird High Polish Chrome（镜面）344 蛮荒大西南系列- 彩虹之上Over the Rainbow High Polish Chrome （镜面）345 蛮荒大西南系列- 圣达菲Santa Fe High Polish Chrome（镜面）346 蛮荒大西南系列- Cheyenne印第安人High Polish Chrome（镜面）347 蛮荒大西南系列- 美国鹰American Eagle High Polish Chrome（镜面）350 直纹High Polish Chrome Engine Turned （镜面）351RG 玫瑰Rose High Polish Rose Gold （玫瑰金镜面）352 威尼斯人High Polish Chrome Venetian （镜面）352B 威尼斯人High Polish Brass Venetian （铜镜）352S 威尼斯人Venetian Silver Plated （镀银）352RG 威尼斯人Venetian High Polish Rose Gold（玫瑰金镜面）M352 威尼斯人Midnight Chrome Venetian （暗铬）？雕刻签名Signature Engraved on Bright Chrome Lighter （亮铬）355 黑雅士Ultralite Black High Polish Chrome ( Black Onix )（镜面）356 超轻象牙色镜面Ultralite Ivory High Polish Chrome357 超轻暗褐镜面Ultralite Mocha Brown High Polish Chrome358 超轻品蓝镜面Ultralite Royal Blue High Polish Chrome359 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）- 船与灯塔Scrinshaw-Ship High Polish Chrome（镜面）M359 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）- 船Scrinshaw-Ship Midnight Chrome（暗铬）361G 镀金西部花纹Western Floral Gold Plated361RG 玫瑰金西洋植物纹Western Floral High Polish Rose Gold （镜面）362 ZIPPO四代铜Zippo Brass Emblem Black Crackle（黑烤漆）363 ZIPPO四代锡Zippo Pewter Emblem Black Crackle（黑烤漆）364 ZIPPO铜内部构造Zippo Iinsides-Brass Black Crackle（黑烤漆）366 Zippo车牌Zippo License Plate Street Chrome（花沙）367 Zippo内部构造Insides-Pewter Street Chrome （锡花沙）368 骨雕-船Scrinshaw-Ship Black Matte（黑哑漆）369 骨雕-航行中的船Scrinshaw-Sailing Ship High Polish Chrome（镜面）370 骨雕-海豚Scrinshaw-Dolphin High Polish Chrome（镜面）371 骨雕-灯塔Scrinshaw-Lighthouse High Polish Chrome（镜面）371 骨雕-海象Scrinshaw-Walrus Chrome （沙子）372 骨雕-自由神像Scrinshaw-Status of Liberty Chrome （沙子）373 骨雕-自由之鹰Scrinshaw-Liberty Eagle Chrome （沙子）375 Paloma 亚利桑拿Arizona High Polish Chrome （镜面）376 Paloma Kokopelli High Polish Chrome （镜面）377Paloma Rain Dance High Polish Chrome （镜面）378Paloma Elk High Polish Chrome （镜面）379Paloma 断箭Broken Arrow High Polish Chrome （镜面）380 夜猫子玩家系列- Tyson High Polish Brass（镜面）381 夜猫子玩家系列- Titan One High Polish Brass（铜镜）382 夜猫子玩家系列- Tryan High Polish Brass （铜镜）383 夜猫子玩家系列- Teluke High Polish Brass （铜镜）384 夜猫子玩家系列- 暗条纹Midnight Stripe High Polish Brass （铜镜）385 夜猫子玩家系列- 暗月Midnight Moon High Polish Brass （铜镜）386 夜猫子玩家系列- 曼哈顿之夜Manhattan Nights High Polish Brass （铜镜）387 夜猫子玩家系列- 暗星Midnight Stars High Polish Brass （铜镜）388 动脑抽象徽章系列-黑卵Techno-Black Ovals Satin Chrome （缎纱）389 动脑抽象徽章系列-银箭头Techno-Silver Spears Satin Chrome （缎纱）390 动脑抽象徽章系列-灰钻石Techno-Gray Diamonds Satin Chrome （缎纱）391 彩绘沙漠系列Painted Desert - 沙漠之花Desert Flower High Polish Chrome（铜镜）392 蛮荒大西南系列- 印第安羽毛Indian Feather High Polish Chrome （铜镜）393 彩绘沙漠- 太阳之火Sun Fire High Polish Chrome （铜镜）394 蛮荒大西南系列(Painted Desert) - 箭头Arrowhead High Polish Chrome（铜镜）395 彩绘沙漠- Pueblo 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）396 彩绘沙漠- Kokopelli 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）397 彩绘沙漠- Cherokee 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）398 彩绘沙漠- Zuni 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）432 紫色旅程Purple Journey High Polish Brass （铜镜）433 黄色旅程Yellow Journey High Polish Brass （铜镜）451 标乔丹真树系列- 真树硬木Realtree Hardwood452 标乔丹真树系列- 灰真树Realtree Extra Grey501 Black Tie系列- 框框The Frame502 Black Tie系列- 总统先生Mr.President503 Black Tie系列- 粗线条Bold Stripe504 Black Tie系列- Candy Cane505Black Tie系列- 国会议员The Congressman510 矿脉系列- 金矿脉Gold Rush511 矿脉系列- 铜矿脉Penny Vein512 矿脉系列- 银矿脉Silver Vain513 Checks系列- Checkered Flag514 Checks系列-Charcoal Checkers520 托莱多系列- 神秘狮子Toledo-Mystical Lion （托莱多是西班牙一个城市，历史上曾是西班牙首都）522 托莱多系列- 神秘鹰Mystical Eagle523 托莱多系列- 植物纹人像Floral Portrait524 托莱多系列- 公正之鹰Eagle of Justice525 托莱多系列- 中世纪骑士Medieval Knight526 托莱多系列- 自然乐曲Nature's Medley527 托莱多系列- 熊（抓到）的新鲜鱼Bear's Fresh Fish528 托莱多系列- 勇猛的理查德Richard the Lion-Hearted529 托莱多系列- 葡萄牙盾牌Portuguese Shield531托莱多系列- 凶猛的护卫Fierce Guardian532托莱多系列- 神秘狮子Mystical Lion High Polish Brass （铜镜子）534 托莱多系列- 神秘鹰Mystical Eagle High Polish Brass （铜镜子）535 托莱多系列- 植物纹人像Floral Portrait High Polish Brass （铜镜子）536 托莱多系列- 公正之鹰Eagle of Justice High Polish Brass （铜镜子）537 托莱多系列- 中世纪骑士Medieval Knight High Polish Brass （铜镜子）538 托莱多系列- 自然乐曲Nature's Medley High Polish Brass （铜镜子）539 托莱多系列- 鱼与熊Bear's Fresh Fish High Polish Brass （铜镜子）540 托莱多系列- 勇猛的理查德Richard the Lion-Hearted High Polish Brass（铜镜子）541 托莱多系列- 葡萄牙盾牌Portuguese Shield High Polish Brass （铜镜子）542 托莱多系列- 凶猛的护卫Fierce Guardian High Polish Brass （铜镜子）550 手工全皮，包皮系列Full Leather Crafted Series , Leather Wrap Series 551 夜猫子玩家系列- 哈佛条纹Harvard Stripe552 夜猫子玩家系列- Tic Tac Toe553 夜猫子玩家系列- 玉米地Corn Row554 夜猫子玩家系列- 纽约人New Yorker High Polish Brass （抛光铜）555 夜猫子玩家系列- 署名Autograph High Polish Brass （抛光铜）556 夜猫子玩家系列- 都市牛仔Urban Cowboy High Polish Brass （抛光铜）557 夜猫子玩家系列- 第5街Fifth Avenue558 夜猫子玩家系列- 金色辉煌Golden Glory559 夜猫子玩家系列- 中线Center Line560 夜猫子玩家系列- 银羚羊Silver Antelope561 夜猫子玩家系列- Titan Two561 Zippo搜集系列- 经典防风Windproof Classic Satin Chrome （缎纱）562 Zippo搜集系列- 美国传奇American Legend Satin Chrome （缎纱）563 Zippo搜集系列- 美国经典American Classic Satin Chrome （缎纱）564 Zippo搜集系列- 真正美国人Genuine American Satin Chrome （缎纱）565 Zippo名气系列- 来真的For Real High Polish Chrome （镜子）571 国际International Zippo High Polish Chrome （镜子）572 自由神像Statue of Liberty High Polish Chrome （镜子）573 美国国旗上的鹰USA Eagle on Flag High Polish Chrome （镜子）574 美国大学旗帜USA College Flag White Matte (白哑漆)577 古典钻石Antique Diamond Plate High Polish Chrome （镜子）578 Zippo访客中心Zippo/Case Visitors Center Brushed Chrome （沙子）579 美国传奇American Legend High Polish Chrome （镜子）581 Zippo搜集系列- 美国制造Made in USA-Brass Brushed Brass Vintage（切角铜沙子）582 Zippo搜集系列- 美国制造Made in USA-Pewter Brushed Chrome Vintage（切角锡沙子）583 Zippo搜集系列- 美国经典American Classic-Brass Brushed Brass Vintage（切角铜沙子）584 Zippo搜集系列- 美国经典American Classic-Pewter Brushed Chrome Vintage（切角锡沙子）590RG 叶子Leaves High Polish Rose Gold （玫瑰金镜子）590S 叶子Leaves Silver Plated （镀银）591G 条纹与花Stripes & Flowers Gold Plated （镀金）592 Passing Lines High Polish Chrome (镜子)592B Passing Lines High Polish Brass (铜镜子)592RG Passing Lines High Polish Rose Gold (玫瑰金镜子)。

柔和七星国际侧开

【日税七星柠檬酒爆珠】这款爆珠在沿袭七星经典原味口感的同时又加入了柠檬元素，点火入喉，依然是它熟悉的带有酸味和陈酿的经典味道，捏碎爆珠，口中蔓延酸甜的柑橘香味。

DJ Mix(lemon柠檬味) - 日本版￥55DJ Mix(iced green apple苹果味) - 美国版￥54DJ MixDJ(strawberry flavor草莓味) - 美国版￥54DJ Mix(lemon fresb柠檬味) - 美国版￥54DJ Mix绿苹果爆珠￥75DJ Mix草莓爆珠￥75DJ Mix蓝莓爆珠￥75peel系列客服扣2177６0⒌133PEEL百乐(Menthlo Orange薄荷橙味) - 免税版￥57PEEL百乐(Menthlo薄荷味)黑色- 美国版￥56PEEL百乐(Sweet Melon甜西瓜味) - 美国版￥57PEEL百乐(Menthlo Orange薄荷橙味) - 美国版￥55Peel百乐橙子爆珠粗/细￥75Peel百乐柠檬爆珠￥75Peel百乐葡萄爆珠粗/细￥75Peel百乐红酒爆珠￥75Peel百乐青苹果爆珠粗/细￥75登喜路系列DUNHILL红登喜路- 欧洲忠告版￥78DUNHILL红登喜路(方宽版international) - 国际忠告版￥80DUNHILL红登喜路- 免税版￥85DUNHILL白登喜路- 免税版￥95DUNHILL银登喜路- 免税版￥90DUNHILL蓝登喜路- 免税版￥90DUNHILL红登喜路(宽版international) - 免税版￥85DUNHILL红登喜路(Filter)香烟- 老免税版￥80DUNHILL红登喜路(宽版international) - 老免税版￥85登喜路(硬红)条/亚太免税版56登喜路(特醇韩版免税)条/48登喜路(台湾版白免税)条/40登喜路(蓝中免)条/40登喜路(蓝特醇免税)条/40登喜路(蓝33号)条/48登喜路(蓝)条/泰国版60登喜路(蓝)条/7mg香港免税版64登喜路(蓝)条/68登喜路(金中免)条/72登喜路(黄16号)条/152登喜路(红中免)条/52登喜路(红新西兰版)条/48登喜路(红免税)条/64登喜路(红)条/40登喜路(黑中免)条/68登喜路(黑85号)条/160登喜路(韩版红特醇免税)条/52登喜路(韩版白免税)条/60登喜路(国际红)条/亚太免税版60登喜路(国际红)条/欧盟免税版72登喜路(白中免)条/60登喜路(白免税)条/60百乐门PARLIAMENT百乐门- 老免税版￥80 七匹狼(古田)条/20七匹狼(纯雅)条/60七匹狼(纯境)条/60七匹狼(纯金狼)条/80七匹狼(纯典)条/80七匹狼(白)条/28南京(红)条/45南京(紫树)条/28南京(紫晶)条/硬28南京(臻品)条/120南京(雨花石)条/200南京(硬珍品)条/200南京(硬林)条/60南京(硬金星)条/60南京(壹品)条/120南京(炫赫门)条/60南京(喜庆)条/120南京(五星)条/80南京(听珍品)条/200南京(特醇)条/44南京(软珍品)条/200南京(七星)条/104南京(绿)条/20南京(精品)条/80南京(金砂)条/60南京(金陵十二钗)条/薄荷80南京(金陵十二钗)条/104南京(佳品)条/60南京(红华西村)条/60南京(出口喜庆)条/80南京(出口精品)条/80南京(84mm金陵十二钗)条/132牡丹(硬蓝10mg出口)条/40牡丹(硬出口)条/26牡丹(硬白出口)条/26牡丹(硬白10mg出口)条/24 牡丹(硬白)条/20牡丹(硬10mg出口)条/24 牡丹(硬10mg)条/16牡丹(硬)条/16牡丹(软出口)条/15牡丹(软)条/16利群(硬长嘴出口)条/80利群(硬)条/104。

byk garamite 1958 成分

BYK GARAMITE 1958 是一种流变剂，由氢镉闪石和酸化白土制成。

它具有优异的增稠和流动性控制特性，可用于各种涂料、油漆和油墨中。

1. 成分BYK GARAMITE 1958 的成分主要包括氢镉闪石和酸化白土。

氢镉闪石是一种天然矿物，属于闪石矿物家族，具有优异的增稠效果。

酸化白土则是一种化学合成的白土材料，具有良好的流变控制性能。

这两种成分经过精确的配比和处理，形成了BYK GARAMITE 1958 的优质成分组合，能够在涂料、油漆和油墨中发挥出良好的增稠和流动性控制作用。

2. 物理性质BYK GARAMITE 1958 作为一种流变剂，具有一些重要的物理性质。

首先是其流变特性，它可以显著改善涂料、油漆和油墨的流变行为，使得这些产品在施工、涂覆和印刷过程中更加易操作和稳定。

其次是其分散性能，BYK GARAMITE 1958 可以很好地分散在涂料等基体中，不会产生团聚现象，保持整体性能稳定。

它还具有优异的增稠效果，能够增加产品的粘度和附着力，提高涂料、油漆和油墨的质感和触变性。

3. 应用领域由于其优秀的性能，BYK GARAMITE 1958 在各个领域都有广泛的应用。

首先是涂料行业，它可以用于室内外墙涂料、木器涂料、金属涂料等，提高涂料的流动性和抗流挂能力。

其次是油漆行业，它可以用于水性和溶剂型油漆，改善油漆的施工性能和覆盖性。

还可以用于油墨行业，提高油墨在印刷过程中的流动性和打印效果。

4. 使用方法BYK GARAMITE 1958 的使用方法相对简单，一般需要按照一定的配比加入到涂料、油漆或油墨中，并进行充分的搅拌和分散，以确保其充分发挥作用。

对于不同的产品和工艺，可以适当调整添加量和混合方式，以达到最佳的效果。

还需要注意其与其他成分的相容性，避免出现不良的相互作用，影响整体产品的性能。

5. 储存和包装BYK GARAMITE 1958 应储存在阴凉、干燥的环境中，远离火源和阳光直射。

曼昆微观经济学答案ch04

The Market Forces of Supply and DemandWHAT’S NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION:This chapter has been completely rearranged and rewritten.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:what a competitive market is.what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market.what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market.how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold.the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources in market economies.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 4 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work. Chapter 4 shows how supply and demand for a good determines both the quantityproduced and the price at which the good sells. Chapter 5 will add precision to the discussion of supply and demand by addressing the concept of elasticity —the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic variables. Chapter 6 will address the impact of government policies on prices and quantities in markets.The purpose of Chapter 4 is to establish the model of supply and demand. The model of supply and demand is the foundation for the discussion for the remainder of this text. For this reason, time spent studying the concepts in this chapter will return benefits to your students throughout their study of economics. Many instructors would argue that this chapter is the most important chapter in the text.THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND52 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandKEY POINTS:1.Economists use the model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets. In a competitivemarket, there are many buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or no influence on the market price.2.The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good demanded depends on the price. According tothe law of demand, as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises. Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.3.In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, theprices of substitutes and complements, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers. If one of these factors changes, the demand curve shifts.4.The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends on the price. According to thelaw of supply, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.5.In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell include input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers. If one of these factors changes, the supply curve shifts.6.The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the market equilibrium. At theequilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.7.The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium. When themarket price is above the equilibrium price, there is a surplus of the good, which causes the market price to fall. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, there is a shortage, which causes the market price to rise.8.To analyze how any event influences a market, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examinehow the event affects equilibrium price and quantity. To do this we follow three steps. First, we decide whether the event shifts the supply curve or the demand curve (or both). Second, we decide which direction the curve shifts. Third, we compare the new equilibrium with the initial equilibrium.9.In market economies, prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocatescarce resources. For every good in the economy, the price ensures that supply and demand are in balance. The equilibrium price then determines how much of the good buyers choose to purchase and how much sellers choose to produce.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Markets and CompetitionChapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 53A. Definition of market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good orservice.B. Definition of competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers andmany sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.C. Competition: Perfect and Otherwise1. Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market:a. The goods being offered for sale are all the same.b. The buyers and sellers are so numerous that none can influence themarket price.2. Because buyers and sellers must accept the market price as given, they are oftencalled "price takers."3. Not all goods are sold in a perfectly competitive market.a. A market with only one seller is called a monopoly market.b. A market with only a few sellers is called an oligopoly.c. A market with a large number of sellers, each selling a product that isslightly different from its competitors‘ products, is called monopolisticcompetition.D. We will start by studying perfect competition.II. DemandA. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded1. Definition of quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers arewilling and able to purchase.2. One important determinant of quantity demanded is the price of the product.a. Quantity demanded is negatively related to price. This implies that thedemand curve is downward sloping.b. Definition of law of demand: the claim that, other things equal,the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of thegood rises.54 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand3. Definition of demand schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity demanded.4. Definition of demand curve: a graph of the relationship between theprice of a good and the quantity demanded. a. Price is generally drawn on the vertical axis.b.Quantity demanded is represented on the horizontal axis.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 55B. Market Demand Versus Individual Demand1.The market demand is the sum of all of the individual demands for a particular good or service.2.The demand curves are summed horizontally —meaning that the quantities demanded are added up for each level of price.3.The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies with the price of the good, holding constant all other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy.C.Shifts in the Demand Curve1. The demand curve shows how much consumers want to buy at any price,holding constant the many other factors that influence buying decisions.2. If any of these other factors change, the demand curve will shift.a. An increase in demand can be represented by a shift of the demandcurve to the right.b.A decrease in demand can be represented by a shift of the demand curve to the left.3.Income56 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demanda.The relationship between income and quantity demanded depends on what type of good the product is.b.Definition of normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.c.Definition of inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.4. Prices of Related Goodsa.Definition of substitutes: two goods for which an increase in theprice of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.b.Definition of complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.5. Tastes6.Expectationsa. Future Incomeb.Future Prices7. Number of BuyersD.Case Study: Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity of Smoking Demanded1.Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition of cigarette advertising on television are policies designed to reduce the demand for cigarettes (and shift the demand curve to the left). 2.Raising the price of cigarettes (through tobacco taxes) lowers the quantity of cigarettes demanded.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 57a. The demand curve does not shift in this case, however.b. An increase in the price of cigarettes can be shown by a movementalong the original demand curve.3. Studies have shown that a 10% increase in the price of cigarettes causes a 4%reduction in the quantity of cigarettes demanded. For teens a 10% increase inprice leads to a 12% drop in quantity demanded.4. Studies have also shown that a decrease in the price of cigarettes is associatedwith greater use of marijuana. Thus, it appears that tobacco and marijuana arecomplements.III. SupplyA. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Supplied1. Definition of quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers arewilling and able to sell.a. Quantity supplied is positively related to price.b. Definition of law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, thequantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the goodrises.2. Definition of supply schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity supplied.3. Definition of supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the priceof a good and the quantity supplied.58 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandB.Market Supply Versus Individual Supply1. The market supply curve can be found by summing individual supply curves.2. Individual supply curves are summed horizontally at every price.3.The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied varies as the price of the good varies.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 59C. Shifts in the Supply Curve1. The supply curve shows how much producers offer for sale at any given price, holding constant all other factors that may influence producers‘ decisions about how much to sell.2. When any of these other factors change, the supply curve will shift.a. An increase in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the right.b.A decrease in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the left.3. Input Prices4.Technology5. Expectations6. Number of SellersIV. Supply and Demand Together A.Equilibrium 1. The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is called the market‘s equilibrium.2.Definition of equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.60 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandDefinition of equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.4.The equilibrium price is often called the "market-clearing" price because both buyers and sellers are satisfied at this price.5.Definition of equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.6. If the actual market price is higher than the equilibrium price, there will be asurplus of the good.a. Definition of surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied isgreater than quantity demanded.b.To eliminate the surplus, producers will lower the price until the marketreaches equilibrium.7. If the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage ofthe good.a. Definition of shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded isgreater than quantity supplied.b.Sellers will respond to the shortage by raising the price of the good untilthe market reaches equilibrium. Array8. Definition of the law of supply and demand: the claim that the price ofany good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good intobalance.B.Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or perhaps both).2. Decide in which direction the curve shifts.3.Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium price and quantity.A.Example: A Change in Demand — the effect of hot weather on the market for ice cream.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Go through these examples of events that would shift either the demand or supply of #2 lead pencils:▪ an increase in the income of consumers▪ an increase in the use of standardized exams (using opscan forms) ▪ a decrease in the price of graphite (used in the production of pencils) ▪ a decrease in the price of ink pens ▪ the start of a school year▪ new technology that lowers the cost of producing pencilsD.Shifts in Curves versus Movements Along Curves 1.A shift in the demand curve is called a "change in demand." A shift in the supply curve is called a "change in supply."2.A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a "change in quantity demanded." A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a "change in quantity supplied."E.Example: A Change in Supply — the effect of a hurricane that destroys part of the sugar-cane crop and drives up the price of sugar.F.In the News: Mother Nature Shifts the Supply Curve1.Newspaper articles about specific industries can give students practice understanding the things that affect supply and demand.2.This is an article from The New York Times that describes the effect of a freeze on the citrus market.G.Example: A Change in Both Supply and Demand —the effect of both hot weather and an earthquake which destroys several ice cream factories on the market for ice cream.H. Summary1. When an event shifts the supply or demand curve, we can examine the effectson the equilibrium price and quantity.2. Table 4 reports the end results of these shifts in supply and demand.V. Conclusion: How Prices Allocate Resources A. The model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzing markets.B.Supply and demand together determine the price of the economy‘s goods and services. 1.These prices serve as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in the economy.2.Prices determine who produces each good and how much of each good is produced.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes 1. A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (who determinesupply) of a particular good or service. A competitive market is one in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identical product so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.2. Here‘s an example of a demand schedule for pizza:The demand curve is graphed in Figure 1.Figure 1Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices ofrelated goods like soda or hot dogs, tastes, expectations about future income or prices, and the number of buyers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only lead us to movefrom one point to another along the same demand curve.3. Here is an example of a supply schedule for pizza:The supply curve is graphed in Figure 2.Figure 2Examples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs liketomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automaticdough makers, changes in expectations about the future price of pizza, or a change in thenumber of sellers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only move from onepoint to another along the same supply curve.4. If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because of theincreased price of an input into pizza production, but there is no effect on demand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity todecline, as Figure 3 shows.If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because the lower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and less pizza, but there is no effect on supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes the equilibrium price to falland the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4 shows.Figure 3Questions for Review1. A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identicalproduct so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. Other types of markets includemonopoly, in which there is only one seller, oligopoly, in which there are a few sellers that do notalways compete aggressively, and monopolistically competitive markets, in which there are many sellers, each offering a slightly different product.2. The quantity of a good that buyers demand is determined by the price of the good, income, theprices of related goods, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers.3. The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because the demand curve is simply a graph showing the points in the demand schedule.The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things equal, whenthe price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buy less of a goodwhen its price rises, both because they cannot afford to buy as much and because they switch to purchasing other goods.4. A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the demand curve.5. Since Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him.Since he buys more spinach, but the price of spinach is unchanged, his demand curve for spinach shifts out as a result of the decrease in his income.6. The quantity of a good that sellers supply is determined by the price of the good, input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers.7. A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity a producer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping linerelating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are relatedbecause the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, sothey supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things equal,when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.8. A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads toa movement along the supply curve.9. The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equal to quantitysupplied. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price withoutlosing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.10. When the price of beer rises, the demand for pizza declines, because beer and pizza arecomplements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pizza declines, we mean that the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left as in Figure 5. The supply curve for pizza is not affected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantityboth decline, as the figure shows. Thus the quantity of pizza supplied and demanded both fall.In sum, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantitydemanded declines, and the price falls.Figure 511. Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If theprice is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are notequal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarceresources.Problems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. This can beseen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The newequilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.Figure 6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, sodemand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer peopletravel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shownin Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbeanhotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.Figure 7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve forgasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price ofgasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzlingautomobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs willdecline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition,some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that thedemand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to theright, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of usedCadillacs.Figure 8 Figure 92. The statement that "an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied," in general, is false. As Figure 10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve was a vertical line, as shown in Figure 11.Figure 10Figure 113. a. If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they will want larger vehiclesfor hauling their kids around, so the demand for minivans will increase. Supply won't beaffected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 12 shows.Figure 12b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the cost of producing a minivan rises (a risein input prices), so the supply of minivans decreases. Demand won't be affected. Theresult is a rise in the price of minivans and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 13 shows.Figure 13c. The development of new automated machinery for the production of minivans is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply.Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase inthe quantity, as Figure 14 shows.Figure 14d. The rise in the price of sport utility vehicles affects minivan demand because sport utilityvehicles are substitutes for minivans (that is, there is a rise in the price of a related good).The result is an increase in demand for minivans. Supply is not affected. In equilibrium,the price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure 12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reduces their income,leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, since minivans are likely a normalgood. Supply isn‘t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 15shows.Figure 154. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline inan input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply ofcomputers, as shown in Figure 16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.Figure 16Since computer software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 17 shows, the result is a rise in both theequilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 17Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 18 shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of typewriters.Figure 185. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices forproducing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, as shownin Figure 19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 19b. A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets,reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in Figure 20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 20c. The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morning calisthenics inappropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure 21. The result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 21d. The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of sweatshirts. As Figure 22shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibriumquantity of sweatshirts.Figure 226. A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who needsitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 23. The result is ahigher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 24. The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 23 Figure 247. Since ketchup is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantitydemanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for ketchup, causing both price andquantity of ketchup to fall. Since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes byketchup producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts out, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so thedemand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!Figure 258. a. Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price forcigarettes would increase the demand for cigars and chewing tobacco.b. An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and chewingtobacco. The result, as shown in Figure 25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of cigars and chewing tobacco.c. The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigarsand chewing tobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce totaltobacco usage, policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and chewingtobacco, or pursue some type of public education program.9. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure26). If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, sosuppliers would reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demandedwould exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there isneither a surplus nor a shortage.。

经皮穿刺冷热多模态消融治疗肺部恶性肿瘤操作规范专家共识

・标准与规范・Expert consensus on clinical practice of percutaneousmulti-modal cold and hot ablation for treatment ofpulmonary malignant tumorCommittee of Minimally Invasive Therapy in OncoZogy,Ch%宛ese A乳竝-Cancer Association椈Chinese College of Interventionalists^Interventional Therapy,Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(;Ch彳乳ese Soc仏of Radiology,Interventional Group Song1^Xu1灣Yinghua2灣(1.Depa壮men£of I枕teruen梶onaZ T/ierapy,Pe上2ng力y Cancer Hospital and Institute,Key Laboratory ofCarcinogenesis and Translational Research［Mi加stry of Education］,_Bedjdng100142,China；2.Depa旷匕肌of I仇旷pe冗竝onaZ Vascular Surgery,Peking UniversityFirst Hospital^^ing100034f^hina)［Abstract］W旚h the development of modern medical technology,the treatments of tumor are becoming more and more diverse.Cryoablation has beenwidely accepted because of its exact curative effect,less complications,less surgical trauma and rapid recovery.Themulti-modal cold and hot combinated ablation(co-ablation)treatment wth multi-modal is the first to put forward the multi-modal treatment mode ofdeep hypothermia and high-intensity heating broken the long-term monopoly siuation of imported products a nd is unanimously affirmedby clinical experts.The interventional radiologist, physician and surgeon experts who were engaged in treatment of malignant tumor ablation had discussed the treatment standard of co-ablation formalignant tumor of lung fully and deeply,and reached the consensus of expert.［Keywords］lung neoplasms;multi-modal ablation；clinical practice;expert consensusDOI：10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2020.12.001经皮穿刺冷热多模态消融治疗肺部恶性肿瘤操作规范专家共识中国抗癌协会肿瘤介入学专业委员会，中国医师协会介入医师分会，中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)放射介入治疗专家委员会，中华医学会放射学分会介入学组，高嵩棻，朱旭棻灣，邹英华2灣(1.北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所介入治疗科，恶性肿瘤发病机制及转化研究教育部重点实验室，北京100142；.北京大学第一医院介入血管外科棳匕京100034)「摘要椵随着现代医学技术的进步棳中瘤治疗方式越来越多样暎冷冻消融治疗疗效确切、并发症少、手术创伤小、患者［基金项目］国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0114004).北京市科学技术委员会重点研发计划项目(Z191100010118001)暎［执笔人］高嵩(1976—)，男，山东德州人，博士，主任医师。

西班牙笔皇测评

西班牙笔皇测评西班牙笔皇是一款备受好评的高端钢笔品牌，其产品以精湛的工艺和优质的材料著称于世。

在钢笔爱好者中享有盛誉的西班牙笔皇，不仅在外观设计上独具匠心，更在书写体验和品质上有着出色的表现。

本文将对西班牙笔皇进行全面的测评，从外观、书写感受、材质、性能等方面进行详细的分析，为喜欢钢笔的朋友们提供参考和借鉴。

首先，我们来看看西班牙笔皇的外观设计。

西班牙笔皇的外观设计非常精致，每一支笔的造型都充满了艺术感和品味。

无论是经典的黑色笔身搭配金色笔夹，还是时尚的银色笔身搭配银色笔夹，都展现出了西班牙笔皇对于细节的用心。

此外，西班牙笔皇还推出了一系列限量版的钢笔，每一支都是艺术品般的存在，成为收藏家们的心头好。

接下来是书写感受。

西班牙笔皇的钢笔在书写时有着非常顺畅的手感，墨水流畅，毫无卡顿感。

无论是细腻的字迹还是粗犷的线条，都能轻松应对。

这得益于西班牙笔皇采用的优质笔尖和流畅的进墨系统，保证了书写的顺畅和稳定。

同时，西班牙笔皇的钢笔还具有一定的弹性，能够满足书写者的不同需求，让书写变得更加自如和舒适。

在材质方面，西班牙笔皇的钢笔采用了高品质的金属材料，经过精细的打磨和抛光处理，呈现出光滑细腻的质感。

不仅如此，西班牙笔皇还在笔身上运用了各种高档材料，如贝母、珍珠贝、象牙等，使得每一支钢笔都成为了独一无二的艺术品。

这些材质的运用不仅提升了钢笔的美感，更增加了钢笔的附加值，使得西班牙笔皇的钢笔成为了收藏者们的心头好。

最后是性能方面。

西班牙笔皇的钢笔在性能上表现出色，不仅具有优秀的耐用性，更有着稳定的书写表现。

西班牙笔皇的钢笔采用了精密的进墨系统和可靠的笔尖，保证了墨水的稳定供给和书写的流畅性。

同时，西班牙笔皇的钢笔还具有一定的防水和防晒性能，能够在不同环境下保持稳定的书写表现，让书写者无需担心墨水的溢出和褪色。

总的来说，西班牙笔皇的钢笔在外观设计、书写感受、材质和性能等方面表现出色，堪称是高端钢笔中的佼佼者。

无论是作为日常书写工具还是收藏品，西班牙笔皇的钢笔都能够满足书写者和收藏者的需求，成为了不可或缺的存在。

专的释义及成语

基本字义1.单纯、独一、集中在一件事上：～长（cháng ）。

～使。

～心致志。

2.独自掌握和占有：～利。

～车。

～有。

～断。

3.姓。

详细字义〈名〉1.(会意兼形声。

甲骨文字形,右边象纺塼( zhuān)形,即“叀( zhuan);左边是手(寸),合起来为用手纺织。

“叀”兼作声符。

本义:纺锤)2.纺专,收丝器[spindle]专,纺专。

——《说文》。

字亦作塼,作甎,俗作磚。

载弄之瓦。

——《诗·小雅·斯干》。

传:“瓦,纺塼也。

”按,原始的陶制纺锤。

3.专长[speciality]。

如:一专多能4.中等专科学校(即只教授某一项或一些专门技术的学校)的简称[polytechnic school]。

如:新城工专;美镇医专;兴隆商专5.姓〈动〉1.独占;独用[sew up]专禄以周旋,戮也。

——《左传·襄公二十六年》吴王擅鄣海泽, 邓通专西山。

——《盐铁论·错币》罔俾阿衡(即伊尹)专美有商。

——《书·说命下》专其利三世矣。

——唐·柳宗元《捕蛇者说》衣食所安,弗敢专也。

——《左传·庄公十年》敢专承之。

——《国语·晋语》与其卖而分,孰若吾得专焉?——唐·柳宗元《童区寄传》2.又如:专功(独占其功);专道(独占道路);专贵(独占尊位);专美(独享美名);专宠(独占宠爱);专据(独占)3.使专一;使集中[concentrate]不专心致志则不得也。

——《孟子·告子上》其静也专,其动也直。

——《易·系辞上》则其读书也必专。

——清·袁枚《黄生借书说》4.又如:专必(专一不易);专专(用心专一);专愚(用心专一而至不通事情);专节(专一不变的节操);专谨(专一谨慎);专注(专心注意)5.独裁,专擅,独断独行[act without authorization]祭仲专, 郑伯患之。

——《左传·桓公十五年》主弱臣强,专制擅权。