美国文学总结

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美国文学总结

The romantic age (1815-1865)Romanticism: It is aassociated with imagination and creation of individuality. Romantic writers attach importance to the portrayal of figures of distinctive charactersOne of the characteristics: it took a predominantly philosophical toneI. BackgroundA. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism occurred and developed in Europe.B. American Puritanism清教Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They are a group of highly religious and serious people. They are Self-disciplined, sobriety, hard work, thrift, piety without any earthly joy and extravagancy.C. American was striving for争取political, economic, and cultural independence from Britain, radical 彻底的changes took place: Development of industrialism, great immigration, westward expansion, etc. The buoyant令人鼓舞的mood of the nation called for a new literary expression, and romanticism answered the call.D. The European influence.II. Features of the romantic literature.1.Expressiveness:Wordsworth华滋华斯: ―all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow洋溢of powerful feeling‖The romanticists held that the writers should express their emotions, feelings, impressions. 印象, instinct直觉, intuition直觉, or their beliefs in their works instead of the imitation模仿of the classical writers.2. Imagination3. Worship崇拜of nature4. Simplicity简单: turned to the humble低下的people and the everyday life，adopted the everyday languageRomanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

美国文学总结

美国文学总结美国文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，以其丰富多样的文体和深刻的思想内涵，对人类文明的发展作出了重要贡献。

本文将从不同的角度来总结美国文学的特点和影响，希望读者能够对美国文学有一个更深入的了解。

一、多元文化的交融和反映美国是一个多元文化的国家，这种多元化的文化背景也深刻地反映在了美国文学中。

不同民族、不同种族、不同宗教信仰的交融，使得美国文学具有丰富多样的题材和内容。

例如，非裔作家托尼·莫里森的作品《宠儿》以及拉斯姆斯·沙迪的作品《千万次的告别》都深入地反映了非洲裔美国人的生活经历和种族歧视问题。

同时，美国文学中也出现了很多关于移民和流亡的作品，如海明威的《老人与海》、耶尔·玛特基的《侍女的故事》等，这些作品都以独特而真实的方式表达了来自不同国家和地区的人们的痛苦和奋斗。

二、对人性的思考和揭示美国文学有着对人性的深刻思考和揭示，呈现了人类内心世界的复杂性和矛盾性。

在美国文学的经典作品中，我们可以看到人性的种种弱点和缺点，比如弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》中描述了个人欲望和贪婪的堕落，约瑟夫·康拉德的小说《黑暗之心》中探讨了人性中的野蛮和暴力倾向。

但是，美国文学也揭示了人性中那些令人感动和崇敬的品质，如荣格的《舞人木偶之死》中展现了人类对友谊和爱的渴望，哈珀·李的小说《杀死一只知更鸟》中讲述了一个女孩成长的故事，提倡了宽容和正义。

三、对历史和社会的反思和批判美国文学不仅仅是对个人内心世界的深入思考，还对历史和社会进行了深刻的反思和批判。

在美国的历史中，有许多黑暗的时刻，比如对土著人、非洲裔美国人和女性的歧视等。

文学作为一个重要的社会反思工具，呈现出了对这些社会问题和历史事件的批判。

例如，马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》通过一个贫穷少年的目光，展示了奴隶制度和社会不公的丑恶。

美国文学总结

Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林P1Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》The Autobiography 《自传》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡P10Tamerlane and Other Poems《帖木尔》Al Araaf《艾尔·阿拉夫》Poems《诗集》The Raven and Other Poems 《乌鸦及其他诗篇》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 《述异集》Tales 《故事集》The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古厦的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡假面舞会》Ligeia 《莉盖亚》The Black Cat 《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》Murders in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Purloined Letter 《被窃的信件》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原理》Ralph Wal Emerson 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生P18 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自助》The American Scholar《论美国学者》The Divinity School Address 《神学院致辞》Essays: First Series《论文集》Essays: Second Series《论文集：第二辑》Representative Men《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》Poems《诗集》May-Day and Other Pieces《五月节》Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑P26Twice-told Tales 《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》The Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》19th-century American PoetsHenry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗P53 V oices of the Night 《夜吟》Ballads and Other Poems 《歌谣及其他》Evangeline 《伊凡杰林》The Song of Hiawatha 《海伊华沙之歌》I Shot an Arrow…《我射出一支箭……》A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡P57Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》The Raven 《乌鸦》Sonnet ——To Science 《十四行诗——致科学》To Helen 《致海伦》Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼P60Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱自我》O Captain! My Captain! 《奥，船长！我的船长！》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·狄金森P63To Make a Prairie …《要描绘一片草原……》Success Is Counted Sweetest 《最美妙的胜利感觉》I’m Nobody! 《我是无名之辈》Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩P102Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat 《海上扁舟》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel 《蓝色旅店》Katherine Anne Porter 凯萨琳·安·波特P142The Flowering Judas 《开花的紫荆树》Pale Horse, Pale Rider 《灰色骑士灰色马》The Leaning Tower 《斜塔》The Old Order 《旧秩序》Old Mortality 《修墓老人》A Ship of Fools 《愚人船》The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》F·Scott Fitzgerald 弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德P151The Side of Paradise 《人间天堂》The Beautiful and the Damned 《漂亮的冤家》Flappers and Philosophers 《姑娘们与哲学家们》Tales of the Jazz Age 《爵士乐时代的故事》The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night 《夜色温柔》The Crack-up 《崩溃》William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳P165The Marble Faun 《大理石牧神》Soldier’s Pay 《士兵的报酬》The Sound and the Fury 《喧嚣与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Sartoris 《沙多里斯》The Hamlet 《村子》The Town《小镇》The Mansion 《大宅》Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威P180A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》In Our Time 《在我们的时代里》The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照样升起》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 《一个干净、明亮的地方》20th-Century American PoetsEzra Pound 埃兹拉·庞德P187Exultations 《狂喜》Personae 《人物》Cathay 《中国》Cantos 《诗章》Des Imagistes 《意象派诗选》In A Station of the Metro 《在一个地铁车站》Wallace Stevens 华莱士·斯蒂文斯P188The Necessary Angel 《必要的天使》Anecdote of the Jar 《坛子的轶事》William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯P190 Collected Later Poems 《近期诗集》Collected Early Poems 《早期诗集》Paterson 《佩特森》The Red Wheelbarrow 《红色手推车》Spring and All 《春天和一切》Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗洛斯特P193A Boy’s Will 《一个男孩的意愿》North of Boston 《波士顿的北部》New Hamphshire 《新罕布什尔》Collected Poems 《诗集》A Further Range 《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree 《标记树》Fire and Ice 《火与冰》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边驻脚》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Langston Hughes 兰斯顿·休斯P198The Weary Blues 《萎靡的布鲁斯》Fine Clothes to the Jew 《抵押给犹太人的好衣服》The Dream Keeper and Other Poems 《梦乡人》Shakespeare in Harlem 《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》Dreams 《梦想》Me and the Mule 《我与骡子》Border Line 《分界线》Archibald MacLeish 阿奇博尔德·麦克利什P201The Happy Marriage 《幸福的婚姻》The Poet of Earth 《大地诗人》Conquistador 《征服者》Collected Poems 《诗集》J.B.Ars Poetica 《诗艺》Eugene Glastone O’Neil 尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔P206 Bound East for Cardiff 《东航加的夫》In the Zone 《在这一带》The Long V oyage Home 《漫长的返航》The Moon of the Caribees 《加勒比的月亮》Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》The Great God Brown 《大神布朗》Strange Interlude 《奇异的插曲》Desire Under the Elms 《榆树下的欲望》Mourning Becomes Electra 《悲悼》The Icemen Cometh 《送冰的人来了》A Touch of the Poet 《诗人的气质》Long Day’s Journey Into Night 《长日终入夜》The Moon for the Misbegotten 《月照不幸人》Hugie 《休依》More Stately Mansions 《更庄严的大厦》Ralph Waldo Ellison 拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森P241 Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Shadow and Act 《影子与行动》Going to the Territory 《走向领域》Saul Bellow 索尔·贝娄P294Dangling man 《晃来晃去的人》The Victim 《受害者》The Adventures of Augie March 《奥吉·玛琪历险记》Seize the Day 《只争朝夕》Henderson the Rain King 《雨王汉德森》Herzog 《赫尔索格》Mr. Sammler’s Planet 《赛姆勒先生的行星》Humbolt’s Gift 《洪堡的礼物》The Dean’s December 《院长的十二月》More Die of Heartbreak 《更多人死于悲痛》The Theft 《盗窃》The Actual 《真实的》Mosby’s Memories and Other Stories《莫斯比的回忆及其他故事》The Last Analysis 《最后的分析》Looking for Mr. Green 《寻找格林先生》Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒P311Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》We Bombed in New Haven 《我们轰炸了纽黑文》Something Happened 《出了毛病》Good as Gold《像高尔德那样好》God Knows 《天晓得》Toni Morrison 托尼·莫里森P322The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》Sula 《秀拉》Song of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》Tar Baby 《柏油娃娃》Beloved 《爱娃》Jazz 《爵士乐》Paradise 《天堂》Recitatif 《宣叙》。

美国文学史期末总结

美国文学史美国文学全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开.The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .。

美国文学总结

美国文学总结Colonial 1607-1765 and Revolutionary 1765-18c末Period （17世纪-18世纪末）一、Colonial writers1. John Smith (约翰·史密斯) “ the first autho r” in American literatureA True Relation of Virginia 关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述“ the first book” in American literature2. William Bradford the first governor of Plymouth 普利茅斯3. John Winthrop A Model of Christian Charity 基督教之爱清教徒主义作家Anne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defendedThe Nature of True Virtue二、启蒙时期和独立战争时期1. Benjamin Franklin 启蒙运动代表人物one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America Poor Richard’s Almanac ( 格言历书) 代表作：The Autobiography 早期美国梦的反映2. Roger Williams Puritanical dissenter 清教反对者3. Thomas Paine the Father of American Revolution美国独立之父The Common Sense the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsThe Age of Reason The Rights of Man支持了法国革命The American Crisis鼓励殖民地抵抗英国军队4.Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父a poet of theAmerican Revolution革命诗人The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人的殡葬地首次创造the Noble Savage 高贵的野蛮人5.Thomas Jefferson 美第三任总统Agrarians 重农主义代表人物Declaration of Independence````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Romanticism (提倡个人主义) 美国的文艺复兴18世纪末---19世纪中后期一、早期浪漫主义1. Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文the Father of American Literature美国文学之父indigenous humour The Sketch Book marked the beginning标志美国浪漫主义的开始第一个赢得国际声誉包括：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说Rip Van Winkle The Alhambra等7部A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty纽约外史诙谐杰作2. James Fennimore Cooper 费尼莫尔·库伯西进运动边疆小说Leatherstocking Tale皮袜子故事集5部曲about the frontier life of American settlers包括：The Pioneers拓荒者The Last of Mohicans最后的莫西干人（Natty Bumpoo班波）、The Prairie草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者The Spy 间谍The Pilot 领航者二、超验主义作家1. Ralph Waldo Emerson New England TranscendentalismNature论自然the manifesto of American Transcendentalism 超验主义宣言超验主义理论的圣经The American Scholar美国学者指出美学者应创造自己的文学风格，不应盲从Self-Reliance论自立2.Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖超验主义作品Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑human soul symbolism象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter红字代表作Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇The Marble Faun玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸Typee泰比Omoo欧穆诗人1. Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼the father of Free VerseLeaves of Grass草叶集(标志浪漫主义截止) American Epic美国史诗Democratic Bible共和圣经Song of Myself自我之歌O Captain！My Captain2.Emily Dickinson 迪金森美国女诗人Because I Could Not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You我是无名小卒,你是谁This Is My Letter to the World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe 短篇小说大师first writer of detective story侦探小说The Raven乌鸦The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌The Poetic Principle诗歌原理The Philosophy of Composition 创作哲学Murders in the Rue Morgue莫各街谋杀案三、炉边诗人1. William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特To a Waterfowl致水鸟Thanatopsis死亡随想The Yellow Violet黄色的堇香花2.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗佛罗native themesA Psalm of Life人生礼赞The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌Evangeline伊凡吉林````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` Realistic Period 现实主义时期19世纪中期----20世纪初诱因American industrialization 马克·吐温→The Gilded Age镀金年代Gold Rush淘金热Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托废奴主义者Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋一、现实主义作家1. William Dean Howells霍威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹A Modern Instance一个现代的例证A Hazard of New Fortunes新财富的危害2. Henry James亨利·詹姆斯世态小说novel of mannersThe Potrait of a Lady贵妇人的肖像Daisy Miller黛西·米勒The Ambassadors大使The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Golden Bowl金碗Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术二、乡土文学作家Local Literature1. Mark Twain马克·吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) critic colloquial style localismThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利?费恩历险记现代美国文学起源The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆?索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记The Gilded Age镀金时代The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿The;A Connecticut Yankee in Kin g Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人Roughing It苦行记2. Hamlin Garland哈姆林·加兰德Main Traveled Road大路条条三、自然主义作家Naturalism自然主义1. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克莱恩Magie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章The Open Boat海上扁舟2. Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus章鱼3. Theodore Dreise r西奥多·德莱塞An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘The Genius天才Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（The Financer金融家The Titan 巨人The Stoic斯多葛）4. Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人5. Jack London杰克·伦敦Marti Eden马丁·伊登The Son of the Wolf狼之子The Sea-wolf海狼The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤White Fang 白獠牙The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们The Iron Heel铁蹄What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么Love of Life热爱生命The Mexican墨西哥人Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下The Law of Life 生活的法则6. Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）Oil石油Spring and Harvest春天与收获;O．Henry (William Sidney Porter) the father of the modern short story美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem警察与赞美诗The Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物The Last Leaf最后一片叶子````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Modernism 现代主义时期一、二战前诗歌1. Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德The father of modern American poetry美国现代诗歌创始人Imagism意象主义The father of Imagist poetry意象派诗歌之父Cathay华夏集(英译中国诗) The Cantos诗章In a Station of the Metro地铁站里 A Pact协约2. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特New England poetA Boy’s Wish少年心愿North of Boston波士顿之北Mending Wall修墙Fire and Ice火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻After Apple-picking摘苹果之后The Road Not taken未选择的道路West-running Brook西流的溪流New Hampshire新罕布什尔3. Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmonium风琴The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人Sunday Morning星期天早晨The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦Collected Poems诗集二、二战前小说1. Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德表现一战后年轻一代美国梦的破灭The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比The Side of Paradise人间天堂Tender is the Night夜色温柔The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头The Crack-up崩溃2. Ernest Hemingway海明威(“迷惘的一代”的代表人物) 老人与海获Pulitzer Prize和Noble Prize The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起Farewell to Arms永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring春潮Men Without Women没有女人的男人Death in the Afternoon死在午后3. Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖) Main Street大街Babbitt巴比特4. William Faulkner福克纳Soldiers’ Pay兵饷The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动As I lay dying在我弥留之际Light in August八月之光Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙The Hamlet村子Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西 A Rose for Emily给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰5. John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Tortilla Flat煎饼房In Dubious Battle胜负未定The Pearl珍珠Of Mice and Men 鼠和人The Moon is Down月亮下去了6. Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森The Triumph of the Egg 鸡蛋的胜利三、二战前戏剧Eugene O’neil 尤金·奥尼尔Beyond the Horizon天边外The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了The Long Days Journey Into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape毛猿Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠The Good Earth大地四、二战后1945后The Beat Generation垮掉的一代Black Humor黑色幽默1. Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森Invisible Man隐形人2. Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人Seize the Day勿失良机3. J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者4. John Updike Rabbit Series 兔子系列5. Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22第22条军规黑色幽默代表作6. Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒剧作家The Death of a Salesman推销员之死7. Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车8. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡Howl嚎叫9. Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story动物园的故事Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf10. Jack Kerouac 杰克·克鲁亚克On the Road在路上11. William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦Sophie’s Choice苏菲的选择。

美国文学期末必考点总结

20151120美国文学必考点总结By Wang HX.说明：1，名词解释可参考我以前发的资料或者自己的资料，也可在网上搜美国文学名词解释。

2，作家作品一定要正确搭配，还要会写下面我列出的作家和作品。

作者是什么时代的代表，有什么称号要记住。

1,英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet，作品<The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America>first woman poet.2,Edward Taylor超验主义的先驱。

3，Hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety。

清教徒强调的四点，会写，可能填空。

4，Benjamin Franklin，作品"Poor Richard's Almanac"包括很多collection of proverbs流行谚语集。

The Autobiography自传。

5，Thomas Paine托马斯·佩因1737-1809"Great Common of Mankind"最平凡的人。

作品"American Crisis"《美国危机》，Common Sense常识。

6，Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊，drafted the Declaration of Independence.起草了独立宣言。

All Men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

美国文学总结

第一部分殖民主义时期the colonial period1.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest Americanwriting.代表人物: cotton mather 科顿.马瑟Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森.爱德华兹Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特殖民时期第一位诗人，《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》第二部分理性和革命时期文学reasoning and revolution1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林代表作：Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人理查德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集Autobiography 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩Rights of man 人的权利The age of reason 理性时代American Crisis《美国危机》, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18th century）. 是革命战争后期（18世纪）最杰出的作家。

the “Father of American Poetry”美国诗歌之父poet of American revolution4、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言第三部分浪漫主义文学/Romanticismtranscendentalism超验主义：1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

美国文学史总结

美国文学史总结从第二次世界大战后到新世纪，美国文学还有一个值得一提的发展现象——通俗文学（Popular Literature）日益受到重视，过去以低级杂志（pulps）为阵地的通俗小说有了平装本和精装本，进了图书馆和大学。

战后兴起的后现代主义思潮为研究通俗文学起了推波助澜的作用，学术界和思想界对于通俗文学观念的变化，刺激了通俗文学的进一步发展。

不但许多传统的通俗小说保持强劲的发展势头，而且诞生了许多新型通俗小说。

这些传统型和创新型的小说，很多都进入了《纽约时报》的“畅销书排行榜”（New York Times Best Sellers）。

每一本畅销小说诞生后，都会被改编成电影、电视剧；原创电影、电视剧在走红后也很快派生出同名畅销小说。

畅销小说和火爆的影视剧交相辉映，构成战后美国通俗文学的繁荣景象。

50年代，历史西部小说（Historical Western）占据了通俗文学的主导地位，随后现代犯罪小说（Modern Crime Fiction）迅速崛起，在60年代末和70年代初压倒了其他一切通俗小说。

70、80年代是美国通俗小说大发展时期，诞生了诸如甜蜜野蛮小说（Sweet-Savage Romance）、高科技惊险小说（High-Technical Thriller）之类的新型通俗小说。

此外，传统的女性言情小说（Women's Fiction）、科幻小说（Science Fiction）和恐怖小说（Horror Fiction）也出现有力回潮。

90年代，社会暴露小说（Social Expose Fiction）逐渐成为美国通俗文学领域的主导力量，如此格局一直维持到世纪末。

像马里奥·普佐（Mario Puzo）的《教父》（The Godfather）、斯蒂芬·金（Stephen King）的系列恐怖小说、迈克尔·克莱顿（Michael Crichton）的《侏罗纪公园》（Jurassic Park）和《失落的世界》（The Lost World）、玛格丽特·杜鲁门（Margaret Truman）的“谋杀案”系列政治暴露小说等，都是我国读者较为熟悉的美国通俗文学作品。

美国文学史总结

Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Sincethe First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “CommonSense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年，II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）（1776）Chapter 8→Philip Freneau （菲利普.弗瑞诺）1.The Power of Fancy 《想象的力量》（1770）2.The House of Night 《英国囚船》（1781）His earlier poems were collected in The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War这些早期作品后来于1786年一起被收录在《战争后期弗洛诺主要诗歌集》中。

(完整版)美国文学史总结

ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people onthe new continent for Indians.Character of colonial literature:a.content: religious, politicalb.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personalliterature)c.Style: simple. direct, concised.out of humble originsEarly in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想.典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)”清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记)清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）Their voyage to the new land2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3）About dealing with Indians4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of realpoetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor.ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeoisdemocratic republic - the United States of America.2.Bourgeois Enlightenment3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection ofproverbs.The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传⏹The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a recordof self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis.⏹The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-centuryEnlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.⏹It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style,the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the obvious features we cannot mistake.⏹Tone: OptimismThe American dream began with the settlement of the American continent –the Promised Land – the Garden of Eden – optimistic about the future4.Thomas Paine: The American Crisis, 极大恢复士气5.Thomas Jefferson:The Declaration of Independence6.Philip Freneau, Father of American Poetry: The Indian Burring Ground(印第安人的坟地)The Wild Honey Suckle(野忍冬花)⏹The poem is an indication of the poet’s dedication to American subjectmatter and the natural scenes on the new continent.⏹Here in this poem Freneau deals with the themes of loveliness and thetransience of life.⏹This poem, well within the melancholy genre, consists of the poet’s pensivemusings on the flower’s story.⏹The first two stanzas picture the advantages of the flower’s country retreat.⏹The next two stanzas unite the theme of the seasons with the thought that allmust die. Death and decay, as well as creation, are so common, so much a part of the universal law.ⅢRomanticism(end of the 18th century——Civil War)浪漫主义文学1.Washington Irving, Father of American literature: Sketch Book(见闻札记, the firstmodern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales)2.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leatherstocking Tales(皮袜子故事集, the AmericanNational Epic) contains of The Deerslayer(杀鹿者), The Last of the Mohicans(最后的莫希干人), The Pathfinder(探路人), The Pioneers(拓荒者), and The Prairie(大草原).3.Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven(乌鸦), Annabel Lee(安娜贝尔·李), The Fall of the House ofUsher(鄂榭府崩溃记)To Helen○Edgar Allan Poe wrote “To Helen” as a reflection on the beauty of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, of Richmond, Va., who died in 1824. She was the mother of one of Poe’s school classmates, Robert Stanard. When Robert invited Edgar, then 14, to his home (at 19th and East Grace Streets in Richmond) in 1823, Poe was greatly taken with the 27-year-old woman, who is said to have urged him to write poetry. He was later to write that she was his first real love.○ 1 stanza⏹Helen: An allusion to Helen of Troy in Greek mythology.⏹Nicean: Of or from Nicea (also spelled Nicaea), a city in ancient Bithynia (nowpart of present-day Turkey) near the site of the Trojan War.⏹Barks: small sailing vessels.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A,B, B.○ 2 stanza⏹wont: accustomed to⏹Naiad: Naiads were minor nature goddesses in Greek and Romanmythology. They inhabited and presided over rivers, lakes, streams, and fountains.⏹Naiad airs: Peaceful, gentle breezes or qualities⏹The glory that . . .Rome: These last two lines, beginning with the glorythat was, are among the most frequently quoted lines in world literature.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A, B, A.Half rhyme: Face and Greece○ 3 stanza⏹Psyche: In Greek and Roman mythology, Psyche was a beautifulprincess dear to the god of love, Eros (Cupid), who would visit her in a darkened room ina palace. One night she used an agate lamp to discover his identity. Later, at the urging ofEros, Zeus gave her the gift of immortality. Eros then married her.⏹End rhyme: A, B, B, A, B.⏹from the regions which are Holy Land: from ancient Greece and Rome;from the memory Poe had of Mrs. Stanard○Theme■Beauty, as Poe uses the word in the poem, appears to refer to the woman's soul as well as her body. On the one hand, he represents her as Helen of Troy–the quintessence of physical beauty–at the beginning of the poem. On the other, he represents her as Psyche–the quintessence of soulful beauty–at the end of the poem. In Greek, psyche means soul.4.Transcendentalism(超验主义):❖19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. In their religious quest, the Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what began in dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the whole established order.❖Representative figures: some 30 men and a couple of women such as Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, most of them teachers or clergymen, radicals against rigid rationalism of Unitarianism.❖Time: 1836-1855❖Essence: “Transcendentalism is idealism” in essence❖Major Features:A.Emphasis on spirit;B.The importance of the individual as the most important element ofsociety;C．N ature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodRalph Waldo Emerson, Father of American Essay, Essayist, poet, philosopher, orator, critic : Nature(the Bible and manifesto(宣言) of the New England Transcendentalism), Self-relianceHenry David Thoreau(The Prophet(提倡者) of Non-Violence Movement, he wasEmerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories): Walden5.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。

美国文学史总结

美国文学史总结Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed“Common Sense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年， II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗1.该集子并不是按写作顺序来安排的，而是按事件发展的先后顺序重新编排，即：TheDeerslayer（《杀鹿者》）；The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》；The Pathfinder 《探路人》；The Pioneers《拓荒者》；The Prairie《大草原》}Chapter 11→William Cullen Bryant （威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特）1.Thanatopsis《死亡思考/死之思考》（1817）2.To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》（is perhaps the peak of his work 是其巅峰之作）Chapter 12→Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.艾伦.坡）1.MS. Found in a Bottle 《金瓶子城的方德先生》2.The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂榭府崩溃记》3.Tales Of the Grotesque and Arabesque《述异集》（1840）4.The Raven《乌鸦》（1845）5.To Helen《给海伦》6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》Chapter 13→Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生）1.Nature《论自然》（1836）2.Two speeches（正真让他功成名就的是两次演讲）：The American Scholar《美国学者》（a great statements 一篇优秀的论说文）& Divinity School Address《神学院致辞》3.Poem《诗集》（1847）4.Essay《随笔录》5.Representative Men《代表》（1850）6.English Traits《英国人》（1856）7.Nature《论自然》8.Self-Reliance《论自助》Chapter 14→Henry David Thoreau（亨利.戴维.梭罗）1.Walden《沃尔登》（1854）Chapter 15→Nathaniel Hawthorne （纳撒尼尔.霍桑）1.The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》（1846）3.The Scarlet Letter 《红字》（1850）The Scarlet Letter is the introductory chapter of The Scarlet Letter. 《海关》是《红字》的前言。

美国文学精髓总结

美国文学精髓总结I. Freneau as Leader of 18th Century Naturalism1. Fresh interest in nature.2. The belief that nature is a revelation of God.3. Humanitarian sympathy for the humble and oppressed.4. The faith that people are naturally good.5. That they lived idyllic and benevolent lives in a primitive past before the advent of civilization.6. The radical doctrine that the golden age will dawn again when social institutions are modified, since they are responsible for existing evil.II. Aspects of Freneau1. Poet of American Independence: Freneau provides incentive and inspiration to the revolution by writing such poems as "The Rising Glory of America" and "Pictures of Columbus."2. Journalist: Freneau was editor and contributor of The Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia) from 1781-1784. In his writings, he advocated the essence of what is known as Jeffersonian democracy - decentralization of government, equality for the masses, etc.3. Freneau's Religion: Freneau is described as a deist - a believer in nature and humanity but not a pantheist. In deism, religion becomes an attitude of intellectual belief, not a matter of emotional of spiritual ecstasy. Freneau shows interest and sympathy for the humble and the oppressed.4. Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing. His famous poems are "The Wild Honey-Suckle" (1786), "The Indian Burying Ground" (1787), "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi" (1784), "The Millennium" (1797), "On a Honey Bee" (1809), "To a Caty-Did" (1815), "On the Universality and Other Attributes of the God of Nature," "On the Uniformity and Perfection of Nature," and "On the Religion of Nature" (the last three written in 1815).In the evening of 18 December 1832, at the age of almost 81, Philip Freneau walked home from a meeting of the circulating library in Philadelphia in a snowstorm; he fell, broke his hip, and froze to death. His body was found the next day. His tombstone begins, simply: POET'S GRA VE./english/reuben/home.htmElements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural.Romantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty."2. The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque, gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.3. Escapism - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.| Top | Romantic Attitudes1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.2. Improbable plots.3. Inadequate or unlikely characterization.4. Authorial subjectivity.5. Socially "harmful morality;" a world of "lies."(Compare the above with Realistic Techniques in Chapter 5 of PAL.)6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns.8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective form of writing.Philosophical Patterns1. Nineteenth century marked by the influence of French revolution of 1789 and its concepts of liberty, fraternity, equality:a. Jacksonian democracy of the frontier. (Andrew Jackson on the Web)b. Intellectual and spiritual revolution - rise of Unitarianism.c. Middle colonies - utopian experiments like New Harmony, Nashoba, Fourierism, and the Icarian community.2. America basically middle-class and English - practicing laissez-faire (live and let live), modified because of geographical expansion and the need for subsidies for setting up industries, building of railroads, and others.3. Institution of slavery in the South - myth of the master and slave - William Gilmore Simms' modified references to Greek democracy (Pericles' Athens which was based on a slave proletariat, but provided order, welfare and security for all) as a way of maintaing slavery.| Top | The Renaissance in or the Flowering of American LiteratureThe decade of 1850-59 is unique in the annals of literary production. For a variety of reasons American authors, both African and European, published remarkable works in such a concentration of time that this feat, it is safe to say, has not been duplicated in this or any other literary tradition. Given below are the details:Works by European American WritersYear Author Title1850 Ralph Waldo Emerson Representative Men1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter1851 Herman Melville Moby-Dick1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin1854 Henry David Thoreau Walden1855 Walt Whitman Leaves of GrassWorks by African American WritersYear Author Title1853 Frederick Douglass Heroic Slave1853 William Wells Brown Clotel: Or, The President's Daughter1857 Frank J. Webb The Garies and Their Friends1859 Martin R. Delany Blake: Or, The Huts of America1859 Harriet E. Wilson Our Nig: Or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black | Top | Important ideas from: Warren, Robert Penn, Cleanth Brooks, and R.W.B. Lewis. "A National Literature and Romantic Individualism." in Romanticism. eds. James Barbour and Thomas Quirk. NY: Garland, 1986, 3-24.1. Social and political changes - Andrew Jackson's unsuccessful bid for presidency in 1824, when he won the plurality of votes but lost to John Quincy Adams when the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Jackson, a man of common beginnings, was the first candidate of the new states. In 1828 election, Jackson convincingly defeated Adams bringing to an end the domination of the eastern establishment.2. The beginning of industrial and technological developments - key markers were the introduction of steamboats, spinning mills, Eli Whitney's cotton gin, the clipper ships, railroads, and telegraph.3. "The success of northern industry made slavery appear anomalous, and to the free labor of the North slavery became ... repugnant."4. The industrial revolution also raised the issue of the overworked laborers. Influenced by the French philosopher Charles Fourier, Albert Brisbane published The Social Destiny of Men (1840). In it Brisbane states: " ... monotony, uniformity, intellectual inaction, and torpor reign: distrust, isolation, separation, conflict and antagonisms are almost universal. ... Society is spiritually a desert."5. Utopian experiments to counter the industrial revolution - Robert Owen's New Harmony in Indiana; George and Sophia Ripley's Brook Farm; Bronson Alcott's Fruitlands; and many Fourierist colonies.6. Other experiments: Amelia Bloomer's bloomers worn by women in some Fourierist colonies, mesmerism, phrenology, hydropathy, giving up of tobacco or alcohol, the eating of Dr. Graham's bread.7. The major reform movements: abolition of slavery, the rights of women, and the civil war. Reformism was, according to Whittier, "moral steam-enginery" and it was fed by two impulses - the idea of evolution even before Darwin and the idea of the "perfection of the social order."8. Transcendentalism - the philosophical, literary, social, and theological movement - go to Chap.4 in PAL.Study Questions1. Discuss the following statement with reference and relevance to specific literary works: the Puritans were typological, the eighteenth-century writers were logical, but the early-nineteenth-century writers were analogical in their way of knowing and expressing what it means to be an American.2. Discuss changes in the concept of the American self in the early nineteenth century. Locate your discussion within specific works by Emerson, Thoreau, and Hawthorne.3. Cite several fundamental differences between early-nineteenth-century writers and their deist predecessors. Focus on the concept of self-invention and, in specific literary works, discuss the early-nineteenth-century evolution of this concept.4. Research and explain the theory of romantic organicism in Bryant and Poe, at the same time exploring differences between these two poets.5. Consider literary portraits of women engaged in heroic struggle or of escaping slaves portrayed as heroic fugitives. Compare and contrast portraits by Stowe, Fuller, Jacobs, and Douglass with Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter or Thoreau's autobiographical narrator in Walden.6. Read some of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's lectures, addresses, and letters (not anthologized). Then compare and contrast The Declaration of Sentiments (1848, see Appendix) with its model, The Declaration of Independence. Analyze the nineteenth-century document with respect to style, imagery, concepts of nature and authority, and relative political effect.7. Whether or not the earliest American realists wrote in a distinctive and innovative form, they make different choices of language and genre than their contemporaries. Choose to analyze a text by any of the following writers and explore elements of realism in the work: Longstreet, Stowe, Thorpe, Stoddard, and Davis.Major Themes1. Love - usually of a mourning man for his deceased beloved.2. Pride - physical and intellectual.3. Beauty - of a young woman either dying or dead.4. Death - a source of horror.Influence of Poe1. Influenced writers of split personality.2. Influenced literary criticism.3. Influenced writers dealing with the disintegration of personality.Poe's Four Types of Short Stories1. Arabesque - strange; use of the supernatural; symbolic fantasies of the human condition; (Example - "The Fall of the House of Usher").2. Grotesque - heightening of one aspect of a character (Example - "The Man Who Was Used Up").3. Ratiocinative - detective fiction (Example "The Purloined Letter").4. Descriptive (Example - "The Landscape Garden").Poe's Aesthetic Theory of Effect1. "Unity of effect or impression" is of primary importance; the most effective story is one that can be read at a single sitting.2. The short story writer should deliberately subordinate everything in the story - characters, incidents, style, and tone - to bringing out of a single, preconceived effect.3. The prose tale may be made a vehicle for a great variety of these effects than even the short poem.Poe's main concern focused upon matters of design, proportion and composition; his use of effect meant the impact which a short work would make upon a reader. In reviewing Hawthorne's TwiceTold Tales, he pointed out the writer's obligation and reward: "If his very initial sentence tend not to be the outbringing of this effect, then he has failed in his first step. In the whole composition there should be no word written, of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one pre-established design. And by such means, with such care and skill, a picture is at length painted which leaves in the mind of him who contemplates it with a kindred art, a sense of the fullest satisfaction."Paradoxes in Poe1. His life - basically insecure and highly emotional, but his writing is structured.2. He reflects the paradoxical time - there was the apocalyptic sense of doom combined with the romantic innocence of childhood.3. Poe was a romantic writer, but he emphasized rationality.4. He presents realistic details in gothic settings.5. There is a paradox in Poe's critical thinking - he believed in individual creativity but advocated classical norms - the ideal length of a poem, suggested Poe, is 100 lines.引用回复TOP。

语文总结-美国文学

美国文学美国文学史虽然仅有几百年的历史，但是，它记载了一个国家的成长，一种文化从无到有的过程。

从哥伦布发现新大陆，独立战争，种族矛盾，浪漫主义，以及接下来的现实主义和后现代主义。

这一过程中出现许许多多为我们熟知的人物。

1.带有侵略色彩的出生●哥伦布发现新大陆（15世纪）●殖民侵略活动（印第安人）2.殖民时期（1607~1753）●“五月花”号《五月花号公约》●清教徒——感恩节清教徒文学体裁：日记&游记●本杰明·富兰克林《富兰克林自传》——十三种品德“我的目的是养成所有美德的习惯”3.独立战争时期●托马斯·杰斐逊●《独立宣言》●西进运动西进运动是指美国东部居民向西部地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动，始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。

运动大大促进了美国经济的发展，但是，随着西进运动的进行，大批印第安人遭到屠杀，幸存者被强行赶到更为荒凉的“保留地”，他们的被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“血泪之路”。

4.废奴文学（1830-1850）●沃尔特·惠特曼，美国著名诗人，人文主义者创造了诗歌的自由体《草叶集》“oh me! oh life!”《船长》●艾米莉·伊丽莎白·狄金森“阿默斯特的女尼”5.南北战争（1861-1865）●南部：埃德加·爱伦·坡⏹美国浪漫主义运动要角之一⏹侦探小说鼻祖，科幻小说先驱、恐怖小说大师⏹作品形式精致、语言优美、内容多样，在任何时代都是“独一无二”的风格⏹《黑猫》《厄舍府的倒塌》诗歌《乌鸦》●纽约：华盛顿·欧文⏹19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称“美国文学之父”⏹《纽约外史》（第一部）⏹《见闻札记》垫定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位《睡谷美人》《瑞普一家》●詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏⏹库柏的父亲威廉法官，是英国教友派教徒的后裔，是当地的大地主，曾两度任国会议员。

他在政治上属于联邦派，他的思想和社会地位对库柏有一定的影响。

美国文学主义总结

美国文学主义总结1. 简介美国文学主义是20世纪早期美国文学领域的一种文学运动，它强调对现实生活的描写和批判，关注社会问题和人类经验的真实性。

这一运动在20世纪20年代到40年代的美国文学中达到巅峰。

本文将对美国文学主义的定义、特点以及重要代表作进行总结。

2. 美国文学主义的定义和特点美国文学主义的定义可归纳为以下几个关键特点：2.1 现实主义描写美国文学主义注重对现实生活的描述，强调对社会、政治和经济问题的揭示。

作家们以客观、细致和准确的方式描绘人物、场景和事件，试图以真实的方式反映社会现象和人类经验的本质。

2.2 对社会问题的关注美国文学主义作品通常聚焦于社会问题，如贫困、种族歧视、阶级冲突等。

作家们通过刻画人物的生活境遇和内心世界，展现社会问题的深层次影响，呼吁社会关注这些问题并进行改革。

2.3 对人性的探索美国文学主义探索人性的黑暗面和复杂性。

作家们以精细的心理描写和人物性格的分析，展现人性的种种弱点和矛盾，从而呈现出真实世界中人类的复杂性和混乱性。

2.4 反抗传统文学形式美国文学主义作家试图打破传统文学形式的束缚，摒弃浪漫主义的夸张和理想化，追求真实和客观。

他们运用现代主义的写作技巧，如内心独白、流线式叙事和片段化的结构，来表现人类经验的碎片化和复杂性。

3. 美国文学主义的重要代表作3.1 埃尔尼斯特·海明威《老人与海》《老人与海》是海明威的代表作之一，讲述了一个年迈的渔夫桑地亚哥与他的斗鱼的故事。

小说通过描写桑地亚哥孤独和坚韧的斗争，探讨了人生的意义和价值，表达了对人类坚持与尊严的赞美。

3.2 约翰·斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》《愤怒的葡萄》是斯坦贝克的代表作之一，讲述了大萧条时期加利福尼亚的农民家庭的故事。

小说通过描绘贫困和不平等现象，关注人性的善良和坚韧，批判社会中的不公和剥削。

3.3 福克纳《喧哗与骚动》《喧哗与骚动》是福克纳的代表作之一，讲述了南方小镇的家族故事。

大学英专课程《美国文学》的总结

大学英专课程《美国文学》的总结美国文学-Alice总结和整理American LiteratureI, American Literary in Colony （殖民地时期的美国文学）John Smith, who was the first American writer. （John Smith 是美国的第一位作家）II, American Literary of American Revolution and Enlightenment （美国独立战争和启蒙运动时的文学）1，Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) 本杰明·富兰克林He was one of the most important American thinkers during the revolutionary period. Franklin was also well known as a scientist, natural philosopher, statesman and literary man, one of the members of the committee to draft The Declaration of Independence.富兰克林是美国独立战争时期杰出的思想家之一。

同时他也是一位科学家、哲学家、政治家和散文家，曾参与起草“独立宣言”。

His works are,Poor Richard?s Almanack《穷查理历书》The Way to Wealth《致富之道》The Autobiography《自传》2，Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine was a literary man and statesman in American revolution.托马斯·潘恩是美国独立革命时期的散文家和政治家、Common Sense 《常识》The Case of the Officers of Excise《税务员问题》American Crisis《美国危机》Rights of Man《人的权利》Downfall of Despotism《专制体制的崩溃》The Age of Reason《理性时代》3，Philip Freneau(1752-1832) 菲利普·弗伦诺Freneau was educated in Princeton, he was the Poet of the American Revolution and the Father of American Poetry.弗伦诺毕业于普林斯顿大学，是革命战争时期的美国诗人，被称为“美国诗歌之父”。

美国文学复习总结

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。

独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。

1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”annual collection of proverbs流行谚语集2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。

商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business,renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression,simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic辛辣的.4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。

美国文学重点总结

I.Benjamin Franklin1.works(1)Autobiography 自传(2)Poor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德年鉴2.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case) from h eaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him “master of each andmastered by none”.II.Thomas Paine1.works(1)Common Sense(2)American CrisisIII.Thomas Jefferson1.works(1)The declaration of IndependenceIV.Philip Freneau1.works(1)The wild honey suckle(2)The Indian Burying Ground(3)To a Caty-Did2.contribution(1)Poet of the American Revolution(2)Father of American poetry(3)Transitional role of neoclassicism and RomanticismEnlightenment(1)It was an intellectual movement and it originated in Europe in17th C and come to American in 18th C.(2)It stressed the power of human reason, the important ofscientific methods and discoveries.(3)It contributed to freezing American from the limitations ofPuritanism and stimulating.(4)Emphasized independent democratic nation.American Romanticism1.American romanticism is a literary movement swept thoughwestern Europe.2.Emphasized freedom and individualism, like to write sth aboutmoral enthusiasm.3.Interest in medieval literature4.Show love of nature, emphasized mystery and supernatural.I.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer win international fame(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American history, write history and biography asliterary entertainment2.works(1)First novel <A History of New York> 纽约外史won him widepopularity(2)<The Sketch Book> 见闻札记 won international fame(3)The Sketch Book :the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip VanWinkle.II.James Fenimore Cooper1.several names attached to Irvingthe first important American novelist began his literary career on dare.2.worksLeatherstocking TaleIII.William cullen BryantThe first American to gain stature of a major poet.1.Thanatopsis” 死亡随想曲2.To the Waterfowl 致水鸟most perfect brief poem in thelanguage.IV.Edgar Allan Poe1.works(1)the fall of the house of Usher(2)to Helen(3)Annabel Lee2.contribution(1)a master of the horror tale(2)first important critics(3)a start of the detective storyTranscendentalism.超验主义1.It is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished inNew England.2.Emphasized intuition, the spirit or the oversoul ,3.Emphasized individualism4.For transcendentalists, nature is a symbol of the spirit or God5.they believe in self-trust and self-reliance6.They appreciated the dignity of manual labor7.represent writer: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry DavidThoreauV.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.works:Nature: Bible of American transcendentalism.2.one of his statement was in The American ScholarVI.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖VII.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter 红字Hester Prynne 3A:adultery able angel VIII.Herman MelvilleMoby DickIX.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life：stresses the importance of a full and sincere activity in making the most of life’s brief span, rather than succumbing to moods of vain regret and dejection.Realism:a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the last half of the 19th, early year of 20th. The attempt in literary and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. It described Everyday life and speech of ordinary people. Represent writer: William Dean ,Mark Twain ,Henry James.I.Walt WhitmanLeave of grassFree words 自由体II.Emily DickinsonI died for beauty-but was scarceBecause I could not stop for deat hIII.Mark TwainSamuel Langhorne Clemens1.works:The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn2.contribute:(1)The true father of all the national literature.(2)Lincoln of our literature.(3)The fountainhead of all modern literature.(4)His writing style: colloquial language dialects, local color,sentence simple brief, sometimes ungrammatical; humor, socialcritic.IV.O. HenryWilliam Sidney Porter1.works:(1)The Cop and the Anthem(2)The Four Million(3)The Gift of the Magi(4) A Municipal Report(5)An Unfinished Story(6)Phoebe(7)The Furnished Room(8) A Lickpenny LoverNaturalism:(1)I t was an outgrowth and extreme form of realism.(2)I t is sometimes defined as the technique of portraying ascientifically accurate, detached picture of life, includingeverything and selecting nothing.(3)I t conveyed that social conditions, heredity and environmenthad inescapable force in shaping human character.(4)I ts characteristics: pessimism, determinism, objectivity.V.Henry JamesHe defined the American literature in the international context.Works:(1)The Portrait of A Lady(2)The Bostonians(3)The Wings of the Dove,(4)Daisy MillerVI.Jack London(1)The Sea Wolf(2)The Iron Heel(3)The Call of the Wild(4)Martin EdenVII.White Fang(1)Sister Carrie(2)Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲：The Financier , The Titan, The StoicThe topic: identification of potency with moneyVIII.Ezra Pound(1)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(2)The Cantos :A Pact, In a Station of the MetroIX.Robert Frost(1) A Boy’s Will(2)North of Boston(3)Mountain interval(4)New Hampshire(5) A Further Range(6) A Witness Tree(7)Steeple Bush(8)In the Clearing(9)The Road Not Taken(10)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningX.Thomas Stearns Eliot ---T.S Eliot(1)The Hollow Man(2)The Waste land(3)The Love Son of J. Alfred PrufrockXI. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby,Tender Is the NightXII.Ernest HemingwayA farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaXIII.John SteinbeckThe Grapes of Wrath:earn him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 XIV.William FaulknerA rose of Emily: get Nobel Prize for Literature。

美国文学总结 (2)

作家及作品：(记忆)Unit 2 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡作品：The Black Cat《黑猫》，The Gold Bug《金甲虫》，The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》Unit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑作品：The Scarlet Letter《红字》，The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》，The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》。

Unit 8 Mark Twain 马克·吐温作品：The Gilded Age《镀金时代》，Life on the Mississippi《密西西比河上》，The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索耶历险记》Unit 9 Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯作品：The American《一个美国人》，The Golden Bowl《金碗》,The Jolly Corner《快乐的一角》Unit 10 Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩作品：The Open Boat《海上扁舟》，The Blue Hotel《蓝色旅店》，The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》Unit 12 Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森作品：Horses and Men《马与人》，Poor White《穷白人》,Dark Laughter 《阴沉的笑声》Unit 13 Katherine Anne Porter 凯萨琳·安·波特作品：The Old Order《旧秩序》，The Leaning Tower《斜塔》，A Ship of Fools《愚人船》Unit 14：F·Scott Fitzgerald 弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德作品：The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》，Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》，The Beautiful and the Damned《漂亮的冤家》Unit 15 William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳作品：As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》,Light in August《八月之光》，Barn Burning《烧牲口棚》Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威作品：The Sun Also Rises《太阳照样升起》，A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》，The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》Unit 18 Eugene Glastone O’Neill 尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔作品：In the Zone《在这一带》，A Touch of the Poet《诗人的气质》，The Great God Brown《大神布朗》Unit 20 Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉斯作品：The Sweet Bird of Youth《可爱的青春小鸟》，Summer and Smoke 《夏日烟云》，Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》名词解释：(理解加记忆)1.意识流：Stream of ConsciousnessThe term "stream-of-consciousness” used to indicate a literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters in fiction. It presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or makes the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues. The realm of life with which stream-of-consciousness novel is concerned is mental and spiritual experience, such as sensations, memories,imaginations, conceptions, intuitions, feelings and the process of association. Features of Stream of Consciousness1. Presents thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur.2. It shows a mind at work.3. It may contain parts that do not see coherent because that are based on the free association of ideas and feelings of an individual's mind.4. It is in 3rd perso2.二.自然主义：Naturalism is a kind of literary and artistic thought, which formed in the second half of the nineteenth century. Asked to observe a cooling-off artists, the mere record of work in pursuit of absolute objectivity and accuracy, and refusing to work in the analysis, evaluation, but also trying to use the laws of natural science in particular to explain the laws of biology and human society, they often neglect things summed up the essence of art.三.现实主义：realism ：In art and literature the term realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. In American literature, the term "realism" encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century during which Henry James, Mark Twain, and others wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts. As the United States grew rapidly after the Civil War, the increasing rates of democracy andliteracy, the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding population base due to immigration, and a relative rise in middle-class affluence provided a fertile literary environment for readers interested in understanding these rapid shifts in culture.四.美国梦：The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. What the American Dream has become is a question under constant discussion, and some believe that it has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.五.The Jazz Age ：The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.The 1920s began with high hopes. World War one was over. The twenties ended with a huge drop in stock market prices that began the Great Depression. Fitzgerald was a representative of the years of fast living in between. The nation's values had changed in this period. Many Americans were concerned mainly with having a good time and doing what you will. American society enjoyed unprecedented levels of prosperity. People broke the law by drinking alcohol and lived in a corrupt society. They danced to jazz music, and women wore short skirts.六.迷惘的一代：The "Lost Generation" is a term used to characterize ageneral feeling of disillusionment of American literary notables, after the First World War. They felt disappointed, confused and hesitation to the society and life. Most of them took part in the world war Ⅰ.The phrase is attributed to Gertrude Stein, then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises and his memoir A Moveable Feast七.垮掉的一代：The Beat Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired (later sometimes called "beatniks"). Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern religion.八.乡土文学：Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism. Generally, the works by local colorism are concerned with the life of a small region or province. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects, landscape, or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence. Tasks of local colorism is to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world. Local colorism concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgetto keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Their truthful depiction of the common people in their commonplace lives added strength to the fight for realism.问答题：(理解加记忆)Unit 2 The Cask of Amontillado：the symbolic meaning：The amontillado was a significant symbol because it is what is used to lure Fortunato and represents a rare attitude. Even though Montresor never even actually had this rare wine, he tempted Fortunato to come with him to his Luchesi. Perhaps this shows Fortunato's curiousity and temptations towards higher traditions in life. Amontillado is rare, precious, and expensive. Another argument is that perhaps Fortunato has slept with Montresor's wife, which is an insult to many. Obviously, a wife is precious to somebody, much like amontillado would be. When he actually saw the other bones in the catacombs, is that his wife? This is a heavy suspicion. Its rarity perhaps this is used as bait that Montresor uses to get Fortunato to come with him to his mansion. He might even want to brag about drinking this luxurious wine. This might be his pride setting in; he wants to prove to people that he is above all else.Montresor: vicious, discreet (谨慎的), crafty (hide his true purpose), sophisticated, hypocritical, cruel, well-educated, but morbid psychologically.Fortunato: ignorant, seemingly cruel, arrogant, and self-centered orego-centered.Unit 4: the meaning of The Scarlet Letter: It is a sign of adultery, penance and penitence. It brings about Hester's suffering and loneliness and also provides her rejuvenation. In the book, it first appears as an actual material object in The Custom House preface. Then it becomes an elaborately gold-embroidered A over Hester's heart and is magnified in the armor breast-plate at Governor Bellingham's mansion. Here Hester is hidden by the gigantic, magnified symbol just as her life and feelings are hidden behind the sign of her sin.Still later, the letter is an immense red A in the sky, a green A of eel-grass arranged by Pearl, the A on Hester's dress decorated by Pearl with prickly burrs, an A on Dimmesdale's chest seen by some spectators at the Election Day procession, and, finally, represented by the epitaph "On a field, sable, the letter A, gules" (gules being the heraldic term for "red") on the tombstone Hester and Dimmesdale share.Unit 10. Why say the open boat is a typical naturalism work?ⅠThe conflict in “The Open Boat”: ⒈The major conflict is man against nature. ⒉The minor conflict in this story is man against self.ⅡThe indifference of nature: ⒈The indifferent of nature. 2. But the indifferent of nature to the fate of the men seem worse than hostility.ⅢThe collective consciousness for the crew.ⅣThe meaning of the correspondent’s remembrance of a sentimentalverse about “a soldier of the Legion”ⅤThe tone and meaning of the expression “nibble and sacred cheese of life”ⅥThe use of figurative language in “The Open Boat”Unit 13 the jilting of Granny Weatherall(Granny) Weatherall: Feisty woman of about eighty who ruminates about events in her life as she lies dying in the home of her daughter Cornelia. Because of her illness, she is lucid one moment and disoriented the next.A painful memory, one she had repressed for sixty years, surfaces and haunts her at the hour of her death. It is the memory of the day—sixty years before—when her fiancé, George, jilted her. After she later married a man named John, she gave birth to four children. John died young but Granny carried on, rearing the children, working her farmland and orchard, and caring for animals."Weatherall"(She has weathered all---being jilted, becoming a young widow, maintaining the farm, raising the children, illness, etc)Hapsy(happiness)1. What are the qualities that granny possesses which help her live successfully?Brave—courageous, hard-working—industrious, Able/ capable;( A good housewife, good cook, good mother, doctor, vet); having good mind of business; loving clean, tidy environment; intelligent; Never givesup2. Does granny have any weaknesses? If so, what are they?She has never been able to forgive George because of the pain and humiliation that he caused her. Strong-minded; not ready for death3. How do you interpret “jilting” in the title of the short story?The first jilting by George; the second jilting by John.The third ironic jilting of dying (jilted by God, who sends Death to take her away when she is not ready)Unit 14：The great Gatsby1. Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why?（1）I think it is too complicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be ―great or not. For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause.（2）In this respect, he is much greater than his contemporaries. For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy was not the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworth y of him. He wasn’t sober enough to be great.2. The character in the Great Gatsby:Gatsby: Gatsby is a young man, around thirty years old, who rose from an impoverished childhood in rural to become fabulously wealthy. However, he achieved this lofty goal by participating in organized crime, including distributing illegal alcohol and trading in stolen securities. From his early youth, Gatsby despised poverty and longed for wealth and sophistication—he dropped out of St. Olaf’s College after only two weeks because he could not bear the janitorial job with which he was paying his tuition. Though Gatsby has always wanted to be rich, his main motivation in acquiring his fortune was his love for Daisy Buchanan, whom he met as a young military officer in Louisville before leaving to fight in World War I in 1917. Gatsby immediately fell in love with Daisy’s aura of luxury, grace, and charm, and lied to her about his own background in order to convince her that he was good enough for her. Daisy promised to wait for him when he left for the war, but married Tom Buchanan in 1919, while Gatsby was studying at Oxford after the war in an attempt to gain an education. From that moment on, Gatsby dedicated himself to winning Daisy back, and his acquisition of millions of dollars, his purchase of a gaudy mansion on West Egg, and his lavish weekly parties are all merely means to that end.Nick Carraway: Nick represents another part: the quiet, reflective Midwesterner adrift in the lurid East. A young man from Minnesota, Nick travels to New York in 1922 to learn the bond business. He lives in theWest Egg district of Long Island, next door to Gatsby. Nick is also Daisy’s cousin, which enables him to observe and assist the resurgent love affair between Daisy and Gatsby. As a result of his relationship to these two characters, Nick is the perfect choice to narrate the novel, which functions as a personal memoir of his experiences with Gatsby in the summer of 1922.Daisy: Daisy is in love with money, ease, and material luxury. She is capable of affection, but not of sustained loyalty or care. She is indifferent even to her own infant daughter, never discussing her and treating her as an afterthought. Daisy represents the amoral values of the aristocratic East Egg set.Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway1. How do you interpret the irony of the title after reading the story? （1）The title ―A Clean Well-Lighted Place‖refers to the caféin the text. The caféwas very clean and well- lighted. From the literary meaning, we may feel this place was very warm and comfortable, was a place where people need warmth wanted to go. So the old man, who was rich but deaf and lonely came here to find warmth and avoided nada. It was the only place he could go and could find some comfort.（2）However, the younger waiter was very selfish. As his wife was waiting him on the bed, he wanted to go home early. Therefore, he refused to offer the old man another cup of wine by the excuse that the business wasfinished. In fact, there was still an hour from closing time. The younger thought an hour was more important to him than to the old man. The old man needed to leave the only place where he could get far away from nada/ nothing. This café should be warm but the younger waiter forced the lonely and deaf to leave without any sympathy. This is the irony of the title.2. Do you think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark？Why or why not? （1）I don’t think so. In our opinion, the metaphorical dark means nada，nothing in one’s inner heart. In the article, the younger waiter had both youth and confidence; however, he never made full use of them. As we can see, he didn’t understand the old man’s suicide and excessive drinking, and failed to see his tomorrow through the old man’s present situation.（2）What’s more, he had no idea that youth is not permanent, which cannot guarantee love and work. From above, there is no denying that he didn’t realize his nada. Therefore, his youth and confidence never contributed to withstanding his metaphorical dark.（3）I think that, nowadays, youth and confidence do can help to withstand the metaphorical dark, for one can bravely face the reality and overcome the nada with youth and confidence. But they only serve as two main factors. In fact, we need some other factors such as courage, dignity and so on if we want to withstand the metaphorical dark successfully.3. The older waiter said to the younger waiter: “We are of two different kinds.” In what way do you think they are different?（1）I think they are different from each other in the following four aspects：In the beginning, they are in different ages. The older waiter was in his middle age; while the other was much younger.（2）Then, they have different attitudes towards the old man. From the article, we know the older waiter had suffered a lot. He had maintained a clean and well-lighted place in his heart, and he could understand the old man and show sympathy to him. However, the young man was very selfish. He wanted to go home early so that he finished the business one hour earlier and forced the old man to leave. He showed hatred rather than sympathy to the old man.（3）Next, they have different attitudes towards life. The older waiter had a deep sense of life. He was brave and wanted to fight again nada. Besides, he cared about others. The younger one was totally different; he has a shadow understanding of life. He satisfied with his present love and work, he only care about himself and was reluctant to take others into consideration. He even never thought of his future.（4）Finally, they have different attitudes towards nada. The older waiter had realized that it is imp ossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life. The only thing he can do is to keep a kind of clearness in his own mind. So he was willing to work late for the lonely old man and was pleased to help those who aresuffering nada. But out of youth and confidence, he failed to overcome nada. On the contrary, the younger waiter had the two most important factors for withstanding nada; however, he didn’t realize the nada in his heart at all. Then his youth and confidence became useless.文学总结。

美国文学资料总结(20世纪以后文学)

PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学Modernism:began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. Ezra Pound and T.S.Eliot replaced the logical exposition of thoughts with fragmentary images and complex allusionsModernist writing is cosmopolitan, and often expresses a sense of urban cultural dislocation混乱, along with an awareness of new psychological theories. Its favored techniques of juxtaposition并置and multiple point of view challenge the reader to reestablish a coherence of meaning from fragmentary forms.4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant Americanpoem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition ofliterature rich with learning and allusive引用典故的thought.8. In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer’s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。