《芝加哥论文格式》

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论文参考书目引用格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16th

CHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ‗bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing3 of 175 of 176 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations and Bibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.。

chicago格式参考文献模板

《Chicago格式参考文献模板：深度解析》在学术写作和论文撰写中，参考文献的格式和引用规范是至关重要的。

而在众多的引用格式中，Chicago格式参考文献模板因其广泛应用和规范性而备受青睐。

本文将深入探讨Chicago格式参考文献模板，从简单的介绍到深入的解析，帮助读者全面地了解和掌握这一重要内容。

一、什么是Chicago格式参考文献模板？Chicago格式参考文献模板，又称芝加哥引用格式，是一种通用的学术引用格式，被广泛运用于人文学科、社会科学等领域的学术著作中。

它要求引用者在文中引用他人观点和研究成果时，给予详尽的资料来源信息，并在文章末尾列出所有引用过的文献和资料，以供读者查证。

在学术界，严谨的引用格式是保证学术诚信和文章质量的重要保障，而Chicago格式参考文献模板正是其中的一种。

二、Chicago格式参考文献模板的要求及特点在使用Chicago格式参考文献模板时，需要遵循一定的要求和特点。

引用时需要提供完整的作者、题目、出版信息等信息，以便读者可以准确追溯到引用的具体来源。

引用的格式要求使用专用的标点符号和格式，如斜体、冒号、点号等，以保证引用信息的清晰可读性和统一性。

再次，参考文献列表需要按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，并注意不同类型文献的格式略有不同，如书籍、期刊、全球信息湾等。

这些要求和特点使得Chicago格式参考文献模板成为一种具有规范性和可操作性的引用格式。

三、使用Chicago格式参考文献模板的优势相比其他引用格式，Chicago格式参考文献模板有其独特的优势。

它强调详尽的文献信息，有助于读者追溯到原始资料，从而增强了文章的可信度和可读性。

Chicago格式参考文献模板不仅适用于书籍、期刊等常见文献类型，还可以很好地适应各种新型文献来源，如网络文章、数据库资料等，更具适应性和灵活性。

再次，Chicago格式参考文献模板注重引用格式的一致性和规范性，有助于提升学术著作的质量和水平，受到学术界的广泛认可。

芝加哥论文格式范例

芝加哥论文格式范例篇一：论文格式Chicago该格式由芝加哥大学出版社( University of Chicago Press) 制定, 可用于人文科学类和自然科学类论文, 其基本格式为: 正文中按引用先后顺序连续编排序号, 在该页底以脚注( Footnotes ) 或在文末以尾注( Endnotes ) 形式注明出处, 或在文末单列参考文献项, 以Bibliography 为标题。

芝加哥引注格式在美国比在英国的应用更多，标准是《芝加哥引注格式使用指南》（The Chicago Manual of Style），但是也有很多用户把凯特?杜拉宾（Kate Turabian）为学生编写的《学期、学位、学术论文写作指南》（A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations）作为参考。

所以，芝加哥引注格式也称为杜拉宾引注格式。

芝加哥引注格式主要用脚注形式引注，但是也可以用作者姓名的文中引注格式。

文中引注与姓名日期名字日期（哈佛）格式和APA格式一样，芝加哥格式可以在文本中做引注，在括号中写出作者或组织者的姓氏全程或缩写，加上年份，如果需要的话，还可以加上页码，比如: (Goman 1989, 59) ，或者 (Fairbairn and Fairbairn 2001) ，或者 (MHRA 2004).如果一个文献有一到三个作者，在引注中依次写出他们的姓氏。

如果有4个或者多于4个作者，写出第一个作者的名字然后写‘et al.’代替其他作者的名字，比如：(Brown et al. 2009). 文后参考文献在论文最后制作一个标题为“参考文献”的书单，把所有的文献条目按照字母表顺序排列。

这样，上面说到的三个文献例子，按照顺序可以排列为：? Fairbairn, Gavin and Susan Fairbairn. 2001. Reading at university: A guide for students. Maidenhead: Open University Press.文后参考文献的格式要求：?使用作者的全名。

毕业论文的参考文献与引用格式

毕业论文的参考文献与引用格式在撰写毕业论文时，参考文献的引用格式非常重要。

遵循正确的引用格式不仅可以确保学术诚信，还能为读者提供相关文献的查找便利。

本文将介绍几种常见的毕业论文参考文献引用格式，包括APA、MLA和Chicago Style。

I. APA 引用格式APA（美国心理学协会）引用格式在社会科学领域被广泛使用。

下面是APA格式的参考文献引用示例：1. 书籍：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 书名. 出版地: 出版社。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码。

3. 网络资源：作者姓, 作者名. (发表年). 文章标题. 网站名. 检索日期, 来源网址。

II. MLA 引用格式MLA（现代语言协会）引用格式主要用于人文学科领域的研究。

以下是MLA格式的一些引用示例：1. 书籍：作者姓, 作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 期刊名, 卷号.期号 (出版年): 页码。

3. 网络资源：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 网站名. 发布机构/机构所有者, 发布日期. 网络。

检索日期。

III. Chicago Style 引用格式芝加哥引用格式常用于历史、艺术和人文学科的论文写作。

以下是芝加哥引用格式的一些示例：1. 书籍：作者姓, 作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 期刊名卷号, no. 期号 (出版年): 页码。

3. 网络资源：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 网站名, 访问日期。

链接。

值得注意的是，以上仅是引用格式的基本示例。

在实际引用时，应根据具体情况包括作者、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名、出版社等信息。

对于具有多位作者的文献，也应按照不同格式的规范进行引用。

英语论文格式 Chicago_Referencing

CHICAGO STYLE GUIDE (15th edition)Explanation of the Chicago reference system:1.The easiest way to create notes: Use Microsoft Word’s “Insert Reference” function to add asuperscripted number in the text where you need to acknowledge the work of another author. Word automatically numbers your notes sequentially (re-numbering them if you add or delete any).Do not manually type or change numbers.These are the basic models for placement of note numbers in the text:The reference usually appears at the end of your sentence.1You can put it in mid-sentence,2 but only if it would be misleading at the end.The reference follows punctuation. Examples are “words in quotations,”3 (words inparentheses),4 commas,5 semi-colons;6 and periods.7 However, put the note number before adash8—not after it.2. Word automatically places a corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page or endnote followingthe text and any appendixes. The first time you cite a source you must give a complete citation.Subsequent notes for the same source are shorter, as shown in the tables below.Use this basic order for notes: author, title, publication details, date, page number(s).3.The bibliography appears at the end of your paper and includes all the works cited in the notes (withexceptions noted in the tables below).Use this basic order for a bibliographic entry:author, title, publication details, date.Use hanging indentation (as shown in the tables below), using Word’s “Format Paragraph.”Alphabetize the bibliography by author’s family name. Family name always comes first,regardless of the custom in the author’s country.Do not number the bibliography or divide it into sections (books, articles, websites, etc.). How to use this guide:1.The tables below (Print References and Electronic References) show how to cite different works.2.Find the type of work you want to cite in the left-hand column.3.The right-hand column shows a full citation for the first note(N), the short form (S) for subsequentcitations of the same work, and the bibliographic form (B).Note on ibid. When you cite the same work in direct sequence, you may use “ibid.” (although the short form is also fine). “Ibid.” is an abbreviation of the Latin ibidem, meaning “in the same place.”If all of the reference information is identical, just the word “ibid.” is used. If the page number is different, “ibid.” and the page number are needed. “Ibid.” is not italicized.In the following example, note 8 cites the same source as note 7, but a different page; note 9 cites the same source and page as note 8:7. Oxford Essential World Atlas (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 23.8. Ibid., 89.9. Ibid.4.Create an entry in the bibliography for each work you cite using the bibliographic form (B). Someelectronic references do not require a bibliographic entry; these are noted in the table below.Print ReferencesType of Entry (N) Note Form (first citation)(S) Short Form (subsequent citations)(B) Bibliographic FormBook with1 author(N)(S)(B) 1. Elizabeth J. Remick, Building Local States: China during the Republican and Post-Mao Periods (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 85.2. Remick, Building Local States, 31.Remick, Elizabeth J. Building Local States: China during the Republican and Post-Mao Periods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.Book with2 or3 authors(N)(S)(B) 3. Peter J. Katzenstein and Yutaka Tsujinaka, Defending the Japanese State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University East Asia Program, 1991), 129.4. Katzenstein and Tsujinaka, Defending the Japanese State, 136. Katzenstein, Peter J., and Tsujinaka, Yutaka. Defending the Japanese State.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University East Asia Program, 1991.Book with4 or moreauthors(N)(S)(B) 5. Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford, 2001), 541.6. Hunt et al., The Making, 543.Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford, 2001.Book withno author(N)(S)(B) 7. Oxford Essential World Atlas (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 23.8. World Atlas, 27.Oxford Essential World Atlas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.Translatedbook(N)(S)(B) 9. Boris Rumer, ed. Central Asia in Transition: Dilemmas of Political and Economic Development, trans. Gregory Freeze (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996).10. Rumer, Central Asia in Transition.Rumer, Boris. Central Asia in Transition. Translated by Gregory Freeze. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.Non-Englishbook with translatedtitle(N)(S)(B) 11. N. M. Pirumova, Zemskoye liberal’noe dvizenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsia do nachala XX veka [The Zemstvo Liberal Movement: Its Social Roots and Evolution to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century] (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1977), 23.12. Pirumova, Zemskoye liberal’noe dvizenie, 45.Pirumova, N. M. Zemskoye liberal’noe dvizenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsia do nachala XX veka [The Zemstvo Liberal Movement: Its Social Roots andEvolution to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1977.Edited book(i.e., chaptersby different authors)(N)(S)(B) 13. Kartik C. Roy, Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist, eds., Economic Development and Women in the World Community (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999), 55.14. Roy and Tisdell, Economic Development and Women, 80.Roy, Kartik C., Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist, eds. Economic Development and Women in the World Community. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999.Chapter inan editedbook(N)(S)(B) 15. Jane Richardson and Paul Riethmuller, “Women in the Japanese Workplace,” in Economic Development and Women in the World Community, ed. Kartik C. Roy, Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999), 85.16. Richardson and Riethmuller, “Women,” 93.Richardson, Jane, and Paul Riethmuller. “Women in the Japanese Workplace.” In Economic Development and Women in the World Community, edited byKartik C. Roy, Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist, 79-96. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999.Journalarticle(N)(S)(B) 17. Lisa Claypool, “Zhang Jian and China’s First Museum,” The Journal of Asian Studies 64, no. 3 (2005): 575.18. Claypool, “Zhang Jian,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 580. Claypool, Lisa. “Zhang Jian and China’s First Museum.” The Journal of Asian Studies 64, no. 3 (2005): 567-604.Journal article (volume only) (N)(S)(B)19. Janet R. Jenkins, “Learning Vocabulary through Reading,” AmericanEducational Research Journal 21 (1984): 772.20. Jenkins, “Learning Vocabulary,” American Educational Research Journal,775.Jenkins, Janet R. “Learning Vocabulary through Reading.” American Educational Research Journal 21 (1984): 767-787.Journalarticle with 2or 3 authors(N)(S)(B) 21. Roger C. Kneip and Anthony Lee, “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of Heart Disease,” Health Psychology 12 (1993), 303.22. Kneip and Lee, “Self-ratings,” Health Psychology, 304.Kneip, Roger C., and Anthony Lee. “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of Heart Disease.” Health Psychology 12 (1993): 301-307.Journal article with 4 or more authors (N)(S)(B)23. Roger C. Kneip et al., “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of HeartDisease,” Health Psychology 12 (1993), 303.24. Kneip et al., “Self-ratings,” Health Psychology, 304.Kneip, Roger C., Anthony Lee, Timothy Ismond, Clay Milford, Lucia Salvia, and David Schwartz. “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of Heart Disease.”Health Psychology 12 (1993): 301-307.Book review (N)(S)(B) 25. Frank Vibert, review of After ENRON: Lessons for Public Policy, by William A. Niskanen (ed.), Journal of Public Policy 25, no. 3 (2005): 396.26. Vibert, After ENRON, 395.Vibert, Frank. Review of After ENRON: Lessons for Public Policy, by William A.Niskanen (ed.), Journal of Public Policy 25, no. 3 (2005): 395–396.Newspaperarticle(N)(S)(B) 27. Ian Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy,” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2000, p. A12.28. Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.”Stewart, Ian. “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2000, p. A12.Newspaperarticle withno author(N)(S)(B) 29. South China Morning Post, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy,” December 18, 2000, p. A12.30. South China Morning Post, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” South China Morning Post. “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” December 18, 2000, p. A12.Non-English article with translated title (N)(S)(B)31. Hadi Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Educationfor Poor People] Kompas, August 1, 2005, p. 34.32. Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar.”Utomo, Hadi. “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Education for Poor People]. Kompas, August 1, 2005, p. 34.Document or report:Private organization(N)(S)(B) 33. Geneva Call, Seeking Rebel Accountability, Report of the Geneva Call Mission to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Central Mindanao, Philippines, April 3-8 (Geneva: Geneva Call, 2002), 112.34. Geneva Call, Seeking Rebel Accountability, 120.Geneva Call, Seeking Rebel Accountability. Report of the Geneva Call Mission to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Central Mindanao, Philippines, April 3-8. Geneva: Geneva Call, 2002.Government (N)(S)(B) 35. Department of Revenue and Customs, Royal Government of Bhutan, Bhutan Tax Manual, 1998,Thimphu: Royal Government of Bhutan, 1998, 118. 36. Department of Revenue and Customs, Bhutan Tax Manual, 1998, 145–150. Department of Revenue and Customs. Royal Government of Bhutan. Bhutan Tax Manual, 1998. Thimphu: Royal Government of Bhutan. 1998.Internationalbody(N)(S)(B) 37. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Tradeable Permit System (Geneva: UNCTAD, 1995), 24.38. UNCTAD, Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 26.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Tradeable Permit System. Geneva: UNCTAD, 1995.Electronic ReferencesType of Entry (N) Note Form (first citation)(S) Short Form (subsequent citations)(B) Bibliographic FormBook withoriginal date of publication(N)(S)(B)39. Alfred Russell Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. 1 (1902; Project Gutenberg, 2001), par. 23, /etext/2530.40. Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. 1, par. 32.Wallace, Alfred Russell. The Malay Archipelago. Vol. 1. 1902; Project Gutenberg, 2001. /etext/2530.Journal article based on aprint source(N)(S)(B) 41. Eugene F. Provenzo, “Time Exposure,” Educational Studies 34, no. 2 (2003): 266, .42. Provenzo, “Time Exposure,” 268.Provenzo, Eugene F. “Time Exposure.” Educational Studies 34, no. 2 (2003): 250-75. .Journal articlein an electronic journal(N)(S)(B) 43. Linda Belau, “Trauma and the Material Signifier,” Postmodern Culture 11, no. 2 (2001): par. 6, / text-only/11.2belau.txt.44. Linda Belau, “Trauma,” par. 9.Belau, Linda. “Trauma and the Material Signifier.” Postmodern Culture 11, no. 2 (2001). /text-only/11.2belau.txt.Workingpaper(N)(S)(B) 45. Benoit Mercereau, “FDI Flows to Asia,” Working Paper 07/199 (International Monetary Fund, 2005), /external/pubind.htm (accessed October 30, 2005).46. Mercereau, “FDI Flows.”Mercereau, Benoit. “FDI Flows to Asia.” Working Paper 07/199, International Monetary Fund, 2005. /external/pubind.htm (accessed October 30, 2005).Encyclopediaentry(N)(S)(B) 47. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s.v. “Ethnology,”/65/et/ethnolog.html (accessed November 21, 2005).48. Columbia Encyclopedia, s.v. “Ethnology.”[No entry]Newspaperarticle(N)(S)(B) 49. Ian Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy,” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2004, /sw00/001218sc.htm (accessed January 3, 2005).50. Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.”Stewart, Ian. “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2004. /sw00/001218sc.htm (accessed January 3, 2005).Non-Englisharticle with translated title(N)(S)(B) 51. Hadi Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Education for Poor People], Kompas, August 1, 2005, /kompas-cetak/0508/01.htm (accessed August 1, 2005).52. Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar.”Utomo, Hadi. “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Education for Poor People]. Kompas, August 1, 2005, /kompas-cetak/0508/01.htm.News release (N)(S)(B) 53. World Health Organization, “Shelter and Water Remain a Top Priority in Pakistan,” October 21, 2005, http://www.who.int/en/ (accessed November 4, 2005).54. World Health Organization, “Shelter and Water.”World Health Organization, “Shelter and Water Remain a Top Priority in Pakistan,” October 21, 2005, http://www.who.int/en/ (accessed November 4, 2005).Website of a private organization (N)(S)(B)49. Council for Responsible Voting, Web site,/~chapelnet/trivia.html (accessed June 1, 2004).50. Council for Responsible Voting.[No entry]Document orreport(N)(S)(B) 51. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration, Annual Report, 2001 ed., /dataoecd/23/41/2508596.pdf (accessed October 24, 2005).52. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Trends. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration. Annual Report, 2001 edition. /dataoecd/23/41/2508596.pdf(accessed October 24, 2005).Document orreportwith author(N)(S)(B)53. Anoop Singh, “Global Context and Regional Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean,” Regional Economic Outlook Report, International Monetary Fund, /external/np/speeches/2005/101305.htm (accessed November 21, 2005).54. Singh, “Global Context.”Singh, Anoop. “Global Context and Regional Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean.” Regional Economic Outlook Report, International Monetary Fund. /external/np/speeches/2005/101305.htm (accessed November 21, 2005).Document or report with no author (N)(S)(B)55. World Bank, “Governance Indicators: 1996-2002,”/wbi/governance/govdata2002 (accessed July 21, 2004).56. World Bank, “Governance Indicators.”World Bank. “Governance Indicators: 1996-2002.”/wbi/governance/govdata2002 (accessed July 21,2004).Government document withno date(N)(S)(B) 57. Ministry of Coal, Government of India, Pricing of Coal,.in/pol_show_doc.asp?pid=delh242&dno=1 (accessed September 23, 2005).58. Ministry of Coal, Pricing of Coal.Ministry of Coal, Government of India. Pricing of Coal..in/pol_show_doc.asp?pid=delh242&dno=1 (accessed September 23, 2005).Stand-alone document with no author,no date (N)(S)(B)59. Consumer Survey Report, n.d., er_survey (accessedAugust 8, 2006).60. Consumer Survey Report.Consumer Survey Report. N.d. er_survey (accessed August 8, 2006).。

Chicago style referencing 芝加哥参考文献格式

Chicago Citation StyleUBC Okanagan Library The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed) provides two distinct citation styles: Humanities style (notes andbibliography) and Scientific/Social Sciences styles (parenthetical author/date references and reference list). This handout covers only the Humanities style of Chicago. The manual is available in the library at: Z 253.U69 2010.General Rules▪ When to Cite?: You need to cite all sources that you have consulted, even if you present the ideas from thesesources in your own words. “Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked …The primary criterion of any source citation is sufficient information to lead readers directly to the sourcesconsulted…whether these are published or unpublished , in printed or electronic form.” (14.1)▪ Citation Appears in Two Places: Chicago requires that you cite sources consulted in the body of your paper (“in -text citations” or footnotes/endnotes) and in the bibliography. (14.2) If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the short form , even for the first citation (14.14, 14.18). Note that discipline/professor preferences may vary and you should consult your professor with questions .▪ Spacing : Double-space the body of the paper. Single space footnotes/endnotes and bibliographies, leaving a blank line between entries.▪ Page Numbers : Every page of your paper must be assigned a page number, including blank pages,appendices, and bibliography. Use Arabic numerals centered or on the far right at the top of the page.▪Page Number Ranges : For all numbers less than 100, use all digits (Ex. 3-10; 71-71; 96-117). For 100 ormultiples of 100, use all digits (Ex. 100-104; 1100-1113). For numbers 101-109/ 201-209, use the changed part of the number only (Ex. 101-8; 808-33). For numbers 110-199, 210-299, use two digits unless more are needed to include all changed parts (Ex. 321-28; 498-532; 11564-615). (9.60)▪Spelling : Chicago recommends Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (PE 1625.W36 1993) and the abridged Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (PE 1628.M36 2003). (7.1)▪ Italics: Titles of books and journals in the body of the paper should be written in italics. (14.94; 14.177) ▪ Capitalization: Capitalize all significant words of a title and subtitle regardless of how they appear in your source.▪ Publisher Location: When more than one place of publication is listed, document the first one that appears on the title page. (14.135)▪ Block Quotes : Chicago does not provide a specific word count guideline. Long quotes or entire paragraphs should be quoted in single-spaced, indented blocks of text. (13.20-13.22) ▪ Title page : include the title, author and date. Do not include page numbers or running head. Consult your professor regarding their preference for the inclusion of course number, professor name, and other details. In-text Citations: Footnotes & Endnotes (14.38-14.43 / p. 671-676) ▪ Wherever you incorporate another person’s words, facts, or ideas, insert a footnote or endnote.▪ Footnotes are numbered citations listed at the bottom of each page within your paper.▪ Endnotes are numbered citations listed on a separate page at the end of the research paper (before the bibliography and/or any appendices).▪ Single space within footnotes and endnotes, double space between entries.▪ Indent the first line of the note (tab once to indent; a tab is 1 inch).▪ In-text Example :Jones states “‘genocide’ is one of the most powerful words in the English language.”12▪If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the short form, even for the first citation. (14.14, 14.18)▪Instructions: In MS Word 2010, u nder the “References” tab, insert a footnote or endnote. MS Word will automatically make in-text citations into superscript and properly number footnotes/endnotes to correspond. In-text Citations: Shortened Citations(14.24-14.31 / p. 667-670)A.If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the shortform, even for the first citation. (14.14, 14.18)B.If you do not have a bibliography or if you have only a selected bibliography, then you must provide fulldetails of the citation in the notes. (14.14)▪The first time you cite a resource, it must be cited in full with the following information: author/s, title, place of publication, name of publisher, and page number/s of the cited reference. Example:1. Adam Jones, Crimes Against Humanity: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008), 156. ▪Short form notes/ Subsequent notes may be shortened to include: author’s last name, abbreviated title, and the appropriate page number/s (14.24-14.29). Example:2. Jones, Crimes, 97.▪Ibid – If you cite the exact same resource multiple times, one immediately after the other, you can replace the normal note format with ‘Ibid’ (Ibid means: in the same place) and the page number/s. (14.29) Example:3. Ibid., 121.Bibliography (14.56-14.67 / p. 684-692) **See Sample Bibliography at end of this guide.▪The bibliography appears at the end of your paper– it is a list of all sources cited within your paper. If you have a bibliography, use the short form of the notes throughout your paper.▪List entries in alphabetical order according to the authors’ last names. If no author is provided, then use the title instead; note that the words the, a, or an are ignored.▪Single space each entry in the bibliography and double space between entries.▪Indent the second and subsequent lines of the entry (tab once to indent).▪If you have multiple entries by the same author, replace the author’s name in second and subsequent entries with a 3-em dash, followed by a period. Example:Jones, Adam. Crimes Aga inst Humanity: A Beginner’s Guide. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008.—. Gender Inclusive: Essays on Violence, Men, and Feminist International Relations. New York: Routledge, 2009. Common Abbreviations(14.87-14.88 / p. 699-700)When books have editors, translators, or compilers, the following abbreviations are used:▪One editor – ed.▪Two or more editors – eds. ▪Translators – trans. ▪Compilers – comp.For editions of books other than the first, the edition number (or description) and the abbreviation “ed.” are placed after the book’s title in all notes and bibliogr aphic citations. (14.118-14.120)▪Second edition – 2nd ed. ▪Revised edition – rev.ed.Days and months can be spelled out or abbreviated; they must be used consistently. (10.38-10.42, 14.235) Need Citation Help?1.Ask your question at the Library Information Desk2.Call the Library Information Desk at 250-807-91283.Ask a librarian through online chat service – AskAway – linked from the Okanagan Library website4.Additional examples of Chicago Style are available at: Book – One Author / E-Book Example (Book: 14.75 / p. 695)(E-Book: 14.167 / p. 727)Note 1. Adam Jones, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006), 112, ?id=54893.Short Note 1. Jones, Genocide, 112.Bibliography Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006.?id=54893.Comments ▪Notes: the author’s name is ordered normally: first name last name. Bibliography: the author’s name is inverted: last name, first name.▪For an E-book, the citation is includes a DOI or URL at the end of the citation. For a print book the citation is the same, except that the DOI or URL is omitted.▪If an e-book has section headings (ex. “Introduction”) rather than page numbers, replace the page number(s) with the section heading in quotations.Book – Two or Three Authors or Editors / E-Book Example (Book: 14.76 / p. 695-696) (E-Book: 14.167 / p. 727)Note 2. Heinz H. Bauschke and Patrick L. Combettes, Convex Analysis and Monotone Operator Theory in Hilbert Spaces (New York: Springer, 2011), 42, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9467-7.Short Note 2. Bauschke and Combettes, Convex Analysis and Monotone, 42.Bibliography Bauschke, Heinz H. and Patrick L. Combettes. Convex Analysis and Monotone Operator Theory in Hilbert Spaces. New York: Springer, 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9467-7.Comments ▪Bibliography: if two or three authors/editors are listed, only the first author’s name is inverted.▪Select the o rder the author’s names based on how they appear on the title page.▪Use ‘and’, not an ampersand ‘&’.▪For three authors, the conjunction ‘and’ following a comma is used before the last author’s name (Example: Smith, Heather, James Hudson, and Marjorie Talbot).Book – Four to Ten Authors or Editors (14.76 / p. 695-696)Note 3. Sara Ahmed et al., eds., Uprootings/ Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration (New York: Berg, 2003), 9.Short Note 3. Ahmed et al., Uprootings/Regroundings, 9.Bibliography Ahmed, Sara, Claudia Castañeda, Anne-Marie Fortier, and Mimi Sheller, editors. Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration. New York: Berg, 2003.Comments ▪Notes: the first author’s name is listed and subsequent names are replaced by ‘et al.’.▪Bibliography: all author’s names are fully cited, unless there are more than ten.▪If more than ten authors are listed, include only the first seven in a bibliography and replace the rest of the names with ‘et al.’Book – Editor, Translator, Compiler in Addition to Author (14.88 / p. 700)Note 4. Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, trans. Gregory Rabassa (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 234-44.Short Note 4. Garcia Márquez, One Hundred Years, 234-44.Bibliography Garcia Márquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.Comments ▪The author’s name appears firs t and the name(s) of the editor(s), compiler(s), or translator(s) appear after the title.▪The abbreviation (ex. ‘ed.’, ‘trans.’) appears in the notes, but is spelled-out in the bibliography.▪Notes: use the abbreviation ‘ed.’ not ‘eds’ and ‘comp.’ not ‘comps.’ even if there is more than one editor or compiler.Book Chapter – Anthology or Compilation (14.112 / p. 708)Note 5. Onesimo Teotonio Almeida, “Value Conflicts and Cultural Adjustment in North America,”in The Portuguese in Canada: Diasporic Challenges and Adjustment, 2nd ed., ed. Carlos Teixeira andVictor M.P. Da Rosa (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 257.Short Note 5. Onesimo, “Value Conflicts,” 257.Bibliography Almeida, Onesimo Teotonio. “Value Conflicts and Cultural Adjustment in North America.” In The Portuguese in Canada: Diasporic Challenges and Adjustment, 2nd ed., edited by CarlosTeixeira and Victor M.P. Da Rosa, 255-68. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Comments ▪Notes: Author of chapter, chapter title in quotation marks, ‘in’, title of book, editor(s), page number being cited, publication place, publisher, year published.▪Bibliography: Author of chapter, chapter title in quotation marks, period, ‘In’, title of book, editor(s), page range of chapter, place of publication, publisher, year published.Journal Article – Print and Online (14.170-14.198 / p. 728-738)Note 6. H.B. McCullough, “Critique of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,” Pepperdine Law Review 29, no. 1 (2001): 16, /HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/pepplr29&id=25.7. James F. Rochlin, “Latin America's Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case ofBolivia,” Third World Quarterly 28, no. 7 (2007): 1331-33, doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Short Note 6. McCullough, “Critique of the Report,” 16.7. Rochlin, “Latin America’s Left Turn,” 1331-33.Bibliography McCullough, H.B. “Critique of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations.”Pepperdine Law Review 29, no. 1 (2001): 15-32. /HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/pepplr29&id=25.Rochlin, James F. “Latin America’s Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case of Bolivia.”Third World Quarterly 28, no. 7 (2007): 1327-42. doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Comments ▪If a print journal article is cited, the citation is the same as for an online article except that there will be no URL or DOI.▪In a note refer to the exact page(s) being cited. In the bibliography provide the entire page range of the article.▪If a DOI is available, it is preferable to a URL. If using a URL, look for the most stable link available, which may not be the link in your I nternet browser’s address bar.▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. Include the access date information in thefollowing format and place it before the doi or URL: Accessed September 27, 2010. Secondary Source - “Citation within a citation” (14.273 / p. 764)Note In this example, de Beauvoir’s book is referenced in Butler’s journal article:8. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Vintage, 1974), 38, quoted in JudithButler, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminis tTheory,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 519, doi:10.2307/j100575.In this example, Zukofsky’s article is referenced in Costello’s book:9. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted inBonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1981), 78.Bibliography de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Vintage, 1974. Quoted in Judith Butler.“Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and FeministTheory,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 519-31. doi:10.2307/j100575.Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1981.Comments ▪Chicago generally discourages secondary citations as the author is “expected to have examined the works they cite.”▪ A short note example is not provided, as secondary sources should be cited fully in notes. Encyclopedia / Dictionary Entry – Online and Print (14.247-14.248 / p. 755-756)Note 10. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “power”, accessed May 30, 2011,/.11. Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. “Canada,” by Gerald Daly, accessed November 17,2010, /ps/i.do?id=GALE|CX3452400028&v=2.1&u=ubcolumbia&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w.12. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “beautiful.”13. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, by Carl Cavanagh Hodge, (Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2008), s.v. “Dost Muhammad Khan (1793-1863).”Short Note 10. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “power.”11. Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. “Canada.”Bibliography Daly, Gerald. “Canada.” In Encyclopedia of Homelessness, edited by David Levinson. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2004. Accessed November 17, 2010. /ps/i.do?id=GALE|5DVM&v=2.1&u=ubcolumbia&it=aboutBook&p=GVRL&sw=w.Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. “Dost Muhammad Khan (1793-1863).” In Encyclopedia of the Age ofImperialism, edited by Carl Cavanagh Hodge. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. Comments ▪Well-known reference works are usually cited only in notes and not the bibliography. In a note, the edition is specified but not the publication details (See examples: #10 and 12). Referenceworks that are not well known are cited in both places (See examples: #11 and 13).▪Online reference works are subject to continuous updates. As such, Chicago recommends always including an access date in addition to the DOI or URL.▪ A DOI is preferred for online works. If there is no DOI, include the full stable URL.▪The abbreviation ‘s.v.’(sub verbo, Latin for “under the word”) is used in works arranged by alphabetical order instead of volume or page number. Place ‘s.v’ in front of the entry/wordthat you are citing.▪In notes: the abbreviation ‘s.v.’ is placed near the beginning of an o nline citation and near the end of a print citation (See examples: #11 and #13).Magazine Article – Online and Print (14.199-14.202 / p. 738-739)Note 14. Erin Biba, “Amber Ale: Brewing Beer from 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast,” Wired Magazine, August 17, 2009, /science/discoveries/magazine/17-08/ff_primordial_yeast.15. Timothy Taylor, “Showdown on Scott Road,” The Walrus, September 2009, 30.Short Note 14. Biba, “Amber Ale.”15. Taylor, “Showdown on Scott,” 30.Bibliography Biba, Erin. “Amber Ale: Brewing Beer from 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast.” Wired Magazine, August 17, 2009. /science/discoveries/magazine/17-8/ff_primordial_yeast.Taylor, Timothy. “Showdown on Scott Road.” The Walrus, September 2009, 30-37.Comments ▪If a print magazine article is cited, the citation is the same as for an online article except that there will be no URL or DOI.▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. See the Journal Article example in thisguide for details on where to place the access date and DOI or URL.▪Weekly or monthly magazines are cited by date only, not by volume/issue number.▪ A DOI is preferred for online works. If there is no DOI, include the full stable URL. Newspaper Article – Online and Print (14.203-14.213 / p. 739-742)Note 16. Globe and Mail, “The End of the Beginning,” August 24, 2009,/pqdweb?did=1843066511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD17. Jason Luciw, “UBCO Continues to Evolve,” Kelowna Capital News, August 23, 2009,/pqdweb?did=1843074861&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Short Note 16. Globe and Mail, “End of the Beginning.”17. Luciw, “UBCO Continues.”Bibliography Globe and Mail. “The End of the Beginning.” August 24, 2009, /pqdweb?did=1843066511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD Luciw, Jason. “UBCO Continues to Evolve.” Kelowna Capital News, August 23, 2009./pqdweb?did=1843074861&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Comments ▪Citations for print and online newspapers are identical except for the addition of the URL in the citation of an online paper.▪Newspapers are produced in many editions and formats and page numbers are not required.▪If no author is listed, the newspaper title should be used in its place (See example #17).▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. Include the access date information in thefollowing format and place it before the URL: Accessed September 27, 2010.Thesis / Dissertation(14.224 / p. 746-747)Note 18. Stanley Arthur Copp, “Similkameen Archeology (1993-2004)” (PhD diss. Simon Fraser University, 2006), 302-10, ProQuest (AAT NR29354).19. Vida Yakong, “Rural Ghanaian Women's Experience of Seeking Reproductive HealthCare” (master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008, 27, /2429/3805. Short Note 18. Copp, “Similkameen,” 302-10.19. Yakong, “Rural Ghanaian,” 27-29.Bibliography Copp, Stanley Arthur. “Similkameen Archeology (1993-2004).” PhD diss., Simon Fraser University, 2006. ProQuest (AAT NR29354).Yakong, Vida. “Rural Ghanaian Women's Experience of Seeking Reproductive Health Care.”Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. /2429/3805. Comments ▪For dissertations on microfilm see 14.120. For published abstracts of dissertations see 14.197. Film / Film Scene / Online Video (14.279 / p. 768-769)Note 20. “Fallacies of Hope,” Civilization, directed by Michael Gill, narrated by Kenneth Clark (London: BBC, 1996), streaming video, /view/883243.21. Genocide in Me, directed by Araz Artinian (Montreal: InformAction/Twenty Voices,2005), DVD.22. “Great Plains,” Planet Earth, narrated by David Attenborough (London: BBC, 2006), DVD.23. Hans Rosling. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You’ve Ever Seen,” TED video, 19:53,filmed February 2006, posted June 2006, /talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.24. “UBC Okanagan Creative Studies,” YouTube video, 3:02, posted by“TheQueenOfDiamonds,” November 4, 2008, /watch?v=GlQPvududgM. Bibliography “Fallacies of Hope.” Civilization. Directed by Michael Gill, narrated by Kenneth Clark. London: BBC, 1996. Streaming video. /view/883243.Genocide in Me. DVD. Directed by Araz Artinian. Montreal: InformAction/Twenty Voices, 2005.“Great Plains.” Planet Earth. DVD. Narrated by David Attenborough. London: BBC, 2006.Rosling, Hans. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You’ve Ever Seen.” Filmed February 2006. TED video, 19:53. Posted June 2006. /talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.“UBC Okanagan Creative Studies.” YouTube video, 3:02. Posted by “TheQueenOfDiamonds,”November 4, 2008. /watch?v=GlQPvududgM.Comments ▪Indexed scenes are treated as chapters and cited by title or number (See Examples #21 & 24).▪For online multimedia, if no date can be determined from the source, include the date the material was last accessed.▪If the online version is a reproduction of an original performance, include the information about the original performance as well as online access (See p. 769 for examples).▪Providing a link to an online video is not sufficient; provide as full a citation as possible.▪ A short note example is not provided, as multimedia should be cited fully in notes.Website (14.243-14.246 / p. 752-754)Note 25. “Guide to Copyrights,” Canadian Intellectual Property Office, last modified September 20, 2009, accessed May 25, 2011, http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernetinternetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02281.html.26. Barack Obama’s Facebook page, accessed November 22, 2010,/barackobama.27. Jack Layton, “My Commitment to You: Leadership You Can Trust To Give Your Family aBreak,” New Democratic Party of Canada, accessed April 17, 2011, http://www.ndp.ca/platform. Bibliography “Guide to Copyrights.” Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Las t modified September 20, 2009.Accessed May 25, 2011. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernetinternetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02281.html.Barack Obama’s Facebook page. Accessed November 22, 2010. /barackobama.Layton, Jack. “My Commitment to You: Leadership You Can Trust To Give Your Family a Break.”New Democratic Party of Canada. Accessed April 17, 2011. http://www.ndp.ca/platform. Comments ▪All attempts should be made to include the following: title of webpage, author of content, owner or sponsor of website, and the URL. If available, include the publication date. If no dateis available or if content is likely to change, include the access date.▪Chicago prefers for website references to be cited in notes. Discipline/Professor preferences may vary and bibliography examples have been provided.▪Include the date the website was last modified/revised, if that is provided on the website (See example #25). If the last modified date is not provided, use the access date (See example #26).▪ A short note example is not provided, as websites should be cited fully in notes and in the bibliography if required by discipline/professor.Images / Illustrations / Figures / Tables / Artwork (14.165 / p. 726 & 14.280 / p. 768-769)Note 28. Adam Jones, “Detail of Grave of Oskar Schindler - Old City - Jerusalem - Israel,”photograph, 2011, /photos/adam_jones/5676115255/.29. “A Patagonian W igwam,” print, 1869, reprinted from The Illustrated London News, Mid-Manhattan Library, /nypldigital/id?807422.30. Salvador Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” painting, 1931, Museum of Modern Art,.Short Note 28. Jones, “Grave of Oskar Schindler,” photograph.29. “A Patagonian Wigwam,” print.30. Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” painting.Bibliography Jones, Adam. “Detail of Grave of Oskar Schindler - Old City - Jerusalem - Israel.” Photograph. 2011./photos/adam_jones/5676115255/.“A Patagonian Wigwam.” Print. 1869. Reprinted from The Illustrated London News. Mid-Manhattan Library. /nypldigital/id?807422. [**file under P in bibliography] Dali, Salvador. “The Persistence of Memory.” Painting. 1931. Museum of Modern Art..Comments ▪Basic elements of “image” citation: Name of performer, artist, creator, author, “Title of Work,”indication of format/medium, running time (if applicable), publication date, URL or DOI.▪Citations to works published previously should also include the original citation information.▪The following words can be used to represent various “images” – cartoon, drawing, figure, graph, map, painting, photograph, portrait, table.▪If using Google Images or a similar website, click through to the original location of the image and create your citation based on that source.▪Providing a link to an online image is not sufficient; provide as full a citation as possible.E-mail Correspondence (14.222 / p. 745-746)Note 31. Jan Gattrell, e-mail message to author, June 21, 2011.Bibliography ▪Not applicable.Comments ▪References to conversations (in person, by letter, by e-mail) are generally referenced in text and in notes and are rarely included in the bibliography. For electronic mailing lists see 14.223.9 Blog (14.246 / p. 754)Note 32. Peggy Olive, “Is There a Cancer Threat from the Oil Sands Industry?,” Suzuki Elders (blog), April 19, 2011, /blogs/suzuki-elders/Bibliography Olive, Peggy. “Is There a Cancer Threat from the Oil Sands Industry?” Suzuki Elders (blog). April 19, 2011. /blogs/suzuki-elders/Comments ▪If the word blog is not part of the title of the blog, then add (blog) in brackets after the title.▪Blogs are normally cited only in the notes and not the bibliography.▪ A short note example is not provided, as blogs should be cited fully in notes and in the bibliography if required by discipline/professor.Course Sites (Connect) (Based on 14.224-14.231 / p. 746-748)Note 33. Jim Robinson, “Power Point Pre sentation for September 30, 2011,” PHIL 221 Connect Course Web site at UBC Okanagan, accessed November 26, 2011, https://connect.ubc.ca.Short Note 33. Robinson, “Power Point for September 30, 2011.”Bibliography Robinson, Jim. “Power Point Presentation for September 30, 2011.” PHIL 221 Connect Course Web site at UBC Okanagan. Accessed November 26, 2011. https://connect.ubc.ca. Comments ▪Course sites and other similar online resources are subject to continuous updates. It is recommended to include the access date and the URL.。

芝加哥论文格式

The Chicago Manual of Style芝加哥論文格式本資料取材自Chicago Manual of Style . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.芝加哥論文格式有兩種基本的引註形式：1. 註釋和參考書目（人文類形式）Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style)2. 形式2：作者－－年份引註和參照表Author-Date Citations and Reference List本文以介紹第一種形式為主。

這兩種型式可以混用。

只要維持全論文統一、一致的格式即可。

形式1：註釋和參考書目註釋和參考書目（（人文類形式人文類形式））Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) 。

註解以數字順序安插在論文中。

論文依序放在每一頁的最下方（頁尾註），或在文章結尾（結尾註）。

在第一次引註時，註解包括完整的參考資料。

參考書目一般只列出該論文中使用的資料來源，其條目中、日文依作者姓氏筆畫排列，西文依作者姓氏的字母排列，必須包括完整的參考資料之資訊。

芝加哥論文格式要求對引述材料的第一次註釋，必須包括所有可辨識與指認的資料來源：作者的全名、書籍的完整名稱、編輯者的名字、出版地、出版社、出版日期、引註資料的頁數。

再次參考該資料時，只需註明作者的姓，再加上逗點，書籍名稱的簡寫，逗點，頁數。

每一個註釋必須空五格（或和每一段論文本文起始空格相同）。

每一個註釋編號後加上句點，空一格之後再寫註釋。

如果本文是雙行間距，則註釋也必須採雙行間距。

範例：（芝加哥論文格式請依此順序寫註釋，參考書並請注意顏色所相對應之項目）書籍書籍－－－－註釋編號. （空一格空一格））作者名作者名，，書籍名稱書籍名稱（（以斜體字或畫底線處理字或畫底線處理）），（出版地出版地：：出版社出版社，，出版年），頁數。

芝加哥论文格式范例

芝加哥论文格式范例篇一：APA,哈佛, MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式引用指导和对比 APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style citing guidance and comparisonAPA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和对比Prepared by 李连发Date: January 17, 2021Content list (目录)Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago andTurabian citingstyle ............................................................... .. (3)第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 .................... 3 Chapter two citing guidance and example APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago andTurabian citingstyle ............................................................... .. (4)第二章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和范例 (4)2.1 MLA CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... .. (4)2.1.1 MLA CITING STYLEbooks ............................................................... .. (4)2.1.2 MLA CITING STYLE--Magazine ............................................................ .. (4)2.1.3 MLA CITING STYLE --JournalArticle. ............................................................ .. (5)2.1.4 MLA CITING STYLE. Website withauthor. (5)2.2 APA CITING STYLE................................................................ (6)2.2.1 APA CITING STYLE–book .............................................................. . (6)APA CITING STYLE –book in adatabase ............................................................ .. (6)2.2.2 APA CITING STYLE--magazine ............................................................ . (7)APA CITING STYLE --magazine articleonline (7)2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE -Journalarticle ............................................................. (7)APA CITING STYLE -Journal articleonline .............................................................. .. (7)2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE –website with anauthor (8)2.3 Vancouer CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... .. (8)2.3.1 Vancouver CITING STYLE--books ............................................................. .. (8)2.3.2 Vancouver CITING STYLE --JournalArticle. (9)2.3.3 Vancouver CITING STYLE---Website. ......................................................... . (10)2.4 CHICAGO / Turabian CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... (10)2.4.1 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style--books ............................................................102.4.2 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --Magazine (10)2.4.3 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --JournalArticle. (11)2.4.4 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style---Website. (11)Chapter three Comparison between APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabiancitingstyle ............................................................... ..................................................................... (12)第三章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的对比 (12)3.1 citation ofbooks ............................................................... . (12)3.2 citation ofjournals ............................................................ (12)3.3 citation ofWebsite ............................................................. (13)Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 APA citing style.APA格式APA citing style refers to the rules and conventions for source used in academic paper which is established by the American Psychological Association . Its documenting sources are author/date based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.APA格式是美国心理协会制定的学术论文参考文献的规则和约定。

《芝加哥格式手册》（第17版）对我国参考文献著录标准制定与优化的启示

学术研讨《芝加哥格式手册》（第17版）对我国参考文献著录标准制定与优化的启示■ 俞月圆1，2*（1.中国科学院自然科学史研究所；2.中国科学院大学）摘要：以《芝加哥格式手册》（下称《手册》）为范本的“芝加哥格式”是国际知名的优秀文献著录规则，适用于包括历史学在内的多种人文社会科学学科。

本文根据笔者依照《手册》编辑英文稿件的实践经验，将其优势总结为具有明确性、包容性、准确性和可读性四点，认为我国2015年发布的国家标准文件《信息与文献参考文献著录规则》（GB/T 7714-2015）在这四方面均有欠缺，并基于《手册》的长处，为我国参考文献著录标准的进一步完善提出了建议。

关键词：《芝加哥格式手册》，著录规则，国标，GB/T 7714—2015DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1002-5944.2024.06.002Implications of The Chicago Manual of Style for the Development and Optimization of China’s National Standards for Bibliographic ReferencesYU Yue-yuan1,2*（1. Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences）Abstract:The Chicago format, modeled on The Chicago Manual of Style (hereafter referred to as The Manual), is an internationally renowned documentation style applicable to a wide range of disciplines in humanities and social sciences including history. Based on the author’s practical experience in editing English manuscripts, this paper summarizes the advantages of The Manual as clarity, inclusiveness, accuracy, and readability. China’s national standard document GB/T 7714-2015, Information and documentation—Rules for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, which was released in 2015, has deﬁ ciencies in these four aspects. Based on the strengths of The Manual, this paper puts forward suggestions for further improving China’s national standards for bibliographic references.Keywords: The Chicago Manual of Style, citation style, national standard, GB/T 7714-20150 引言参考文献著录标准规定了学术著作、学术论文引用其他已有学术成果时应遵守的规范和应采取的基本形式。

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式Chicago Style, also known as Turabian Style, is a widely used citation format in the academic world. It is commonly used in history and the humanities, and is known for its emphasis on author-date citations and footnotes. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style provides detailed guidelines on how to format citations, references, and other elements of an academic paper.In Chicago Style, there are two main citation formats: author-date and notes-bibliography. The author-date format includes the author's last name and the publication date in parentheses within the text, while the notes-bibliography format uses footnotes or endnotes for citations and a bibliography at the end of the paper.When citing sources in Chicago Style, it is important to follow the guidelines for each type of source, whether it be a book, article, website, or other type of material. Each type of source has specific formatting requirements, such as italicizing or putting titles in quotation marks, and using proper punctuation.In addition to citing sources, the Chicago Manual of Style also provides guidance on formatting the overall layout of thepaper, including margins, font size, spacing, and headings. It also covers aspects such as tables, figures, and appendices.Overall, the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style is a comprehensive guide for formatting academic papers and citations. By following its guidelines, writers can ensure that their work meets the standards of academic integrity and professionalism.。

芝加哥论文格式,第15版

Chicago Manual of Style 15th Edition《芝加哥格式手册》（The Chicago Manual of Style，CMS）是一个适用于美国英语的格式指南。

该手册受到高度重视，主要用于解决格式、原稿预备，以及少数惯用法的问题（注意：在出版界的术语中，格式是指标点符号、斜体、粗体、大写、表格等等，而不是指如散文、抒情文的格式）。

出版商和编辑在遇到文本所表述的问题时，通常会将该手册列为最终的标准。

该手册由芝加哥大学出版社（University of Chicago Press）发行。

第一版的名称是《格式手册》（A Manual of Style），1906年由芝加哥大学出版社发行；至2005年为止共编辑了十五版。

Please note that these resources follow the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The 16th edition of the manual was issued in September 2010, and we are working on updating our resources to reflect the changes. Thank you in advance for your patience.IntroductionThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation. The material in this resource focuses primarily on the two CMS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author-Date System, which is preferred in the sciences.In addition to consulting the The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition,. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.Notes and Bibliography in Chicago StyleThe Chicago NB system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages. NB system is most commonly used in the discipline of History.The proper use of the NB system can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. Most importantly, properly using the NB system builds credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material.If you are asked to use Chicago NB format, be sure to consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, and/or A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition. Both are available in most writing centers and reference libraries and widely availablein bookstores. See the Additional Resources section for a list of helpful books and sites about using Chicago Style.Introduction to NotesIn the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes will be compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the text, following the end of the sentence in which the source is referenced.The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, the title (or a shortened form of the title) and page number(s) cited.If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word ‘Ibid.,’ an abbreviated form of the Latin ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same place.’ If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use ‘Ibid.’ foll owed by a comma and the new page number(s).In the Chicago NB system, the footnote or endnote begins with the appropriate number followed by a period and then a space. In Turabian style, the footnote or endnote begins with a superscript number.Introduction to BibliographiesIn the Notes-Bibliography System, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work, preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword may be used instead.Common Elements:All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and date of publication.Author’s Names:The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John. (If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.)Titles:Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks.Publication Information:The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name.Punctuation:In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.For more information and specific examples see the sections on Books and Periodicals.Please note that this OWL resource provides information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 16 of The Chicago Manual of Style.。

芝加哥论文格式手册

芝加哥论文格式手册《芝加哥论文格式手册》（Chicago Manual of Style）16th editionContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart One: The Publishing Process1 Books and Journals2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading3 Illustrations and Tables4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright AdministrationbyWilliam S. StrongPart Two: Style and Usage5 Grammar and UsagebyBryan A. Garner6 Punctuation7 Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds8 Names and Terms9 Numbers10 Abbreviations11 Foreign Languages12 Mathematics in Type13 Quotations and DialoguePart Three: Documentation14 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References16 IndexesAppendix A: Production and Digital Technology Appendix B: GlossaryBibliographyIndexFigures1 Books and Journals1.1 A typical copyright page1.2 Copyright notice of a second edition 1.3 The copyright page of a translation1.4 A copyright page acknowledging earlier publication of certain chapters1.5 Table of contents showing front matter, introduction, parts, chapters, back matter, and location of photo gallery1.6 Partial list of illustrations, with subheads for figures and tables1.7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers, titles, and placement of unpaginated plates1.8 A list of abbreviations1.9 Opening page of a chronology1.10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection1.11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading2.1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book2.2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms2.3 Manuscript editor’s style sheet2.4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on-screen revision marks (redlining) and author queries2.5 An example of a hand-marked manuscript page2.6 Proofreaders’ marks2.7 Marked proofs3 Illustrations and Tables3.1 A halftone image of an original photo 3.2 Detail of figure 3.1 showing the halftone dot pattern3.3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3.4 A line drawing with figure number and caption3.5 A musical example3.6 A figure consisting of a photograph anda line drawing3.7 Another composite figure, whose parts are identified in the caption3.8 A bar chart (also called a bar graph) 3.9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption3.10 A genealogical chart3.11 A four-column table with three column headings, three stub entries, and nine data cells3.12 A four-column table with two levels of stub entries3.13 A four-column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns3.14 A four-column table with two cut-in heads across three columns3.15 A four-column table with Total appearing in italics3.16 An eleven-column table with three levels of column heads3.17 A seven-column matrix3.18 An eight-column matrix3.19 A three-column table with no stub entries3.20 A three-column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values3.21 A five-column table with subtotals andtotal3.22 A four-column table with notes on significance, or probability, levels (p)3.23 A three-column table doubled into two columns3.24 An eight-column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width3.25 A six-column table with repeated column heads and “continued” indication following a page break4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration4.1 Agreement, or consent, for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work4.2 Agreement for publication of a journal article4.3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book12 Mathematics in Type12.1 An example of typewritten andhand-marked mathematical copy12.2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12.1 set in type12.3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12.214 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography 14.1 A page of text with footnotes14.2 A page of endnotes14.3 Chapter endnotes (first page)14.4 Translator’s footnote referenced by an asterisk, fol lowed by author’s numbered notes 14.5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers14.6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14.7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes14.8 The first page of a bibliography for a book14.9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections14.10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography14.11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay14.12 The first page of a discography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References 15.1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences15.2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote16 Indexes16.1 Sample page of proof, marked up for indexingAppendix AProduction and Digital Technology A.1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interfaceA.2 Another view of figure A.1, showing the XML markup as plain textA.3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeupA.4 Sample design specifications for a book A.5 A simplified XML workflowA.6 Principle of offset printingA.7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printedpagesA.8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A.9 Three methods of adhesive bindingTables6 Punctuation6.1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets9 Numbers9.1 Roman and arabic numerals11 Foreign Languages11.1 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for languages using the Latin alphabet 11.2 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for transliterated Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, and South Asian languages11.3 Russian alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.4 Greek alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.5 Greek numerals12 Mathematics in Type12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands)12.2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy12.3 Statistical notation12.4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbolsIndexA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAReferences are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary (appendix B).a and anabbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 10.9appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44coordinate nouns and, 5.73disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88as indefinite articles, 5.68, 5.70–71meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76in proper names, 16.88in titles, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56when to drop from titles in running text, 8.167–68which to use, a vs. an, 5.72See also articles (definite and indefinite)AAs (author’s alterations), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 abbreviations, general, 10.1a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 alphabetizing of, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7chart labels, 3.43–44commas with: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; addresses, mailing, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30; e.g. and i.e., 5.220; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.48; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.47compound, 6.80definitions and uses, 10.2–3after first occurrence of spelled-out version, 1.43, 10.24frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7 indexing of: acronyms, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64; periodical titles, 16.49journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49lists of: alphabetizing, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7; cross-checking, 2.29; format and placement, 1.43, 2.21, fig. 1.8; for frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7numbers with, 9.16–17plurals of, 7.14publication details, 1.21punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see under commas with, above); hyphens vs. en dashes for compound, 6.80;periods with or not, 10.4; slashes, 6.107; surrounding text and, 6.117short title compared with, 14.54spelled out: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; guidance on, 10.3; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126typographic considerations: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; italic vs. roman type, 10.7; line breaks, 7.40; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.24, 10.39, 10.42; space or no space, 10.5word division, 7.40See also acronyms; contractions; initialisms abbreviations, specificBible: books, Apocrypha, 10.49; books, New Testament, 10.50; books, Old Testament, 10.48; books, citing in text and notes, 10.46; resources on, 10.45; sections and versions of, 10.51; short forms, 10.47binary systems, 9.11business and commerce, 10.22–23, 10.72in documentation of: classical references, 14.258–59, 14.264, 14.266; dictionary andencyclopedia entries, 14.247–48; editor, translator, and such, 15.6, 15.15; English poems and plays (short forms), 14.268; frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7; journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44; legal-style citations (see below); organization names, 15.36; publishers’ names, 14.139–40file formats (e.g., HTTP), 7.76genus, subspecies, and such, 8.120–23 geographical terms: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; Canadian provinces and territories, 10.29; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35–36; country names, 10.32; latitude and longitude, 10.37; place-names with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.31; US, when to use, 10.33; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.28legal-style citations, 14.286; cases and court decisions, 14.288–91, 14.306; constitutions, 14.292mathematical expressions, 12.17, 12.63, table 12.2names and titles: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; agencies and organizations, 10.24–25; author names, 1.18; civil titles, 10.13–14; firms and companies, 10.22–23; given names, 10.11; initials, 10.12; military, 10.15; Rev. and Hon., 10.18; Saint, St., and such, 10.26–27, 10.31, 11.29, 16.75, 16.90, 16.93; social, 10.16–17page, volume, and such, 14.157Rev. and Hon., 10.18scholarly words, 10.43scientific and technical: astronomical and astrophysical, 10.64–65; chemical elements, 10.66; latitude and longitude, 10.37; miscellaneous technical, list of, 10.52; periods omitted, 10.4; resources, 10.1; SI units, 10.52, 10.54–62; statistics, 10.53; US measurements, 10.67–71states and territories (US), 10.4, 10.28stub column of tables, 3.60time designations: a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42; chronology systems, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39; days of the week, 10.41; months, 10.40; numerical, 9.31,9.34, 9.36, 9.38–41; time of day, 10.42; units (seconds, minutes, etc.), 10.71time zones, 8.89, 10.42See also postal codes; and under specific abbreviations (e.g., Jr. [“Junior”]) abridgementscopyright issues, 4.14, 4.69editing materials from, 2.58abstractions, 8.36, 8.93abstractscopyright issues and, 4.60description, 1.88, 1.90documentation of, 14.197hyperlinks to, 1.83, fig. 1.11submitted with manuscript, 2.3academic concernscourse names, 8.85degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; of author, 1.49, 1.88, 1.94; capitalization, 8.28, 10.20–21; in contributors’ list, 1.62, fig. 1.10; indexing of, 16.40; omitted in documentation of works, 14.72; use of, 1.18, 1.20honors and awards, 8.30, 8.82institutions and departments: capitalization, 8.67, 8.84; in documentation of dissertations, theses, lectures, and such, 14.224, 14.226; place-names with, 6.46, 6.81; special imprints of, 14.146 (see also institutions; universities)letter grades, 7.60student status terms, 8.28subjects and disciplines: authorities in specific, 8.118; specific course names, 8.85; spellings peculiar to, 7.2; treatment of names, 8.84–85 titles and offices, 8.27, 8.29See also lectures and lecture series; universities accents. See diacritical marks; special charactersaccess datesonline journal articles, 14.7, 14.185online legal and public documents, 14.282 online reference works, 14.248undated online documents, 15.51 acknowledgmentson copyright page, 1.19, 1.30–31, fig. 1.1, figs.1.3–4of data sources, 3.75of grants and subventions, 1.19, 1.31, 1.40, fig.1.1illustration credits in, 3.29in journals, 1.85, 1.88material appropriate for, 1.42and indexing, 16.109of permissions, 4.98–99in preface, 1.40references to, 8.177separate section for, 1.41in table notes, 3.75in unnumbered notes, 14.50acronymsa, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 capitalization of, 10.6definition and use, 10.2, 10.14disease and medical terms, 8.143indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8, 10.24space omitted in, 10.5See also abbreviations; initialismsactive voice, 5.18, 5.104, 5.115, 5.188acts and treatiesdocumentation of, 14.287, 14.302treatment in text, 8.65, 8.79–80See also legal documents; public documentsAD (anno Domini), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 additions and insertionsmarking manuscript for, 2.91–92marking proofs for, 2.122, 2.124, fig. 2.6 stetting or reversal of, 2.127address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speechesaddresses, e-mail, 14.11hyperlinks to, 1.114hyphenation issues, 6.77line breaks in, 7.42punctuation of, 6.8See also addresses, mailing; URLs (uniform resource locators)addresses, mailingabbreviations: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35; provinces and territories (Canada), 10.29; states and territories (US), 10.28 compass points in, 10.35numbers in, 9.51–53publishers’, 1.18–19, 1.21treatment in text, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30See also addresses, e-mail; compass points and directions; geographical terminology adjectives, 5.66–94adverbs compared with, 5.156articles as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75 avoiding biases in uses, 5.230coinage of, 8.59compound, 6.80dates as, 5.82definitions, 5.66degrees: comparative, 5.84, 5.86; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.87; positive or absolute, 5.83; superlative, 5.85–86; uncomparable, 5.88 derivations: from legislative bodies, 8.61; from place-names (e.g., Californian), 5.67, 8.44; from proper names, 8.59–60ethnic and national group names with, 8.37 functional variations of, 5.92–94idiomatic uses, 5.75infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210irregular, 5.86nouns as/as nouns, 5.22, 5.25, 5.92, 5.226, 7.25 participles and participial phrases as, 5.89, 5.109 position: basic rules, 5.78; dates and, 5.82; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; when modifying pronoun, 5.80; after possessive pronoun, 5.79; predicate, 5.78, 5.81predicate, 5.78, 5.81prepositional phrase as, 5.173, 5.175 pronominal, 5.65pronouns and, 5.29, 5.47, 5.65, 5.77, 5.79–80proper, 5.67punctuation: commas, 5.90, 6.33–34; dates in text, 5.82; hyphenation, 5.91, 6.80repeated, 6.34sex-specific labels as, 5.226special types: coordinate, 5.90, 6.33; participial, 5.89, 5.109; phrasal (compound modifier), 5.78, 5.91, 7.81as verbs, 5.93administrative bodies, 8.62, 11.8. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organizationsadverbs, 5.153–68adjectives compared with, 5.156as conjunctions, 5.202definition, 5.153degrees: comparative, 5.160; intensifiers, 5.164; irregular, 5.162; positive, 5.159; superlative, 5.161; uncomparable, 5.163flat, 5.157formation of, 5.154–55infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210introductory phrases, 6.36-ly ending, 5.91, 5.154, 5.160–61, 5.167, 7.82 nouns as, 5.24–25, 5.154participial phrases as, 5.109phrasal and compound, 5.158, 6.36, 7.82 position: intransitive verbs modified by, 5.166; linking verbs and, 5.167; meaning affected by, 5.165; placement considerations, 5.165; in verb phrases, 5.168prepositional phrases: as, 5.173, 5.175; compared with, 5.100, 5.156, 5.180; replaced by, 5.186punctuation with, 6.25, 6.36, 6.55simple, 5.157suffixes, 5.154–55transitional (however, therefore, and such), 5.207, 6.25, 6.55verb phrases modified by, 5.102See also infinitives; participles and participial phrasesadvertisements in journals, 1.72, 1.78, 1.82African languages, 11.14–15. See also Arabic languageafterwords, 1.26, 1.52, 14.91, 14.116agents, literary, 4.18age terms, hyphenation guide, 7.85ah, 6.37AH (anno Hegirae), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 aircraft, 8.2, 8.115–16. See also vehicles and vesselsa.k.a., 10.72Albanian language, 11.16–17alignmentchecking facing pages for, 2.114marking proofs for, 2.124of subscripts and superscripts, 12.21–22, 12.38 tables: cells, 3.68–72, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.70, 3.84, fig. 3.13, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.20 See also lists; margins; tablesall rights reserved, 1.19, 1.22, 4.40, figs. 1.1–4 alphabetizing, 16.56, 16.62–67abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7accented letters (diacritical marks and special characters), 16.29, 16.67bibliographies, 2.60, 14.57, 14.60–62, 14.64–65, 14.67, fig. 14.8business names, 16.88–89compound words, 16.59–60, 16.72, 16.84 computerized sorting options, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123cross-references, 16.17, 16.20dates, 16.65elements to disregard in, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91foreign words, 16.67glossaries, 1.60indexes: main headings, 16.56; subentries, 16.68 letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.58–59; bibliographies, example of, 14.60; word-by-word compared, 16.61, 16.123names: abbreviations and acronyms, 16.64; basic rules, 16.71–76; compound, 16.72; foreign, 16.67, 16.76–87; initials vs. spelled-out, 16.63, 16.79; list of contributors, 1.62, fig. 1.10; Mac orMc with, 16.73; monarchs, popes, and such, 16.37; nobility, titles, and such, 16.38, 16.66; numerals in (e.g., Henry III), 16.66; O’ with, 16.74; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; personal, as corporate names, 16.89; Saint, St., and such, 16.75, 16.93; same, of person, place, and thing, 16.62names, foreign personal, 16.76–87; Arabic, 16.76; Asian, generally, 16.87; Burmese, 16.77; Chinese, 16.78; Hungarian, 16.79; Indian, 16.80; Indonesian, 16.81; Japanese, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86numerals, 16.65–66organization names, 16.46, 16.88–89place-names, 16.90–93punctuation and, 16.59–61reference lists, 2.60, 14.61–62, 15.11, fig. 15.1 titles of nobility and such, 16.66titles of works, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56word-by-word: basics of, 16.58, 16.60; bibliographies, example of, 14.60;letter-by-letter compared, 16.61, 16.123 alphabetscharacter sets for Latin, 11.12, table 11.1 character sets for non-Latin, 11.92, 11.110, tables 11.2–11.4dictionary tables of, 11.96, 11.111in mathematical expressions, 12.12 modernizing archaic letters, 13.7proofreading copy in non-Latin, 11.92See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); transliteration; Unicode standard; and names of other languagesalterationsauthor’s (AAs), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 definition, p. 891designer’s (DAs), 2.131, p. 894editor’s (EAs), 2.131–32, p. 894printer’s errors (PEs) and, 2.131, p. 900a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42American Indians, 7.9, 8.37American Medical Association (AMA), 10.7, 14.3, 14.76American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.34, A.44American Psychological Association (APA), 3.46, 3.78, 14.3American Sign Language (ASL), 11.144–54 Deaf and deaf, 8.42fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.149resources on, 11.146signed languages, defined, 11.144signs: components of, 11.145; compound, 11.148; glosses of, 11.147–54; handshapes, 11.151; lexicalized, 11.150; nonmanual, 11.154; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.153 transcriptions and writing of, 11.146–54 American Society for Indexing (ASI), 16.104 ampersandschanged to and, 8.163in company names, 10.23initialisms with, 10.10in Old and Middle English, 11.143in publishers’ names, 14.141serial comma omitted before, 6.21spacing with, 10.10in URLs and e-mail addresses, 7.42See also and; conjunctionsandampersand changed to, 8.163appropriate use of, 5.220between with, 6.78, 9.59both with, 5.195, 5.214coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.90in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23or with, 5.220pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32–34in publisher’s name, 14.141punctuation with, 6.18, 6.28–29sentences beginning with, 5.206serial commas and, 6.18–19slash instead of, 6.104two or more authors (or editors) in documentation, 14.76See also ampersands; conjunctionsand if, 6.32and/or, 5.220and other stories, 14.100and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35angle bracketsin generic markup, 2.15, 2.27, 2.78for less than and more than, 3.81in mathematical expressions, 6.102, 12.26, 12.28, 12.31, 12.55, 12.58with URLs, 6.8, 14.11in XML, 6.102, fig. A.2See also bracketsanimalsdomestic breeds, 8.128scientific names: authorities on, 8.118; author names in, 8.123; divisions higher than genus, 8.125; English derivatives from taxonomic system, 8.126; genus, species, and subspecies, 8.119–21; unspecified species and varieties, 8.122vernacular names, 8.127–29See also scientific and technical terminology animations, 1.100, 2.4. See also audiovisual materialsAnnals of the Congress of the United States, 14.299annotated bibliographies, 14.59, fig. 14.10 annotationsas copyrightable, 4.5excessive, 2.59, 14.51–55See also documentation; notes announcements in journals, 1.83, 1.85, 1.93 anonymity of research subjects, 13.47 anonymous worksabbreviation of anonymous, 10.43copyright of, 4.24documentation of: known authorship, 14.80, 15.33; unattributed interviews, 14.220; unknown authorship, 14.79, 15.32use of anonymous, 14.79ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.34anthologiesauthor-and-title index of, 16.6as collective works, 4.8copyright issues and, 4.55, 4.60, 4.90editorial additions bracketed in, 6.97material copyrightable in, 4.5permissions and fees for, 4.101unnumbered source notes in, 3.31, 14.49See also collected works; compilations; derivative works; previously published materialsaphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims Apocryphaabbreviations of books, 10.49capitalization, 8.105See also Bibleapostrophes, 6.113–15in foreign languages: African languages, 11.15; Chinese, 11.104; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Hebrew, 11.113; Italian, 11.53, 11.57–58; Japanese, 11.107and manuscript cleanup, 2.77marking on manuscript, 2.91marking on proofs, 2.129other punctuation with: generally, 6.115; periods or commas, 6.115; single closing quotation mark, 6.9in plurals: abbreviations, 7.14; letters as letters, 7.14, 7.59–61; noun coinages, 7.13; proper nouns, 7.8; words in quotation marks, 7.12in possessives: basic use, 5.50; compounds, 7.23; for . . . sake expressions, 7.20; general rule, 7.15; genitive case, 7.24; gerunds, 7.26; italicized or quoted words, 7.28; nouns, proper, 7.16–18; nouns ending in eez sound, 7.18; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.19; nouns used attributively, 7.25; of, 7.27; two nouns as unit, 7.22; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.17 “smart,” 6.114, 7.29uses, other, 6.113; abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.34; abbreviated years, 9.31; contractions, 7.29; hamza vs., 11.97; inappropriate, 5.47, 5.50, 6.114, 7.60; nouns, genitive, 5.12, 5.19–20appendixeschronologies as, 1.58, fig. 1.9content and format of, 1.57figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11 indexing of, 16.109multiple, 1.47note materials moved to, 14.51numbering of, 8.178online alternative to, 1.57part title for, 1.47references to, 8.177running heads for, 1.13web-based publications, 1.117as work made for hire, 4.10appositives, 5.21, 6.23, 6.51Arabic language, 11.96–101capitalization, 11.100definite article, al, 11.99hamza and ʿayn, 11.97, 11.101, 11.112, table 11.2 names: alphabetizing, 16.76; treatment, 8.14 spelling, 11.98transliteration, 11.99; resources on, 11.96word division, 11.101arabic numeralsbuilding and apartment numbers, 9.53 Chicago’s preference for, 9.66columns in tables, 3.54definition, p. 891documentation and references: chapters, figures, and such, 8.178, 14.154; classical Greek and Latin references, 14.256–66; parts of poems and plays, 8.182, 14.267–68; ranges (inclusive), 9.60–61, 14.155; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.121–27; when to use, 14.154highways and streets, 9.51–52illustrations, 3.12, fig. 3.7line breaks and, 7.39manuscript page numbers, 1.4, 1.7, 1.45–46, 2.35 numbered divisions in publications and documents, 9.27–29roman numerals compared with, table 9.1 spelled out: alternative rule, 9.3; beginning a sentence, 9.5; Chicago’s general rule, 9.2; consistency, readability, and flexibility, 9.7;direct discourse, 13.42; fractions, 9.14–15; hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands (round numbers), 9.4; hyphens with, 7.85; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126; ordinals, 9.6; physical quantities, 9.13; to vs. en dash with, 9.59See also inclusive (or continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numeralsarchaeology, 7.2, 9.35archival practices, 1.107, 2.86–87. See also backup copiesarchiveselectronic sources, 14.282unpublished government documents, 14.232, 14.304, 14.308See also legal documents; legal-style citations; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; public documents; unpublished and informally published materialsarticles (definite and indefinite)a vs. an, 5.72abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 7.44, 10.9in alphabetizing, disregarded, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91 appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44in Arabic, 11.99, 16.76in blog titles, 8.187celestial bodies and, 8.137coordinate nouns with, 5.73definite, 5.69, 5.71, 5.73, 16.91–92definition, 5.68dropping of, 5.76, 8.167–68, 14.28, 14.179, 14.210 earth with, 8.139in foreign names for places and structures, 8.58 gender indicated by, 5.14implicit, 5.75indefinite, 5.70–71indexing: articles disregarded, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91; first lines, 16.144; organization and business names, 16.88; personal and foreign names, 16.76, 16.91–92; place-names, 16.91–92; in subentries, 16.51, 16.68, 16.129; titles of newspapers andperiodicals, 16.48–49; titles of works, 16.51–52, 16.56as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; indefinite, in specific reference, 5.71; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76names with: articles disregarded in alphabetizing, 16.88; capitalized or not, 8.67, 8.69; publisher’s, in documentation, 14.140; titles and the, 8.20, 8.29, 8.35, 10.18newspaper and periodical titles beginning with, 8.168, 14.179, 14.210, 16.48–49organization and business names with, 8.67, 16.88place-names with, 8.58, 16.91–92preceding mass noun followed by prepositional phrase, 5.9as pronoun substitute, 5.77in titles in running text, 8.167–68。

google学术芝加哥格式

google学术芝加哥格式全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Google学术是一个强大的学术搜索工具，可以帮助学术研究人员快速找到最新的学术文章和研究成果。

在进行学术研究和写作时，引用是至关重要的一环。

芝加哥格式是一种广泛使用的引用格式，与MLA和APA格式并列为最常用的三种引用格式之一。

在本文中，我们将探讨如何使用Google学术来生成芝加哥格式的引用。

要使用Google学术来生成芝加哥格式的引用，你需要打开Google学术的网站并输入你要搜索的关键词或题目。

在搜索结果页面中，每篇学术文章的下方都会有一个“引用”按钮，点击该按钮可以查看引用格式。

在弹出的引用窗口中，你可以选择不同的引用格式，包括芝加哥格式。

选择芝加哥格式后，系统将为你生成符合芝加哥格式要求的引用，包括作者姓名、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号、页码等信息。

芝加哥格式有两种主要的引用样式：脚注和尾注。

在芝加哥脚注样式中，引用信息通常会出现在文章的底部，而在尾注样式中，引用信息则会出现在文章的尾部。

在Google学术生成的芝加哥格式引用中，你可以选择使用脚注或尾注样式，根据你的写作风格和要求来决定。

除了生成芝加哥格式的引用外，Google学术还提供了其他有用的功能，帮助学术研究人员更高效地进行学术研究和写作。

你可以在Google学术中创建个人图书馆，保存和管理你感兴趣的学术文章和研究成果。

你还可以设置定期更新提醒，获取最新发表的与你研究领域相关的学术文章和期刊。

Google学术是一个强大的学术搜索工具，可以帮助学术研究人员更快速、更便捷地找到自己需要的学术信息，并生成符合芝加哥格式要求的引用。

通过充分利用Google学术的功能，学术研究人员可以更加高效地进行学术研究和写作，提升自己的学术水平和研究成果。

希望本文能帮助你更好地使用Google学术和芝加哥格式引用，提升自己的学术研究能力和写作效率。

第二篇示例：Google学术是一个强大的学术搜索引擎，它可以帮助研究人员找到他们感兴趣的学术文章和论文。

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chicago Style Citation: The Ultimate GuideThe Chicago Manual of Style, commonly referred to as CMS or CMOS, is one of the most widely used style guides for writing and citation in the humanities and social sciences. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, offers a comprehensive set of guidelines on formatting, referencing, and citing sources. In this guide, we will provide an overview of the key elements of Chicago style citation and how to apply them in your writing.1. Basic Principles of Chicago StyleChicago style citation follows the author-date andnotes-bibliography systems. The author-date system is commonly used in the natural and social sciences, while the notes-bibliography system is preferred in the humanities. In both systems, sources are cited in footnotes or endnotes and listed in a bibliography at the end of the text.2. Formatting CitationsIn Chicago style, citations are formatted differently depending on whether they are in the text or in a footnote or endnote. In-text citations include the author's last name, the publication year, and page number(s) if applicable, e.g., (Smith 2010, 25). Footnotes and endnotes provide more detailed information about the source, including the author's full name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers.3. Creating a BibliographyThe bibliography in Chicago style includes all sources cited in the text. Each entry should include the author's name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers if relevant. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no author.4. Citing Different Types of SourcesChicago style provides specific guidelines for citing various types of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and more. When citing a book, for example, you should include the author's full name, the title of the book in italics, the publication information, and the publication year. For journal articles, you need to include the author's name, the title of the article, the journal title, publication information, and page numbers.5. The Importance of ConsistencyConsistency is key when using Chicago style citation. Make sure your citations follow the same format throughout your paper and that your bibliography is properly organized and formatted. Pay attention to details such as punctuation, capitalization, and italics to ensure your citations are accurate and consistent.6. Using Citation Management ToolsTo simplify the process of formatting citations in Chicago style, consider using citation management tools such as Zotero, EndNote, or RefWorks. These tools can help you organize your sources, generate citations automatically, and create bibliographies with ease.In conclusion, Chicago style citation is a widely used and respected system for documenting sources in academic writing. By following the guidelines outlined in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, you can ensure that your writing is clear, credible, and properly referenced. Whether you are a student, researcher, or writer, mastering Chicago style citation will enhance the quality and professionalism of your work.篇2Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is a comprehensive guide for authors, editors, and publishers in various academic and professional fields. This document provides guidelines for writing and formatting scholarly articles, books, and other written works in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style.The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely used style guide for academic writing in the humanities and social sciences. It provides detailed guidelines on citation and bibliography formatting, as well as general rules for grammar, punctuation, and manuscript preparation.One key feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system, which uses footnotes and a bibliography to credit sources in written work. Footnotes allow readers to see the source of a quotation or idea at a glance, while the bibliography provides a full list of works cited in the text.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also covers a wide range of topics related to manuscript preparation, including capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and punctuation. The manual offers clear and concise rules for formatting headings, block quotations, and lists, as well as guidance on the use of italics, bold, and other typographical elements.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is an essential resource for anyone engaged in academic writing or publishing. With its detailed guidelines on citation, grammar, and manuscript preparation, the Chicago Manual of Style helps authors and editors produce clear, accurate, and well-organized written works in accordance with academic standards.篇3The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely-used style guide for writing and publishing in the English language. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, provides detailed guidelines on formatting, citation, and other aspects of writing. In this article, we will provide an overview of the key features of the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition.One of the most important aspects of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system. The manual provides two main citation styles: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date system. Under the notes and bibliography system, footnotes or endnotes are used to provide information about sources, while a bibliography is included at the end of the document. In the author-date system, in-text citations are used to provide information about sources, and a reference list is included at the end of the document.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also provides detailed guidance on other aspects of writing, such as punctuation, grammar, and word usage. The manual includes information on topics such as the use of commas, semicolons, and colons, as well as guidance on how to use hyphens, ellipses, and other punctuation marks. The manual also includes a comprehensive guide to grammar, covering topics such as subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, and sentence structure.Another important feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its guidance on formatting manuscripts. The manual provides detailed guidelines on how to format headings, margins, and page numbers, as well as how to format citations, references, and bibliographies. The manual also includes information on how to use italics, boldface, and other formatting elements in a document.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition is an invaluable resource for writers, editors, and publishers. Its comprehensive guidelines on citation, formatting, and other aspects of writing make it an essential reference for anyone working in the English language. Whether you are writing an academic paper, a book, or a business document, the ChicagoManual of Style can help you ensure that your writing is clear, consistent, and professional.。

论文参考书目引用格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16th

论⽂参考书⽬引⽤格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16thCHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ?bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing6 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 1711 of 1712 of 1713 of 1714 of 1715 of 1716 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations andBibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.17 of 17。

chicago类似的参考文献格式

文章标题：深度解析Chicago类似的参考文献格式近年来，学术界对于Chicago类似的参考文献格式的使用日益普及。

对于学者们来说，正确地使用此格式是非常重要的，因为它能够为其研究成果的可信度和权威性增添分数。

本文将对Chicago类似的参考文献格式进行深度解析，帮助读者更好地理解并正确使用这一格式。

一、Chicago类似的参考文献格式是什么？Chicago类似的参考文献格式是一种学术论文引用格式，通常用于人文和社会科学领域的学术著作中。

它由芝加哥大学出版社于1906年首次引入，并在多个版本中不断完善和更新。

二、为何需要使用Chicago类似的参考文献格式？1. 明确引用来源：通过使用Chicago类似的参考文献格式，作者能够清晰地展示自己引用的来源，从而避免抄袭和剽窃他人作品的风险。

2. 提高学术可信度：正确使用此格式能够提高学术著作的可信度和权威性，增强读者对作者研究成果的信任。

3. 统一引用标准：规范的引用格式有助于建立统一的引用标准，使读者能够更便捷地查找到作者引用的来源。

三、如何正确使用Chicago类似的参考文献格式？1. 书籍引用格式示例：- 书名：作者姓，名。

《书名》。

出版地：出版社名称，出版年份。

2. 期刊文章引用格式示例：- 文章作者尊称。

"文章标题"。

期刊名，卷号，期刊号（出版年）：引用页码。

3. 网络资源引用格式示例：- 作者姓，名。

"文档标题"。

全球信息湾名称。

发布日期/更新日期。

访问日期。

URL信息。

四、Chicago类似的参考文献格式的个人观点和理解在我看来，Chicago类似的参考文献格式的使用不仅是对作者研究成果的尊重和保护，更是对学术界严谨和规范的遵循。

作为学者，我们应该注重引用规范，尊重他人劳动成果，以期促进学术界的健康发展。

总结回顾通过本文的深度解析，相信读者对于Chicago类似的参考文献格式已经有了更全面、深刻的理解。

论文写作技巧如何使用恰当的引用格式

论文写作技巧如何使用恰当的引用格式引言：在学术界，引用是一种重要的学术实践，用于支持和加强自己的论点，并显示对前人研究的尊重和承认。

恰当地引用他人的工作不仅可以提高论文的可信度和学术价值，还可以避免抄袭行为。

本文将介绍几种常见的引用格式，帮助读者掌握正确使用引用格式的技巧。

一、MLA引用格式（现代语言协会）MLA引用格式常用于文史学科，它要求在文中引用时以作者的姓氏和页码的形式展示相关信息，并在文末提供全面的引用清单。

例如：正文引用：在社会科学领域，研究数据的质量对于研究结论的可靠性至关重要（Smith 45）。

引用清单：Smith, John. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.二、APA引用格式（美国心理协会）APA引用格式常用于社会科学和心理学领域，它要求在文中引用时以作者的姓氏和出版年份的形式展示相关信息，并在文末提供全面的引用清单。

例如：正文引用：研究表明，身体锻炼对心理健康有着积极的影响（Jones, 2010）。

引用清单：Jones, A. (2010). Title of the Article. Journal Name,Volume(Issue), Page-Page.三、Chicago引用格式（芝加哥手册式引用格式）Chicago引用格式常用于人文学科，它为作者指定了脚注和末尾注释两种方式用于引用，并在文末提供全面的引用清单。

例如：正文引用（脚注）：众所周知，意大利文艺复兴时期是人类发展的重要阶段^1^。

脚注：^1^作者姓氏, "标题," 期刊名，卷(Issue): 页码。

引用清单：作者姓氏，"标题." 期刊名，卷号，第多少期 (年份): 页码。

四、Harvard引用格式Harvard引用格式常用于科学与技术学科，该格式要求在正文中使用作者姓名和出版年份来引用，并在文末提供包含所有引用信息的参考文献清单。

学术著作引用格式

学术著作引用格式学术著作引用格式是学术写作中非常重要的一部分，它能够帮助读者准确地找到引用的来源并核实信息的可靠性。

学术著作引用格式通常遵循特定的规范，不同的学科领域可能会有不同的格式要求。

在本文中，我将介绍一些常见的学术著作引用格式，包括APA格式、MLA格式和芝加哥格式。

首先是APA格式（American Psychological Association）。

APA格式主要应用于心理学、教育学和社会科学等领域的研究论文中。

在APA格式中，引用包括两部分：引用文章的内文引用和参考文献列表。

内文引用通常以作者姓氏和出版年份的方式呈现，如（Smith，2019）。

在参考文献列表中，需要包括作者的姓名、文章的标题、期刊的名称、卷号、期号、页码和出版日期等信息。

例如：Smith, J. (2019). A study of APA citation format. Journal of Academic Writing, 10(3), 123-145.接下来是MLA格式（Modern Language Association）。

MLA格式主要应用于语言学、文学和人文学科的研究论文中。

MLA格式与APA格式的主要差异在于引用的方式和参考文献列表的格式。

在MLA格式中，内文引用通常以作者的姓氏和页码的方式呈现，如（Smith 45）。

参考文献列表则需要列出作者的姓名、文章的标题、书籍的名称、出版者和出版年份等信息。

例如：Smith, John. "A Study of MLA Citation Format." Journal of Academic Writing, vol. 10, no. 3, 2019, pp. 123-145.最后是芝加哥格式（The Chicago Manual of Style）。

芝加哥格式主要应用于历史学、社会科学和文学研究等领域的研究论文中。

芝加哥格式有两种常用的引用方式：脚注和尾注。