保罗克鲁格曼版 国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第9章.
（英文版）保罗。克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库5
（英⽂版）保罗。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库5练习题五：A E C A D C D D E D A D1．Which of the following statements is the most accurate? The law of one price states:A) in competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.B) in competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in the same country must sell for the same price when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.C) in competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price.D) identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.E) None of the above.2. In order for the condition E$/HK$ = Pus/PHK to hold, what assumptions does the principle of purchasing power parity make?A) No transportation costs and restrictions on trade; commodity baskets that are a reliable indication of price level.B) Markets are perfectly competitive, i.e., P = MC.C) The factors of production are identical between countries.D) No arbitrage exists.E) A and B.3. Under Purchasing Power Parity,A) E$/E = PiUS/PiE.B) E$/E = PiE/PiUS.C) E$/E = PUS/PE.D) E$/E = PE/PES.E) None of the above.4. In the short run,A) the interest rate can rise when the domestic money supply falls.B) the interest rate can decrease when the domestic money supply falls.C) the interest rate stays constant when the domestic money supply falls.D) the interest rate rises in the same proportion as the domestic money supply falls.E) None of the above.5. The PPP theory fails in reality becauseA) transport costs and restrictions on trade.B) monopolistic or oligopolistic practices in goods markets.C) the inflation data reported in different countries are based on different commodity baskets.D) A, B, and C.E) A and B only.6. The PPP theory fails in reality becauseA) transport costs and restrictions on trade.B) monopolistic or oligopolistic practices in goods markets.C) the inflation data reported in different countries are based on different commodity baskets.D) A, B, and C.E) A and B only.7. A country?s domestic currency?s real exchange rate, q, is defined asA) E.B) E times P.C) E times P .D) (E times P )/P.E) P/(E times P ).8. In the short-run, any fall in EP /P, regardless of its causes, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intact9. In the short-run, a temporary increase in money supplyA) shifts the DD curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.10. Temporary tax cuts would cause:A) the AA-curve to shift left.B) the AA-curve to shift right.C) the DD-curve to shift left.D) the DD-curve to shift right.E) a shift in the AA-curve, although the direction is ambiguous.11. In the short-run, a temporary increase in the money supplyA) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency.12. Assume the asset market is always in equilibrium. Therefore a fall in Y would result in:A) higher inflation abroad.B) a decreased demand for domestic products.C) a contraction of the money supply.D) a depreciation of the home currency.E) an appreciation of the home currency.13. What can explain the failure of relative PPP to hold in reality?Government measures of the price level differ from country to country. One reason for these differences is that people living in different countries spend their income in different ways. Because of this inherent difference among countries, certain baskets will be affected more by price changes given their consumptions basket. For example, consumers in country, X, eats more fish relative to another country. More than likely, the government, upon determining a commodity basket to reflect preference, will have an overwhelming representation of fish in their basket. Any price level change in the fish market will be felt particularly by country X, and their overall price level will reflect this. Thus, changes in the relative prices of basket components can cause relative PPP to become distorted.14. Using a figure show that under full employment, a temporary fiscal expansion would increase output (overemployment) but cannot increase output in the long run.A temporarily fiscal expansion will move the economy from DD1 to DD2, and output increases. A permanent fiscal expansion will also shift the AA curve to the left and down. The nominal exchange rate appreciates, i.e. E decreases.15. Using the DD model, explain what happens to out put when Government demands increase. Use a figure to explain when it is taking place.T he figure below shows the G1 to G2 raises output at every level of the exchange rate. The change shifts the DD to the right. Which in turns increases output to Y2.。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学一、概念题1．约束（binding）答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。
约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。
按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。
按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。
2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade）答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。
现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。
虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。
如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。
3．集体行动（collective action）答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。
如果某项活动或者福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。
因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。
集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。
这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？6．答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
7．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
8．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
国际贸易习题克鲁格曼
国际经济学—国际贸易部分习题一、单项选择1.开放贸易给进口商品的消费者带来的收益的绝对值：( A )A．大于该种商品的国内生产者的损失 B．小于该种商品的国内生产者的损失C．正好等于该种商品的国内生产者的损失 D．不可度量2．以下各项中哪一项不会促进国家间木材的贸易？( A )A．贸易前各国木材价格相等 B．追求利润的木材价格套利C．国家间存在木材供给的差别 D．国家间存在木材需求的差别3.“为了得到某种东西而所要放弃另一些东西的最大价值”指的是: ( A )A. 机会成本B. 沉没成本C. 制造成本D. 管理费用4．在进行贸易后，一国的收入分配会发生如下变化：( A )A．受到进口品竞争压力的国内生产者受到损失，而出口商品的生产者则会受益B．作为整体的国家会受益，而个人则会受到损失C．消费者受损，生产者受益D．收入由消费者转向生产者5．如果出口供给比进口需求的价格弹性小，那么：( C )A．进口国将不愿进行贸易 B．出口国将不愿进行贸易。
C．出口国将得到大部分的贸易收益 D．进口国将得到大部分的贸易收益6．H—O理论说明：( D )A.相对于其他资源，劳动力比较丰裕的国家并不具有比较优势B.一个劳动力资源对非劳动力资源比率较高的国家，应当减少对国际贸易的参与C.一个非劳动力资源相对丰富的国家将不会从国际贸易中受益D.各国专业化生产和出口大量使用其相对丰富要素的商品7．如果A国可用1个工时生产3单位的X产品或3单位的Y产品，B国可用1个工时生产1单位的X产品或1单位的Y产品，若劳动是唯一的投入，那么：( A ) A．A国在两种商品的生产上均具有绝对优势B．B国在两种商品的生产上均具有绝对优势C．A国在两种商品的生产上均具有比较优势D．B国在两种商品的生产上均具有比较优势8．对于H—O理论来说，导致不同国家间相对商品价格差异最主要的原因是：( A ) A．要素禀赋 B．国民收入 C．技术 D．消费偏好9．在没有贸易的情况下，一国的消费点：( B )A．在生产可能性曲线上方 B．在生产可能性之上或之内C．在生产可能性曲线上 D．位置不可判定10．墨西哥拥有丰裕的非技术工人，而美国拥有丰裕的技术工人。
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案【篇一：克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点】lass=txt>第12章国民收入核算和国际收支1、如问题所述，gnp仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。
在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从gnp中减去，出口的中间品价值加到gnp中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。
例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。
其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的gnp中。
出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的gnp，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。
所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的gnp中减去，并加入美国的gnp。
2、（1）等式12-2可以写成ca?(sp?i)?(t?g)。
美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。
（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。
不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。
例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。
（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。
）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。
一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。
这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。
3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。
这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。
（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。
最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。
保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第4章解读
保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第4章解读第4章：资源和贸易：赫克歇尔-俄林模型1.在2要素2产品的赫克歇尔-俄林模型中，境外工人流入将A.使生产点沿着生产可能性曲线移动。
B.使生产可能性曲线外移并增加两种产品的生产。
C.使生产可能性曲线外移并减少消耗劳动的产品的生产。
D.使生产可能性曲线外移并减少消耗资本的产品的生产。
E.以上都不对。
答案： D2.在2要素2产品的赫克歇尔-俄林模型中，两国在什么地方不相同？A.品味B.军事实力C.大小D.有效的生产要素E.劳动生产力答案： D3.在2要素2产品的赫克歇尔-俄林模型中，从自给自足（无交易）到交易的转变将使什么的所有者获益？A.资金B.丰富的生产要素C.短缺的生产要素D.无弹性的生产要素E.巨大替代弹性的生产要素答案： B4.在2要素2产品的赫克歇尔-俄林模型中，从自给自足（无交易）到交易的转变A.将趋向于使每个国家的工资水平变得相似。
B.将使每个国家的工资水平相等。
C.将趋向于使每个国家的工资水平变得不相似。
D.将趋向于使工资水平等于资本回报率。
E.将趋向于使租金等于利率。
答案： A5.里昂惕夫悖论A.支持李嘉图比较成本理论的有效性。
B.支持赫克歇尔-俄林模型的有效性。
C.不支持李嘉图比较成本理论的有效性。
D.不支持赫克歇尔-俄林模型的有效性。
E.证明了美国经济的与众不同。
答案： D6.里昂惕夫悖论A.引用了美国的出口比进口更加是劳动力密集型的调查发现。
B.引用了美国的出口比进口更加是资本密集型的调查发现。
C.引用了美国在埃基伍斯盒子外生产的调查发现。
D.仍然准确地应用与美国现今的国际贸易模式中。
E.引用了里昂惕夫—一个美国经济学家—有个俄国名字的事实。
7.伯文，利莫和斯维考斯克斯在1987年的研究A.支持里昂惕夫悖论的有效性。
B.支持赫克歇尔-俄林模型的有效性。
C.使用了一个两国和两产品的构架。
D.证明了事实上国家都趋向于使用不同的科技。
经济学原理(曼昆)第七版--第9章 应用：国际贸易 多选题答案
第9章应用：国际贸易快速多选：1.如果一个不允许钢铁进行国际贸易的国家的国内价格低于世界价格，那么：A．该国在生产钢铁中有比较优势，如果开放贸易会成为钢铁出口国。
B．该国在生产钢铁中有比较优势，如果开放贸易会成为钢铁进口国。
C．该国在生产钢铁中没有比较优势，如果开放贸易会成为钢铁出口国。
D．该国在生产钢铁中没有比较优势，如果开放贸易会成为钢铁进口国。
【答案】A【解析】由于该国的国内钢铁价格低于世界价格，说明该国在生产钢铁上具有比较优势，因此该国将成为出口国。
2. 当Ectenia国在咖啡豆方面对世界开放贸易时，国内咖啡豆价格下降。
以下哪一个选项说明了这种情况？GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAFA．国内咖啡产量增加，而且Ectenia变成了咖啡进口国。
B．国内咖啡产量增加，而且Ectenia变成了咖啡出口国。
C．国内咖啡产量减少，而且Ectenia变成了咖啡进口国。
D．国内咖啡产量减少，而且Ectenia变成了咖啡出口国。
【答案】C【解析】首先，由国内咖啡豆价格下降知，贸易使得Ectenia过总供给增加（国内市场上，GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF总供给>总需求），则该国为咖啡豆的进口国。
由一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的进口者时，该物品消费者的状况变好了知，该国是咖啡的进口国。
并且，大量进口导致国内咖啡产业受冲击，国内该物品的生产者状况变坏了。
此题也可以用排除法。
3. 当一国开放一种产品的贸易并成为一个进口国时，将带来哪种结果？A. 生产者剩余减少，但消费者剩余和总剩余增加。
B. 生产者剩余减少，消费者剩余增加，而进口对总剩余的影响不确定。
C. 生产者剩余和总剩余都增加，但消费者剩余减少。
D. 生产者剩余、消费者剩余和总剩余都增加。
【答案】A【解析】由书上结果知，当一国开放一种产品的贸易并成为一个进口国时，消费者剩余增加，生产者剩余减少，总剩余增加。
GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF4. 如果进口一种产品的国家征收关税，这就会增加_________。
保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第章
保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第章第二章：劳动生产率和比较优势——李嘉图模型多线选择题1.国家之间进行贸易是因为他们是——，也是由于——A.不同的，成本B.相似的，规模经济C.不同的，规模经济D.相似的，成本E.以上都不对答案：C2．如果满足下列哪个条件的话，这两个国家都会从贸易中得利。
A.每个国家出口自己有比较优势的产品B.每个国家都有优越的贸易条件C.每个国家对进口产品有更高的需求弹性D.每个国家对出口产品有更高的供给弹性E.C和D都对答案：A3李嘉图的比较优势理论认为，假如符合下列哪项，该国在小饰品产品上具有比较优势呢?A.该国每个小饰品工人的产量更高B.该国的汇率很低C.该国的工资率很高D.该国小饰品工人的生产率和该国其他产品的生产率相比较而言，生产率更高E.B和C都对答案：D4.为了确定一个国家在一个特殊产品上的生产是否具有比较优势，我们至少需要知道几个劳动主体生产要求方面的消息A.一个B.两个C.三个D.四个E.五个答案：D5.根据比较优势原理，一个国家进行国际贸易从中得到收益，是以为A.间接生产出口产品比直接生产更有效B.间接生产进口产品比国内生产更有效C.可以用更少的劳动力生产出口产品D.使用更少的劳动力间接生产出口产品E.以上都不对答案：B6.根据下面的信息：单位劳动力需求布料小饰品国内1020国外6030A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产方面具有比较优势C.国外在布料生产方面具有比较优势D.国内在饰品生产方面具有比较优势E.国内在这两件产品上都具有比较优势答案：B7.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，而不进口D.不从事任何进口和出口E.上面都对答案：A8.假如国内经济遭受了大萧条，每种产品的单位劳动需求翻了四倍。
那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口或进口E.以上都正确答案：A9.假如国内工资水平翻倍了，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口和进口E.以上都正确答案：A10.根据下面的信息一个单位劳动力生产的数量布料小饰品国内1020国外6030A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产上有比较优势C.国外在布料生产上有比较优势D.国外在饰品生产上有比较优势E.国内在两种产品上都有比较优势答案：C11.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，国外生产布料的机会成本是小饰品的生产，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不进口，也不出口E.以上都正确答案：B12.假如国内工资翻倍了，国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不出口也不进口E.以上都对答案：B14.假设只有两个国家进行贸易，这两个国家只生产两种产品，那么国际贸易会使什么增加A.假如两种产品的产量都增加了，消费者福利才会增加B.两种产品的生产量和两个国家的消费者福利都会增加C.两种产品的生产量都增加了，但不是两个国家的消费者福利都增加D.两个国家的消费者福利增加了，但不是两种产品的总生产量都增加了E.以上都不正确答案：B15.根据李嘉图模型，贸易的结果会带来哪个趋于专业化A.16.根据李嘉图模型，参加贸易的国家会发现他的消费束A.在生产边界线内部B.在生产边界线上C.在生产边界线外部D.在他贸易国生产边界线内部E.在他贸易国生产边界线上答案：C17.在李嘉图模型中，假如一个国家的贸易受到限制，下列哪项不会发生？A.有限的专业化和劳动分工B.贸易额和贸易所得都减少C.使国家在生产边界线内部进行生产D.可能导致一个国家生产一些不具有比较优势的产品E.以上都不是答案：C18.根据李嘉图模型，假如一个很小的国家和一个非常大的国家进行贸易，那么A.小国家的经济福利会下降B.大国际的经济福利会下降C.小国家将从贸易中获利D.大国家将从贸易中获利E.以上都不正确答案：C19.假如一个国家的世界进出口交换率在H国和F国的国内生产成本比率之间，那么A.H国将从贸易中获利，而不是F国B.F国将从贸易中获利，而不是H国C.H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D.只有进行出口补贴的国家能从贸易中获利E.以上都不对答案：B20.假如F国的进出口比率等于世界平均进出口比，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：A21．假如H国的进出口比率等于世界平均进出口比，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：E22．假如生产可能性曲线凹向原点，那么下列哪种情况会进行生产A．机会成本不变B．机会成本递增C．机会成本递减D．机会成本无限E．以上都不正确答案：B23．假如两个国家有相同的生产可能性曲线，那么在下列哪种情况下他们之间的贸易不可能发生A．他们的供给曲线相同B．他们的成本函数相同C．他们的需求函数不同D．他们的收入相同E．以上都不正确答案：C24．比较优势原理最早是谁提出的？A．大卫。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》（第8版）课后习题详解克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解第1章绪论本章不是考试的重点章节，建议读者对本章内容只作大致了解即可，本章没有相关的课后习题。
第1篇国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易概览一、概念题1>(发展中国家(developing countries)答:发展中国家是与发达国家相对的经济上比较落后的国家，又称“欠发达国家”或“落后国家”。
通常指第三世界国家，包括亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲及其他地区的130多个国家。
衡量一国是否为发展中国家的具体标准有很多种，如经济学家刘易斯和世界银行均提出过界定发展中国家的标准。
一般而言，凡人均收入低于美国人均收入的五分之一的国家就被定义为发展中国家。
比较贫困和落后是发展中国家的共同特点。
2>(服务外包(service outsourcing)答:服务外包是指企业将其非核心的业务外包出去，利用外部最优秀的专业化团队来承接其业务，从而使其专注于核心业务，达到降低成本、提高效率、增强企业核心竞争力和对环境应变能力的一种管理模式。
20世纪90年代以来，随着信息技术的迅速发展，特别是互联网的普遍存在及广泛应用，服务外包得到蓬勃发展。
从美国到英国，从欧洲到亚洲，无论是中小企业还是跨国公司，都把自己有限的资源集中于公司的核心能力上而将其余业务交给外部专业公司，服务外包成为“发达经济中不断成长的现象”。
3>(引力模型(gravity model)答:丁伯根和波伊赫能的引力模型基本表达式为:其中，是国与国的贸易额，为常量，是国的国内生产总值，是国的国内生产总值，是两国的距离。
、、三个参数是用来拟合实际的经济数据。
引力模型方程式表明:其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的贸易规模与两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。
把整个世界贸易看成整体，可利用引力模型来预测任意两国之间的贸易规模。
另外，引力模型也可以用来明确国际贸易中的异常现象。
4>(第三世界(third world)答:第三世界这个名词原本是指法国大革命中的Third Estate(第三阶级)。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第9章 应用：国际贸易)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第9章应用：国际贸易课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．世界价格（world price）答：世界价格也称世界市场价格，指一种物品在世界市场上交易的价格。
世界价格是由商品的国际价值决定的。
国际价值是世界市场商品交换的惟一依据，各国商品的国别价值都必须还原为国际价值，以便在国际市场上交换。
而各国商品的国别价值在多大程度上表现为国际价值，是与各国的经济技术水平、劳动强度和劳动生产率密切相关的。
一般来说，一国的经济技术水平和劳动生产率越高，其商品价值就越低于国际商品价值，若按照国际商品价值出售，就能获得较好的经济效益；相反则会在竞争中处于不利的地位。
2．关税（tariff）答：关税是指对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。
与其他税收相比，关税有两个主要特点：第一，关税的征收对象是进出境的货物和物品；第二，关税具有涉外性，是对外贸易政策的重要手段。
征收关税的作用主要有两个方面：一是增加本国财政收入；二是保护本国的产业和国内市场。
其中以前者为目的而征收的关税称为财政关税，以后者为目的而征收的关税称为保护关税。
与任何一种物品销售税一样，关税会扭曲激励，使得稀缺资源的配置背离最优水平，使市场接近于没有贸易时的均衡，因此，减少了贸易的好处。
关税虽然使国内生产者的状况变好，而且政府增加了收入，但造成消费者的损失大于获得的这些好处。
关税造成的无谓损失具体表现为：第一，关税使国内生产者能收取的价格高于世界价格，结果，鼓励他们增加低效率地生产。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解(贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
（2）反对自由贸易的观点 ①贸易条件改善论 对一个能够影响国际价格的大国而言，关税可以降低进口产品的价格从而使贸易条件得 到改善，但这一收益必须抵补剔除关税带来的成本。所以，贸易条件改善的收益可能会超过 其成本。当关税到达某个程度才有可能改善一国福利，这里存在最优关税问题。 a．最优关税。由于不断提高关税税率改善贸易条件而提高福利的速度与减少贸易量而 降低福利水平的速度不一致，在理论上存在一个最优关税，在这种最优关税下，该国的福利 水平达到最高。如图 9-2 所示，在曲线上对应于关税率 t0 的点 1，社会福利达到最大。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
失为一种次优的增进社会福利的做法。利用次优理论的最有代表性的论点是国内市场失灵 论。
a．国内市场失灵论。国内市场失灵论建立在反对生产者剩余和消费者剩余理论的基础 上。国内市场失灵论认为，国内市场失灵即国内市场没有发挥应有功能，导致生产者剩余没 有正确衡量成本和收益。图 9-3 阐释了反对自由贸易的国内市场失灵论。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
国际经济与贸易课后答案第九章
国际经济与贸易课后答案第九章第一篇：国际经济与贸易课后答案第九章1.国际货物买卖合同的特点是什么？1它具有国际性；2它具有的买卖标的物是货物；3国际货物买卖合同的性质为买卖。
2.交易的一般程序应包括哪些环节？邀请发盘、发盘、还盘、接受和签订合同等环节，其中发盘与接受是交易成立的基本环节，也是合同成立的必要条件。
3.什么是邀请发盘？邀请发盘的目的是什么？所谓邀请发盘是指交易的一方打算购买或出售某种商品，向对方询问买卖该项商品的有关交易条件，或者就该项交易提出带有保留条件的建议。
在实际业务中，一方邀请发盘的目的是：1表达与对方进行交易的愿望，希望对方即使发出有效的发盘2探询一下市场价格3希望对方开出估价单，这种股价单同样不具备发盘的条件，所报价格也仅供参考。
4.发盘的撤回与撤销有何区别？在法律上，“撤销”与“撤回”属于两个不同的概念，撤回是指发盘尚未生效，发盘人采取行动，阻止它的生效。
而撤销是指在发盘已生效后，发盘人采取行动以一定方式解除发盘对其的效力。
5.在何种情况下发盘失效？1受盘人作出还盘；2发盘人依法撤销发盘；3发盘中规定的有效期届满4人力不可抗拒的意外事故造成发盘的失效；5在发盘被接受前，当事人丧失行为能力或死亡或法人破产等。
6.什么是还盘？还盘的法律后果是什么？所谓还盘是指接受盘人在接到发盘后不能完全同意发盘的内容，为了进一步磋商交易、对发盘提出修改意见，用口头或书面形式表示出来，即构成还盘。
还盘的两个法律后果：1还盘是对发盘的拒绝，还盘一经作出，原发盘即失去效力，发盘人不再受其约束2还盘等于是收盘人向原发盘人提出的一项新的发盘。
还盘作出后，还盘的一方与原发盘的地位发生了变化。
还盘人由原来的受盘人变成新的发盘人，而原发盘的发盘人则变成了新发盘的受盘人，新受盘人有权针对发盘的内容进行考虑，决定接受、拒绝或是再还盘。
7.根据《公约》的规定，发盘可以撤销的条件是什么？在哪些情况下发盘不可以撤销？条件是：发盘人撤销的通知必须在受盘人发出接受通知之前传达到受盘人，但在下列情况下，发盘不能再撤销：1发盘中注明了有效期，或以其他方式表示发盘是不可撤销的；2受盘人有理由依赖该发盘是不可撤销的，并且已本着对该发盘的依赖行事。
（英文版）保罗。克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库2
练习题二：Part A: Multiple Choice1. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ inA) tastes.B) military capabilities.C) size.D) relative availabilities of factors of production.E) labor productivities.2.The slope of a countryʹs PPF reflectsA) the opportunity cost of product S in terms of product T.B) the opportunity cost of T in terms of money prices.C) the opportunity cost of S or T in terms of S.D) Both A and B.E) Both A and C.3. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a countryʹsA) technology.B) advertising.C) human capital.D) factor endowments.E) Both A and B.4. If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,A) the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.B) the world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had been in Belgium.C) the world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had been in Australia.D) the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.E) None of the above.5. The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following exceptA) which country will export which product.B) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C) the volume of trade.D) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.E) None of the above.6. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA) rises as the industry grows larger.B) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger.C) falls as the average firm grows larger.D) remains constant.E) None of the above.7. External economies of scaleA) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.B) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.C) tends to result in one huge monopoly.D) tends to result in large profits for each firm.E) None of the above.8. The simultaneous export and import of widgets by the United States is an example ofA) increasing returns to scale.B) imperfect competition.C) intra-industry trade.D) inter-industry trade.E) None of the above.9. Intra-industry trade can be explained in part byA) transportation costs within and between countries.B) problems of data aggregation and categorization.C) increasing returns to scale.D) A ll of the above.E) None of the above.10. Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when which of the following exist s?A) large differences between relative country factor availabilitiesB) small differences between relative country factor availabilitiesC) homogeneous products that cannot be differentiatedD) constant cost industriesE) None of the above.11. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,A) the larger are that countryʹs exports.B) the higher is the price charged.C) the fewer varieties are sold.D) the lower is the price charged.E) None of the above.12. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,A) the larger are that countryʹs exports.B) the higher is the price charged.C) the fewer varieties are sold.D) the lower is the price charged.E) None of the above.DADCC BACDB DDPart B：Short Questions1.ʹThe H.O. model remains useful as a way to predict the income distribution effects of trade.ʹDiscuss.Answer: T he Stolper-Samuelson theorem, one of the basic theorems arising from theHeckscher-Ohlin model yields an elegant demonstration of the fact that changes in product prices (such as will occur when trade is expanded or curtailed) telescopes its effects onto factor prices, so that not only do relative factor returns mirror product prices, but that actual returns to factors may either rise or fall in real terms. Hence, as a policy framework, the disproportionate effect trade may have on real incomes of sectors, such as skilled-labor is quite useful both theoretically and practically (or polemically)2.International trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. Discuss.T his statement is typically ʹtrue . . . but.ʹ Under a strict and limited set of assumptions, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin model which excludes country specific technologies; non- homothetic tastes; factor intensity reversals; large country differences in (relative) factor abundances, more factors than goods, and an equilibrium solution within the ʹcone of specializationʹ; then it may be demonstrated that internal consistency demands that the above stated sentence is ʹtrue.ʹ However, the minute one relaxes any of the above listed assumptions one may easily identify solutions, which contradict the factor price equalization theorem.3.If a scale economy is the dominant technological factor defining or establishing comparativeadvantage, then the underlying facts explaining why a particular country dominates world markets in some product may be pure chance, or historical accident. Explain, and compare this with the answer you would give for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage.T his statement is true, since the reason the seller is a monopolist may be that it happened to have been the first to produce this product in this country. It may have no connection to any supply or demand related factors; nor to any natural or man-made availability. This is all exactly the opposite of the Heckscher-Ohlin Neo-Classical modelʹs explanation of the determinants of comparative advantage.。
国际经济学题库09
国际经济学题库09专业姓名学号班级第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础一、名词解释1、国际贸易的交换利益2、国际贸易的专业化利益3、国际均衡价格4、生产可能性边界5、开放经济6、封闭经济7、贸易条件二、是非判断题1、国际经济学是研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的有效分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。
2、国际经济学是经济学的分支学科，是建立在微观经济学和宏观经济学基础上的3、国际经济学经历了重商主义、自由贸易和现代国际经济学理论多层面发展的三个阶段。
它是伴随着国际经济活动的不断增加而逐渐完善起来的。
4、与一般经济学的研究方法相同，国际贸易理论在分析上也分为实证分析和规范分析两种。
5、国际贸易理论分析不涉及货币因素，考虑各国货币制度的差异与关系的影响。
6、大多数国际贸易理论都是一种静态或比较静态分析，时间因素在国际贸易理论中较多体现。
7、没有贸易价格差的存在，就不会发生国际贸易。
三、单项选择题1、国际经济学在研究资源配置时，作为划分界限的基本经济单位是A、企业B、个人C、政府D、国家2、从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是A、商品B、资本C、人员D、技术3、若贸易的开展导致社会无差异曲线向远离坐标原点的方向移动，则判定贸易对该国是A、有益B、有害C、不变D、不能判断4、消费点在同一条社会无差异曲线上移动，表示整个国家的福利水平A、增加B、减少C、不变D、不能判断5、在封闭经济条件下，下列不属于一国经济一般均衡的条件的是A、生产达到均衡B、消费达到均衡C、市场出清D、货币市场达到均衡6、国际贸易建立的基础是A、绝对价格B、相对价格C、不变价格D、以上三种都不是7、在封闭经济条件下，A国X商品的相对价格低于B国X商品的相对价格，我们称A国在X 商品上具有A、绝对优势B、比较优势C、没有优势D、以上三种都不是8、一国从国际贸易中所获利益的多寡取决于A、市场占有率B、技术优势C、竞争优势D、贸易条件四、简述题：1、试用图形分析国际贸易的交换利益和专业化利益。
（英文版）保罗。克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库3
练习题三Part A Multiple ChoiceB E D D A D A A AC C A BD D1) International borrowing and lending may be interpreted as one form ofA) intermediate trade.B) inter-temporal trade.C) trade in services.D) unrequited international transfers.E) None of the above.2) International free labor mobility will under all circumstancesA) increase total world output.B) improve the economic welfare of everyone.C) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere.D) improve the economic welfare of landlo rds (or capital owners) everywhere.E) None of the above.3) International labor mobilityA) leads to wage convergence by raising wages in destination country and lowering in source country.B) is in accordance with the specific factors model.C) is in accordance with the Heckscher-Ohlin factor proportions model.D) leads to wage convergence by raising wages in source and lowering them in destination country.E) is in accordance with scale economy model.4) If initially wages are higher in Home than in Foreign, then a movement of workers from Foreign to Home willA) lower the marginal product of labor in Foreign.B) raise total product in Foreign.C) raise the income of land owners in Foreign.D) raise the income of land owners in Home.E) None of the above.5) A country that has a comparative advantage in future production of consumption goodsA) will tend to be an international borrower.B) will tend to have low real interest rates.C) will tend to be an international investor or lender.D) will tend to have good work ethics.E) None of the above.6) Why a good is produced in two different countries is known as the question ofA) internalization.B) vertical integration.C) exploitation.E) None of the above.7) Direct foreign investment may take any of the following forms exceptA) investors buying bonds of an existing firm overseas.B) the creation of a wholly owned business overseas.C) the takeover of an existing company overseas.D) the construction of a manufacturing plant overseas.E) None of the above.8) Multinational corporationsA) increase the transfer of technology between nations.B) make it harder for nations to foster activities of comparative advantage.C) always enjoy political harmony in host countries in which their subsidiaries operate.D) require governmental subsidies in order to conduct worldwide operations.E) None of the above.9) The shift of labor-intensive assembly operations from the United States to Mexican maqiladora may be best explained in terms of a theory ofA) location.B) vertical integration.C) horizontal integration.D) internalization.E) None of the above.10) A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefitA) foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.B) domestic manufacturers of steel.C) domestic consumers of steel.D) workers in the steel industry.E) None of the above.11) In the country levying the tariff, the tariff willA) increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) None of the above.12) If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift from domestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry willA) increase.C) remain the same.D) depend on whether computers are PCs or ʺSupercomputers.ʺE) None of the above.13) If a small country imposes a tariff, thenA) the producers must suffer a loss.B) the consumers must suffer a loss.C) the government revenue must suffer a loss.D) the demand curve must shift to the left.E) None of the above.14) The effective rate of protection measuresA) the ʺtrueʺ ad valorum value of a tariff.B) the quota equivalent value of a tariff.C) the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse.D) the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added.E) None of the above.15) As globalization tends to increase the proportion of imported inputs relative to domestically supplied components,A) the nominal tariff automatically increases.B) the rate of (effective) protection automatically decreases.C) the nominal tariff automatically decreases.D) the rate of (effective) protection automatically increases.E) None of the above.PART B Short Question1.It has been argued that even if intra-European Union labor mobility were to be completelyremoved, one should not expect to observe massive, or even large reallocations of populations with the E.U. Discuss.T heoretically, just as completely free trade consistent with Heckscher-Ohlin model (with no complete specialization) is associated with factor price equalization; so does completely free labor mobility. It therefore follows that if intra E.U. trade flourishes, as any restraints on trade there are abolished, the economic incentive for labor mobility will be removed. Since language and cultural differences remain, we would expect populations to tend to stay where they are.2.The two deadweight triangles are the Consumption distortion and Production distortionlosses. It is easy to understand why the Consumption distortion constitutes a loss for society. After all it raises the prices of goods to consumers, and even causes some consumers to drop out of the market altogether. It seems paradoxical that the Production distortion is considered an equivalent burden on society. After all, in this case, profits increase, and additional production (with itsassociated employment) comes on line. This would seem to be an offset rather than an addition to the burden or loss borne by society. Explain why the Production distortion is indeed a loss to society, and what is wrong with the logic that leads to the apparent paradox.T he Production Distortion represents an inefficient shift of societyʺs resources to produce a good, which it could not sell profitably at world prices. Since (with full employment assumed) these resources were formerly used to produce export goods, which could compete profitably, the net result is a loss in real income to the country.。
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第10版 英文答案 国际贸易部分krugman_intlecon10_im_09
Chapter 9The Instruments of Trade PolicyChapter OrganizationBasic Tariff AnalysisSupply, Demand, and Trade in a Single IndustryEffects of a TariffMeasuring the Amount of ProtectionCosts and Benefits of a TariffConsumer and Producer SurplusMeasuring the Costs and BenefitsBox: Tariffs for the Long HaulOther Instruments of Trade PolicyExport Subsidies: TheoryCase Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural PolicyImport Quotas: TheoryCase Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. SugarVoluntary Export RestraintsCase Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in PracticeLocal Content RequirementsBox: Bridging the GapOther Trade Policy InstrumentsThe Effects of Trade Policy: A SummarySummaryAPPENDIX TO CHAPTER 9: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free TradeThe Model with a TariffThe Model with an Import QuotaComparing a Tariff and a Quota© 2015 Pearson Education Limited46 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth EditionChapter OverviewThis chapter and the next three focus on international trade policy. Students will have heard in the media various arguments for and against restrictive trade practices. Some of these arguments are sound, and some are clearly not grounded in fact. This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the economic effects of trade policies by describing the tools of trade policy and analyzing their effects on consumers and producers in domestic and foreign countries. Case studies discuss actual episodes of restrictive trade practices. An instructor might try to underscore the relevance of these issues by having students scan newspapers and magazines for other timely examples of protectionism at work.The analysis presented here takes a partial equilibrium view, focusing on demand and supply in one market, rather than the general equilibrium approach followed in previous chapters. Import demand and export supply curves are derived from domestic and foreign demand and supply curves. There are a number of trade policy instruments analyzed in this chapter using these tools. Some of the important instrumentsof trade policy include specific tariffs, defined as taxes levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported; ad valorem tariffs, levied as a fraction of the value of the imported good; export subsidies, which are payments given to a firm or industry that ships a good abroad; import quotas, which are direct restrictions on the quantity of some good that may be imported; voluntary export restraints, which are quotas on trading that are imposed by the exporting country instead of the importing country; and local content requirements, which are regulations that require that some specified fraction of a good is produced domestically.The import supply and export demand analysis assumes a large country tariff, in which the imposition of a tariff drives a wedge between prices in domestic and foreign markets, and increases prices in the country imposing the tariff and lowers the price in the other country by less than the amount of the tariff. This contrasts with most textbook presentations, which make the small country assumption that the domestic internal price equals the world price plus the tariff. The chapter also discusses how the actual protection provided by a tariff may not equal the tariff rate if imported intermediate goods are used in the production of the protected good. The proper measurement, the effective rate of protection, is described in the text and calculated for a sample problem.The analysis of the costs and benefits of trade restrictions require tools of welfare analysis. The text explains the essential tools of consumer and producer surplus. Consumer surplus on each unit sold is defined as the difference between the actual price and the amount that consumers would have been willing to pay for the product. Geometrically, consumer surplus is equal to the area under the demand curve and above the price of the good. Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum amount for which a producer is willing to sell his product and the price that he actually receives. Geometrically, producer surplus is equal to the area above the supply curve and below the price line. These tools are fundamental to the student’s understanding of the implications of trade policies and should be developed carefully.The costs of a tariff include distortionary efficiency losses in both consumption and production. A tariff provides gains from terms of trade improvement when and if it lowers the foreign export price. Summing the areas in a diagram of internal demand and supply provides a method for analyzing the net loss or gain from a tariff. The gain from a tariff is larger the greater is the decrease in foreign export price from the tariff (as the tariff-imposing country is able to pass some of the costs of the tariff on to foreign exporters). Because large countries will have a larger influence on export prices than small countries, a large country is more likely to gain and, therefore, impose an import tariff.Other instruments of trade policy can be analyzed with this method. An export subsidy operates in exactly the reverse fashion of an import tariff. For example, Europe’s common agricultural policy has raised the price European farmers receive so much that Europe ends up exporting agricultural goods despite very high labor and land costs. The net cost of this shift to consumers is about $30 billion a year.An import quota has similar effects as an import tariff upon prices and quantities, but revenues, in the form of quota rents, accrue to the quota license holders, who are often foreign producers. For example, a quota on sugar imported into the United States has greatly increased the fortunes of foreign sugar producers (many of which are owned by American sugar refiners), at a significant cost to American consumers. Estimates place the cost of each job in the American sugar industry “saved” by protection at $1.75 million. Voluntary export restraints are a form of quotas in which import licenses are held by foreign governments. For example, Japan voluntarily limited exports of cars to the United States to forestall any import tariffs on cars from Japan in the wake of the oil price spike of 1979. The net result of these VER’s was to raise the price of Japanese cars, with the gains accruing directly to Japanese manufacturers. A similar story is happening now with voluntary export restraints on solar panels exported from China to the European Union.Another trade instrument is to mandate local content requirements. These raise the price of imports as well as domestic goods competing with imports but do not yield either tariff revenue or quota rents. The recent construction of the new Bay Bridge linking San Francisco and Oakland is used as a case study. Federal funding was available for this project but would have required the state of California to use a much more costly American contractor as opposed to the significantly cheaper Chinese bid. In the end, the bridge was built through local bonds rather than federal funding because of the local content requirement of federal funding.The Appendix discusses tariffs and import quotas in the presence of a domestic monopoly. Free trade eliminates the monopoly power of a domestic producer, and the monopolist mimics the actions of a firm in a perfectly competitive market, setting output such that marginal cost equals world price. A tariff raises domestic price. The monopolist, still facing a perfectly elastic demand curve, sets output such that marginal cost equals internal price. A monopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve under a quota. A quota is not equivalent to a tariff in this case. Domestic production is lower and internal price higher when a particular level of imports is obtained through the imposition of a quota rather than a tariff.Answers to Textbook Problems1. The import demand equation, MD, is found by subtracting the Home supply equation from the Homedemand equation. This results in MD= 80 - 40 ⨯P. Without trade, domestic prices and quantities adjust such that import demand is 0. Thus, the price in the absence of trade is 2.2. a. Foreign’s export supply curve, XS, is XS=-40 + 40⨯P. In the absence of trade, the price is 1.b. When trade occurs, export supply is equal to import demand, XS=MD. Thus, using the equationsfrom Problems 1 and 2a, P= 1.50, and the volume of trade is 20.© 2015 Pearson Education Limited48 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth Edition3. a. The new MD curve is 80 - 40 ⨯ (P+ t) where t is the specific tariff rate, equal to 0.5. (Note: Insolving these problems, you should be careful about whether a specific tariff or ad valorem tariff is imposed. With an ad valorem tariff, the MD equation would be expressed as MD= 80 - 40 ⨯ (1 + t)P. The equation for the export supply curve by the foreign country is unchanged.MD=XS80 - 40 ⨯ (P+ 0.5) = 40P- 4080 - 20 - 40P= 40P- 4080P= 100P World= 1.25P Home=P World+t= 1.25 + 0.5 = 1.75Trade =MD=XS= (40 ⨯ 1.25) - 40 = 10D Home= 100 - (20 ⨯ 1.75) = 65S Home= 20 + (20 ⨯ 1.75) = 55D Foreign= 80 - (20 ⨯ 1.25) = 55S Foreign= 40 + (20 ⨯ 1.25) = 65b. andc. The welfare of the Home country is best studied using the combined numerical andgraphical solutions presented below in Figure 9-1.Figure 9-1where the areas in the figure are:a.55(1.75 - 1.50) - 0.5(55 - 50)(1.75 - 1.50) = 13.125b. 0.5(55 - 50)(1.75 - 1.50) = 0.625c. (65 - 55)(1.75 - 1.50) = 2.50d. 0.5(70 - 65)(1.75 - 1.50) = 0.625e. (65 - 55)(1.50 - 1.25) = 2.50Consumer surplus change: -(a+ b+ c+ d) =-16.875. Producer surplus change: a= 13.125.Government revenue change: c+ e= 5. Efficiency losses b+ d are exceeded by terms of tradegain e. (Note: In the calculations for the a, b, and d areas, a figure of 0.5 shows up. This is because we are measuring the area of a triangle, which is one-half of the area of the rectangle defined by the product of the horizontal and vertical sides.)4. Using the same solution methodology as in Problem 3, when the Home country is very small relativeto the Foreign country, its effects on the terms of trade are expected to be much smaller. The small country is much more likely to be hurt by its imposition of a tariff. Indeed, this intuition is shown in this problem. The free trade equilibrium is now at the price $1.09 and the trade volume is now 36.40.With the imposition of a tariff of 0.5 by Home, the new world price is $1.045, the internal Home price is $1.545, Home demand is 69.10 units, Home supply is 50.90, and the volume of trade is 18.20. When Home is relatively small, the effect of a tariff on world price is smaller than when Home is relatively large. When Foreign and Home were closer in size, a tariff of 0.5 by Home lowered world price by25 percent, whereas in this case the same tariff lowers world price by about 5 percent. The internalHome price is now closer to the free trade price plus t than when Home was relatively large. In this case, the government revenues from the tariff equal 9.10, the consumer surplus loss is 33.51, and the producer surplus gain is 21.089. The distortionary losses associated with the tariff (areas b+ d) sum to 4.14 and the terms of trade gain (e) is 0.819. Clearly, in this small country example, the distortionary losses from the tariff swamp the terms of trade gains. The general lesson is that the smaller the economy, the larger the losses from a tariff because the terms of trade gains are smaller.5. Dumping is a situation of selling the product at a lower price in the international market compared tothe domestic market. An anti-dumping shows that the companies sell the product lower than the cost of production. When companies follow the dumping and anti-dumping activities, the consumerpurchases the product at a lower price in the dumped country. This leads to the increase in thepurchasing power and welfare of the consumer. The increased competition forces the domesticproducer to cut prices and the overall market price falls.6.An imposition of tariff increases the price of the product at home. This leads to a decrease in quantitydemanded, hence a decrease in import. As demand decreases the income of the exporting country also falls. A decline in income of the export country leads to a reduction in demand for foreign goods.This means, the export of the home country also declines. An imposition of protective tariff increases domestic employment, competing with the foreign industries. This is because, a low import of commodity results in higher demand for the domestic product hence increasing employment.Yes, there might be indirect employment losses in other sectors. The countries which imposes tariff are also unable to export more. This is because an imposition of protective tariff reduces the income of the foreign country, hence reducing demand. Similarly, the domestic industries that use the imported goods as input, also find it expensive to use those imported goods due to the imposition of tariff. This might reduce the employment in other sectors.7. We first use Foreign’s export supply and Home’s import demand curves to determine the newworld price. The Foreign supply of exports curve, with a Foreign subsidy of 0.5 per unit, becomes XS=-40 + 40(1 + 0.5) ⨯P. The equilibrium world price is 1.2, and the internal Foreign price is 1.8.The volume of trade is 32. The Foreign demand and supply curves are used to determine the costs and benefits of the subsidy. Construct a diagram similar to that in the text and calculate the area of the various polygons. The government must provide (1.8 - 1.2)⨯ 32 = 19.2 units of output to support the subsidy. Foreign producer surplus rises due to the subsidy by the amount of 15.3 units of output.Foreign consumer surplus falls due to the higher price by 7.5 units of the good. Thus, the net loss to Foreign due to the subsidy is 7.5 + 19.2 - 15.3 = 11.4 units of output. Home consumers and producers face an internal price of 1.2 as a result of the subsidy. Home consumers surplus rises by 70 ⨯ 0.3 +0.5 (6⨯ 0.3) = 21.9, while Home producer surplus falls by 44 ⨯ 0.3 + 0.5(6 ⨯ 0.3) = 14.1, for a netgain of 7.8 units of output.© 2015 Pearson Education Limited50 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth Edition8. a. False, unemployment has more to do with labor market issues and the business cycle than withtariff policy. Empirical estimates suggest that the cost to society of jobs saved through tariffs isexorbitantly high, and tariffs may actually increase unemployment in nonprotected industries.b. False, the opposite is true because tariffs by large countries can actually reduce world prices,which helps offset their effects on consumers.c. This kind of policy might reduce automobile production and Mexico but also would increase theprice of automobiles in the United States and would result in the same welfare loss associatedwith any quota.9. At a price of $10 per bag of peanuts, Acirema imports 200 bags of peanuts. A quota limiting theimport of peanuts to 50 bags has the following effects:a. Set MD= 50 to find the post-quota price: 350 - 15P= 50. The price of peanuts rises to $20 per bag.b. The quota rents are ($20 - $10) ⨯ 50 = $500.c. The consumption distortion loss is 0.5 ⨯ 100 bags ⨯ $10 per bag = $500.d. The production distortion loss is 0.5 ⨯ 50 bags ⨯ $10 per bag = $250.10.An export subsidy would reduce the supply of sugar in Brazil and hence raise the domestic price. Therise in domestic price is less than 20%. The terms of trade will worsen for Brazil. This is because it lowers the price of sugar in the foreign market due to the increased supply. This leads to an additional loss in the terms of trade, equal to the price difference, due to the increased supply in the importing country.The government can impose countervailing import duties to protect the domestic producers and the price in the importing country.11. It would improve the income distribution within the economy because wages in manufacturingwould increase, and real incomes for others in the economy would decrease due to higher prices for manufactured goods. This is true only under the assumption that manufacturing wages arelower than all others in the economy. If they were higher than others in the economy, the tariffpolicies would worsen the income distribution.。
国际经济学题库(克鲁格曼版)
《国际贸易》习题库——克鲁格曼版一、名词解释1、绝对优势2、比较优势3、机会成本4、贸易条件5、要素禀赋6、劳动密集型产品7、资本密集型产品8、技术密集型产品9、规模经济 10、产业内贸易 11、代表性需求12、边际物质产品与边际价值产品13、专门生产要素与共同生产要素14产品生命周期理论15、外汇 16、汇率 17、汇率制度 18、即期外汇业务19、远期外汇业务 20、套利业务 21、一价定律22、国际收支 23、马歇尔一勒纳条件 24、货币贬值的J型曲线效应二、判断以下各题的对错，并说明理由。
1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。
2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发生之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。
·3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。
4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。
5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。
6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。
7、根据H—O理论，一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地，该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。
8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。
9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。
10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。
11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。
12、如果各国的生产技术相同，贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。
13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。
14、“大”国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业，进而改善本国的贸易条件。
15、按照定义，小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。
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B．伊拉克消费计划的更大弹性
C．伊拉克对国外产品的更大依赖
D．伊拉克供应计划的无弹性
E．以上都不是
答案：B
30．世界贸易组织提供以下所以的除了
A．最惠国条款的用法
B．帮助解决贸易争端
C．降低双边关税
D．降低多变关税
E．以上都不是
答案；C
31.那个组织决定国际贸易争端的解决过程
A．作为和美国的双边贸易现金流量的净进口国
B．小麦的净井口国
C．在小麦上有比较优势
D．在小麦生产是哟绝对优势
E．以上的不是
答案：B
23.反倾销关税是中和任何外国出口者获得的不平等相对优势，因为
A．关税
B．补助金
C．配额
D．地方立法
E．以上都不是
答案：B
25在1980年美国宣布对苏联谷物出口实行禁运以回应苏联入侵阿富汗。禁运主要靠什么抵制
A．进口限制雇佣的国内工人
B．出口限制雇佣的国内工人
C．自由贸易雇佣的国内工人
D．出口限制雇佣的国内消费者
E．进口限制雇佣的国内消费者
答案：A
28.在美国进口关税的平均协定费率近似等于
A．进口价值的5%
B．进口价值的15%
C．进口价值的20%
D．进口价值的25%
E．超过进口价值的25%
答案：A
29.在1990年美国实行对伊拉克国际贸易禁运。怎样才能使伊拉克消费者招致更小的消费者剩余损失
第九章：国际贸易的政治经济学
多项选择题
1自由以国家经济福利会降低
B政府税收会下降，所以国家经济福利会提高
C生产者和消费者的损失会降低，所以国家经济福利会提高
D生产者和消费者的损失会降低，所以国家经济福利会降低
E以上都不对
答案：C
2取消关税和其他贸易扭曲有利于扩大规模经济效益。降低（）可得到这些利益
D集中在国家南部和中西部的行业
E以上都不正确
答案A
15通过主贸易国关税税率的变化，可判断世界发生了哪些变化
A贸易自由
B保护主义
C在贸易政策区缺少严格的程序
D向区域一体化发展
E以上都不正确
答案A
16世界贸易组织的前身是（）
A货币基金组织
B欧盟
C联合国贸易及发展会议
D关税协定
E世界银行
答案D
17世界贸易组织由哪些多边贸易谈判组成
C导致关税差异
D在实施该贸易政策地区工作不好
E以上都不正确
答案D
13贸易政策通常不利于大多数人，而只利于小部分人。下列哪个能解释这事实
A缺乏公众参与的政治
B广告的影响
C集体行动问题
D缺乏民主政策、
E以上都不正确
答案C
14保护政策跟哪两部分有关
A农业和服装业
B高科技和对国家安全敏感的行业
C资本技术密集型行业
A．世界银行
B．时间贸易组织
C．国际货币基金组织
D．国际开发银行
E．国际联盟
答案：B、
32.世贸组织对清洁空气标准的干预
A．得到了普遍的认可
B．曾经实行为了限制国家主权
C．导致很多批评
D．导致专业经济学家的很多批评
E．以上都不是
答案：C
33.在美国商业政策下，例外条款将导致
A．对公司的进口临时限额
B．对外国生产者的关税以弥补出口补助
D一种假设认为，如果政府允许特殊利益集团支配其贸易政策，自由贸易是一种解决平衡方法
E以上都不对
答案A
4一种最佳关税是：
A最佳关税是国家能获得世贸组织谈判的妥协
B最佳关税是能获得最大收益
C最佳关税是使得贸易收益和损失的差值最大
D由于可能存在报复，对小国家不切实际
E由于可能存在报复，对大国家不切实际
答案E
A一种观点支持自由贸易和无政府参与
B一种观点支持使用最佳关税
C一种观点使用市场失灵作为贸易政策的战略
D一种观点抵制自由贸易，支持政府的参与。
E以上都不正确
答案D
8国内市场失灵是（）理论的一种体现
A第一好
B第二好
C第三好
D一般规则
E以上都不正确
答案B
9确定次优贸易政策的难度是
A
10.作者认为：
A次优政策比最佳政策差
20关税贸易协定和世界贸易达成的协议会导致
A对制造业产品停止出口补贴
B对制造业产品取消进口关税
C对农业商品取消进口关税
D禁止国际范围内侵害版权
E以上都不正确
答案E
21关税贸易协定和世界贸易达成的协议会导致
A全球贸易扶助政策的建立
B欧盟的建立
C互惠贸易条款
D通过多边谈判，减少贸易壁垒
答案D
22贸易理论表明如果日本小麦消费者所获得的收益比生产者的损失补贴多，日本将会从美国给水稻生产者补贴政策中获益。日本只要怎么样这将产生
5最佳关税最可能应用于：
A进口贸易小国的小额关税
B进口贸易大国的大二关税
C进口贸易小国的小额关税
D进口贸易大国的大额关税
答案B
6过高的关税
A过高减少进口
B过高损害贸易伙伴的经济
C过高不利于进口竞争部门
D过低政府将会取消以致会失去一个重要的收入来源
E以上都不正确
答案A
7由于社会边际效益的存在，下列不属于工业生产进口替代品的边际效益
A肯尼迪回合
B东京回合
C乌拉圭回合
D狄龙回合
E以上都不对
答案C
18 1930年的该斯穆特一霍利关税法跟（）有关
A降低关税
B自由贸易
C增加世界范围萧条
D恢复世界范围萧条
E无关税壁垒
答案C
19通过出口缓解国内经济问题而设计的贸易政策
A国际倾销政策
B反补贴关税政策
C以邻为壑政策
D贸易调整援助政策
E以上都不正确
A进口价格
B消费扭曲损失
C产品扭曲损失
D B和C
E以上都不是
3.有人认为，特殊利益集团很可能会接管和促进保护主义政策，这可能导致增加国家的经济福利。这种说法导致
A一种假设认为在实际中自由贸易政策可能优于替代品
B一种假设认为，贸易政策应转向非政府组织，以致限制纳税人的负担
C一种假设认为，，如果可行的替代品被提供，则自由贸易是一种次优的政策，要避免
A．消费面包的美国消费者
B．美国谷物生产者
C．外国谷物生产者
D．美国共产主义者
E．以上都不是
答案：B
26.出口禁运导致目标国家更大的消费剩余损失
A．初始依靠外国产品的更少
B．目标国家的消费计划更有弹性
C．目标国家的国内供给更有弹性
D．目标国家的供给更无弹性
E．以上都不是
答案：D
27.对于贸易政策的最强大的政治压力会导致更高的保护主意，这种保护主意来自于
B特殊利益集团通常提高国家利益
C提高关税可提高国家福利
D市场失灵的论点支持自由贸易政策
E跟国家福利无关
答案E
11在政党之间，政治家们长期使用简单的竞争模型（）提高在竞选中的成功率
A最佳关税
B过高关税
C零关税
D最惠国关税待遇
E以上都不正确
答案：D
12中位数选民理论
A在实施该贸易政策地区工作较好
B不合理的