北京中医药大学病理生理学2019年考博真题考博试卷

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病理生理学简答题(考博)

1 ．简述各种原因使血管内皮细胞损伤引起DIC 的机制。

缺氧、酸中毒、抗原一抗体复合物、严重感染、内毒素等原因，可损伤血管内皮细胞，内皮细胞受损可产生如下作用：(1)促凝作用增强，主要是因为：①损伤的血管内皮细胞可释放TF ，启动凝血系统，促凝作用增强；②带负电荷的胶原暴露后可通过F Ⅻa 激活内源性凝血系统。

(2)血管内皮细胞的抗凝作用降低。

主要表现在：①TM ／PC 和HS ／AT Ⅲ系统功能降低；②产生的TFPI 减少。

(3) 血管内皮细胞的纤溶活性降低，表现为：血管内皮细胞产生tPA 减少，而PAI-1 产生增多。

(4) 血管内皮损伤使NO 、PGI 2 、ADP 酶等产生减少，抑制血小板粘附、聚集的功能降低，促进血小板粘附、聚集。

(5) 胶原的暴露可使F Ⅻ激活，可进一步激活激肽系统、补体系统等。

激肽和补体产物(C 3a 、C 5a ) 也可促进DIC 的发生2 ．简述严重感染导致DIC 的机制。

①内毒素及严重感染时产生的TNFα、IL-l 等细胞因子作用于内皮细胞可使TF 表达增加；而同时又可使内皮细胞上的TM、HS的表达明显减少，这样一来，血管内皮细胞表面的原抗凝状态变为促凝状态；②内毒素可损伤血管内皮细胞，暴露胶原，使血小板粘附、活化、聚集并释放ADP、TXA 2 等，进一步促进血小板的活化、聚集，促进微血栓的形成。

此外，内毒素也可通过激活PAF，促进血小板的活化、聚集；③严重感染时释放的细胞因子可激活白细胞，激活的白细胞可释放蛋白酶和活性氧等炎症介质，损伤血管内皮细胞，并使其抗凝功能降低；④产生的细胞因子可使血管内皮细胞产生tPA 减少，而PAI-1 产生增多。

使生成血栓的溶解障碍，也与微血栓的形成有关。

总之，严重感染时，由于机体凝血功能增强，抗凝及纤溶功能不足，血小板、白细胞激活等，使凝血与抗凝功能平衡紊乱，促进微血栓的形成，导致DIC的发生、发展。

4 ．简述引起APC 抵抗的原因及其机制。

北京中医药大学_病理生理学2009,2013--2015,2017--2018年考博真题试卷

注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释10分
假性神经递质、死腔样通气、尿毒症、微血管溶血性贫血、肌源性扩张
二、填空题20分
DIC的临床表现有、、、。
肝性脑病被取代的神经递质、。
肝性脑病时血液中氨基酸减少，氨基酸增多。
急性肾衰竭类型
心力衰竭时呼吸困难类型
肾功能不全时血液升高的指标、。
3、急性肾小管坏死导致的肾衰竭少尿期对机体的影响及机制。
4、肝性脑病的诱因及机制。
5、慢性肾衰PTH矫枉失衡学说。
6、影响肺通气―血流比例失调的因素及机制。
7、心肌肥大不平衡生长的机制。
北京中医药大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（10个，30分）
1、自稳态
2、胰岛素抵抗
3、泵―漏机制
4、活性氧
5、氧自由基
6、缺氧
7、热休克蛋白
8、发热
9、凋亡蛋白酶
10、心室顺应性
二、简答题（7个，70分）
1、为什么呼吸衰竭可以导致心力衰竭。
2、休克导致酸中毒的类型、机制及在休克过程中的作用。
一、名词解释
1.病因
2.脱水热
3.反常性酸性尿
4.热休克反应
5.血液性缺氧
6.内生致热源
7.功能性分流
8.氮质血症
9.假神经递质
10.钙超载
二、问答题
1.酸中毒引起心肌收缩力下降的机制；
2.弥散障碍PaO2降低PaCO2不降低的原因；

解放军医学院(301医院)解剖与病理学2019年考博真题试卷

解释
1.白质纤维联合
2.腕管
3.晕征（病理解释)
4.肝硬化
5.CT值
三、简答题
1.多发性硬化和视神经脊髓炎病灶分布特点
2.肺癌第八版who分型
3.肾蒂的组成和排列
4.血脑屏障
301医院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：解剖与病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、填空题
柔脑膜组成
swi成像
脊髓反射
弥漫性肺泡癌病理亚型
肺内神经内分泌肿瘤分型
右肺功能占多少左肺下叶分段

首都医科大学博士入学考试试题汇总

目录目录 (1)首都医科大学神经解剖博士入学考试试题 (2)2001年 (2)2002年 (3)2003年 (4)首都医科大学大外科解剖博士入学考试试题 (5)2003年 (5)首都医科大学大外科眼科（记忆版）博士入学考试试题 (5)2004年 (5)首都医科大学神经解剖博士入学考试试题2001年一、名词解释（1-7题，5×7=35；2-12题，3×5=15）1、边缘系统2、脊髓灰质板层3、后屈束4、内侧纵束1、攀缘纤维2、下橄榄核3、桥小脑三角4、 phrenic n.5、 celiac plexus10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus12、carvernous sinus二、问答题（10×5=50）1、纹状体① 位置及组成② 纤维联系③ 化学递质环路④ 动脉供应2、网状结构① 定义② 主要核团③ 机能组合3、神经支配① 肾上腺髓质② 斜方肌③ 二腹肌④ 蚓状肌4、解剖基础① 交叉性瘫痪② 屈曲反射③ 翼状肩④ 猿手5、“听新闻记纪录”的解剖学基础2002年简答：被盖中央束阴捕神经黑质蓝斑论述：1脑干的非脑神经节脑干的运动型交叉纤维Wallenberg的解剖基础2副交感神经系统的二级神经元交通支颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）３小脑皮质神经元环路海马结构的分层和分区脑室的边界和CSF的循环2003年名词解释1. 肋间壁神经2. 鼻睫神经3. Ⅶ颅神经4. great petrosol N5. confluence of sinuse6. central tegmentrol decussation简答1. 底丘脑的神经纤维联系2. 下肢非意识感觉到大脑的纤维联系3. 如何理解cerebelar glomorulus论述1. 边缘系统组成；PAPEZ环路；Hippocampal分层。

2. 白质通路和灰质通路；牵涉痛；Otic Ganglion。

考博病理生理学问答题

1. 肿瘤相关基因种类，概念。

分别举一例说明其在肿瘤发生，发展中的作用机制2. 化学致癌物的分类，其致突变和致癌的分子机制3. 缺血 -在灌注损伤的机制4. 尿毒症的发病机制1，热休克蛋白2，全身炎症反应综合征3，左心衰各期呼吸改变4，再灌注时自由基生成机制1、检测细胞抗原的主要技术方法及原理，举例说明。

2、染色质和染色体的结构，举例说明其在疾病状态下常见异常。

3、IHC 原理，方法和常见问题，举例说明其应用。

4、microRNA 的分子学功能及调控，请举例说明其异常与疾病的关系。

5、细胞生长与死亡的主要分子路径，举例说明其研究方法。

6、举例说明分子异常与疾病的关系，举例设计研究方案。

7、8 题是实验分析题，给一组图分析结果。

1. 肿瘤相关基因种类，概念。

分别举一例说明其在肿瘤发生，发展中的作用机制2.化学致癌物的分类，其致突变和致癌的分子机制 3.缺血-在灌注损伤的机制 4.尿毒症的发病机制1、基因突变的遗传方式及与疾病的关系2、恶性肿瘤细胞膜变化的意义3、解释“瘤基因 - 抑瘤基因学说”4、巨噬细胞在动粥中的作用5、胆汁成分变化在胆石形成中的意义6、胃粘膜的保护因素机制7、血小板激活时的功能变化及机制8、靶细胞脱敏的机制， G- 蛋白与靶细胞脱敏的关系9、心肌缺血坏死的超微结构该编辑部可逆坏死的机制1、染色体畸变及发生机制2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明3、消化性溃疡的发病机制4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响5、肺动脉高压的分类6、ET、ON 的生理学作用7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制8、血浆粘度升高的原因9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系1、如何用峰流率来评价气道高反应性2、肺栓塞的病理与病理生理3、胸腔积液产生的新旧机制4、支气管哮喘的发病机制5、卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的发病机制6、结节病的发病机制7、通气机相关性肺炎的病理与病理生理1、 LDL和HDL在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用2、缺血再灌注损伤的发生机制3、心肌梗死后心室重塑的主要机制4、原发性高血压发病中的内分泌因子一、简答题：4题X 5分1. 简述GABA在肝性脑病中的作用2. 为什么部分肺泡通气 / 血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致 PaCO2 升高？3. 简述 DIC 时出血的机制4. 肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1. 一患者，血压波动于 160/100 近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15 分）2. 试述休克 I 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（ 10 分）3. 一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查： PH 7.26 ，PaCO2 65.5, HCO3 － 30,C L － 92, Na ＋145, 试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15 分）1. 请简述肾素——血管紧张素系统2. 请简述第二心音固定分裂的病理生理基础3. 请简述心室舒张充盈受阻的病理生理基础4. 请简述心源性休克的病理基础5. 请简述环形运动折返的三个条件6. 请描述心肌收缩和舒张的基本过程，并从而阐述心力衰竭发生的基本机制。

历年考博真题

7.RF的临床意义？
8.AS与RA鉴别要点
9.早期胃癌定义、分型
10.门脉高压临床表现？发生机制？
2005年
中医内科
一、名词解释：雷头风、呃逆、寒热往来、疟疾
二、心动悸、脉结代、动态心电图示阵发性室颤，请写出可能出现的中医证型，治方药。可使用哪些抗心率失常的中药。
三、脉痹的临床表现
四、张仲景关于水肿治疗原则是什么，见于何书，结合临床谈谈你的体会
1．胃癌前病变和疾病有哪些？
2．肺心病加重期的治疗
3．脑血管疾病可干预的危险因素有哪些？4．导致全血细胞下降的疾病有哪些？
5.DM肾病分期
6．溃疡性结肠炎的临床分型
7.引起肺栓塞的疾病有哪些？
8.gout的治疗原则。
9.舒张性心力衰竭如何治疗
10.急性胰腺炎的体征有哪些？当跟哪些疾病鉴别
3.久泄之治法，如何健脾、运脾？
4.白塞病之经典论述，相当于？主要方剂
5.三承气汤之方义、应用、区别
6.理虚元鉴提出的治虚劳之本，如何理解
7.瘿病相当于？病变过程中之病机转化？
8.血管性痴呆的病因、病机
9.六郁的证候特征
10.因虚致痛如何理解
西医内科
1.糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA之治则
2.狼疮肾之病理分型，活动性指标
3.周围性眩晕和中枢性眩晕的鉴别
4.慢性房颤的分型和治疗
5.乙肝抗病毒治疗
6.肾综合并急肾衰的原因
7.腰穿之适应证、禁忌症
8.肺心病中肺A高压的形成机制
9.根据红细胞的形态，贫血的病因和发病机理，贫血分类（2种分类）
10.DIC之诊断标准
2008年
中医内科
1.论述“治未病”思想在肿瘤临床的应用。

中医考博试题.doc

中医文献学2005年1何谓文献学？屮医文献学的基础知识包括哪些方而？2金元时期中医学术发展的特点是什么？试述此期的主要医家和医著。

3请问汉刘歆的《七略》中提出的六略分类法是哪六略，其中医经、经方等书籍分在哪一略？4请简述校勘与校觥的关系。

5请简述古籍的丿力代版本类别。

6伪书的形成主要有哪些因素？如何辨析和利用伪书？7宋代校正医书局的主要成员冇哪几位？在中医古籍整理方面有何成就？（举出5例）8中医文献研究中选择善本有何重要意义？9请简述《伤寒杂病论》传本系统。

10试述中医文献研究对于当代中医临床研究的意义和作用。

2006年1何谓文献？简述我国古代文献载体。

2类书与丛书有何区别？各举出三部较著名的中医类书和丛书。

3简述六朝至隋唐时期医药文献发展的特点和代表作品。

4简述避讳的概念、避讳方法并举例说明研究避讳对中医占籍的校勘与利用的意义。

5校勘的主要方法有几种？请简述之。

6请简述点校说明与校勘的概念，并说明两者的区别？7请简述训诂（注释）的基本方法。

8请简述占代书目的基木结构。

9请简述四部分类法，其中“医学类”书籍分在哪一部？10请结合您所从事的研究，谈谈对屮医文献学的认识。

2007年1简述胡适捉出辨别伪书的五种方法。

2我国占代解题课分为几类，请分别进行简述。

3从哪几个方而进行版本鉴别，请试述Z。

4请简述校勘的方式。

5什么是因声求意。

请试述之。

6以《古今图书集成医部全录》为例，分析中医类书的常见体例。

7《黄帝内经》冇哪几个主要传本系统、请简述Z。

8陈垣先生总结占籍校勘“四校法”的主要内容是什么？9六朝至隋唐时期医药文献发展的特点是什么？冇哪些代表作品？10屮国古代书口的基木结构和特点是什么？2008年1什么是类书、丛书？以屮医书籍为例说明二者的特点。

2什么是“比较互证”，其方式主要有哪些？3评判辑佚书优劣的标准是什么？4胡适在《屮国哲学史大纲》对辨别伪书如何认识的？5试述《晋中经簿》一书对目录学分类方法的影响。

解放军医学院(301医院)病理生理学(肾内科)2019年考博真题试卷

301医院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学（肾内科）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、填空题：补体激活途径，
第1页共1页
肾性贫血的原因，肾血管由粗到细分别是，肾小球旁器，肾前性AKI的尿液分析诊断标准二、名词解释： azotemia， kidney tubular acidosis，挤压综合征， Fanconi综合征，细胞衰老三、简答题：肾性高血压病理生理机制，肾脏生理功能，血栓性微血栓病分类， ADPKD 四、论述题：慢性肾脏病钙磷代谢异常的病理生理机制，老年人容易发生急性肾损伤的原因及机制
第1页共1页
Hale Waihona Puke

北体历年考博题Microsoft Word 文档

前面简单的生理是运动训练专业的，后面得是人体专业的。

人体专业的生理考题是没有名词解释的。

04---解剖：一名词解释1腱鞘好和肌腱袖2骨盆3气血屏障和滤血屏障4侧枝循环和微循环5迷路与腹壶嵴二简答1试从解刨学角度简述骨质的年龄变化特点及在实际运动中应注意的问题。

2简述视网膜的构造，并说明黄斑和中央凹处感觉最敏锐的结构基础。

3简述自主神经的概念、结构与分布特征及功能4简述内分泌系统与神经系统在作用方式上的区别与联系。

三论述1举例详细说明运动技术动作的解剖学分析的全过程，并阐述体育实践中此方法如何与专项力量训练相结合。

2试述心脏各腔的形态和结构特征，并详述心脏内所有防止血液逆流结构的构造特征和作用机理。

3试述脊髓的结构和功能，并说明脊髓虽处于中枢神经系统较低级部位，却对人体生命活动起至关重要作用的原因。

生化一概念1酮体2别够效应3生物氧化二简答1分析构象与结构的区别2试述脂肪蛋白的分类及其作用3试述旋光性及产生的原因三论述试述分离纯化蛋白质的程序和可采用方法用图表示糖酵解和糖异生的基本过程生理一概念1兴奋收缩耦联2局部兴奋3有效虑过压二简答1比较原发性主动转运沐浴继发主动转运2简述组织或细胞兴奋及恢复过程中兴奋变化特点3简述心脏的异长调节作用三论述1用试验方法举例分析生理学的研究有整体水平、器官水平和细胞、分析水平2你是如何认识人的基本生理特点（如新陈代谢、兴奋型、适应性等）与体育的关系生理一名词解释1氧脉搏2渗透压3射血分数4心力储备5运动后过量氧耗6氧热价二简答1简述影响无氧耐力的主要生理因素有那些2出现极点与第二次呼吸现象的生理原理是什么3简述骨骼肌兴奋——收缩耦联的机理4简述无氧阈的测试原理与生理意义三论述试述肌纤维类型与运动实践的关系试述高原训练对人体的生理作用试述如何运用运动生理学知识指导运动的时间活动05生理一概念1条件反射2赛前状态3离心收缩4等动收缩5有氧耐力二简答1简述人体运动时是如何进行供能2简述形成运动技能的过程及其发展规律3简述运动性疲劳的产生机理三论述1试述不同类型肌纤维的形态、机能及代谢特征2试述高原训练对人体机能的影响及影响高原需nolian效果的因素解剖：一名词解释1关节面软骨和关节内软骨（概念、构造、存在的意义、举例）2多关节肌功能性“被动不足”和运动杠杆{概念、举例和分类应用}3房水循环与脑脊液循环{概念、途径和功能}4本体感受器与corti器“（概念、组成和功能）5下丘脑和神经垂体（概念、二者区别与联系）二简答1简述足弓的构造与功能，并说明静止站立和运动时维持足弓的结构2简述肌肉的大体构造，并说明通过改善肌肉那些结构可以有助于提供给肌肉的力量3简述腹膜和腹膜腔的构造与功能，并举例说明其与腹膜腔的器官的关系4简述大脑皮质机能中枢的概念，并举例说明大脑皮质各机能中枢的位置与其功能间的对应关系三论述1请任择一个运动项目，为该项目设计发展专项肌肉力量的辅助练习，并通过对该项目某个具体动作进行的解剖学分分析说明设计依据。

医学考博2019真题

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。

首都医科大学生理学2019年考博真题试卷

2.肾血浆流量影响肾小球滤过平衡从而影响原尿量
3.自主神经系统是什么？他们都有哪些作用。
首都医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ首都医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.hemostasis
2.osmotic diuresis
3.cardiac output
4.blood group
5.hypothalamic regulatory peptides
6.阈强度
7.通气血流比值
8.基本电节律
9.基础代谢率
10.回反性抑制
二、简答题
1.临床上促凝血和抗凝血的常用措施
2.心肌和骨骼肌收缩的差异
3.简述动脉血压的影响因素
4.影响氧解离曲线的因素
5.消化道平滑肌的生理特性
三、论述题
1.分析予坐骨神经适当的刺激，相应的骨骼肌收缩的过程

北京大学医学部考博真题汇总

目录目录 (1)北京大学医学部外科学（博士） (2)2004年（记忆版） (2)北京大学医学部内科学（博士） (3)2001年转博入学 (3)2001年转博入学（另一版本） (4)2002年转博入学 (4)北京大学医学部血液内科（博士） (5)2005年血液内科（博士） (5)北京大学医学部病理学（博士） (5)2004年病理学（博士） (5)2005年病理学（博士） (6)北京大学医学部外科学（博士）2004年（记忆版）1剖腹探查的指征2休克3睾丸肿瘤的化疗方案4有关肾上腺肿瘤的一些问题5顺应性北京大学医学部生物化学（博士）2000年1.名词解释1.chemical shift 2 .florescence anisotropy 3.spin labelling 4.dichroicratio 5.relaxation time 6.lipidpolymorphism 7.phase separation 8.active oxygen 9.secondary structure10.sensitized fluorescence 11.adtivc transport 12.ion pump 13.ion channel 14.patch clamp 15.ceii adhesion 16.free radical 17.modeling 18.feedback19.biocybernetics rmation processing二.问答题1.举出一种研究生物膜上脂质分子排列有序程度的方法,栀要说明其原理2.说明维持蛋白质二级结构的力的特点.3.栀要说明红外光谱再研究生物分子结构中应用.4.解释脂双层发生相变的分子机理5.机体中离子地细胞内、外浓度不同,是什么因素决定的?细胞如何利用这种差别作功?6.简述影响细胞粘着的因素?7.细胞内钙浓度增加的主要原因有那些?8.膜片箱技术的用途是什么?有何优点?9.什么是线性系统和非现性系统?其主要的不同特征是什么?10.体内稳态系统主要是靠什么控制环节来保持系统稳态特征的?2002年1.人类基因组的概念，内容和意义。

北京中医药大学病理生理学2019年考博真题试卷

北京中医药大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位Байду номын сангаас究生入学考试试卷
北京中医药大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 1、名词解释
第1页共1页
氧自由基细胞信号转导病理生理过程发绀凋亡蛋白酶胰岛素抵抗反常性碱性尿发热热休克蛋白泵--漏机制二、简答题 1受体异常的类型 2什么是阴离子间隙？临床意义什么？ 3DIC出现出血的原因 4肝功能受损时候血糖变化以及机制 5失血性休克时候缺氧的类型及血氧指标的变化三、问答题（每题10分） 1左心衰时，最早出现的功能变化是什么？其临床表现的程度及机制。 2肺通气血流比例失调时影响因素及机制。 3肾脏“矫枉过正”学说。 4休克时酸中毒类型、机制及影响。 5急性低钾血症时、急性高钾血症时导致无力的原因？ 6举例说明因果交替的规律。
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首都医科大学人体解剖学2019年考博真题试卷

7.脑桥内的核团有：选项包括展神经核、面神经核、疑核、上泌涎核、下泌涎核。
8.大脑中动脉供血的区域：选项包括第Ⅰ躯体运动中枢、第Ⅰ躯体感觉中枢、视觉中枢、听觉中枢、语言中枢。
9.纵隔后部的结构：选项包括气管杈、奇静脉、肺静脉、胸导管、膈神经。
10.面神经内的纤维成分：选项包括特殊内脏运动、一般内脏运动、一般内脏感觉、特殊内脏感觉、一般躯体感觉。
4.胰的血供来源：选项包括胃左动脉、胃十二指肠动脉、脾动脉、肠系膜上动脉、胃网膜右动脉。
5.视近物时眼球的变化：选项包括瞳孔开大、晶状体曲度变小、晶状体曲度变大、睫状肌收缩、睫状小带松弛。
6.有关咽鼓管描述正确的是：选项包括连接鼓室和咽、连接内耳和咽、儿童短粗平直、平衡鼓室内外气压、平时处于开放状态。
三.简答题（5分×4=20分）
1.大脑联络纤维。
2.房室交界区及其作用。
3.咀嚼时张口、咬合、前进、后退、侧方和研磨运动时参与的肌肉。
4.网膜囊的边界。ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
四.论述题（10分×4=40分）
1.直肠的位置、血供和淋巴回流。
2.翼腭窝的位置及交通。
3.冠状动脉的分支、分布类型及所占比例。
4.小脑幕切迹疝压迫的结构和临床表现。
首都医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一.名词解释（3分×10=30分）
1.Willis环：
2.Heister瓣：
3.Chopart关节：
4.车轴关节：
5.尿生殖膈：
6.小脑小球：

2019全国博士考试病生真题-10页文档资料

2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。

2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。

3、肾性贫血的机制。

4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。

三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。

2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。

3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。

4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。

09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。

7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。

该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。

试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mm ol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,BUN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2019年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分_1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？:3.简述dic时出血的机制TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4．ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。

完整word版首医考博试题

完整word版首医考博试题Word版首医考博试题一、单选题1. 下列哪项为氨基酸中的无极性疏水氨基酸？A. 谷氨酸B. 赖氨酸C. 苏氨酸D. 番氨酸2. 以下哪个器官是人体最大的内分泌腺？A. 甲状腺B. 肾上腺C. 胰腺D. 垂体3. 下列哪种物质可以通过胎盘屏障进入胎儿循环系统？A. 红细胞B. 白细胞C. 蛋白质D. 脂肪酸4. 高浓度的胆汁会导致下列哪种胆结石最易形成？A. 胆盐结石B. 胆固醇结石C. 黑色素结石D. 铁结石5. 下列哪种白细胞在炎症反应中首先出现？A. 嗜好性粒细胞B. 巨噬细胞C. 嗜酸性粒细胞D. 中性粒细胞二、多选题1. 下列哪些物质能穿过血脑屏障？A. 葡萄糖B. 氯化钠C. 氨基酸D. 氯化铵2. 下列哪些形成过程中与凝血无关？A. 纵隔静脉血栓形成B. 动脉粥样硬化斑块形成C. 静脉曲张形成D. 血小板聚集形成血栓3. 以下哪些细胞可以分泌胃酸？A. 表皮细胞B. 刺激细胞C. 壁细胞D. G细胞4. 下列哪些是调节体温的主要因素？A. 室内温度B. 外界温度C. 代谢热D. 神经调节5. 以下哪些物质由肾脏排泄？A. 毒物B. 代谢产物C. 水分D. 药物三、判断题1. 生活垃圾属于医疗废物。

（）2. 人体的胆固醇主要通过肝脏代谢清除。

（）3. 淋巴系统的主要功能是输送乳汁。

（）4. 低钠血症可导致细胞溶解。

（）5. 静脉曲张是静脉瓣功能障碍导致的。

（）四、简答题1. 请解释生物体的稳态。

生物体的稳态是指在变化的外界条件下，通过内部调节机制使得生物体的内部环境保持相对稳定的状态。

这种稳态使得生物体能够适应外界环境的变化，并保持其正常生理功能的进行。

2. 请解释血液凝固过程中的内外路线。

血液凝固过程中的内外路线是指在不同的刺激下，血液凝结的两条途径。

内路线是由血液内部因子直接参与的凝血过程，外路线是由血管损伤刺激引起的凝血过程。

3. 请解释代谢性酸中毒和呼吸性酸中毒的区别。

北医、同济、中山、中国医科大学、哈医大、北京协和医院、武汉大学病理生理学考博真题合集

2012北医专业基础—病理生理学（原题）一、名词解释（30分）1.pathogenesis process2.hypervolemic hyponatremia3.anion gap4.histogenous hypoxia5.hyperthermia6.oxygen paradox7.shock8.restrictive hypoventilation9.pulmonary encephalopathy10.false neurotransmitter二、简答（70分）1.血管内外液体交换异常引起水肿的机制2.代谢性酸中毒的类型及发生原因3.热休克蛋白的定义及其功能4.DIC的分期及各期的特点5.什么是无复流现象，其发生机制如何6.呼吸困难在哪种类型的心衰最常见？该型心衰引起的呼吸困难与那些因素有关？7.急性肾衰少尿期最严重的并发症是什么？其发生机制是？2012年同济大学病理生理学真题（回忆）一、名词解释：1.脑死亡2.MODS3.ARDS4.肾功能不全5.呼吸衰竭6.应激性溃疡7.充血性心力衰竭8.PH反常9.内生致热源10.热休克蛋白11.心室重构12.微血管性溶血性贫血13.激素不敏感14.等渗性脱水二、选择题三、问答题1.急性全身性DIC为何会引起广泛出血和休克，其机制如何？2.心力衰竭者腹水的发生机制（是一个案例分析，大概是这个意思）3.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理变化4.简述急性肾炎发生的机制5.肝性脑病时假神经递质有哪些？它们是如何引起肝性脑病的？2012中山大学病理生理（A）：1.名词解释：（都是英文）缺血再灌注损失凋亡心源性休克功能性分流2.论述题1）急性低钾血症和急性高钾血症引起肌无力的机制区别2）DIC的发病机制3）从细胞增殖和凋亡方面论述肿瘤的分子机制4）什么是SIRS、CARS、MARS？它们和多器官功能衰竭的关系？交大病生简答：内毒素引起MODS的机制。

DIC晚期患者易发生出血倾向的机制。

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第1页共1页
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博真题试卷
北京中医药大学
第1页共1页
2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释氧自由基细胞信号转导病理生理过程发绀凋亡蛋白酶胰岛素抵抗反常性碱性尿发热热休克蛋白泵--漏机制二、简答题 1 受体异常的类型 2出现出血的原因 4 肝功能受损时候血糖变化以及机制 5 失血性休克时候缺氧的类型及血氧指标的变化三、问答题（每题 10 分） 1 左心衰时，最早出现的功能变化是什么？其临床表现的程度及机制。 2 肺通气血流比例失调时影响因素及机制。 3 肾脏“矫枉过正”学说。 4 休克时酸中毒类型、机制及影响。 5 急性低钾血症时、急性高钾血症时导致无力的原因？ 6 举例说明因果交替的规律。