第四讲 作出判断和推理.doc

第四讲作出判断和推理——一步推导法解答推理判断题推理判断题主要考查考生对文章深层意义的理解，在解答这类题时，可采用“一步推导”法。

即推理判断题的最近答案原则：推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推出的好。

推理判断题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某一个点或几个点所涉及的问题读透了没有。

因此做题时不能想得太多，推得过远，是否把原文读懂才是关键。

一、选项特征1.正确选项设置一般有下列几个特征(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得；(2)正确选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。

2.下列情况不是答案(1)主观想法或经验不是答案如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，不是正确答案，因此要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。

(2)简单重复原文不是答案如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。

(3)过度推理不是答案这类干扰选项往往过于绝对化，有时会出现only，all，always等词语，所做出的结论不符合逻辑。

(4)渗入常识不是答案按常识来讲是正确的，但不是根据文章中的事实或论据推断出来的结论。

综上可知，同学们要对设题选项有个基本的了解，结合题目认真解读作者陈述的观点和描述的事实，进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和甄别，做到“有理有据”，去伪存真，从而得出符合原文信息的最佳答案。

二、解题技巧做推理判断题时，首先通过题干找到相关信息点，即推理的依据，然后细读理解其字面意义，最后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。

1.根据特定信息进行推理有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去找关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

[示例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to .A.help students see their own strengthsB.assess students’ public speaking skillsC.prepare students for their future jobsD.inspire students’ love for politics分析：根据题干中的特定信息the purpose of Whaley’s project我们可以定位到文中的“Whaley says the project...to boast about themselves.”可知，Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，他还希望学生学会自夸。

A 项意为“帮助学生看到自己的长处”，与原文意思相符。

2.整合全文信息进行推断有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。

[示例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing forbiometric (生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.31.Where is this text most likely from?A.A diary.B.A guidebook.C.A novel.D.A magazine.分析：本题需要整合全文信息解题。

根据本文的话题“智能键盘”及全文，特别是第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low-cost device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。

3.根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑推论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。

解答这类题的前提是获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。

[示例](2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun，according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday....According to the report’s key findings，“the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone fr om 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”29.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less forfun”？A.In paragraph 2.B.In paragraph 3.C.In paragraph 4.D.In paragraph 5.分析：文章第一段提出“儿童更少地为了乐趣而阅读”，文章第三段利用了一些数据来支持这一论点。

由此可推知应该选B项。

【即时训练】A(2019·福建省三校联考)Despite the negative international headlines that have hit Huawei over the past few months，its consumer business continues to thrive.The Chinese technology giant replaced Apple as the second-largest smartphone player by global market share last year.It’s firmly the biggest vendor(销售商) in China. Chinese consumers say they’ve been attracted to Huawei’s newest features，the price points and the fact that it’s a domestic brand.“Using Huawei’s mobile phones is supporting domestic brands.We hope our brands can go international，”Vikey，a Guangzhou-based Huawei user，told CNBC.She added that Huawei phones are “cost-effective” and have good features while iPhones are “more of a trend”.One of the key features that Huawei introduced was a triple-lens camera on its P20 Pro，which was launched last year.For the next 12 months，the iPhone lacks one of the most appealing features of current winners in the Chinese smartphone market，the triple-lens camera.The Huawei P20 Pro led the march.Retailers(零售商) are slashing iPhone prices across China as consumers say the phones aren’t worth the cost.Apple’s latest iPhone models are facing huge discounts in China as retailers try to sell the struggling devices.That comes as the top-of-the-line Apple smartphones have posted poor China sales on what experts say are too-high prices for the world’s largest smartphone market and a lack of innovative features compared to local competitors like Huawei.The technology giant itself acknowledged earlier this month that unexpectedly low sales in the Chinese market would likely lead to worse-than-anticipated first quarter profits.One of the most recent iPhone cost cuts in the country came from Suning，a large Chinese retailer，which changed the price of the 128GB version of the iPhone XR from 6，999 yuan to 5，799 yuan—a 1，200 yuan discount.Other retailers in China are also putting their iPhones on sale.Sunion，an Apple reseller，was advertising 700 yuan off for both the 128GB and 256GB versions of the iPhone XR.E-commerce site Pinduoduo，which allows third-parties to sell products，also had hefty(很大的) discounts across all of the latest iPhone models.【语篇解读】中国通信科技巨头华为占领了手机市场。