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2010年全国医学博士统一考试英语听力录音文本

Transcript of Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number 1.I. M: You said that you wanted to go shopping this evening. What do you want to get?W: I think I Want to get my mom a new purse for her birthday.'Q: What does the woman mean?2. W: My ears are always ringing. Day and night I can't sleep.M: Which is your bad ear?W: My right ear hurts.Q: Why does the woman have trouble sleeping?3. M: My tooth is bothering me. When can I see Dr. White?W: How about tomorrow? Is 10:30 OK?M: Isn't there anything earlier?.W: No. but I will call you if there is a cancellation before then.Q: What does the man mean?4. W: Are we going to be late?M: We will be unless we hurry.W: When does the show start?M: At 8:30. We've got 15 minutes to get there.Q: What time is it now?5. M: I can't find the instant soup.W: Did you look next to the canned soup?M: I looked there. But there isn't anything on the shelf.W: Why don't you try the spice section? It ought to be there.Q: Where does the conversation probably take place?6. M: I've a headache. I am resigning from the job of chairman right now. I can't stand it another day.W: Do you really mean that you want to quit?M: Well, maybe, I'll give it a second thought.Q: What is the man going to do?7. W: Did you do anything over the weekend?M: Not much. What did you do?W: I had planned to go skiing. But I wound up working in the ER.Q: What did the woman do over the weekend?8. W: We understand that you are not attending school.M: I've been attending, but, I've been sick recently.W: You've attended only three days since last July.M: Three days? No. it's been mom than that.W: We are going to have to take away your visa.Q: What is the woman?9. M: Does the dizziness feel like spinning or is it just a kind of unsteadiness?W: It feels like spinning.M: How would you describe it? Is it as if the room is going around or do you feel as if it is you that is going around?W: I feel the latter.Q: How does the woman describe her dizziness?10. W: Did you know that John failed in the math exam?M: Yes. And he blamed it on bad luck. But I really think he is barking up the wrong tree.Q: What docs the man imply?11. M: Catherine, how is the math homework coming?W: That's a piece of cake. But the chemistry homework is really a hard nut to crack.Q: What does the woman mean?12. W: What's the problem?M: I've had an itching rash on my body, and arms and legs for the last two months.W: Can you describe it?M: It's pink with red oval spots.Q: What has brought the man here?13. M: I'd like to ask you about your past medical history. Can you tell me if you had any childhooddiseases?W: When I was small, I had measles, chickenpox and whooping cough. But I don't think I ever had German measles.Q: What diseases did the woman have when she was small?14. W: If you go to the football game on Saturday night and concur or play on Sunday, you won't havemuch time to study.M: Oh, well, I can do that the weekend after this one.Q: When does the man plan to study?15. M: I need to he absent from class on Friday morning because I have a doctor's appointment. And I needto borrow someone's notes.W: Well, you can certainly borrow mine, if you don't mind my messy handwriting.Q: What is the man's problem?Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.ConversationW: HelloM: Hello.W: So, did you have a comfortable night?M: No, not really.W: Sorry to hear that. And how are you feeling at the moment?M: A bit better.W: You don't feel sick at ail?M: No, I'm okay.W: That's good. Are you having sips of water.M: No.W: Would you like some?M: Well, I don't really feel like.W: Ah, you can't drink anything at the moment.M: The nurses have been giving me mouth washes.W: Yes, I think you will begin to pick up as the day goes on. And we'll carry on giving you something to ease the discomfort. Does it hurt much?M: Well, it does when I move about.W: Right, but the sooner we have you on the move, the quicker you'll start to heal. So, we'll have you sitting in the chair this afternoon. Enjoy the sunshine.M: OK, I can't say that I am really looking forward to that.W: Mm, you have a pretty big gall stone,, the gallbladder is quite inflamed. There was a lot of infection around it and inside it. Well it's out now. So no need to worry about it. It won't cause you any more trouble.M: Mm.W: Any more questions? Or anything we can do for you?M: No, I think I'm okay. I'm feeling a bit weak at the moment. Oh, when will my wife be able to come and see me? The nurses told me before, but I can't remember.W: The visiting hours are from 6 to 8 in the evening.M: Okay, thank you. She'll be here tonight in that case.W: Fine, well, I'll be stopping to see you tomorrow.M: Thank you.Questions:16. What is true about the man in the conversation?17. What was wrong with the man?18. How is the man feeling now?19. What is the man supposed to do according to the doctor's orders?20. What are the hospital's visiting hours?Passage OneHere's a dreamy weight-loss plan: take a nap. That's the message from work by Sanjay Patel at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. His study of more than 68,000 women has found that those who sleep less than 5 hours a night gain more weight over time than those who sleep 7 hours a night.Controlling for other differences between the groups, Patel found that women who sleep 5 hours or less gained 0.7 kilograms more on average over 10 years than 7-hour sleepers. The short-sleeping group was also 32 per cent more likely to have gained 15 kilograms or more, and 15 per cent more likely to have become obese.Significantly, the short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than those who slept ? hours, says Patel, who presented his results this week at the American Thoracic Society International Conference in San Diego, California. This finding overturns the common view that overeating among the sleep-deprived explains such weight differences.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep may he the reason behind the weight gain, Patel suggests. "It obviously also suggests that getting people to sleep more might he a relatively easy way to help people lose weight,” he says.Questions:21. What did Patel's study indicate?22. How many subjects did Patel have in his study?23. According to Patel's study, which of the following is not tree?24. According to patel, what might be the reasons behind the weight differences725. What suggestion would Patel give to those who want to lose weight?Passage TwoI am the meanest mother in the neighborhood. I'm too strict. I ask too many questions. No one else's parentsare as different as I am, Don't I know that all the cool kids are out until 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning and can go wherever they want? This is the point of view of my 16-year-old daughter. Although she is frequently annoyed when I try to gather what I consider basic information – about where she's going, who's driving, and what the plan is for getting home — I know she is also relieved that someone is watching out for her. Discipline-- or, to use today's more popular phrase, setting limits takes on a whole new meaning when your child hits adolescence. "When kids are young and do something unsafe, parents have no trouble saying no," says Daniel Kindlon, Ph.D., assistant professor of child psychology at the Harvard School of Public Health, who bas two daughters, 15 and 12. "You don't care that your two-year-old cries if you don't let him put the fork in the toaster. But saying yes to your teen can almost become a reflex, because you so desperately want to avoid conflict." New research confirms what parents have known all along: Adolescents simply lack the ability to make smart decisions consistently. For example, peer relationships -- which are so important to teenagers can easily overwhelm the need to be safe. Scientists have discovered that this has to do with the way the human brain grows. During the teen years, the brain develops rapidly, but some areas mature much earlier than others. But you have to hold the line. Your teen is secretly counting on you to do so. And too much is at stake if you don't.Questions:26. What would the speaker's daughter least likely say about her mother?.27. What does Daniel Kindlon do?28. According to Kindlon, how do parents usually respond to their teen's requests?29. Why are adolescents unable to make smart decisions consistently according to scientists?30, What would the speaker advice parents to do?。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编10(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编10(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Hos advertisement is______ to attract much attention.A．assignedB．calculatedC．definedD．contributed正确答案：B解析：calculate vt．计划，打算(多用被动态，后面跟不定式)；计算，核算：估计，推测(如：The speech was calculated to win votes．The remark was calculated to hurt my feelings．)。

assign vt．指派，选派；分配，布置(作业)(句型：assign sb．to+动词原形：assign sb．sth．/sth．to sb．)。

define vt．给……下定义，解释；限定，规定。

contribute(to)vt．捐献，捐助，贡献；(向报刊)投稿。

2．Our company decided to ______ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A．delayB．resistC．violateD．cancel正确答案：D解析：cancel vt.取消，撤销；删去，划掉。

delay vt.推迟；耽搁，延误。

resist vt.抵抗，反抗：抵制，抗拒。

violate vt.违反，违背；侵犯，妨碍。

3．There were five hundred ______ at the college entrance examination.A．applicantsB．participantsC．candidatesD．students正确答案：C解析：candidate(for)n．报考者；申请求职者；候选人。

2010年河南郑州大学考博英语真题

2010年河南郑州大学考博英语真题I. Listening Comprehension (40%)This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first answer the questions in your test booklet, not on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto the ANSWER SHEET.If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW, as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.Part AYou will hear a radio program. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling True (T) or False (F). You will hear what he says ONLY ONCE.You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1-10.You now have 20 seconds to check your answers to Questions 1—10. That isthe end of Part A.Part BYou will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questionsby choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE.Questions 11 to 13 are based on a conversation between an executive and his secretary, Brenda.You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 1311.What did the man ask the woman to do yesterday?(A) To arrange a job interview. (B) To watch the evening news on TV.(C) To advertise a job in newspapers. (D) To contact the junior sales manager12.What kind of person is the man looking for?(A) A college graduate of business. (B) A young man with a few A levels.(C) A college graduate of English. (D) A young man with a degree.13.What does the woman think of the man’s requirements?(A) Unrealistic. (B) Sensible.(B) Reasonable. (D) Ambiguous.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11 to 13.Questions 14 to 16 are based on a radio program from BBC.You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.14.The news item could be entitled ________________ .(A) “Solar-powered Cycle Race”(B) “The World Challenge”(C) “Solar-powered Car Race”(D) “Future of the Motor Car”15.why is the World Competition held in Australia this year?(A) Because Australia is located in the southern hemisphere.(B) Because Australia has taken the lead of the technology in the world(C) Because Australia is blessed with much sunshine.(D) Because Australia is an ideal place with the length across its outback some3,000 kilometers.16.On average, the vehicle’s speed stood at ___ kilometers an hour when therace first started decades ago.(A) 38 (B) 67 (C) 100 (D) 200 You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14 to 16.Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following interview with Mr. Simon James, a banker, about his own experience of being successful.You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.17. Why did Simon go into banking?(A) To fulfill an ambition. (B) To be different from his brothers.(C) To follow in his father’s footsteps. (D) To show his intelligence.18.How did Simon say he became successful?(A) By offering bank managers his good ideas.(B) By placing trust in his clients.(C) By working wholeheartedly for the clients.(D) By listening to advice from other people.19.When Simon suddenly became famous, how did he feel?(A) Tired with so many radio and television interviews.(B) Disturbed by the constant attention from the press.(C) Worried that ordinary people would envy his fortune.(D) Threatened by reports finding out about his wealth.20.Which positive aspect of being famous does Simon mention?(A) Receiving praise from other people.(B) Reading nice things about himself in the paper.(C) Gaining publicity for his business.(D) Getting more invitations from his friends.You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17 to 20. That is the end of Part B.Part CYou will hear an interview. As you listen, answer the questions or completethe notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing NOT MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.You now have 1 minute and 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 21 to 30.That is the end of Part C. You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to the ANSWER SHEET.That is the end of Listening Comprehension.II. Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 10 sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31.The neighbors do not consider him quite ________ as most evenings he awakensthem with his drunken singing.(A) respected (B) respectable (C) respective (D) respectful32.Since it is late to change my mind now, I am ___ to carrying out the plan.(A) committed (B) obliged (C) engaged (D) resolved33.The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds fromarmaments to health and education.(A) derive (B) change (C) convert (D) divert34.The board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would beimportant positions.(A) attributed to (B) furnished with(C) installed in (D) inserted into35.The lady who has ______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned outto be a distant relation of his.(A) put him up (B) put him out(C) put him on (D) put him in36.The government’s policies in the past years have shown a(n) in emphasizingthe necessity of improving the peasants’ livelihood.(A) exaltation (B) coherence (C) agony (D) behavior37.The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely tostudents’ enthusiasm in learning English.(A) hold back (B) hold off (C) hold out (D) hold down38.The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of incomehad increased _______ , and is continuing to increase.(A) successfully (B) succinctly(C) substantially (D) sufficiently39.One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its abilities tofurther research and further thinking about a particular topic.(A) invent (B) stimulate (C) renovate (D) advocate40.It is doubtful whether anyone can be a truly ___ observer of events.^^^ ........—(A) inadequate (B) impassive (C) genius (D) impartialIII. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions which accompanythem by choosing (A), (B), (C) or (D). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1While many technological advances occur in an evolutionary manner, occasionallya revolutionary technological appears on the horizon that creates startling newconditions and profound changes. Such is the case with the privately developed MollerSkycar, which is named after its inventor. The ruggedized (加固的) Moller Skycarvariant the military is evaluating is called the light aerial multipurpose vehicle,or LAMV.The LAMV is a vertical take-off and landing aircraft that can fly in a quick,quiet, and agile manner. It is a new type of vehicle that combines the speed of anairplane and the vertical take-off capability of a helicopter with somecharacteristics of a ground vehicle, but without the limitations of any of thoseexisting modes of transportation. The LAMV is not operated like traditional fixed—or rotary-wing aircraft. It has only two hands, which the operator uses to directthe redundant computer control system to carry out desired flight maneuvers. Theleft-hand control twists to select the desired operating altitude and moves foreand aft to select the rate of climb. The right-hand control twists to select thevehicle’s direction and moves side-to-side to provide transverse (横向的) movementduring the hover and early-transition-to-flight phases of operation; it also movesfore and aft to control speed and braking. Simply put, the LAMV is user friendly.The LAMV design incorporates a number of safety features. For starters, the LAMVhas multiple engines. Unlike any light helicopter or airplane, the LAMV has multipleengine nacelles (机舱), each with two computer-controlled Rota power engines. Theseengines operate independently and allow for a vertical controlled landing should either fail.The LAMV is aerodynamically stable. In the unlikely event that sufficient power is not available to land vertically, the LAMV’s stability and good glide slope allow the operator to maneuver to a safe area before using the air-frame parachutes (降落伞). Since computers contro1 the LAMV’s flight during hover and transition, the only operator input is to control speed and direction. Undesirable movements caused by wind gusts are prevented automatically.The LAMV’s potential military uses will be numerous. They include aerial medical evacuation., aerial reconnaissance (侦查), command and control, search and rescue, insertion of special operations forces, air assault operations, airborne operations, forcible-entry operations, military police mobility and maneuver support, communications retransmission, battlefield distribution for unit resupply, transport of individual and crew replacements, weapons platform, noncombatant evacuation operations, battlefield contractor transport, and battle damage assessment.Of course, the LAMV brings with it some obvious challenges. Its limited payload will be a negative factor. Its use will complicate Army airspace command and control. How the LAMV will be used in conjunction with forces under the joint force air component commander will have to be determined. LAMV support issues also require resolution. For example, operator selection and training, leader training, employment doctrine, LAMV basis-of-issue plans, and LAMV life-cycle management all require the Army’s attention.41.According to the passage, LAMV .(A) is developed by an academy (B) can’t fly as fast as an airplane(C) can take off upright and fly fast (D) is applied in civil transportation42.Light helicopter or airplane may ________ .(A) have two hands to control its speed and direction(B) have less engine nacelles than LAMV and therefore less security(C) have no computer-controlled Rota power engines in its system(D) lack flexible computer control in its taking off and landing43.What should the operator of LAMV do when power for vertical landing isinsufficient?(A) He should ask the monitoring center for help via computer.(B) He must leave the aircraft immediately with the help of parachutes.(C) He can effectively control the aircraft with some simple input.(D) He just waits LAMV to regain enough power for landing.44.Which of the following can be a possible disadvantage of LAMV?(A) Few people would support the application of LAMV.(B) Not all forces are willing to be commanded jointly.(C) Army airspace command and control would be in disorder.(D) LAMV can only carry a small crew or little cargo.Passage 2The world may be becoming a more female-friendly place but corporate boardroomare not, with women holding under 3 per cent of top management jobs in Western firms, according to a United Nations survey issued recently. The report entitled Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, is published by the International Labor Organization (ILO). The report, subtitled as Progress and obstacles to women’s equal professional and managerial status, presents the most recent trends on the situation of women in professional and managerial jobs. It also highlights some of the institutional and attitudinal prejudices that continue to hamper (妨碍) women’s progress into top jobs, and it describes good practices in support of women managers. Women make up over 40 per cent of the world’s workforce, but even when they make it through the “glass ceiling”—an invisible barrier of male-dominated prejudices and networks —— they earn far less than men, the ILO report said.“Almost universally, women have failed to reach leading position in major corporations and private sector organizations, irrespective of their responsibilities,” said author Linda Wirth. “The higher the position, the more glaring the gender gap.”The ILO said men traditionally rely on “old boy”networks to climb up the ladder. Women are more “invisible”in the corporate world because they are less keen on informal gatherings. They are also fighting a losing battle against sexual harassment.A British study found that women in one company subjected to continuing sexual harassment and bullying failed to achieve promotion whatever strategy they used, “protesting and complaining earned them the label of ‘feminist’ and ‘whining (抱怨)’, while trying to be one of the men invited further harassment,” the ILO report said.A survey of 300 companies in Britain last year found that just 3 per cent of board members were women. In the FTSE top 10 companies listed in Britain, Women held just 4 percent of directors’ posts, while female managers earned just 71 per cent of the salary of their male counterparts, the ILO report said.British female managers as a whole earned 83 per cent of the salaries of their male counterparts —— putting them ahead of their counterparts in most other countries.The situation in Germany was no better. A survey of 70,000 largest companies found that women there held just 1 to 3 per cent of the top executive and boardroom positions. The ILO also reported that the comparatively high proportion of women executives in large French companies —— 13 per cent —— was now falling again from the 80s levels.45.According to the ILO report, _______ .(A) women still face serious work problem at all levels of western firms(B) women no longer face work problems except in top management levels(C) there are serious problems facing women, especially in the boardrooms ofWestern firms(D) women are having a better time in the world, except in the boardrooms ofwestern firms46.What does the report mean by the term “glass ceiling”?(A) A level beyond which women can’t really be promoted.(B) A barrier of prejudices and networks that exists in some companies.(C) A barrier of prejudice that men pretend does not exist.(D) A level that women are trying to reach despite the difficulties put in theirway.47.The ILO report .(A) is optimistic, in that once women break into top positions, they do well(B) is pessimistic, in that even the few women who get top positions have smallersalaries(C) is optimistic, because there is a growing realization that women in toppositions do very well(D) is pessimistic, because no women ever reach the highest positions in westernboardrooms48.Which of the following strategies did women not use in their fight against sexualharassment?(A) Complaining. (B) Sexual harassment.(C) Protesting. (D) Trying to be friendly.Passage 3When Robert Shiller, a Yale economist and bestselling author, told a crowd of finance professors and economics students last spring that only 10 percent of his money was invested in stocks, they gasped.Managers might suggest anywhere from 50 to 90 percent. But 10 percent? This was heresy.How about 0 percent?That’s the share that investors should plow into domestic stocks, according to Ben Inker, director of asset allocation for Grantham, Mayo, and Van Otterloo & Co. (GMO), a money-management firm with some $85 billion in assets.Welcome to a contrarian view of today’s equity markets. A small but vocal band of heretics is calling into question not only the profit potential of stocks but also the foundation for conventional wisdom about investing. Even for those who disagree with them, their arguments serve as a reality check for the market.Are conventional portfolio really as safe as experts say?“Don’t be surprised that the Wall Street brokerage firms spend most of their time telling you that stocks are cheap,” warns Mr. Inker. “Wall Street likes the market. It likes trading. Wall Street makes a lot more money off of trading stocks than trading bonds.”The trick is to determine your portfolio’s exposure to risk, analysts say. And that depends - to a surprisingly large degree — on how diversified it is and how long you’re prepared to stay the course. These are key elements of “modern portfolio theory,” which came into being in the 1950s and eventually won its creator, Harry Markowitz, a Nobel Prize.Essentially, portfolio theory holds that investors reap the greatest return with the least risk when they allocate their money among diverse classes of assets, hold them for the long term, and rebalance the portfolio when the various classes of assets stray too far from their original allocation.To make it work, you need to own asset classes that don’t move in lock step, make accurate estimates of their future returns, and use a very long time horizon.A miscalculation in even one of these steps, however, can seriously hurt the prospects for reaching your ultimate goal.“The long-term nature is the driving force of the portfolio,” says Jerry Korabilk, vice president of Ibbotson Associates, a Chicago-based asset allocation adviser. “All of our clients are institutions, and we develop portfolios with 10-, 20-, even 30-year time horizons.”Riding the roller coasterThus, investors should never try to get in and out of the market at specific times, the theory holds. Instead, they should ride the inevitable ebb and flow of prices. If they have allocated their money correctly, some portion of their portfolio will almost always be making money. By rebalancing their portfolios periodically — selling off some of the winning asset classes and buying more of the losers —they are continually buying low and selling high, at least in a relative sense.This buy-and-hold strategy has won over hordes of investors. The average Fidelity retirement account has nearly 60 percent of its money in stocks, a recent study found. The overall average for retirement accounts: 61 percent, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute. Even equity allocations for college and university endowments hover around 57.1 percent, says the National Association of College and University Business Officers.The problem is that investors sometimes have to be extraordinarily patient for the strategy to pay off. In 1981, for example, the S& P 500 Index stood at the same level it first achieved in 1965. Today the index is about 30 percent lower than its peak in 2000. Do investors really have to put up with such long periods of losses?Profits of impatienceNo, say a small contingent of money managers. By avoiding the stock market as their primary engine for profit during the past five years, several of these managers have posted good returns.Take the Permanent Portfolio Fund. Unlike many balanced funds, which diversify primarily between stocks and bonds, it encompasses a much wider variety of assets: 20 percent gold bullion and coins, 5 percent silver bullion and coins, 10 percent Swiss franc denominated assets (typically Swiss government bonds), 15 percent US and foreign real estate and natural-resource company stocks, 15 percent aggressive-growth stocks, and 35 percent in dollar assets (Treasury securities in varying maturities and also short-term, high-grade bonds).Over the past five years, while the S & P 500 has slipped backward, the Permanent Portfolio Fund has averaged a startling 10.1 percent growth per year.“We don’t correlate to any index because we own different assets,” says the fund’s manager, Michael Cuggino. “In markets where stocks and equities are going sideways or down, we perform very well because our diversification is much broader. If equities go gangbusters like in the ’90s, clearly we are going to under-perform because we won’t be totally in stocks.”Indeed, the fund lagged significantly during the boom years of the 1990s, causingaverage annual returns for the decade to trail the S & P 500 by four percentage points.49.In the last paragraph, “The fund lagged significantly during the boom yearsof the 1990s, causing average annual returns for the decade to trail the S & P 500 by four percentage points.” We see from this sentence that .(A) the fund’s performance during the 1990s is very poor(B) the fund lost money during the 1990s(C) the fund did exceedingly well during the 1990s(D) the fund’s profits were not good enough50.In the last 2nd paragraph, “If equities go gangbusters like in the 1990s, clearlywe are going to under-perform because we won’t be totally in stocks.”We know from this sentence all of the following except that .(A) the 1990s saw a booming stock market(B) “we” underperformed during the 1990s(C) “we” are not totally in stocks(D) “we” will change our course of action51.According to “modern portfolio theory,” we should .(A) buy one single kind of stocks(B) buy stocks whose prices fluctuates the same pace(C) never sell our stocks(D) sell stocks whose prices go relatively too high in our portfolio52.What attitude does the author have towards conventional portfolios?(A) Skeptical. (B) Scathing. (C) Boastful. (D) Detached.Passage 4The European online fashion business is fierce. Just ask backers of one-time highfliers like , the urban sportswear retailer that tanked last year, and , the struggling men’s wear specialist. Those once stellar online brands expanded too fast, spent much more than they earned, and then lost their investor support after Internet stocks began plummeting last April. The markets sent online fashion stores a tough message: Come up with business models that generate revenues.A few firms have shown that not all online fashion shops are Internet disasters. Copenhagen-based , the online designer-label discount store, Sweden’s sportswear vendor Sportus and the Italian shirts store Marco Bracci are doing well in a very tough environment.Habufi’s distinctive business model is an Internet version of the factory outlet where brand manufacturers sell directly to consumers at lower prices from huge out-of-town shopping malls. A concept used in the U.S. far more than in Europe, and Haburi wants to fill the gap. Michael Vad, Haburi’s CEO, says that Europe’s apparel factory outlet sector could yield $10 billion in sales annually.According to Vad, national regulations that limit malls outside city centers have hampered the development of this sector. “For the consumer, there’s the two-hour drive to the mall, and when you get there you don’t know whether you’ll get the size or color you want,”says Vad. By going online, Haburi aims to cut the retailer’s costs, save consumers the long drive, and deliver orders within two to five days. Haburi splits net revenue 50-50 with the brand manufacturers.Haburi already has about 30,000 online customers. The additional $12 million invested in Haburi last June indicates investors will still back business-to-consumer Internet companies, but only if they have a solid strategic vision and not just a fashionable whim spurred by Internet hype. So where did Dressmart and go wrong? “They were supposed to run out of money. They were among the companies that only got investment money if they promised very rapid expansion,”observes Ola Ahlvarsson, Stockholm-based CEO of Result Venture Knowledge International, a venture capital firm that controls Sportus. But the rules have changed since Internet stocks dived last year.Apparel is difficult to sell online because people like to feel and touch the clothes they buy. For the online retailer, acquiring the items, inspecting them, cleaning and storing them before shipping orders, plus handling returns, can be expensive. “The cost of customer service in the apparel business is much higher than selling books or even furniture,” says Matthew Nordan, a retail analyst at Forrester Research’s Amsterdam office. Unless linked to a major established operation, an online retailer needs a competitive edge. For example, Italian shirt maker Marco Bracci sells expensive goods for high profits and has cornered a niche market. Dressmart, on the other hand, tried to do too much too soon. Originally it planned to sell only shirts and to make the original Swedish operation profitable before branching out. But within months it tried to go pan-European and sell everything including ties, shoes and sportswear, and to rent physical outlets at airports. Dressmart, on the verge of bankruptcy and searching for a backer, has now scaled back and operates only in Sweden.Ahlvarsson says one-year-old Sportus, currently trading in the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden and Norway, succeeds by keeping costs to a minimum, unlike which spent around $125 million in its brief existence. “ also bought its technology for about $10 million. That’s unrealistic. We spent $300,000 on ours and it works like clockwork,”Ahlvarsson claims. “In the Internet world, they think the guy with the most marketing money will win. It is, in fact, the guy with the best management team and supporting organization.”Despite its apparent success, CEO Vad admits that the recent shakeout in online clothes retailers has affected Ilaburi. “We’re going to postpone our Asian launch. We need to build our brands and get the right sales volume and be a lot smarter,”he says. In other words, the successful online fashion retailers are the ones that stick to their knitting.53.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?(A) Those once highfliers like boo. com and have tanked.(B) The fall of these online fashion businesses caused the fall of Internetstocks.(C) Online fashion stores learned a tough lesson: online fashion shops aredisastrous.(D) The online brands have never been successful.54.The author says that “Haburi wants to fill the gap”. What does it mean?(A) Haburi will try to make up the loss caused by the plummeted Internet stocks.(B) Haburi will increase its output to make up the need of the customers.(C) Haburi will use the business concept popular in America and in Europe.(D) Haburi will build more out-of-town shopping malls as Americans do.55.Which of the following reasons contributes to the failure of many online fashionbusinesses?(A) They don’t have management team and supporting organization.(B) They don’t have enough money to buy new technology.(C) Their expansion of operation is too fast before they make profits.(D) No investor is interested in online fashion businesses.56.According to the passage, Italian shirt maker Marco Bracci .(A) has lost its market because of its high cost of expansion(B) hasn’t made profits because the high cost of expansion(C) has obtained a certain market through its special operation(D) has now scaled back and operates only in SwedenPassage 5Shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous. If men would steadily observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be deluded, life, to compare it with such things as we know, would be like a fairy tale and the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. If we respected only what is inevitable and has a right to be, music and poetry would resound along the streets. When we are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy things have any permanent and absolute existence, and that petty fears and petty pleasure are but the shadow of reality. This is always exhilarating and sublime. By closing the eyes and slumbering, by consenting to be deceived by shows, men establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which still is built on purely illusory foundation. Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, who fail to live worthily, but who think they are wiser by experience, that is, by failure. I have read in a Hindoo book, that “there was a king’s son, who, being expelled in infancy from his native city, was brought up by a forester, and, growing up to maturity in that state, imagined himself to belong to the barbarous race with which he lived. One of his father’s ministers having discovered him, revealed to him what he was, and the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince. So soul, from the circumstances in which it is placed, mistakes its own character, until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher, and then it knows itself to be Brahma.” We think that is which appears to be. If a man should give us an account of the realities he beheld, we should not recognize the place in his description. Look at a meeting-house, or a court-house, or a jail, or a shop, or a dwelling-house, and say what that thing really is before a true gaze, and they would all go to pieces in your account of them. Men esteem truth remote, in the outskirts of the system, behind the farthest star, before Adam and after the last man. In eternity there is indeed something true and sublime. But all these times and places and occasions are now and here, God himself culminates in the present。

考博英语资料

考博英语资料Test one一、完形填空（语言的进化与学习）Evolved;valuable;attainment;resonble;claim;with;organisms; potential;as;biological;reviews;infact; the lower;exposed;rules;although;isolated;interaction;acquisition;in other words二、阅读理解1、culture is the sum total of all the traditions……（文化是所有传统的总称）C(basically equal);D(complicated);A(vocabulary);A(all languages allow);B(It helps anthropology) 2、aurora极光篇C(know little);D(the behavior24);A(magnetosphere);B(colors depend on);B(formatio and colors) 3、划船-团队论B(spirit of teamwork);D(a coach);A(key to);C(bad management );C(from the beginning)4、If you intend to using humou……（幽默的使用）D(use humor effiectively);B(relevant to);A(god-like);B(another group);B(as if be natural)5、four words that changed a life(C-E-A-D-F)Test two一、完形填空（我们正在进入一个飞速发展、致命武器、资源耗费、国际紧张的时代）There;achieved;transfers;scale;outcome;needed;whether;possibl y;as;last;difficult;pace;allowance;out;many;then;come;line;extent;or;二、阅读理解1、Archaeology has long been an tool for…… (考古学已成为研究史前文化的一个工具)A(purpose changed);C(investigate European cultures in northAmerican);D(locate);B(misused in1940s);A(become valuable in science and history )2、A folk culture is small…….(民间文化)A(contrast between);B(popular cultures);C(tradition);D(while );D(popular culture incresingly) 3\As Dr Samuel…..计算机B(at all);D(compared with man);C(absurd);A(handle streams information);B(before 1970s)4、genetic discrimination is a bad thing (基因歧视)C（may become a musician）;A(Yo-yo Ma);D(hard work);D(reliable than other);B(advocates) 5、The irresponsibility that spreads AIDS:B-A-F-D-CTest three一、完形填空（culture is the sum total of all the traditions……文化是所有的总称）Sense;may;savage;of;that;series;established;spoken;uncivilized;c omplex;tranfer;their;which;but;Speakers;expansions;existence;to;ours;what二、阅读理解1、Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths.D(the prevalent measurement);C(achieve happiness);A(annoying);D(encounter few difficuties)B(wants to illustrate those who know ……are truly intelligent)2、In July of 1994,an astournding series of events took place(comet 彗星事件)D（once combined larger body）;C(frozen);B(more than 20);A(left marks and ribbons )D(collisions between heavenly bodies have been relativelyfrequent)3、By the year 2100,global temperatures are expected to rise (地球温度将升高)C（0.8-3.5recent years）D(technically not very difficut to reduce);D(overdue=late);A( a political risk );A(may emit more for somet time)4、Over the past few years ,people being told what they cant eat. (diets 食物节食)D（wandering what food healthy）A(more profits than safty);D(consumers blame for)B(ready-made meal replaced the home-making );B(man-made and not beneficial to health)5、Working women----East an West:B-A-D-E-FTest Four一、完形填空（one of the major problems of nuclear energy…核能的主要问题）Many;active;whilespan;forcing;involves;which;by-products;undetacted;containers;leaked;effects;consideration; Building;high;enclosing hot;where;thereby;abandoned二、阅读理解1、Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies(火山与冰川是敌人)C(steam caves of Mount Rainier);C(Destruction in the cutting of glaciers);D(bowel-like)A(sth between ofdinary ice and crystalline ice);A(destroy the cave system)2、Out of more than 3 million students graduates from high school (300万中学生高中毕业) B（0.2%）；Ｂ(pass entrance examinatio);C(reasearch institutions);C(equally well-known);B(diffent opinions)3、Most americans spend far more of their leisure time(美国人的休闲时间在大众媒体)C（mass media occupies leisure time）;B(our exposure not necessary) A(by different factors)B(influence as great as film ) D(somewhat passive)4、For the past 20 years, scientists have been investigating 科学家探讨疾病与电磁场的关系A(rise debate);B(a figure to judge);D(The EMF);B(make clear);C(adequate hunman models)5、you are what you think D-B-A-C-FTest Five一、完形填空（Humor doesn't travel well;Jokes rarely translate）While;in term of; so that;capable;advance;shaped;depends on;interpreting;interacting;about;compounded;incorporated;at the mercy of ;transform;offensive;constraints;likewise;at the expense of;cautious;risky二、阅读理解1、Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion(想象如果世界没有了情绪)B（tell beneficial from harmful）;C(enjoy doing right thing);A(basis);B(classcify objects);B(socity) 2\War may be a natural expression of biological instince and .(战争可能是生物本能的表达) B(be reasonable);B(by social conventions);B(control violence);C(responsibility punishment);B(sacrifices individual for the benefit of the social menmber)3、The case for college has been accepted without question for more高中生上大学的好处？) B(value it high);B(themore ,the less)C(rise unemployment);B(only a choice);A(strong motivation)4、Automobile industry has been well in USA and Japan (为什么日本汽车生产水平比美国高)D（different process）B(both well)C(not only ..but also)A(practicable) D(make clear)5、JAKARTA C-B-E-D-ATest SIX一、完形填空（Generally speaking 英国人可能更愿意谈天气）Even;witness;dozing;but;once;object;fancy;atlength;follows ; speculation;certainly;who;when;predictions;surprised;repaced;although;at aloss;mention;reserved二、阅读理解1\略2、for most of us ,the work is the central….(工人与管理者工作的差别)C（by work they do）;B(satisfaction in life);B(frustrations from inequality at work)D(intolerable and challenging )A(have no control over their work)3、Prospective teachers are urged to develop their…..(未来老师的教学方法)A（possible selecting）C（instruction practice）A （oversimlified and judgement）B(responsible use 0f teaching style)B(Educational philosophies)4、Sex prejudices are based on and justified by the ideology 别歧视被证明是思想意识形态) D（somewhat a prejudice）A(weaker sex)；B（an extension domestic role）B(social determined and full of prejudices);B(sex role different are taught in schools)5、The grass is always greener A-C-D-F-ETest Seven一、完形填空（One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is ….资本主义的本质特征是）Extensive ;however;evolution ;significant;source;material;problems;which;deny;emergence;For example;created;line;recognized;stepped in;important;industries;pursuit;handicap;condemn二、阅读理解1、Its natural for young people to be critical their parents （年轻人经常抱怨父母不理解他们）D（teenagers）;A(sometimes reasonable to complain);D(illustrate existence);D(show difference and independence);C(cooperate with their parents)2、What do we think of the word “business”你认为什么是生意？()C（business many kinds of enterprises）;B(Munich Re);D(socially and responsible);A(more responsibilities than profits);B(a chapter of a business book)3、Although we can say…language learning like to pretend (语言学习)D（generalizationg in very beginning）;B(students exposed to plenty language materials);D(Teahers should exercise students ability);A(make slow progress);B(some generalization of language learning)4、Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions…(衣着提供个人的信息)B（helps us understand）;C(attract more attention);C (certain type certain occasions);A(Few women are certain professional clothing);D(Clothing for appropriate effects)5、Don't cry for the new economy B-C-E-A-FTest eight一、完形填空（there are two ways to see growth 有两种基本方式去观察增长）Viewed;promotion;measurable;by contrast;definition;specigic;as;ends;order ;risks;first;perceive; Open;cause;adapt;cope;likely;role;both;cease to二、阅读理解1、Should doctors ever lie to be benefit ,,,,(医生应该撒谎吗？C(lawyers);D(necessary practice);C(unable to deal properly);A(doctors different government );B(slightly sarcastic稍带讽刺2、Fortunately there are still afew tasty things for us to enjoy security (食盐还是不食盐呢？D（not convincing）;C(humorous);B(too much salt);B(equally harmful to health);C(not result from)3、Few people would defend the attitude to childern (父母对孩子溺爱的度的把握)B（very strict）;D(followers);B(urging to spoil child);D(strong)；C(hardships beneficial growth ) 4、The destruction of natural resources and contamination of food (环境与食物污染)C（pollution）;B(Environmental health professionals);A(Ecologists,conserbationists)D(Unable to see the whole);B(America)5、Our pursuit of Happiness F-B-C-A-ETest Nine一、完形填空（many definitions of social movements and revolutions社会运动革命的不同）Purposeful;profit;and;legal;thus;find;Civil;involved;achieve;howev er;stop;disagreements;standard ;scale;enact;major;and;sought;st akes;ready二、阅读理解1、For centuries ecplorers have risked their lives….(探险活动的目的及意义，火星探险)B(for economic and polical purposes);D(an unknown region);D(Non-commercial ornational imperative);C(a role moreimportant than past);A(May helpunderstand how life began)2、American and British annoyed the French Paradox(法国式的似是而非与反话)B（eat more fatty but less die of）;C(show uncertain );A(the special way of wine-drinking)D(delayed result of an action);A(still uncertain about the key to French Paradox puzzle)3、A reviews of the female characters in Chinese fiction..(中国小说中的妇女形象)C（of the 20th century）;B(subject to male-centered );A(pessimistic);C(not just ,but economic as well);A(wives at homes and working outside at the same time )4、The fear of Americanizatio n of the planet …..(文化美国化或全球化现象)D（at the expense of the other languages）;A(encourages to learn other language cultures )D(now popular in the world);C(to promote language cultures);A(Universalist)5、Einsteins painful romance;E-C-A-B-DTest Ten一、完形填空（略）二、阅读理解1、Income disparity describes two disparate groups:the rich and the poor(收入划分贫富距) C（different）；D(only have better conditions);C(only somewhat reasonable)A(still hope to make fortune);B(unrealistic to take monetary wealth as the only aim of life )2、Crying is hardly encouraged by scciety (流眼泪的不同原因与作用)D（harmful to health）;A(physiological);C(hardly necessaryto get help);A(Emotional tears different other accounts );B(discovery of drug abuse and the diagnosis of eye illnesses)3、satiric literature is its freshness,its originality…(讽刺文学的魅力)D（reasons for pooularity of satire）C(new form);A(Jonathan Swift);D(original aesthertically);C(because they need to be reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate)4、One fact demonstated by early sleep researchers (睡眠的研究情形)B(each individual had the same EFG as his signature);D(sleep involves different levels of consciousness) C(single);D(after the alpha rhythm descents);A(sustainable)5、When to say no to kids E-B-F-C-D。

博士英语考试要点总结完美版整合

博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：分*10=5分三、单复数的变化四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。

详见《博士生医学英语教材》中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一．复数形式（教科书P42~43）Ampulla—Ampullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）Corona—Coronae 冠状Vertebra—Vertebrae 脊椎Bronchus—Bronchi 支气管Capillus—Capili 毛发Fungus—Fungi 真菌Omphalos—Omphali 脐Genus—Genera 属Stercus—Stercora 粪Gonad—Gonades 性腺Testis—Testes 睾丸Diagnosis—Diagnoses 诊断Psychosis—Psychoses 精神病Epididymis—Epididymides 附睾Thorax—Thoraces 胸部Appendix—Appendices 阑尾Pollex—Pollices 拇指Meninx—Meninges 脑脊膜Caries—Caries龋齿Derma—Dermata 真皮，皮肤Sarcoma—Sarcomata 肉瘤Stoma—Stomata 口Flagellum—Flagella 鞭毛Labium—Labia 唇Protozoon—Protozoa 原生动物格（p17~p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。

2010年北京大学考博英语真题

Part 1: Listening ComprehensionSection A （10 P）Directions: In this section you will hear three passages. Each passage will be read only ONCE. At the end of each passage, there will be a pause. Listen carefully to the passages and then answer the questions that follow. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard.01. People choose London for post-Christmas shopping because ______.A. shops open early in the morningB. shops stay open for longer hoursC. they can buy really cheap thingsD. they can shop with their friends02. We learn from the passage that ______.A. people are very keen on salesB. post-Christmas sales start at 3:30amC. post-Christmas sales last for a dayD. sales include only a few items03. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Some people buy Christmas presents in the sales.B. Some people shop online during the sales.C. Some people buy presents for next Christmas.D. Online retailers offer better post-Christmas sales.Passage TwoQuestions 4 to 7 are based on the passage your have just heard.04. Ballroom dancing used to be associated with ______.A. TV showsB. old peopleC. celebritiesD. professional dancers05. According to the passage, recent popularity of ballroom dancing is the result of ______.A. the participation of celebritiesB. the designing of colorful costumesC. the benefits it bringsD. a TV program06. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the TV show?A. Performers have to be formally dressed ol3 the show.B. Each professional dancer dances with a celebrity.C. People on the show perform a different dance every week.D. The show runs for about four months.07. According to the passage, the TV show has the greatest impact on ______.A. old peopleB. middle-aged peopleC. kids and young peopleD. all of the abovePassage ThreeQuestions 8 to 10 are based on die passage you have just heard.08. According to New Zealand‟s rules about naming child ren, which of the following names is NOT acceptable?A. Spiderman.B. Gandalf.C. 2winD. Arsenal09. According to the passage, unusual names come from ____.A. popular cultureB. parents‟ inventionC. sportsD. all of the above10. All of the following countries have strict rules about naming children EXCEPT ____.A. AlgeriaB. GermanyC. JapanD. ArgentinaSection B （10 P）Directions: In this section you will hear a news report about American people‟s attitudes towards drunk driving. While listening focus on the major points and do not forget to take notes. After that, complete the following outline by filling in the blanks numbered from B01 to B20 with key words. The report will be read TWICE, There will be a One Minute pause between the first and thesecond reading. Then you will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading.01. Introduction— B01 B02 for drunk driversA new survey: more than half of the population supports B03 B04 for those who drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs.02. B05 B06 B07 B08 —the organization that does the surveyA. Founder: a woman whose child was killed by a drunk driverB. Founding time: in 1980C. General changes in American people‟s attitudes toward drunk driving1. In the past: a way of life and death in America2. Today: a socially unacceptable criminal act a major public health and safety problem.D. Membership now: about B09 B10E. Main job: campaigns for preventative education and tougher laws against drunk drivingF. Achievement: help reduce the number of B11 B12 B13 on American highways.03. Major differences in American people‟s attitudes toward drunk drivingA. more than half believe that penalties need to be tougher.B. more than 90% favor a mandatory anti-drunk drivi ng component in driver‟s instruction, B14 B15 and stiffer fines and confiscating repeat offenders‟ vehicles.C. 3/4support immediate B16 of the driver‟s license of any driver who B17 B18 B19 a sobriety test at a crash site or whose blood alcohol content is above the legal limit.04. MADD‟s future goalTo persuade governments to pass tougher laws to B20 drunk driving and to educate the public.Part 2: Structure and Written Expression （20 P）Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.01. Only when faced with overwhelming evidence of being treated differently than the men who surrounded me ___, briefly, with the notion that I was different in gender-related ways from my male colleagues.A. that dealtB. I dealtC. then I dealtD. did I deal02. ___ only one moving soul in the center of all the orbits that is the sun which drives the planets the more vigorously the closer the planet is.A. As existsB. Although existingC. There existsD. Where existing03. The fact is that motherhood makes the heaviest demands in ____ the areas of least experience.A. that it might be calledB. what might be calledC. which might be calledD. it might be called04. ___ sermons retained their preeminence in religious life daring most of the twentieth century, they are gradually losing that central places as churches devote more energy to social activities.A. AsB. ForC. WhileD. Although05. As a result, the mission of the school, along with the culture of the classroom ____.A. was slowly to changeB. are slowly changedC. is slowly changingD. have slowly changed06. These early clocks, operated by weights, were not particularly accurate, and it was not until the sixteenth century ___.A. any great reliability attained itB. then attained any great reliabilityC. that any great reliability was attainedD. when any great reliability attained07. I was supposed to go to a concert with your sister the other night, but your sister didn‟t turn up.I can‟t believe t have been ___.A. given upB. stood upC. left upD. taken up08. In time, the woman was persuaded to try this new form of discipline and to ____ a failure to go to time out by the withdrawal of some privilege.A. back offB. back upC. back downD. back with09. The government will prosecute those individuals who unlawfully possess ____ material.A. classifiedB. bizarreC. personalD. legitimate10. The structure of the global economy ___ that developing nations put all their efforts into raising cash—usually by exporting whatever virgin resources the industrial world might desire.A. dictatesB. regulatesC. allowsD. appeals11. U. S. Secretary of State Rice ___ a three-day trip to the Middle East with an agreement from Israeli and Palestinian leaders to hold meetings every two weeks.A. ended upB. wrapped upC. rounded upD. summed up12. Some readers, especially children, find his works among the most ___ books they have ever read.A. captivatingB. captivatedC. capturableD. captious13. He never felt that being disabled ___ him of all moral responsibility to himself and his community.A. releasedB. relievedC. removedD. relied14. A ____, he was probably one of the most realistic writers of his day.A. self-confessing romanticB. self-confessed romanceC. self-confessing romanceD. self-confessed romantic15. When he was in junior high at fourteen, his intelligence was such that he ___ among undergraduates than among schoolboys.A. would fit better inB. would have titled in betterC. fitted better inD. would have tired better16. The ___ manuscripts are still able to tell a lot about the author who charmed the world with his works several hundred years ago.A. extendedB. intentC. extantD. distant17. It was ____ to watch her condition deteriorate day by day.A. sympatheticB. patheticC. empathicD. pathic18. All the mountains are stunningly beautiful, and there are ___ valleys and the smell of peat from every cottage.A. woodenB. woodedC. woodingD. woods19. She wore long, heavy dresses, clothes that allowed ____ movement.A. minimum ofB. the minimum forC. her minimum ofD. a minimum of20. Hip replacement surgery is ____ joint replacement surgery in the U. S.A. the single most frequentB. the most single frequentC. the single frequentD. a single frequentPart 3: Cloze Test （10 P）Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.The strangest weather of last year was possibly not on Earth, but on the Sun. Every 11 years ____ the Sun goes through a cycle of sunspots-actually magnetic storms erupting across its surface. The number of sunspots ____ its minimum in 2007 and ____ have increased soon afterwards, but the Sun has remained strangely quiet since then. Scientists have been baffled as weeks and sometimes mouths have gone by without a single sunspot, in ____ is thought to be the deepest solar minimum for almost 100 years.This ____ of solar activity means that cosmic rays reaching Earth from space have increased and the planet‟s ionos phere in the upper atmosphere has sunk in ____ giving less drag on satellites and making collisions between them and space junk more likely. The solar minimum could also be cooling the climate on Earth because of slightly diminished solar irradiance, in fact, the quiet spell on the Sun may be ____ some of the warming effects of greenhouse gases, according to recent research by two US solar scientists. The solar minimum, their study suggests, accounts for the somewhat flat temperature trend of the past decade. But ____ if this solar minimum is offsetting global warming, scientists stress that the overall effect is relatively slight and certainly will not last. The Sun has gone into long quiet spells before. From 1645 to 1715 few sunspots were seen during a period called the Little Ice Age, when short summers and savage winters often plagued Northern Europe. Scotland was hit particularly ____ as harvests were ruined in cold, miserable summers, which led to famine, death, migration and huge depopulation. But whether the quiet Sun was entirely to blame for it remains highly ____.01. （）A. and soB. or soC. on soD. so on02. （）A. increasedB. gotC. reducedD. reachedA. shouldB. couldC. wouldD. might04. （）A. whichB. thatC. whatD. how05. （）A. muchB. lackC. numberD. amount06. （）A. highB. heightC. altitudeD. space07. （）A. makingB. causingC. decreasingD. masking08. （）A. evenB. whatC. in caseD. still09. （）A. hardB. severeC. harshD. heavy10. （）A. certainC. likelyD. uncertainPart 4: Reading ComprehensionPassage OneParkinson‟s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,” is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it: in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world‟s elderly population grows; indeed, Pakinson‟s and other neurodegenerative illness common in the elderly（such as Alzheimer‟s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis）are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.So far researchers and clinicians have found no way t o slow, stop or prevent Parkinson‟s. Although treatments do exist—including drugs and deep-brain stimulation—these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.As its 19th-century name suggests—and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson‟s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Micharl J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balan ce and coordination are among the disease‟s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are many and found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra areparticularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-turnes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delays, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.01. Which of the following statements about Parkinson‟s disease can be best supported by the passage?A. Parkinson‟s disease will become one of the leading causes of death for the old people.B. Parkinson‟s disease is not entirely one of the aged, as half of the patients are young people.C. Parkinson‟s disease first appeared in the 19th century.D. Parkinson‟s disease is a neurological disorder, but not yet a neurodegene rative illness.02. The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinson‟s disease can help ___.A. prevent Parkinson‟sB. alleviate the causes of Parkinson‟sC. find new avenues for treatment of Parkinson‟sD. cure Parkinso n‟s03. According to the passage, what causes Parkinson‟s disease?A. The dopaminergic nerve cells are impaired by the victim cells.B. The dopaminergic nerve cells can no longer coordinate movement.C. There are tumors in the brain.D. There are not enough dopaminergic neurons in the brain.04. Janet Reno and Michael J. Fox are mentioned in the passage because ___.A. they were experts on Parkinson‟s diseaseB. they made great efforts to fight Parkinson‟s diseaseC. they succeeded in fighting Parkins on‟s diseaseD. they were well-known sufferers of Parkinson‟s disease05. The primary purpose of this passage is to ___.A. analyze what causes Parkinson‟s diseaseB. demonstrate how to prevent Parkinson‟s diseaseC. warn the young people of the danger of Parkinson‟s diseaseD. present new movements in the study of Parkinson‟s diseasePassage TwoYet these global trends hide starkly different national and regional stories. Vittorio Colao, the boss of V odafone, which operates or partially owns networks in 31 countries, argues that the farther south you go, the more people use their phones, even past the equator: where life is less organized, people need a tool, for example to rejig appointments. “Culture influences the lifestyle, and the lifestyle influence s the way we communicate,” he says, “If you don‟t leave your phone on in a meeting in Italy, you me likely to miss the next one.”Other mundane factors also affect hew phones ale used. For instance, in countries where many people have holiday homes they are more likely to give out a mobile number, which then becomes the default where they can be reached, thus undermining the use of fixed-line phones. Technologies are always “both constructive and constructed by historical, social, and cultural contexts,” w rites Mizuko Ire, an anthropologist at the University of California in Irvine, who has co-edited a book on Japan‟s mobile-phone subculture.Indeed, Japan is a good example of how such subcultures come about. In the 1990s Americans and Scandinavians were early adopters of mobile phones. But in the next decade Japan was widely seen as the model for the mobile future, given its early embrace of the mobile internet. For some time Wired a magazine for technology lovers, ran a column called “Japanese sclnool girl watch”, serving readers with a stream of mobile oddities. The implication was that what Japanese schoolgirls did one day, everyone else would do the next.The country‟s mobile boom was arguably encouraged by underlying social conditions. Most teenagers had long used pagers to keep in touch, in 1999 NTT, Japan‟s dominant operator, launched i-mode, a platform for mobile-internet services. It allowed cheap e-mails between networks and the Japanese promptly signed up in droves for mobile internet. Ms Ito also points out that Japan is a crowded place with lots of rules. Harried teenagers, in particular, have few chances for private conversations and talking on tile phone in public is frowned ttpoi1, if not outlawed. Hence tile appeal of mobile data services.The best way to grasp Japan‟s mobile culture is to take a crowded commuter train. There are plenty of signs advising you not to use your phone. Every few minutes announcements are made to the same effect. If you do take a call, you risk more than disapproving gazes. Passengers may appeal to a guard who will quietly but firmly explain: dame desu? …—it‟s not allowed. Some studies suggest that talking on a mobile phone on a train is seen as worse than in a theatre. Instead, hashed passengers type away on their handsets or read mobile-phone novels （written Japanese allows more information to be displayed on a small screen than languages that use the Roman alphabet）.01. According to the passage, an Italian would leave his phone on in a meeting for which of the following reasons?A. He is afraid of missing a business opportunity.B. His family members may call him in emergency.C. He thinks it is rude to leave a call unanswered.D. He needs to get posted about the latest change in the work schedule.02. Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?A. How we use our phones reflect where we live.B. Technologies determine the way we communicate.C. Culture influences the development of technologies.D. Social conditions dictate the mobile future.03. The author suggests that Japan leads the world in the mobile-phone culture in that ____.A. the Japanese are the earliest mobile phone usersB. the Japanese are the chattiest mobile phone usersC. the Japanese use mobile internet early onD. Japan provides the best mobile phone services04. It can be inferred from the passage that the Japanese teenagers are fond of the mobile data services because ____.A. they like to play electronic gamesB. they like to talk to their friends on the phoneC. they can read novels on the phoneD. they can communicate with their friends more conveniently05. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on its content?A. the Japanese phone cultureB. culture and technologyC. all alike, all differentD. handy, if you are thriftyPassage ThreeToday‟s recyclers can now conceivably lay claim to a rich, bloody, brawny heritage, if a new Viking discovery is any indication. The famed Norse warriors, many of whom serried parts of eastern and northern England in the Middle Ages, recycled as they fought, new excavations in the United Kingdom suggest.An 11th-century metalworking site recently discovered in the city of York is likely evidence of a makeshift recycling center; where Vikings took weapons for reprocessing after battle, according to historian Charles Jones, organizer of the Fulford Battlefield Society, which advocates preserving the battle site against potential development.Jones and his team have found hundreds of pieces of ironwork—including axes, sword paints, and arrowheads--along with lumps of melted-down iron and the remains of smelting pits. “We found several …smithing hearth bottoms‟—the remains of the molten metal which dribbles down dining the reprocessing of the weaponry ironwork," he told the Y ork Press.” The iron finds support the idea that metal was gathered and recycled in the area just behind where the fighting took place," Jones said. The artifacts are currently undergoing x-ray analysis at the University of York. The university‟s Soren Sin dbaek said the tests should reveal whether the corroded items were forged using Norse ironwork, which involved using distinctive alloys of soft. iron and hard steel “The Vikings ware very skillful metalworkers,” said archaeologist Sindbaek. “Their weaponry is famous for the way iron is treated.” Any metal was a precious material that would be recycled, he added. “Whoever won a fight in this period would collect what was left on the battlefield.” Though he knows of no other battlefield examples of Viking recycling, evidence of reuse of metal and other materials has been found at other Viking sites, Sindbaek said. Recent excavations in York which was captured and settled by the Scandinavian seafarers in 866, for instance, show that Vikings recycled boats for building material for houses and even sidewalks.Jones believes Viking forces worked on the metal in 1066 after defeating English warriors at the Battle of Fulford, a village long since subsumed by the expanded city of York. The historian‟s team believes the Vikings were forced to abandon their recycling work five days later by a second English attack, the Battle of Stamford Bridge, led by England‟s King Harold It. The Viking leader in the battle, King Harold III of Norway, was killed and his forces routed. The English king lost his own life the following month, when his war-weary troops were defeated at the Battle of Hastings by William, Duke of Normandy, who became the new English king.Project leader Jones, author of The Forgotten Battle of 1066: Fulford, is an amateur historian, and mealy of the artifacts were uncovered not during professional archaeological excavations bet by metal detector enthusiasts. But that “doesn‟t at all devalue” the discovery, said archaeologist Allan Hall of the University of York. The Fulford Battlefield Society is “working in close cooperation with the archaeological establishment,” Hall said. “Archaeology has a long tradition of amateurs taking part.”01. What is said about today‟s recyclers at the beginning of this passag e?A. They recycle things that are discovered at the Viking settlements.B. They are as rich, bloody and brawny as their Viking ancestors.C. They may have inherited the recycling tradition from the Vikings.D. They recycle the same things that the Vikings recycled.02. Which of the following is train about the 11th century metalworking site recently discovered in the city of York?A. It was an ironwork recycling center far away from the battlefield.B. Weapons and other utensils were reprocessed here by the Vikings.C. Evidence shows that the weapons recycled here were left by the enemy in the battle.D. The pieces of ironwork found in this site are being analyzed in order to know what exactly they were made of.03. What had archaeologists known about Viking recycling before the weapon recycling center was discovered?A. Fine Vikings recycled metal and other materials for daily useB. The Vikings only recycled metals because they were precious.C. The Vikings were the only people at that time who used alloys in reprocessing weapons.D. Recycling centers were usually found behind the battlefields.04. What is special about the village of Fulford?A. It is near the city of York but was not included in the city in history.B. A battle took place here in 1066 after which the Viking recycling center was built to reprocess weapons.C. The Vikings defeated the English army twice here in the year 1066.D. It was the location of the battle between King Harold II and Duke of Normandy.05. What do we know about the Fulford Battlefield Society?A. It is an organization of professional and amateur historians.B. It strives for preserving the Viking recycling sire against potential development.C. It assisted professional archaeologists in the excavation of the Viking recycling center.D. It is an amateur organization cooperating closely with professional archaeologists.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.A study presented last week at the American Heart Association meeting suggests that mental relaxation produced by meditation may have physiological benefits, at least in the case of people with established coronary artery disease. Researchers followed about 200 high-risk patients for an average of five years. Among the 100 who meditated, there were 20 heart attacks, strokes and deaths; in the comparison group, there were 32. The meditators tended to remain disease-free longer and also reduced th eir blood pressure. “We found reduced blood pressure that was significant - that was probably one important mediator,” said Dr. Robert Schneider, director of the Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention in Fairfield, Iowa, who presented the findings. The study was conducted at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, in collaboration with the institute. Dr. Schneider suggested that the stress reduction produced by the meditation could cause changes in the brain that cut stress hormones and decelerate the processes associated with atherosclerosis.Part 5: Proofreading （10 P）Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered andunderlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash（/）and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words（in brackets）immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash（/）.Three Google executives were convicted Wednesday of violating Italian privacy laws in a ruling that the company denounced as an “astonishing” attack at freedom of expression on the Internet. The case involves online videos showing an autistic boy being bullied with classmates in Turin, which were posted in 2006 on Google Video, an online video-sharing service that Google ran before its acquisition of YouTube.Prosecutors charged that the videos violated Italian personal private protections. They said the clips were moved only after complaints from Vivi down, an Italian organization representing people with down syndrome, whose name was mentioned in the video.“We are definitely satisfied that someone has to take responsibility for this violating of privacy,” said Guido Camera, a lawyer for Vivi Down.Google said it planned to appeal, warned that the verdicts raised serious questions about the viability of user-generated content platforms like YouTube in Italy and potentially elsewhere in Europe.“If company em ployee like me can be held criminally liable for any video on a besting platform when they had absolute nothing to do with the video in question, then our liability is limited.” said one of the three executives. Peter Fleischer, Google‟s chief privacy coun sel.“The decision today therefore raises broader questions as the continued operation of many Internet platforms that are the essential foundations of freedom of expression in the digital age,” he said in a statement.Video-sharing services like Google Video and YouTube generally rely on users to notify them of potentially problematic content, which is then taken down if it violates the terms of service.Part 6: Writing. （15 P）Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on the Answer Sheet II.High-speed rail （HSR）develops at a high speed in China. Many people, however, prefer slow trains to HSR because of the high ticket price of the latter. In many cases, even airfare is not much higher than HSR fares. As the construction of HSRs is still gathering momentum in China, where do you think lays its competitiveness?。

2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。

河南大学2010年考博英语真题[1]

河南大学2010年博士生招生入学考试英语试卷注意：1、答案必须做在答题纸上，做在本试卷上一律不得分。

2、不得在试题和答题纸上作任何与答题无关的标记，否则以作弊论处。

Part 1. V ocabularyDirections: In this part there are 30 incompletes. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then put yourchoice in the corresponding blank on the Answer Sheet.(15%,0.5point for each )1. When she was a student, his father gave him a monthly towards his expense.A currencyB payC allowanceD permission2. The newly built Science Building seems enough to last a hundred years.A spaciousB sophisticatedC substantialD steady3. There is an undesirable nowadays to make firms showing violence.A directionB traditionC phenomenonD trend4. Competition, they believe, the national character rather than corrupt it.A enforcesB confirmsC intensifiesD strengthens5. Man closes his eyes quickly when a fly suddenly rushes to his face, we can call it theof human being.A volunteerB stimulationC instinctD nature6. Without a wholehearted to a keen forward-looking vision and a deep insight, you can not be a leader.A obligationB determinationC resolutionD commitment7. John planned to take part in the competition but had to on account of the car accident.A. break out B get out C drop out D look out8. My university courses are not really to the needs of the students or their future employers.A associatedB relativeC gearedD sufficient9. The population question courses as well as well as some other issues is going to be discussed when the congress is in again next spring.A assemblyB sessionC conferenceD convention10. When at the party, be sure not to form the person who tries to encourage you in conversation.A turn awayB turn downC turn offD turn back11. We were so fascinated by the Yangtze River that we spent hours sitting no its bank and gazing at the passing boats and rafts.A medianB mightyC measurableD maximal12. Accuracy and expressiveness are two in translation, the first is to express the exact thought of the original article and the second is to make the translation readily understood.A acquisitionsB requisitesC requestsD inquires13. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read the letters from their families.A affectionateB sentimentalC intimateD sensitive14. Although the pay is not good, people usually find social work in other way.A payableB respectfulC gratefulD rewarding15. It is well known that Knowledge is the condition for expansion of mind.A incompatibleB incredibleC indefiniteD indispensable16. Teachers set up those for no other purpose than to challenge the students to overcome them.A. principles B obstacles C standards D goals17. Try as we would, they could not be brought to give their .A consentB complaintC contentD completion18. My passport last month, so I will have to get a new one.A elapsedB expiredC endedD terminated19. Today paper houses are holding up well under the forces of nature and are more people than at first.A furnishingB containingC providingD accommodating20. During the night a person’s temperature may drop one or two degrees, and it can be difficult tohim in the morning if his body hasn’t become hot yet.A ariseB arouseC arouseD rise21. In order to their difference, both generation must realize that the world has changed, that new responses are necessary for many of the problems of society.A deduceB reconcileC complementD compensate22. The most efficient of practice or study sessions varies with the kind of material being learned.A distinctionB distributionC diversionD domination23. This is the first draft of the books. Please feel perfectly free to it.A cope withB comment onC complainD confirm24. If you can convince the interviewer of your special qualifications, your change of being accepted will be greatly .A appreciatedB encouragedC frustratedD enhanced25. An extra part was added to the house in 1850, which spoilt the of its front.A symmetryB synthesisC strategyD similarity26. Interest rates generally in a cyclical manner depending upon the strength and weakness of the economic.A flushB flattenC minimizingD magnifying27. Unlike a judge, who must act alone, a jury discusses a case and reaches its decision as a group, thus the effect of individual bias.A maximizingB strengtheningC minimizingD magnifying28. I with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A expressB confessC verifyD acknowledge29. Knowledge, experience and pleasure can be from good reading.A deprivedB derivedC ensuredD guaranteed30. It was a small country house but it was large urban standards.A atB forC withD byPart II StructureDirections:In this part there are 15 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenput your choice in the corresponding blank on the Answer Sheet.（15%，1 point foreach）31. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.A to have caughtB to catchC catchingD having caught32. Great efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortageavoided.A is to beB can beC will beD has been33. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently popular with all members.A being consideredB consideringC to be consideredD having considered34. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be near what’s needed.A everywhereB somewhereC nowhereD anywhere35. For there successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.A isB to beC will beD being36. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A so thatB but thatC in thatD provided that37. Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 yearsit has warned in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.A as long asB as much asC as soon asD as well as38. The business of each day, selling goods or shopping them, went quite smoothly.A it beingB be itC was itD it was39. for her anthropological research. Miss Meal also was involved with the World Federation Mental Health.A Noted primarilyB Nothing primarilyC Being primarily notedD having primarily noted40. Tom slowed down his walking pace, himself for acting so foolishly, for there was nothing to fear in a town as quiet as this.A. ashaming of B to be ashamed of C ashamed of D having ashamed of41. Collin’s stru ggle to make a place for herself as ballet is the kind of life story a fascinating novel might be written.A of whichB about whichC by whichD for which42. I know nothing about the matter I have read in the newspaperA. but what B but that C in that D beyond what43. The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half .A of last year’sB those of last year’sC of that of last year’sD of those of last year44. It isn’t cold enough for there a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.A would beB beingC wasD to be45 The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree the students’ potentiality is developed.A of whichB with whichC in whichD to whichPart III. Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are three passages. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.After reading the passage, you should decide on the best choices and then put yourchoice in the corresponding blank on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 2point for each) Question 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso, i.e. great artists, inventors and scientist —a selected and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive of lucky few disregards the creative and imaginative aspects inherent in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to face —— the discovery and development of new methods and techniques, the improvement of oldmethods, existing inventions and products.Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posting oneself a problem and then originating or inventing a solution along new and unconventional lines. It involves drawing new analogies, discovering new combinations, and/or new applications of things that are already known. It follows, then, that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information which he will be able to sort out and combine, in the solution of problems. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventional ideas and will be less interested in facts than in their implications. Most important of all, he will be able to communicate uninhibitedly and will not be too concerned about other people’s reaction to his apparently “crazy” notions. People called the Wright brothers mad but it did not stop them from becoming the first men to construct and fly a heavier-than-air craft.46. The author believes that creative thinking .A is only possessed by great artistsB requires rare talent and geniusC is needed in the solution of many problems.D belongs to a lucky few47. In order to solve scientific problems, peopleA should not be afraid of what others thinkB should be madC must possess crazy notionsD should have inhibitions48. Creative thinking involvesA drawing new pictures of old thingsB observing the action of great peopleC finding the problems and originating a solutionD discovering new emotion49. A creative person shouldA not be interested in factsB look at facts for what they implyC be more interested in applying new ideas than in factsD be emotional when he looks at facts50. Which is the following is true?A. A creative person is emotional B Creative people are few and luckyC Most people are creativeD Anyone has some creativity Question 51 to 55are based on the following passage.Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught— to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle—compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, gave him the answer book. Let him correct him own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find th e way to get the right answer. Let’s end all nonsense of grades, exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own outstanding, how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help asschool teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life in nonsense in a w orld as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say,“But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get on in the world”Don’t worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.51. What does the author think is the best way for the children to learn things?A by copying what other people doB by making mistakes and having them correctedC by listening to explanations from skilled peopleD by asking a great many questions52. What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?A .They give children correct answerB They point out children’s mistakes to themC They allow children to mark their own workD They encourage children to copy from one another53. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are .A. not really important skillsB more important than other skillsC basically different from learning adult skillsD basically the same as learning other skills54. Exams, grades and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be estimated by .A. educated persons B teachersC the children themselvesD parents55. The author fears that children will grow up into adults who are .A too independent of othersB too critical themselvesC unable to think for themselvesD unable to use basic skills Question 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.(facts) Even in the true science distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited (使不相信). The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that and specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at stratifying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes —for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. Is this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their finding would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic(抱歉) about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.56. To define science we may simply call it .A the study of unrelated fieldsB classified knowledgeC the study of unrelated subjectsD an attempt to explain natural phenomena57. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope, .A is not always as pure as we supposeB necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cellC may l ead to antiscientific, “impure” resultsD necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery a cell58. Which of the following statements does the author imply?A. In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fictionB Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure scienceC Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveriesD Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.59. A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach .A. pure scienceB. environmental scienceC. applied scienceD. agricultural science60. The best title for the passage is .A Hypotheses and TheoriesB On Distinguishing Fact from FictionC The Nature of Science and ScientistsD Biology and the Scientific AgePart IV. TranslationDirections: Read the following passage and translate it into Chinese. Put your translation on the Answer Sheet. (20%).Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and general and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year ,or manured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conquer or general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savage is good, but it is not be civilized.Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that side which has killed most has won. It means that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the greatest wars in history, in which millions of people do not fight and kill each other in the streets, that is to say, we have got to stage of keeping the rules an behaving properly to each other in daily life while nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.Part V. WritingDirections: Since the last decade foreign language examination has always been a perquisite ( 先决条件) for promotion in professional titles. Recently there is the heated discussion about this kind of examination. Some people even denounce it as something stupid that wasted both-energy and money. There is no practical use at all. In this part you are required to write a comment of about 250 words on this kind of examination. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet. (20%)。

博士基础英语考试资料(复习使用版)

科技英语翻译1.当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。

总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。

我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了，自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到别人选择（社会认同）的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。

1.The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in today’s society, and has contribute d to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy among consumers.We’re told that we can choose the type of life we live, the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out. But while we bask in the false promise of mastery, we forget that the choices we make are often irrational-either linked to other people’s choices (what is socially acceptable), or our own unconscious motives.2.鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；双方兹就下列内容达成一致：2. Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products; and whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A. Now Therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows:3.版权是一种无形资产。

北京大学博士英语真题2010年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

北京大学博士英语真题2010年(总分90, 做题时间180分钟)Part Two: Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most **plete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Only when faced with overwhelming evidence of being treated differently than the men who surrounded me______, briefly, with the notion that I was different in gender-related ways from my male colleagues.SSS_SINGLE_SELA that I dealtB I dealtC then I dealtD did I deal该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D本题答案是D。

本题考查倒装结构。

Only用于句首时，引导部分倒装结构。

又因为句子为主从复合句，则从句用正常语序，主句用部分倒装。

选项中只有D 项符合倒装结构。

2.______only one moving soul in the center of all the orbits that is the sun which drives the planets the more vigorously the closer the planet is.SSS_SINGLE_SELA As existsB Although existingC There existsD Where existing该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C[解析] 本题答案是C。

金榜：四川大学2010年考博英语资料答案

2009年11月英语资料答案一、阅读理解passage I CBDBC passage II BDDBC passage III CDABC passage IV CCDBD passage V CDABD passage VI BCBBCpassage1 CBCAC passage2 CDDDA passage3 CCBD passage4 ADCDD passage5 DBACD passage6 ADDBA 二、词汇1-20 CDBBB BAACD DCCAC BADAD21-40 ABDDC CBABA BBACC BACDB41-60 BCCBA CAAAC ACDAC CCBBA61-80 BABAC ADDCB BDCCC DDDBC81-100 ACDCC BBDDB BBBDA CAADB101-120 CABAA DBCDA DACCB ADDAC121-140 BDCBC BDCDD BABCA CBBCC141-160 BABBB AADAB CDDAD CACBD161-180 CCDAC ADBDD ABCCA DCBBD181-200 ADABA ABDBD BCABA DACDC201-220 DAADA BCCCA BDBDA DDAAB221-240 DDCCA BCACC ADBAC CCBAD241-250 BCABA CABBD完型填空(1)DBBDA CBDBA AABAD ADABB(2) BDAAD ACADB BDCAD BBBAC(3) BBCDA DADAC BDDAC BCDBA2009年12月英语资料答案3-1 BADA 3-2 BDCC 3-3 BCADA 3-4 ADADB 3-5 -- 4-3 无讲课录音4-4 BCAB4-5 BCADB4-6 CADBA2010年1月模拟套题一阅读理解1-5 BCDDD 6-10 ACDAC 11-15 DCBAC16-20 DABAC 21-25 DCCAC 26-30 CBCDA词汇DDCAC BDACA BCBCB CADBB完型填空无录音模拟套题二阅读理解1-5 BCCAD 6-10 DBCAB 11-15 BDDAA 16-20 CBDDB 21-25 DDDAA 26-30 BCBAD 词汇BCBAB ADCAB BBDAA BAACB完型填空CBADC ADBDC ADBAD ABCDD模拟套题三阅读理解1-5 CCBBB 6-10 CCBCC11-13(1月3日下午1：10分到1：30) 未公布答案14-15DD 16-20DCBDB 21-25 BACDB 16-20 CDCBA词汇BBCAC CBCAA ABBCA BCADD完型填空CBACA DADDA CBACA ADCBA模拟套题四阅读理解DDDCD CBCBD BBBCBCABBC DADBC ABBAD词汇DBCBA DBCAA CDCDD ACCAB完型填空ABBCD AABBA CBBAB ABCCD汉译英1.Building a well-off society for 1.3 billion people is an impressive landmark in thehistory of Chinese nation.2. A strong and stable country developing in such a rapid and orderly way is notonly a sound safeguard for Hong Kong’s stability and prosperity; it opens upunprecedented opportunities to build an even better Hong Kong.3.Chengdu, the central city in Southwest China is a city with a long history of over2300 years and has made particularly noticeable achievements regardingimprovement of the city’s environment.4.Only by understanding and addressing the needs of individuals for peace, fordignity, and for security can we at the United Nations hope to live up to the honor conferred today, and fulfill the vision of our founders.5.With the improvement of its comprehensive national strength and itsinternational status, China is now increasingly remarkable in the internationalarena. Meanwhile, there is an increasingly keen desire from the outside world to learn about China.6.The cultural tie plays a unique role in the Sino-French relation, so it is a directconcern of the leaders of both countries and a landmark of their relation.7.We see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creative societiesin the world as demonstrated by all the knowledge and potential right here in this room.8.As an important foreign trade and international exchange port in China,Shenzhen has made the brilliant achievements in the urban construction andboasts the city with a fine environment for both investment and tourism.9.China is a country with and age-old history, a brilliant civilization, andmagnificent landscapes.10.As far as the international cooperation is concerned, China has been cooperatingwith WHO, other international organizations, regional organizations, someAfrican countries and developed countries in the area of prevention and treatment of AIDS.11.I believe the holding of the Expo would give Shanghai an arena for internationalchanges and help speed up the city’s move to keep up with the gl obal trend of development.12.Now vigorous efforts have been made throughout the country to transform theeconomic system and mode of economic growth, to implement the strategy ofrejuvenation our country by relying on science and education and achievingsustainable development.13.China’s development in the past twenty years and more has pr oved that persistingin reform and opening-up and building a Chinese-style socialism are consistent with China’s national conditions and the shared aspiration of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups.14.The Chinese people have set an ambitious goal of building China into aprosperous , democratic and civilized socialist country that will enjoymodernization by the middle of this century, and they are striving for the great renaissance of the Chinese nations.15.One of the main reasons for the gap between developing and developed countriesin information technologies is the lack of knowledge and human resources.16.What we do with information technology and how we use it, will determine oursuccess industrially and as a society for years to come.17.One of the most interesting thing is the fact that computers are getting smaller,more portable, more powerful and cheaper every single day.18.Over the past two decades, China, as an Asian country, has made great economicachievements by unswervingly adhering to the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world. Its economic growth is boosting up and its living standardkeeps improving.19.China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen,strategists, scientists, writers and artists, who left us numerous volumes ofliterature.20.After the Opium War, generation after generation of enlightened Chinese peoplehave, for national rejuvenation, spared no efforts in learning from Westerncountries advanced science and cultural achievements in combination withChina’s realities and pushing for China’s social reforms and development.。

2008~2010年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2008年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art.The auction-rooms as Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.1. Why is the end of the bidding called “knocking down”?A. Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.B. Because the auctioneers knocks the rostrum down.C. Because the goods are knocked down on to the table.D. Because the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer.2. The Romans used to sell by auction _____.A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemyD. spears3. A candle used to burn at auction sales _____.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made4. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots”out of the order because _____.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers【答案与解析】1.D 根据第一段“This is called “knocking down”the goods, for the bidding endswhen the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands.”可知“knocking down”是“锤子落地的动作”，表示交易完成，故选项D正确。

考博英语阅读资料10篇附答案

考博英语阅读资料Unit OnePassage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage.Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid deliveryis essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption ofgoods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories buildup, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retailstores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agriculturalproduct could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would,of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit toconsumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would beforced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, wouldraise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety ofproducts. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bondedwarehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid beforethey are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com-panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plantdoes not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distributioncenter allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is tominimize storage andto ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than buildup extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very largecorporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy.Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of abadly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hareand the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal sufferingnot only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death. The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or tothe same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never losthis acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to beginwith and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries anddisorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue toplaywith a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, buthe will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. Weare told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so;what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscularcontractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed eventcould be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in whichgases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events thathave not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. Theremay be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information andperforming experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules HenriPoincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collectionof facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned abouta particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part ofthe investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinkingbeyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose anddirection. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.D) Education involves many years of professional training.20. The passage is organized by ___A) listing and discussing several educational problemsB) contrasting the meanings of two related conceptsC) narrating a story about excellent teachersD) giving examples of different kinds of schoolsPassage 5The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century Americanphilosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its rootslie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to creditThoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand, and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the1960'S.What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an actof civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. Thisis true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radicallythe legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then used its victories asa springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest dependson its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail--us-ually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closestin meaning to _____.A) inappropriate B) revealing C) insignificantD) challenging22. In the passage, the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______.A) focused its early efforts on public transportationB) did not always practice civil disobedienceC) started in nineteenth centuryD) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model23. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be donepublicly?A) To alter the legal system in radical way.B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.C) To stimulate public support for a cause.D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.A) it helps convince the public to support their causeB) they usually do so unwillinglyC) it is because their protest has not gone according to planD) they are always released almost immediately25. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________.A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessaryB) provides an extensive history of civil disobedienceC) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedienceD) defines the concept of civil disobediencePassage 6In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United Statesdid not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tediumof life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population northe disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farmdwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanksto the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time fordoing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the dailyroutine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group workprovided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting,skating, and swimming.But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "the pursuitof pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent. B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary. D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities.Passage 7For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing withmankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge that is intrinsic and consubstautial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasinglymore truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy andautonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will haveimmediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionaryscope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall aweN-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful,it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to studythe nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which wecan scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, be-cause the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, the foundation forpractical results would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been soughtdisinterestedly.31. The most important advances made by mankind come from __.A) technical applications B) apparently useless informationC) the natural sciences D) philosophy32. The word "Utopians" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __.A) idealists B) Greek mathematiciansC) scientists D) true human33. In the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss __.A) the value of technical research B) the value of pure researchC) philosophy D) unforeseen discoveries34. The word "resign" in the 6th sentence in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning toA) dismiss B) quit C) remark D) submit35. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __.A) "Technical Progress"B) "A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing"C) "Man's Distinguishing Characteristics"D) "The Function of Theoretical Knowledge as Compared to Its Practical Applications"Passage 8In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn oneither art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadowplay screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs orcraftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, thiswas the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, therecent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes andears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him inthe store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story ofthe frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations ofthe first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the"accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessarysubstitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers whoneeded the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale,but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions.Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes whichtook hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplementedby national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.36. This article is based on the idea that ________.A) people today no longer follow modelsB) People attach little importance to whoever they followC) people generally pattern their lives after modelsD) People no longer respect heroes37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.A) inspiring literate immigrantsB) frustrating educated immigrantsC) preventing the assimilation of immigrantsD) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______A) toward realism B) toward fantasyC) against the teaching of morals D) away from realism39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____A) a logical evolution of ideas B) widespread moral decayC) the influence of the press D) a philosophy of plenty40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaningto ______.A) presentations B) misinterpretationsC) influences D) limitationsPassage 9The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literatureand drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principlethat conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost alwaysturns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense—iswidespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. Ifthese standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter andnot as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflictcan at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and ofthe virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crimeand Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, asportrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the worldof Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyesboth good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takessides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Patonsees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and isresponsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is notevoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action.Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, fullof sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldlyindifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non-dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics isthe _____.A) relativistic view of morals B) greater concern with religionC) emphasis on evil D) greater concernwith universals42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____A) relative B) unimportantC) constantly in conflict D) dramatically neutralized43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, heis commenting on the ___A) length of the novelB) indifference to the moral behavior of the charactersC) monotony of the storyD) sensational depravities of the book44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be-cause of Paton's ____.A) insight into human behaviorB) behavioristic beliefsC) treatment of good and evil as abstractionsD) willingness to make moral judgments45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A) shut B) attend C) show D) avoidPassage 10African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990sthere has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due toa very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience thananticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidatefor expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs,why have they not received full scale support7Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players haveconvinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely.Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of ANation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment.These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also seasonthem with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerousenough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved; unfortunately these filmsalso validate the pathologies they depict. The constant projection of the black community as akind of urban Wild Kingdom, the glamorization of tragic situations, and the celebration of innercity drug dealers and gangsters has a programming effect on black youth. The power of music infilm is a particularly seductive and propagandistic force which in the recent crop of African-American films has rarely been used in a positive social manner. What flows from this combination of factors is a policy of market exploitation rather thanmarket development, evidenced by the fact that any number of films may open to 1,500 screensin one week, only to totally disappear in less than a month. This restricted body of film products erodes the genre's long-term viability, particularly with the more fickle non-African-American- can audiences and foreign audiences. Furthermore, when African-American actors begin toemerge as stars, their projects are usually designed to be "more" than a black film, such thatany success that follows is therefore perceived not as a reflection of the viability of African-American filmmaking but as the broader pursuit of celebrity.46. According to the passage, all wise managers think that ___A) the industry of black film would increase in the future。

10年博士入学考试-基础英语

华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1.To most people, marriage is a_______ affair.A. love-and-hatredB. now or neverC. win-win situationD. give-and-take2.We tried to settle the argument but ________ nothing.A. finishB. completedC. endedD. accomplished3.We should settle our difference by ______________ not by war.A. assignmentB. compromiseC. securityD. appointment4.Tramps as pioneers? It seemed absurd. I kept _____ the idea _____.A. pondering, aboutB. mulling, aboutC. thinking, ofD. speculating, on5.People become _____ the place they live in.A. associated withB. attached toC. appreciative ofD. attachable with6.Since the days of Columbus, America has been another name for opportunity,where one seems to accomplish _______.A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. little7.No matter how difficult the problem is, he can handle it _____.A. at equal easeB. of equal easeC. with equal easeD. from equal ease8.The successful tramps would be ______ the pioneers.A. equalB. equal ofC. equal toD. equals9.I t’s likely for the outstanding ones to stand out ______ the rest.A.offB. ofC. fromD. aboveB.10.It’s human nature to _____ wealth ____ reach and neglect happiness already______.A.crave, within, within reachB.crave for, out of, in handC.chase after, beyond, beyond reachD.seek after, within, out of hand11.___ her surprise, migrant workers are __________.A.Out of, a tough and hard-working lotB.To, a diligent and cheerful lotC.To, diligent and tough lots.D.Out of, tough and hard-working lot12.When asked whether it’s the ______ he is _____, the answer, after some ____, isinvariably the same.A.money, after, hesitantB.money, craving for, thoughtC.money, chasing after, considerateD.money, craving, thinking13.Resourceful as the general was, he let ____ spread that he would attack on acertain day next month.A. the wordB. wordC. a wordD. words14.The ______ would perish in a world of fierce competition.A.adaptableB. adaptedC. inadaptableD. adaptive15.It’s easy for the tramps to ______ temper and get _____ with the steady job.A.lose, sickB. control, fed upC. lose, fed upD. control, sick and tired16.We genuinely ______ your opinion and your suggestion.A. appreciate ofB. valueC. evaluate asD. estimate about17.The Empire State Building is a famous______ on the New York skyline.A.stumbling blockB.stepping blockndmarkD.spring board18.The teacher tried to _____ the new boy ____ by letting him say something abouthis hometown.A. draw…forB. draw…backC. draw… awayD. draw… upon19.The grass was ____ with dew. Drops of water _______ in the sun.A.full, sparkledB.wet, sparkledC.filled, gleamedD.abundant, gleamed20.What he said last night is ______ a nuisance than it should be.A. more ofB. less thanC. just asD. more likePart II: Reading Comprehension (15%).Direction: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage One:Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A.D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so thatby 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.21. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economicrevival preceding cultural revival was reversed.(B) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion thatlasted until 1453.(C) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and itseconomic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.(D) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows culturalrebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.22. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic,and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closelyinterrelated in different societies.(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar,they are unrelated to other historical examples23. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces24. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case ofByzantium(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists25. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, th ough producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: thepower of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.26. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(A) earnings of the person at time of death(B) wealth of the party causing the death(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed27. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(B) required constant supervision while working(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school28. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield(B) present the central thesis of a recent book(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon29. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?(A) The average size of families grew considerably(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.30. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in(A) the mortality rate(B) the nature of industry(C) the nature of the family(D) attitudes toward reform movementsQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent to the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918.It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence.The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries – tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.31. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source ofinformation in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910(D) The federal census of 191032. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to herargument?(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of thecountry.(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses theentire industrial sector.33. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.34. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker's decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states35. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information(D) challenge a widely accepted explanationPart III: Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10%):1. 分析人士对浮动的美元会走向何方看法不一。

2010年北京大学考博英语真题

2010年北京大学考博英语真题Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET. Section A: Conversations (5%)Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.1.Which is NOT the purpose of Mr. Lewis’ visit?A.To see friends.B.To give concerts.C.To vacation.D.To give private lessons.2.What kind of cello did Mr. Lewis use when he was eight?A. A full-sized cello.B. A half-sized cello.C. A two-thirds-sized cello.D.It is not mentioned.3.What is true about Mr. Lewis’ cello?A.He always takes it with him.B.It was made by his uncle.C.He borrowed it from his uncle.D.He got a seat free for his cello.Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.4.What is the main purpose of the research?A.To make preparations for a new publication.B.To learn how couples spend their weekends.C.To know how housework is shared.D.To investigate what people do at the weekend.5.What does the man do on Fridays?A.He goes to exercise classes.B.He goes sailing.C.He goes to the cinema.D.He stays at home.6.On which day does the couple always go out?A.Friday.B.Saturday.C.Sunday.D.Any weekday.7.Which personal detail does the man give?A.Surname.B.First name.C.Address.D.Age.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.8.What conclusion can we draw about Mike before he went to the camping school?A.He was eager to do the course.B.He had done outdoor activities.C.He enjoyed life in the open.D.He was reluctant and timid.9.Mike participated in all the following activities EXCEPT _______.A.hiking.B.canoeingC.swimmingD.camping10.Which of the following words is most appropriate to describe Mike after thecamping school?A.Independent.B.Strong.C.Determined.D.Persistent.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.11.What happened on January 27th, 1967?A.Three men were injured during a fire.B.One man died during the fire accident.C. A fire started inside a spaceship.D. A spaceship was launched.12.What happened in 1981?A.The space program was suspended.B.Five men were injured during an accident.C.The accident occurred before the rehearsal.D.No accident happened that year.13.What does the talk say about accidents？A.Accidents are unavoidable.B.Accidents can be avoided.C.Human beings are always careless.D.There should be more precautions.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.14.BBC’s weather forecast is a ______ program.A.seldom watchedB.little knownC.newD.popular15.Weather observations come from all the following sources EXCEPT _______.putersB.satellitesC.the groundD.radar16.What does the talk say about BBC’s forecasters?A.They read from script.B.They are professional.C.They use a map for presentation.D.They care about their clothes.17.What does the talk say about British television viewers?A.They remember what they saw on weather forecasts.B.They like talking about weather instead of watching.C.They pay more attention to the style of the presenters.D.They watch and remember what is necessary.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.18.Which is NOT showing an increase this year?A.Number of tourists.B.Holiday travelers.C.Shopping.D.Dining and entertaining.19.What does the talk say about this year’s business travelers?A.There are fewer business travelers.B.There are more business travelers.C.The number remains the same as last year’s.D.It is not mentioned in the talk.20.Which is the largest single visitor expenditure?A.Hotel accommodation.B.Meals.C.Shopping.D.Entertainment.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a report on the strong link between sleep and fatal accident. Some words are taken out and you are expected to fill in the missing words as you listen. The report will be read TWICE and you will have one minute to check your work. Then put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Now listen to the report.Inadequate rest means a weaker (C1)__________ system, laying the body open to a whole(C2) ________ of illnesses. On the average a man needs seven hours of sleep a day and awoman seven and a (C3)__________ hours. Six hours of (C4) __________ sleep is better than tenhours of (C5)__________ and turning, however. People who sleep less than six hours a night are(C6) __________ for an early death.Some people (C7)__________ that they can get by with little sleep when necessary. Butexperts think these people are (C8) ___________ themselves.Between sleep (C9)__________ and fatal accidents there is an obvious (C10) __________.People who get (C11) ___________ sleep or poor quality sleep have a higher risk of(C12) __________ on the road. They are more likely to fall asleep at the (C13)__________and kill people or get killed. Professional drivers and (C14) __________ workersaremost likely to take the (C15) __________.The performance at work also (C16)__________because of sleep deprivation.The pressures of work deprive people of sleep. To make it up, they try to(C17) __________ catnaps. But experts are a little (C18) __________ about the benefits ofcatnapping. They tell us that the catnap can never be a (C19) __________ for propersleep.For victims of (C20) ___________ , catnapping in the day is the worst thing theycan possiblydo.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: In each question decide which of the four choices given will mostsuitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choiceson the ANSWER SHEET.21. The nuclear family a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composedof father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22. Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe thatelderly Americans are by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23. In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24. In the past 50 years, there ___ a great increase in the amount of research ___on the human brain.A. was…didB. has been… to be doneC. was… doingD. has been…done25. “I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like_____. ““We told you not to eat at a restaurant. You’d better _ __ at home when you are not in the shape.”A. to throw up… to eatB. throwing up… eatingC. to throw up.. eatD. throwing up.. eat26. Parents have to show due concerns to their children’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _________ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27. According to psychoanalysis, a person’s attention is attracted ___ __ by the intensity of different signals by their context, significance, and information content.A. not less than….asB. as…just asC. so much…asD. not so much …. as28. They moved to Portland in 1998 and lived in a big house, __ __ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. its windows openedD. the windows of which opening29. The lady who has _______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to be a distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30. Bystanders, ________, _______ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31. Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US ________ closed for an apparent security review.A. ConsulationB. ConstitutionC. ConsulateD. Consular32. American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ________ thelegendaryO’Neal, who _______ the “Great Wall” at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los AngelesLakers.A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33. Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _______ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34. She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house. “I actually think there’s something about the _______ of paper that feels more comforting,” she said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35. “They said what we always knew,”said an administration source, ____________________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC. who asked not be namedD. who asked not named36. In Germany, the industrial giants DaimlerChrysler and Siemens recently _______ their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37. He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has left the country _______.A. energizedB. enervatedC. nervedD. enacted38. The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he is a terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC. pure and simpleD. as pure and simple39. This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and to a rapid and terrible _______ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40. _______ a declining birth rate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 schools idle.A. Coupled with, equals toB. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by somequestions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passagescarefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneThe HeroMy mother’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army。

博士考试试题及答案英语

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

厦门大学博士考试英语真题2010年_真题无答案

厦门大学博士考试英语真题2010年(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence.1.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ______ the speakers stopped for refreshments.SSS_SINGLE_SELA at largeB at intervalsC at caseD at random2.When traveling, you are advised to take traveler's checks, which provide a secure ______ to carrying your money in cash.SSS_SINGLE_SELA substituteB selectionC preferenceD alternative3.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ______ character.SSS_SINGLE_SELA graciousB suspiciousC uniqueD particular4.Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this ______ produces artificial cold surrounding it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA absorptionB transitionC consumptionD interaction5.Language, culture, and personality may be considered ______of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.SSS_SINGLE_SELA indistinctlyB separatelyC irrelevantlyD independently6.Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ______ the birth of Jesus Christ.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in accordance withB in terms ofC in favor ofD in honor of7.To survive in the intense **petition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.SSS_SINGLE_SELA improveB enhanceC guaranteeD gear8.To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed ______ and means of packing.SSS_SINGLE_SELA specimensB inspectionsC samplesD specifications9.Many of the conditions that population pressures- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness______ lead to dissatisfaction.SSS_SINGLE_SELA bring forwardB give rise toC feed up withD result from10.Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily______ for a month or a year as for a single day.SSS_SINGLE_SELA put upB stay upC speed upD make up11.The fact that the earth's surface heats ______ provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.SSS_SINGLE_SELA infrequentlyB irregularlyC unsteadilyD unevenly12.If a **es too close to its nest, the mockingbird ______a set of actions to protect its offspring.SSS_SINGLE_SELA hastensB releasesC devisesD initiates13.How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be______ to tourist spending?SSS_SINGLE_SELA attributedB appliedC contributedD attached14.Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and ______ for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ingredientB relianceC shelterD inclination15.Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to ______ wonderful bargains in the market.SSS_SINGLE_SELA pickupB bump intoC pileupD bring back16.Scientists are searching for the oldest tree______ because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.SSS_SINGLE_SELA livelyB aliveC livingD live17.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City ______ shock and anger throughout the world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA temptedB provokedC summonedD enveloped18.A 1994 World Bank report concluded that ______ girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.SSS_SINGLE_SELA enrollingB assigningC involvingD consenting19.The UN official said aid programs will be ______until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.SSS_SINGLE_SELA multipliedB arrestedC spannedD suspended20.Despite almost universal______of the vital importance of women's literacy, education remains a dream for far many women in far too many countries of the world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA confessionB identificationC acknowledgementD compliment21.Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now______much of their food.SSS_SINGLE_SELA deliverB importC produceD develop22.Because Jenkins neither______ nor defends either management or the striking workers, both sides admire his journalistic______SSS_SINGLE_SELA criticizes...acumenB attacks...neutralityC confronts...aptitudeD dismisses...flair23.Some anthropologists claim that a few apes have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only______ their trainers.SSS_SINGLE_SELA imitatingB condoningC instructingD acknowledging24.It is ironic that the ______ insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mereSSS_SINGLE_SELA original...clichesB banal...beliefsC dubious...habitsD philosophical...questions25.The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable ______, when weight loss ______ if not stops.SSS_SINGLE_SELA moods...acceleratesB feasts...haltsC holidays...contractsD plateaus...slows26.Since the author's unflattering references to her friends were so______, she was surprised that her ______ were recognized.SSS_SINGLE_SELA laudatory...stylesB obvious...anecdotesC oblique...allusionsD critical...eulogies27.If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the ______ of morality?SSS_SINGLE_SELA regulationB basisC beliefD collapse28.Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be ______, and therefore ______ extemal factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.SSS_SINGLE_SELA learned...immune toB innate...unaffected byC intricate...belong toD specific...confused with29.Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy ______ at any price.SSS_SINGLE_SELA orB emancipationC hopeD liberty30.As a person **bines care with __, **pleted her duties with ______ as well as zeal.SSS_SINGLE_SELA levity...resignationB enthusiasm...meticulousnessC vitality...willingnessD empathy...rigorPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Going Green After GrayVisanto Melina, R. D., got the surprise of her career last year, when Seattle-based vegetarian nutritionist was asked to give a seminar on vegetarianism at a senior citizen center. "I thoughtthere'd be four or five people." she says. Instead, the room was packed with seniors who had paid a $ 5 fee to hear her advice. Andtheir interest in better health wasn't only keen; it was informed. "They've obviously been paying attention to new research," she says. If Melina studied demographic trends for a living, she probably wouldn't have been so surprised. Trend watchers have verified an intriguing new phenomenon. Older people are turning to a vegetarian diet in ever-increasing numbers. Not surprisingly, demographics are driving the drift. By the year 2005, people born between 1949 and 1963 the Baby Boom Generation, will make up 38 percent of the American population. Furthermore, statistics suggest this educated, health-conscious, rebellious and relatively affluent contingent fits the traditional vegetarian profile. Add to the fact that older people seek natural, pleasant ways to combat problems associated with aging--weight gain, higher cholesterol and blood pressure, increased cancer risk and impaired digestion- and you have real motivation to go meatless, says Suzanne Havala, R. D., author of the American Dietetic Association's position paper on vegetarianism.Quantifying this new trend isn't easy, but a 1994 study by Health Focus Inc., an independent research organization based in Des Moines, Iowa, found that shoppers over age 50 are cutting down on their consumption of red meat or eliminating it from their diets entirely. **pelling evidence for the senior surge toward **es from vegetarian groups nationwide, which report a swell in the ranks of older vegetarians. For example, one out of five members of the new Syracuse (N. Y.) Area Vegetarian Education Society is over 50; unusually high for a fledgling organization. And two-thirds of the 850-member Vegetarian Society of Honolulu are also members of the American Association of Retired Persons, society executives say.An informal poll of older people suggests better health is often the main incentive and objective for turning veg. Three years ago Nancy Roberts, a 53-year-old Magazine editor, found herself doing what many people do over the holidays: overindulging in rich treats. However, this time it made her in. "The crash felt like the flu," she says. By chance, Roberts was asked to edit some vegetarian recipes during that same period. She made a few at home, and her "flu" disappeared.More dramatically, Ruth Heidrich believes vegetarianism saved her life. The 61-year-old marathoner and triathlete was diagnosed with breast cancer 14 years ago, at age 47. When an initial biopsy indicated far more cancer than her doctors had thought, she was ready to take desperate measures. On the day of the diagnosis, she spotted a newspaper ad looking for volunteers to enroll in a study of breast cancer and diet, conducted by John McDougall, M. D., a leading advocate of the use of diet to fight disease. After meeting McDougall and reviewing what she says was an eight-inch thick file ofstatistics linking a high-fat diet with breast cancer, Heidrich converted from a traditional American diet to an extremely low-fat regimen with no animal products. "I didn't even have skim milk on my cereal," she says. After a mastectomy and reconstructive surgery, she is cancer-free. She never had to undergo radiation treatment or chemotherapy and believes her strict vegetarian diet helped speed her recovery from surgery.SSS_SINGLE_SEL31.What does Visanto Melino mean when she says the elderly citizens who attended her seminar were "informed" on the subject of better health?A They had a clear understanding of the subject.B They wanted more information on the subject.C They were informed of the latest research on the subject.D They were extremely knowledgeable about the latest developments on the subject.SSS_SINGLE_SEL32.What does the author mean by saying "...demographics are driving the drift"?A The huge Baby Boom Generation have decided to become vegetarians.B The growing trend toward vegetarianism is due to an increasein the number of older people.C Senior citizens believe that going meatless is a natural and pleasant way to combat problems of aging.D More and more people of all ages are going on a vegetariandiet to stay healthySSS_SINGLE_SEL33.Why did Nancy Roberts fall ill?A Because she caught the flu.B Because she overexerted herself during the holidays.C Because she was on a high-fat diet.D Because she ate too much rich food.SSS_SINGLE_SEL34.How did Nancy Roberts recover from her illness?A By going on an extremely low-fat regimen.B By eating some vegetarian dishes at home.C By not even having skim milk with her cereal.D By following a strict vegetarian diet.SSS_SINGLE_SEL35.Why is the passage titled "Going Green After Gray"?A People who have gray hair like to eat vegetables.B A vegetarian diet is good for elderly people.C Older people tend to become vegetarians.D Seniors like to attend seminars on vegetarianism.In most people's mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge how well the economy is doing by the size of the Gross National Product (GNP), a measure, supposedly, of growth. Equally axiomatic, however, is the notion that increased pressure on dwindling natural resources must inevitably lead to a decline in prosperity, especially when accompanied by a growth in population. So, which is correct: growth means prosperity and no growth means adversity, or growth means adversity and no growth means...what?What growth advocates mean, primarily, when they say growth is necessary for prosperity is that growth is necessary for the smooth functioning of the economic system. In one arena the argument in favor of growth is **pelling and that is with regard to the Third World. To argue against growth, other than population growth, inlight of Third World poverty and degradation seems callous, if not cruel, the pompous postulating of **fortable and the secure. But is it? Could it be that growth, especially the growth of the wealthier countries, has contributed to the impoverishment, not the advancement, of Third Word countries? If not, how do we account for the desperate straits these countries find themselves in today after a century of dedication to growth?To see how this might be the case we must look at the impact of growth on Third World countries- the reality, not the abstractstages-of-economic-growth nostrum propounded through rose-colored glasses by academicians of the developed world. What good is growth to the people of the Third World if it means the conversion of peasant farms into mechanized agri-businesses **modities not forlocal consumption but for export, if it means the stripping of their land of its mineral and arboreal treasures to the benefit of foreign investors and a handful of their local collaborators, if it means the assumption of a crushing foreign indebtedness, the proceeds of which goes not into the development of the country but into the purchase of luxury cars, the padding of Swiss bank accounts, and the buying of condominiums in Miami?Admittedly, this is an oversimplification, which applies to no country in its entirety and to some countries not at all. But the point, I believe, remains valid; that growth in underdeveloped countries cannot simply be judged in the abstract; it must be judged based on the true nature of growth in these societies, on whobenefits and who is harmed, on where growth is leading these people and where it has left them. When considered in this way, it just might be that in the present context growth is more detrimental to the well-being of the wretched of the earth than beneficial.So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zero growth can provide the answer. But that is a test not easily undertaken. Modem economies are **plex phenomena, a tribute to man's ability to organize and a challenge to his ability to understanding. Anything that affects their functioning, such as a policy of zero growth, should not be proposed without a wary prudence and a self-doubting humility. But if the prospect of leaping into the economic unknown is fear-inspiring, equally so is the prospect of letting that fear prevent us from acting when the failure to act could mean untold misery for future generations and perhaps environmental catastrophes which threaten our very existence.SSS_SINGLE_SEL36.Which of the following statements does the author support?A Gross National Product is a safe measure for economic growth.B Diminishing natural resources will prove harmful to the well-being of humanity.C A decline in prosperity will inevitably lead to a growth in population.D Growth in population will be a chief threat to economic prosperity.SSS_SINGLE_SEL37.It is implied in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that______A the smooth functioning of the economic system is dependent on sustained prosperity,B economic growth has not contributed to the poverty of theThird World countriesC growth in richer countries is achieved at the expense of the Third Word countriesD the stages of economic growth cannot be superseded or modified by social mechanismsSSS_SINGLE_SEL38.With regard to the economic development in Third World countries the author is actually saying that ______A the people in these countries have not actually benefited from itB inadequate investment has seriously affected the developmentC deep debt virtually makes further growth in these countries impossibleD agriculture in these countries should have been left intactSSS_SINGLE_SEL39.The author seems to believe that prosperity ______A can be achieved without economic growthB can only be achieved with economic growthC is a tribute to man's ability and creativityD is fragile in face of environmental catastrophesSSS_SINGLE_SEL40.The answer of the author to the question "Do we need growth for prosperity" is ______A negativeB positiveC vagueD inconclusiveThe African elephant-- mythic symbol of a continent, keystone of its ecology and the largest land animal remaining on earth- has become the object of one of the biggest, broadest international efforts yet mounted to turn a threatened species off the road to extinction. But it is not only the elephant's survival that is at stake, conservationists say. Unlike the endangered tiger, unlike even the great whales, the African elephant is in great measure the architect of its environment. As a voracious eater of vegetation, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna surroundings in which it lives, thereby setting the terms of existence for millions of other storied animals- from zebras to giraffes and wildebeests- that share its habitat. And as the elephant disappears, scientists and conservationists say, many other species will also disappear from vast stretches of forest and savanna, drastically altering and impoverishing whole ecosystems.It is the elephant's metabolism and appetite that make it a disturber of the environment and therefore an important creator ofhabitat. In a constant search for the 300 pounds of vegetation it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbrush and pulls branches off big trees as high as its trunk will reach. This creates innumerable open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. The resulting patchwork, a mosaic of vegetation in various stages of regeneration, in turn creates a greater variety of forage that attracts a greater variety of other vegetation-eaters than would otherwise be the case. In studies over the last 20 years in southern Kenya near Mount Kilimanjaro, Dr. Western has found that when elephants are allowed to roam the savannas naturally and normally, they spread out at "intermediate densities". Their foraging creates a mixture of savanna woodlands (what the Africans call bush) and grassland. The result is a highly diverse array of other plant-eating species: those like the zebra, wildebeest and gazelle, that graze; those like the giraffe, bushbuck and lesser kudu, that browse on tender shoots, buds, twigs and leaves; and plant-eating primates like the baboon and vervet monkey. These herbivores attract carnivores like the lion and cheetah.When the elephant population thins out, Dr. Western said, the woodlands become denser and the grazers are squeezed out. When pressure from poachers forces elephants to crowd more densely onto reservations, the woodlands there are knocked out and the browsers and primates disappear.Something similar appears to happen in dense tropical rain forests. In their natural state, because the overhead forest canopy shuts out sunlight and prevents growth on the forest floor, rain forests provide slim picking for large, hoofed plant-eaters. By pulling down trees and eating new growth, elephants enlarge natural openings in the canopy, allowing plants to regenerate on the forest floor and bringing down vegetation from the canopy so that smaller species can get at it.In such situations, the rain forest becomes hospitable to large plant-eating mammals such as bongos, bush pigs, duikers, forest hogs, swamp antelopes, forest buffaloes, okapis, sometimes gorillas and always a host of smaller animals that thrive on secondary growth. When elephants disappear and the forest reverts, the larger mammals give way to smaller, nimbler animals like monkeys, squirrels and rodents.SSS_SINGLE_SEL41.The passage is primarily concerned with ______A explaining why elephants are facing the threat of extinctionB explaining difficulties in providing sufficient forage for plant-eatersC explaining how the elephant's impact on its surroundings affects other speciesD distinguishing between savannas rain forests as habitats for elephantsSSS_SINGLE_SEL42.In the opening paragraph, the author mentions tigers and whales in order to emphasize which point about the elephant?A Like them, it faces the threat of extinction.B It is herbivorous rather than carnivorous.C It is the largest extant land mammal.D Unlike them, it physically alters its environment.SSS_SINGLE_SEL43.A **ponent of the elephant's ability to transform the landscape is itsA massive intelligenceB threatened extinctionC ravenous hungerD lack of graceSSS_SINGLE_SEL44.It can be inferred from the passage that______A the natural tendency of elephants is to crowd together in packsB the elephant is dependent upon the existence of smaller plant-eating mammals for its survivalC elephants have an indirect effect on the hunting patterns of certain carnivoresD the floor of the tropical rain forest is too overgrown to accommodate larger plant-eating speciesSSS_SINGLE_SEL45.Which of the following statements best expresses the author's attitude toward the damage to vegetation caused by foraging elephants?A It is an unfortunate by-product of the feeding process.B It is a necessary but undesirable aspect of elephantpopulation growth.C It fortuitously results in creating environments suited to diverse species.D It has the unexpected advantage that it allows scientists access to the rain forest.Section BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from thelist A～E to fit into each of the numbered blank.Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age. This illusion is created by changing fashions. 1 The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women over the whole world rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. 2 Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When **e to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.3 Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.4 Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital thingslike warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that womenwill put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.5 Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.A. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste.B. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society.C. The difference between men and women in the matter of fashionis fascinating.D. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress.E. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN46.A B C D ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN47.A B C D ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN48.A B C D ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN49.A B C D ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN50.A B C D EPart Ⅲ Short Answer QuestionsDirections: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions.As researchers learn more about how children's intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To begin with, all the factors which are part of intelligence--the child's understanding of language, learning patterns, curiosity-- are established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after study has shown that even after school begins, children's achievements have been far more influenced by parents than byteachers. This is particularly true about learning that is language-related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science.In view of their power it's sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child's intelligence. Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldn't be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually-- and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-olds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds **pose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI51.What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children's intelligence?SSS_TEXT_QUSTI52.What do researchers conclude about children's learning patterns?SSS_TEXT_QUSTI53.In which area may school play a more important role?SSS_TEXT_QUSTI54.Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children's intelligence?SSS_TEXT_QUSTI55.。

2010年湖北联考博士入学英语试真题笔记_词汇与作文

2010年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题fellow citizens同胞们；公民同胞intolerable [in'tɔlərəbl] adj. 无法忍受的；难耐的boredom ['bɔ:dəm] n. 厌倦；令人厌烦的事物frustration [frʌs'treiʃən] n. 挫折humiliation[hju:,mili'eiʃən] n. 丢脸，耻辱；蒙羞；谦卑counsel ['kaunsəl] n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；决策vt. 建议；劝告vi. 商讨；提出忠告foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl] adj. 可预知的；能预测的inequality [,ini'kwɔləti] n. 不平等；不同；不平均glaring [ɡlεəriŋ] adj. 耀眼的；瞪视的；炯炯的decent['di:sənt] adj. 正派的；得体的；相当好的humane [hju:'mein] adj. 仁慈的，人道的；高尚的engage [in'ɡeidʒ] vi. 从事；保证；交战；啮合vt.使参加；雇佣；使订婚；预定justifiably ['dʒʌstifaiəbli] adv. 无可非议地；言之有理地alienated from…和…不和；和…疏远；alienated ['eiljəneitid] v. 使疏离（alienate的过去式）interfere with…干扰，干涉；妨碍；触动或弄坏；与……抵触uniqueness [ju:'ni:knis] n. 独特性；独一无二；单值性contradictory [,kɔntrə'diktəri]n. 对立物；矛盾因素adj. 矛盾的；反对的；反驳的counter ['kauntə] adv. 相反地v. 反击；反对adj. 相反的n. 计数器；柜台；计算者enlightenment [in'laitənmənt] n. 启迪；启蒙运动；教化liberalism ['libərəlizəm] n. 自由主义；开明的思想或见解break of v. 放弃；改掉（习惯）Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，美国总统（1913-1921）Leninist ideology列宁主义的意识形态Bolshevik Revolution布尔什维克革命；十月革命authoritarian [ɔ:,θɔri'tεəriən] adj. 独裁主义的；权力主义的n. 权力主义者；独裁主义者restrain [ri'strein] vt. 抑制，控制；约束；制止democratic value system民主价值体系dominate by通过…控制，为…所左右：；被俯视：hierarchy ['haiə,rɑ:ki] n. 层级；等级制度；统治阶层rationalism ['ræʃənəlizəm] n. 理性主义；唯理主义misinterpret [,misin'tə:prit] vt. 曲解，误解distorted [dis'tɔ:tid] v. 扭曲（过去式和过去分词）adj. 歪曲的；受到曲解的individualistic ['indi,vidʒu 'listik] adj. 个人主义的；利己主义的humanistic [,hju:mə'nistik] adj. 人文主义的；人道主义的egoistic [,i:ɡəu'istik] adj. 自私自利的，自我中心的；只顾自己；唯我独尊；自私自利的materialistic [mə,tiəriə'listik] adj. 唯物主义的，唯物论的；物质主义的consciously ['kɔnʃəsli] adv. 自觉地；有意识地rejected v. 拒绝，驳回，反对（reject的过去分词形式）adj. 被拒的；不合格的Confucianism [kən'fju:ʃjənizəm] n. 孔子学说；儒家思想leftovers ['leftəuvə] n. 遗留；剩余物；吃剩的食物（leftover的复数形式）political party政党oyabun-kobun亲子关系patron ['peitrən] n. 赞助人；保护人；主顾reinforce[,ri:in'fɔ:s] vt. 加强，补充vi. 求援；给予更多的支持n. 加强；加固材料allegiance [ə'li:dʒəns] n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞***willingness ['wiliŋnis] n. 乐意；心甘情愿；自动自发；愿意；自动自发；积极肯干qualification [,kwɔlifi'keiʃən] n. 资格；条件；限制；赋予资格external relation外在关系；[管理] 对外关系mobility [məu'biləti] n. 移动性；机动性；[电子] 迁移率so long as adv. 只要；既然；假如superior in在…方面优越take precedence over优先于；地位高于；比…重要as a consequence因此，结果folk wisdom民间智慧in the form of以…的形式competing [kəm'pi:tiŋ] adj. 相互矛盾的；抵触的v. 竞赛（compete的ing形式）permanent memories 永久记忆superfluous [sju'pə:fluəs] adj. 多余的；不必要的；奢侈的flush away冲去painstaking['peinz,teikiŋ] adj. 艰苦的；勤勉的；小心的n. 辛苦；勤勉Liege University比利时列日大学Belgium ['beldʒəm] n. 比利时（西欧国家，首都布鲁塞尔Brussels）manage to do挣扎做某事；设法完成某事rapid eye movement快速眼动（睡梦中眼球的快速转动）heart rate[生理] 心率eyelids n. 眼睑；眼皮（eyelid的复数）brainwave ['breinweiv] n. 脑电波；灵感resemble [ri'zembl] vt. 类似，像装配assemble [ə'sembl]vt. 集合，聚集；装配；收集vi. 集合，聚集wakefulness ['weikfulnis] n. [生理] 觉醒；不眠relive [ri:'liv] vt. 再体验vi. 复活；再生in response to响应；回答；对…有反应appearance [ə'piərəns] n. 外貌，外观；出现，露面be referred to as被称为…experimental subject实验对象；实验主题as opposed to与…截然相反；对照on the eve of在…的前夜reactivation[ri(:)ækti'veiʃən] n. [物化] 再活化；再生；复能的情况；[核] 重激活in the knowledge that在知道…的情况下incoherent [,inkəu'hiərənt] adj. 语无伦次的；不连贯的；不合逻辑的without hesitation adj. 毫不犹豫的；毫不迟疑；不假思索close attention密切关注，密切注意固定搭配：pore over sth.集中精神地阅读；注视；审查；审视She was pring over the old map of the area. 她正在仔细地查阅该地区的旧地图。

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感谢“乐乐”及“乐乐”师兄师姐为咱1109班提供复习资料感谢1110班一位帅哥同学为咱1109班提供复习资料声明：该资料未经任何官方或老师认可，纯属民间流传，没考到请勿怪罪！PART I 英语论文写作与发展Unit2 Question AnswerKeywords General Functions1)easiness of retrieval2)easiness of highlighting Linguistic Features（重点）1)nominalization2)limited number(2-8)3)designated choiceWritingRequirements1)using required terms2)placing in right location3)spacing the keywords4)adopting standard abbreviations,etcUnit 4Abstract 5A原则.必考内容（问题可能是：简述写摘要的5A原则）The 5A strategy is 5 answers to 5 questions which will mentionin the article.We can write a good abstract easily by masteringthis 5A strategy.These are the 5 questions as follows.Q1:What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academicfield?(background)Q2:What research topic is the paper to focus on?(main topic)Q3:What method or material do you use to support your mainpoint of view?(specific investigations)Q4:What conclusion will you draw?(result & suggestion)Q5:What is the main contribution of the paper?(conclusion &contribution)Unit 5Introduction (重点：主要特征）structural Featuresof Introduction1)Starting with the research background2)Transiting to the existing problem3)Focusing on the present researchUnit 9References 重点：引文的分类Linguistic Featuresof ReferencesThere are many ways to prepare references,however,thefollowing two majors systems prevail:1)name and yearsystem(Harvard system) 2)citation order system以上是最可能出的四个简答题，每个10分（共40分），论文写作部分为50分，剩下10分应该和去年题型差不多，用划线，括号，方框，和画圈表示一个摘要里面哪些是研究的背景，哪些是研究的现状，哪些是本文将解决的问题，哪些是本文对此研究的贡献。

答案略。

其他非重点部分（论文写作部分）Title General Functions1)Generalizing the text 2)Attracting the Reader3)Facilitating the RetrievalLinguisticFeatures1)Using more nouns,noun phrases and gerunds2)using an incomplete sentenceWritingRequirements1)Be brief and concise 2)be specific 3)avoid question titles4)being unified 5)being standardAuthor/ affiliation General Functions1)bearing author's responsibility 2)facilitating Retrieval andcorrespondence 3)heightening celebrityWritingRequirements1)printing format unified 2)number of authors3)professional title omitted 4)Address 5)internal units,etcAbstract Likelymistakes/commonerrors of Abstract1)mixed writing style 2)over-simplified statements3)monotonous expression 4)incomplete contents5)displacement of information.PART II 国际会议本部分50分，预计题型和去年一样，10分是回答几种会议的区别。

20分是翻译一封会议来信。

20分是回复此信件。

回信略。

主要是格式要正确，最简单的就是齐头式。

Different kinds of meetingsMeeting Meeting is a general and summary term of various kinds of assembly of people for a particular purpose.Conference重点Conference is a kind of formal meeting,often lasting for a few days.It is organized on a particular subject to bring together people who have a common interest.At a conference, formal discussions usually take place. Comparatively conference generally refers to a specialized professional or academic event.Symposium重点Symposium refers exclusively to the meeting for specialized academic discussion. At a symposium,experts,scholars,and other participants of a particular field discuss a particular pared with conference, a symposium is usually narrower and more specific in the range of topics.Congress 重点The basic characteristic of a congress is that it is usually attended by representatives or delegates who belong to national or international，governmental or non-governmental organizations.It is held to discuss issues, ideas,and polices of public interest.And it is usually rather large in scale and generally representative and extensive.Covention Convention is a kind of routine meeting.Forum Forum is in fact a kind of public meeting,at which people exchange ideas and discuss issues,especially important public issues.Seminar 重点Seminar is usually a class-like meeting,where participants discuss a particular topic or subject that is presented by several major speakers.Different from the general situation of a meeting,the presentations are mainly given by chief speakers,while other people first listen and then join them.In this sense, a seminar can be taken as lecturing plus discussion-the discussion being a follow-up of the lecturing.Workshop重点Workshop originally means a room or building which contains tools or machinery for making or repairing things,especially by using wood or metal.It refers to a period of discussion or practical work on a particular subject in which a group of people learn about the subject by sharing their knowledge or experience.Colloquium Colloquium is sometimes a formal word for seminar.it is usually a large academic seminar like panel discussion.题号回信信件参考1Write a letter to the symposium you are going to attend,concerning a particular matter in which you are especially interested.Zhu LeiMaterial Science and Engineering SchoolWuhan University of Technology122 Luoshi RoadWuhan 430070P∙R∙China9 November 2010在此加入收信人名字地址邮编Dear Professor Jia-Ling Pu,I have received your invitation dated November 4, 2010, inviting me to attend theconference. Thank you for your kind invitation.I am pleased to accept your invitation, and because of something important to dealwith in Beijing, I want to know the particular schedule of the conference, in order tomake my routing appropriately.Thank you once again for your kind invitation and for your effort in making theconference a successful one.Best wishes.Sincerely yours,Zhu LeiWrite a letter asking for deduction or waiving of your registration fees.2Dear Professor Jia-Ling Pu,I have received your invitation dated November 4, 2010, inviting me to attend theconference. Thank you for your kind invitation.Meanwhile, as a student , I have some financial problem.I have learned from Professor Cheng Li that representatives from developing countries will be financially supportedfor the attendance.Would you please send us two copies of application forms at yourearliest convenience?Thanks and best wishes.Yours faithfully,Zhu LeiWrite a reply to an invitation from an international conference which has invited 3you to attend a session.Dear Professor Jing Zhang,I am very glad to receive your letter dated Nov. 4, 2010, inviting me to attendInternational Conference “The 2nd Beijing International Conference onImaging :Digital Imaging and Applications(BICI 2010)” to be held in Beijing, ChinaNovember29-31, 2010.Thank you for your kind invitation.I am pleased to accept your invitation and will send my paper titled Research andApplication on Asphalt Concrete to the Paper Committee before the required date. This is a very good opportunity for exchange with the experts,I think I will learn much moreknowledge from this International Conference.Sincerely yours, Zhu Lei4Write a cover letter to a person concerned,saying you intend to make some revisions of the title of your paper as well as a part of your abstract.Dear Dr. Robert Buckley,Enclosed herewith is the full text of my paper.Thanking for your advises , there are some modifications in both the abstract and the title of the paper which I submitted to you on 15th , October,2010.I apologize for any inconveniences caused therefrom.Sincerely yours,Zhu Lei5 Write a letter for declination of invitation.Dear Professor Cheng Li,Thank you very much for your letter dated Nov. 4, 2010 inviting me to attendInternational Conference“The 2nd Beijing International Conference on Imaging :Digital Imaging and Applications(BICI 2010)” to be held in Beijing, China November29-31,2010. Thank you for your kind invitation.I have pland to accept your warmhearted invite to get to Beijing in time .Butunfortunately I would be abroad on that days.I am afraid I could not attend theConference in time.Thank you once again for your kind invitation and wish the conference a successfulone.Sincerely yours,Zhu LeiFinal Examination of the English Course for 2009 Ph.D. CandidatesPart 1 Academic Paper Writing (50%)1.What are the linguistic features of TITLE? Give your comments on the following titles orrevise them if necessary?(1) Using more nouns, noun phrases and gerunds.(2) Using an incomplete sentence.1).On Learning Foreign Languages and Cultural Background TeachingThis is not a good title. First, the parallel parts of this title are not grammatically symmetrical. Second, it is not brief. It can be revised like this:Foreign Languages Learning and Cultural Background Teaching.2).Focusing on the Commuicative Skills-Advanced English Communication Course for Non-English Major Postgraduates in Tsinghua University.I think this is a good title.2. State the general functions of AUTHOR and AFFILIATION. Write your name and affiliation in English.(1) Bearing author’s responsibility.(2) Facilitating retrieval and correspondence.(3) Heightening celebrity.X XSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, the People’s Republic of China3. What is your understanding of the structural features of an introduction?An introduction usually starts with the research background, and then transits to the existing problem, and lastly focuses on the present research.4. What are the criteria in distinguishing a result from a conclusion?5. Analyze the following abstract.(1)Underline the part stating the research background.(2)Parenthesize the new survey instrument adopted in the present research.(3)Draw a box around the part indicating the focus of research.(4)Cricle the achievement and significance of the research.ABSTRACTIn an era of unprecedented technological advancement, engineering practice continues to evolve but engineering education has not changed appreciably. This schism(分裂) has prompted industry, government, and key constituents to question the relevancy and efficacy of current programs. Qualitative methodologies such as formal surveys and structured interviews can be used to capture and qualify industry expectations of needed attributes i.e. knowledge, skills, and experience for entry level engineering employees. Such instruments can provide key data useful in determining objectives and designing curricula to attain those objectives. This paper presents the results of a formal survey of 172 attributes related to the formal survey and database resulting from efforts of the categories. This is the first formal survey and database resulting from efforts of theIndustry-University-Government Roundtable for Enhancing Engineering Education (IUGREEE) to initiate a continuing, evolving process to provide curriculum designers with important information from industry.Part 2 International Conference Communication (50%)Read the following conference notice, and do the exercise after it.Chulalongkon University(泰国朱拉隆功大学)in Thailand and the Asia CALL Association are co-organizing an international conference on “Information Technology and Universities in Asia ”from April 3-5, 2009, at the campus of Chulalongkon university in Bangkok. The conference will be a place where teachers, researchers, administrators and others who are interested in how to better use IT in realizing the mission of the university education get together to share ideas, opinions and research findings. Of special interest are papers and presentations that explore:(1)the cultural aspects of using IT in universities;(2)theoretical and collaborative research of “Web and Computer Assisted Language Learning in Asia”.All tapes of presentations (oral, workshop, or poster) will be welcome.Please send your abstracts (maximum 200 words) to Larry D. Chong at Chongld@kyongju.ac.kr.Deadline of submission: January 15, 2009.Notification of acceptance: February 15, 2009.Plans are being made with notable publishing presses to publish selected papers in a bound volume.Participants whose papers are selected will have the opportunity to revise their paper for the volume after the conference.I should appreciate it if you could inform us before March 20- by telephone, fax or email – whether or notyou will be able to attend the conference so that we can make the necessary arrangements.Please feel free to contact us if you have any queries.1. Explain the following four different kinds of meetings: conference, forum, seminar and workshop. (10%)Conference is a kind of formal meeting and is organized on a particular subject to bring together people who have a common interest. Forum is in fact a kind of public meeting, at which people exchange ideas and discuss issues, especially important public issues. Seminar is usually a class-like meeting, where participants discuss a particular topic or subject that is presented by several major speakers. Workshop is a period of discussion or practical work on a particular subject in which a group of people learn about the subject by sharing their knowledge or experience.2. Translate the conference notice into Chinese. (20%)泰国朱拉隆功大学和亚洲CALL协会将于2009年4月3-5日期间在位于曼谷的泰国朱拉隆功大学校园内共同主办“信息技术和亚洲大学”国际会议。

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