《大学英语跨文化交际课程》讨论问题及答案

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跨文化交际案例分析答题模板英语

跨文化交际案例分析答题模板英语引言跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的个体之间进行的沟通和交流。

随着全球化的发展，越来越多的人们需要面对跨文化交际的挑战。

本文将以一个跨文化交际案例为例，进行分析和讨论，探讨其中涉及的文化差异以及可能产生的问题和解决方案。

案例描述在这个案例中，我们将聚焦于一位名叫John的美国人和一位名叫Li的中国人之间的跨文化交际。

John是一名美国企业的项目经理，他负责与中国团队合作开展一个重要的项目。

Li是这个中国团队的团队领导，负责协调团队成员的工作并与John进行沟通。

问题分析在这个跨文化交际案例中，我们可以发现一些文化差异可能导致的问题。

语言和口头表达差异John和Li之间的语言和口头表达习惯存在差异。

在英语中，直接表达意见和批评是常见的做法，而在中国文化中，更注重面子和尊重他人。

因此，当John直接提出问题或批评时，可能会冒犯到Li。

规则和礼仪差异在跨文化交际中，不同国家和地区的礼仪和规则也会不同。

例如，在美国，开会时迟到可能被视为不尊重他人的行为，而在中国，会议上的迟到是被接受的。

这种差异可能导致John对Li的迟到感到不满，而Li可能认为这是正常的行为。

价值观和信仰差异不同国家和地区的文化通常具有不同的价值观和信仰。

在美国，个人主义和竞争精神被重视，而在中国，集体主义和合作精神更被看重。

这种文化差异可能会影响到John和Li之间的工作方式和决策方式。

解决方案了解和尊重对方的文化差异是解决跨文化交际问题的关键。

以下是一些可能的解决方案：语言和口头表达差异的解决方案为了避免语言和口头表达差异导致的冲突，John和Li可以通过以下方式改善沟通：•John可以更加谨慎并尽量避免直接提出问题或批评。

他可以使用委婉的方式表达意见，以减少冲突的可能性。

•Li可以积极开放地接受和理解John的反馈，并了解到这是一种不同的口头表达习惯。

规则和礼仪差异的解决方案为了解决规则和礼仪差异可能带来的问题，John和Li可以尝试以下解决方案：•John可以提前向Li解释美国文化中的规则和礼仪，以便Li了解和适应这些差异。

《大学英语跨文化交际课程》讨论问题及答案

《大学英语跨文化交际课程》讨论问题及答案第一套：1 There are organizations devoted to Ford cars and trucks. Some people are preoccupied with that for a while and then lose interest and hence relinquish membership in the group.2 Army personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled (by grade) to salute except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as plans and buses , in public places such as inside the theaters, or when driving a vehicle).3. Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan's great disappointment, this time Susan didn't seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn't get along well from then on. Questions:(1) What are the differences in what American and Chinese young people expect from their friends?(2) What kind of advice would you give to hath of them so that they could get to know each other?第二套：1 Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI’ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.2. People in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15. Why?3. Can you use Confucianism to explain why Chinese people both have fan and chai in one meal?第三套：1.In 1997, a Danish woman left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cages is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.2. Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃(109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness?第四套：1 Sometimes parents will say to their children “ We don’t associate with people like that.” Or “be careful when you’re with them.”2. A classic psychology study in the 1970s had two groups of undergraduates read stories about a woman. The stories were identical, except that one had the sentence “ Betty is now a lesbian.” On a test one week later, individuals in the group that had read that Betty is a lesbian were much more likely than individuals in the other group to recall having read that Betty never dated men. In fact, the story that both groups had read stated that Betty dated men occasionally.3. In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes, and Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits it. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.4. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a child’s spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.第五套：1 Chinese students can not make good use of the following phrases which are comprised of only simple words, such as read between the lines,hold water, kick the bucket.2 During World WarⅡ, the Allies had issued the Potsdam Ultimatum demanding the surrender of the Japanese military to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki said, “The government does not see much value in it. All we have to do is mokusatsu it.” But the word mokusatsu can mean anything from “ignore” to “treat with silent contempt.” The Allies took it as the most offensive meaning. 3. The US and China have continual conflicts on human rights. Both accused the other side that they have human rights abuses. Despite of great efforts in resolving the differences, the problem still exists.第六套：1 A student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph.D., teach at adistinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is because that places him in society much more so than any of his accomplishments in the United States.2．In Germany, there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Students expect their teachers to be experts who have all the answers. In the workplace, there is an inner need to work hard. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. 3．Employment decisions cannot be made on the basis of age, ancestry or ethnicity, disability, marital or parental status, race, religion, or sex.4．Time clocks are everywhere: In homes, cars, work sites, on wrists, at organized play sites. Many people report feeling uncomfortable not knowing the time. Perhaps only camping in the woods---without a radio and clocks--- can one be free of time awareness in the United States.第七套：1 Japanese advertising reflects Confucian and collectivistic values. Concepts of face and harmony relate to an indirect communication style, It is said that the goal of Japanese advertising is to win the trust and respect of the consumer; Taiwan advertising generally links the product to the consumer’s traditional Chinese values, such as family relations and respect for authority. 2．Disney’s ＄4.4 billion Euro Disney opened outside Paris in April 1992, later the park was losing ＄1 million a day. Disney was forced to take some measures; it had discounted its own value as a U.S. icon. It has now become the most popular tourist attraction in France.3．Post-World War ⅡJapanese products of the time were popularly known as “junk”, so General Douglas MacArthur asked Washington to send someone to help conduct a national census and assess Japan’s ability to rebuild. Dr. W. Edward Deming, a relatively unknown statistician for the U.S. government, was sent. Deming stressed achieving uniform results during production rather than through inspection at the end of the production line.Later, Dr. Joseph Juran lectured in Japan on extending quality from just manufacturing to the entire process from product design to product delivery to the customer. This and other efforts had by 1970s resulted in top-quality cameras, electronics, etc.Later, companies such as Lockheed and Honeywell started similar pilot programs, but the program did not fit in well with the dominant U.S value of individualism.Questions:（1）analyze the role of General MacArthur and Dr. Deming in the model?（2）why did the program did not have the same impact they had in Japan?第八套：1 When a person arrives in a new country, everything seems so new and exciting.2 An international student in a U.S. grocery may be asked, “Paper or plastic?” The student knows what paper is and what plastic is, but doesn’t understand the question.3 The practice of cao gio —rubbing coins with hot balm oil on the chest and back of a sick person —led to the jailing of one father, who subsequently committed suicide.4 The defendants, who were members of the Amish faith, refused to send their children, aged 14 and 15, to public school after the children had completed the eighth grade.第九套：1.Budweiser advertised to three regional subgroups: In California, Texas, and the Southwest, advertisements aimed at Spanish-speakers of Mexican heritage featured cowboys and cactus; In the Northeast, advertisements aimed at Puerto Ricans featured cityscapes and salsa music; and the Florida, advertisements aimed at Cubans featured palm trees, cigars, and bananas. Each advertisement featured differently accented Spanish and national-origin-appropriate music.2. The Nielsen study of Hispanic television viewing showed that Hispanics watch very differently TV shows than the general public does. Adults prefer Univision and Telemundo to the English-language network shows 3 to 1. Of English-language shows, only 1 in 4 of the top 10 shows shows preferred by the general public rated in the top 10 for Hispanics.3. Leslie Zhueng was a famous singer and movie star in Hong Kong. His fame and popularity brought a lot wealth to him. And he had a boyfriend, Mr. Tang.4. Southwest is the only major airline in the U.S. that has been profitable in each of the last five years. It has the youngest fleet, the best safety record, and awards for customer service. Like all the better-performing companies, Southwest Airlines has a well-defined set of values that helps the company to survive in those difficult times.第十套：1.A White male department manager posted training opportunities as required but strongly encouraged other White heterosexual man in the department to sign up. He never mentioned them to any women, ethnic group members, or lesbians and gay men.2.A new Spanish immigrant to the United States may have a strong feeling of discomfort, fear, or insecurity when he enters into the Unites States.参考答案第一套：1 This case can reflect one of features of subgroup ---Temporality. Membership in somegroup is temporary; that is, members may participate for a time and later become inactive or separate from it altogether.2 Every culture and subgroup provides its members with rules of behavior, or what are called rules and norms. Indeed, the extent to which a person is a member of a culture is often gauged by his or her adherence to norms. In communication studies, it is assumed that behavior governed by socially agreed-on norms or by one’s individual guidelines for behavior. Army personnel belongs to subgroups, therefore it has its own rules and norms . Salute is one of them.3.1)Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.2) In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends. While in China, people expect their friends to Be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over along period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.3) As an American, Susan would like to help her Chinese friend Li Lan. But she didn't expect Li Lan would ask for money, which goes against the principle of independence and equality. While as a Chinese, Li Lan regarded Susan as her good friend, and she considered it natural to ask to borrow money from Susan when she needed the money urgently.）4) Li Lan first should try to get to know American culture as much as possible. She may also need to have a discussion with Susan about the different ways of friendship in both cultures. If possible, she could try to ask for a loan from a bank.5) Susan should also try to learn to understand Chinese culture. She could also have a discussion with Li Lan about the different expectation of friendship in both cultures. If she could understand the Chinese ways, she might help Li Lan out financially by lending her the money.第二套：1．In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people .In the philosophy ofConfucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone , payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationship.2．Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. The effect of culture is great. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. So people in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.3．The distinctive process of preparing Chinese cuisine is based on Confucius and his philosophy fan and chai of balance. There is a division between fan, Chinese for grains and other starch foods, and chai vegetable and meat dishes. A balanced meal must have an appropriate amount of fan and chai.第三套：1. This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.2. The reason why some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness is that they negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. This case reflects one of the barriers----- ethnocentrism.第四套：1 This case can reflect one of reasons for the persistence of prejudice--- socialization. Prejudicesare learned. Many prejudices are passed on from parents to children.2 The group’s stereotype of a lesbian influenced what they recalled having read. Stereotypes also impede communication when they cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual. For example, if a group is stereotyped as dishonest, that does not mean that any on individual in that group is dishonest.3．This case can reflect one nonverbal communication category ---Proxemics. How much space we each want between ourselves and others depends on our cultural learning, our upbringing in our families, the specific situation, and our relationship with the people to whom we’re talking. The physical distance we want between ourselves and others does vary from culture to culture. 4. This case reflects one nonverbal communication category---Haptics. Haptics is communicating by touch. Touch can communicate a wide variety of messages. The meaning of touch depends on the kind of touch (hard, gentle, etc.) and the context. Different societies have different norms fortouching. These rules determine the kinds of touching that are appropriate for certain situations and social relationships.第五套：1. This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. 2 Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.第六套：1．This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’s welfare.2 This case can reflect the feature of high uncertainty avoidance cultures. Cultures strong in uncertainty avoidance are active, aggressive, emotional, compulsive, security seeking, and intolerant.3．Equality is an important cultural myth in the United States. The U.S. legal system promises equal treatment. It is popularly said that everyone should be treated equally. Everyone should have the same opportunity to work hard and succeed.4．In the United States, time is viewed as a commodity. Such phrases as “time is money,”“how much time do you have?”“ don’t waste time,” and “budget your time” are common. When time is thought of as a commodity, one needs to be constantly aware of it.第七套：1 This case can reflect the key to the diffusion and convergence processes across cultures isadaptation of the message to the receiving cultural. The key is to adapt to the local cultural, localize thinking, localize the product, and localize the marketing strategy.2 The introduction or rejection of an innovation has consequences for a society. All the parts of a culture are interrelated. One change can have repercussions in other areas. Not all of those consequences can be anticipated.3．(1) In this example, General Mac Arthur provided the opinion leadership and Dr. Deming was the change agent.(2) Because quality circles did not fit in well with the dominant U.S value of individualism.第八套：1. It’s the first stage of culture shock: “honeymoon stage” or initial euphoria.2. It’s the second stage of culture shock: disintegration of familiar cues and irritation hostility with the differences experienced in the new culture.3.This is one example of the differences between U.S. and Vietnamese cultures. Misunderstandings about folk medicine practiced by Vietnamese refugees have led to charges of child abuse and at least one suicide. Understanding of the cultural differences could help prevent further unfortunate incidents like this.4. After the eighth grade, Amish children may continue education at home on the farm to learn the practical skills of providing for family and community. Further education is discouraged as it instills feelings of superiority that would lead to placing the needs of the self over those of the community. So this example shows that the Amish people live separately from the dominant culture and maintain their own cultural identity.第九套：1 From these advertisements, we can discover that marketing to the Hispanic community involveds not only language and images that mean something to the buyer but also cultural traditions and valures. And the larger advertisers have learned that the Hispanic culture is not one culture but many.2. This study showed that Spanish language was the most important factor in reaching the Hispanic audience.3. Leslie Zhueng belonged to different subgroups and had various subgroup identities. According to region, he was a Hong Kong resident. According to occupation, he was a singer and actor. According to economic status, he was rich. And according to sexual orientation, he was a gay.4. Cooperate culture is a form of subgroup culture. Cooperate culture provides members in the organization a set of values and patterns of behavior. Like cultures, corporate culture has its own heroes, rituals, media and values.第十套：1. In the heterosexual White male dominant culture in the United States, women, ethnic group members, minorities groups and homosexual people often experience discrimination in employment activities.2. A new immigrant may experience culture shock when he enters into the United States. Cultural shock is psychological reaction, which naturally happens when a person enters into a new culture. There are certain syndromes at each period of culture shock.。

大学英语跨文化交流教程课后习题答案整理

Unit 1AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing gene rosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the Britisher feel quite unhappy in this situation? Answer: The loud speaking made the reserved Britisher feel quite unhappy.Unit1BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer 白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. They are in search of greater prosperity and freedom.3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is that the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. 4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.Because he did something that he think it is friendly, but the Englishseemed unfriendly.American: outgoing/optimistic/casual/friendlyEnglish: Reserved/politeSuggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Unit2Akey concept: Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想humanism 人道主义 individualism个人主义 collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1.cording to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friend. ”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism , collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit ,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People incollectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”. 5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .Unit3Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because American expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)Families place older relatives in nursing homes(2)Theirfnancial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And Older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.Unit3BKey concepts ：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence 暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose /individual’s needs come first ./contractual /friendly/compartmentalized/2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group ,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○1I and family dearest friends work colleagueswho are familiar but not so closeEveryone but under obligation everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the differencebetween inner and out side is from most important to least important .4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and American ?American social relationship are based on a shared activity, event, or experience, so they have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few.Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable.Case 1Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case3Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school .No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent andbased on a shared class , activity or event .If one drop of it , the relationship will fragmented.Unit5AKey concepts ：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knivesat dinner?Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staplefood. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasizedthe delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and tastethat Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients,herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Because in their eyes ,food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, havinglittle to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the blance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.Unit6AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imaginationto produce new ideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?（1）For Chinese, they show a child how to do the something, or teach themby holding their hands .But in American, they teach children to rely onthemselves for solutions to problems.（2） Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4 . Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?It is at least partially responsible for the reputation of American business being cut off from human beings and unwilling to recognize the importance of employees morale. Feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent or serious as in M-time culures.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Nothing is solid or firm, particularly plans for the future, evenimportant plans may be changed right up to the minute of execution. 5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?M-time systemStrengths: stimulating productive desirableWeaknesses: often feel uncomfortableP-time systemStrengths: oriented punctuality schedules proceduresWeaknesses: wastedUnit9AKey concepts:Silence 沉默 high-context culture 高语境文化 low-context culture 低语境文化implicitness 含蓄 explicitness 明确 impersonal sources of information 客观的信息来源 personal sources of information 人际间的信息来源 verbalizing 以言语表述1.What is high-context culture？What is low-context culture？1) Communication occurs in ways other than through language is high context. It is rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communicate or communication or an internalized social context or both, to convey a large part or even all of a message's meaning.2) Communication that occurs mostly through language is low context. it is assumed to be understood, messages are explicit ,direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.2. How do people of different communicative cultures behave differently in their daily life？High-context are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative and they use the context to communicate the message. Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.?3. What does silence mean in high-context cultures？What is the function of silence in high-context cultures？In high context cultures silence means agreement. can communicate apathy, confusion, repressed hostility, thoughtfulness, contemplation, sadness, regret, obligation, respect, agreement, disagreement, embarrassment, awe or any number of meanings.?4.What does silence means in low-text cultures？Why do the Westerners feel uncomfortable to silence？1). In low-context cultures, silence is often interpreted as the absence of communication. 2) Because silence dose not fit with it’s emphasis on precision and clarify, it may indicate that the receiver of the message did not hear the message, is angry at the message, needs time to think,or is embarrassed.5. Why does silence mean differently in different cultures？Because this is very different from the tendency in individualist culture to verbalize--that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph in presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it .In collectivist cultures, being right isn't as important as being in concord with the group.Case16. Do you think the old Chinese couple tired or not after theLong flight ？Why did he reply with keyi?I think the old Chinese couple tired. Because to the Chinese ,silence means agreement.7. Why did the young traveler reply differently to the same question? Because silence mean differently in different cultures. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph. In presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it.8. According to Chinese custom, what will probably be the response to the young traveler's reply?According to Chinese custom, we will reply that you can have a good rest.Unit9BKey concepts:1.culture shock文化冲击 2.emotional and physical symptoms 情感和身体症状3.bewilderment and disorientation 困惑和迷惘4.adjestment process适应过程Comprehension questions2. how does culture shock affect people who are exposed to a new cultural environment?Culture as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. When the way we lived before is not as or considered as normal in the new place.3. What are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?(1) Honeymoon period, culture shock, initial adjustment, mental isolation, acceptance and integration. (2) Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivation for being in the new country.4. How do individuals differ in the degree of culture shock? Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation,job status, and motivation for being in the new country.5. Which suggestion is most helpful to you ？Can you give other suggestions to cope with culture shock?Develop friendship, take a course or read a book on cross-cultural communication, re-exam your values and outlookCase studyCase 11.第一小问自述题，第二小问Chinese students typically focus on single-mindedly on their studies that they lose sight of the larger picture ,that is ,their ultimate role as cultural interpreters between their homeland and the foreign .2..自述题Case 21.找不到具体答案要根据课文理解给出2.自述题Case 31.It seemed that the representative was always changing the subject and they persisted in asking lots of personal questions about Tom2..无找不到确定答案3.During the next few days ,Tom noticed that though they had said they wanted to discuss details of his presentation ,they seemed to spend an inordinate amount of time on inconsequentiality .。

大学英语跨文化交际教程案例分析双语答案

Case 2：White DressCase analysis：The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown。

The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.白色的裙子案例分析：印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。

案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。

文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。

文化就像水中的鱼游：人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景，但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。

Case 4:Coconut—skatingCase analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture。

We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it's learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Coconut—skating案例分析：这一事件反映出文化的特点。

大学英语跨文化交际教程案例分析双语答案

Case 2:White DressCase analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they seethe western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values undern eath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of differe nt colors for differe nt con text but they usually take it for gran ted and n ever ask why.白色的裙子案例分析：印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。

案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。

文化就像一座冰山：我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化，但是我们不知道下面的值。

文化就像水中的鱼游：人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景，但他们通常是理所当然，从不问为什么。

Case 4:Coconut-skatingCase an alysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case thatculture is pervasive and it ' s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple asthe issue of floor moping. The Philipp ine woma n must have lear ned this way of mopp ing from her own culture.Coconut-skating案例分析：这一事件反映岀文化的特点。

跨文化交际全部答案

跨⽂化交际全部答案参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien”in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today…s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today…s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today…s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without1prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past mosthuman beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village”is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global?may be more local than the …local?”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of thelocal events. In this sense, ―the ?global…may be more local than the ?local…‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not,2globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，⼈们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和⾏为举⽌上存在的差异，⽽长久⽆法互相理解、⽆法和睦相处。

新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Unit3

新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Unit3Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about whatconstitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one's family? And in whatcountry does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family asfriends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn't as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If youdo, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to ordifferent from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extentand quite different from other Western friendships. Reading II Comparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author's view of traditional cultures indifferent value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement”and regard rapidchange as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate“change”with “improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal. 4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean when it is used todescribe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That's why that they have been described as “Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the sameculture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have away of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case Study Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather's dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders' opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn't say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture inthis aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rudeand ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand's decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite”behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social normshas taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, forinstance, the attitude of the Australian student's parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, Canadiantheir of youth the considered have might Chinese thehosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians' lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。

跨文化交际教程答案详解

导言“新编跨文化交际英语教程·教师用书”主要是为使用“新编跨文化交际英语教程”教师配套的教学指南。

“新编跨文化交际英语教程”是在原有“跨文化交际英语教程”的基础上经过全面、系统修订而成，我们对全书做了较大的更新和完善，调整和增补了许多材料，力求使其更具时代性，更适合教学实际和学生需求。

为了进一步推进跨文化交际教学，在多年从事跨文化交际教学和研究的基础上，我们又特地编写了这本“新编跨文化交际英语教程·教师用书”，希望能对使用本教材进行教学的广大教师们，尤其是初次使用这本教材的教师们提供一些必要的引导和实质性的帮助。

为此，我们尽可能地为各单元中几乎所有的部分和项目都提供了参考提示。

除此之外，还补充了一些取自跨文化交际学重要著作的选段，供教师进一步了解相关背景知识和理论基础，以拓宽视野，有利于更好地进行教学。

同时我们还在书后附上了推荐的中文阅读书目（英文阅读书目可参看上海外语教育出版社的“跨文化交际丛书”系列）和有关跨文化交际的部分电影资料简介。

“新编跨文化交际英语教程”主要适用于高等学校英语专业教学中的跨文化交际课程，旨在通过课堂教学及相关活动使学生认识跨文化交际对当代世界所具有的重要意义和作用，了解文化对人类生活各个方面、尤其是交际活动的制约和影响，理解并把握交际活动的重要性、丰富性、复杂性，熟悉跨文化交际的基本构成以及所涉及的各种因素，培养跨文化意识，形成和发展对文化差异的敏感和宽容、以及处理文化差异问题的灵活性，提高使用英语进行跨文化交际的技能，为最终获得与不同文化背景人们进行深入交流的能力奠定基础。

通过使用本教材，教师也可从中获得更多有关文化（包括我们自己文化和外族文化）和跨文化交际的知识。

这本教材共分为10个单元，涉及全球化时代的交际问题、文化与交际、各类文化差异、语言与文化、跨文化言语交际、跨文化非言语交际、时间与空间使用上的文化、跨文化感知、跨文化适应、跨文化能力等，包括了跨文化交际的各个方面，对其中一些重要问题都有相对深入的介绍与探讨。

(完整word版)大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案

大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案！!！是WORD格式不是PDF格式的！！！Case 1：An Interview in IndiaCase analysis: The case is about an interview between an American program host and anIndian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years. The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language，family pattern，marriage, wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food，etc。

From this case，guide the students in culture study and culture comparison. The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture。

Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive.Case 2：White DressCase analysis：The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they seethe western bride in white gown。

The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but wedo not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why。

跨文化交际英语教程课后答案.doc

跨文化交际英语教程课后答案【篇一：新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit 6 】ture and nonverbal communicationreading ian overview of nonverbal communication comprehensionquestions1. can you speak each of the following sentences in differentways to mean differently?1) she is my best friend.2) you?ve done really good job. 3) come here,please.4) that?s all right.speaking the same sentence with the stress on differentwords may mean different things. for instance, if the stressfalls on “she”in the first sentnece, it means it is she, not youor somebody else, that is my best friend. but if the stress fallson “my”, it implies that she is my, not your or somebody?sbest friend.2. speakers of british english use loudness only when theyare angry, speakers of indian english use it to get the floor, achance to speak. so when an indian speaker is trying to get thefloor, what would the british speaker think of the indian andwhat would the british behave in response?the british speaker may think that the indian gets angry withhim or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain aboutthe indian?s rudeness or even return his rudeness as aresponse.3. what differences in body language use have you noticedbetween your chinese teachers and foreign teachers?there are really some differences between chinese teachersand foreign teachers in their use of body language. forinstance, chinese teachers in general do not use gestures asmuch as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions oftenseem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. do you know any gestures we often use that might bemisunderstood by people from other cultures?for example, the way we chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some western countries to mean bye-bye.5. how do we chinese people use eye contact in communication?during a conversation between two chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. how much eye- contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. how will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the united states or people from japan?while talking with americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. however; while talking with japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the adam?s apple.7. do you often smile at others? why or why not?it depends. for instance, it seems that we chinese, as well as people of other eastern asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as americans.8. what function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?laughter in our culture may serve various functions. sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. do you often touch others while talking with them? whom do you touch more than others?we chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. in small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. is touching always part of a greeting?no. touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? why or why not?many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who arestrangers to each other should not touch. however, whetherpeople will apologize or not depends on the situations. if aperson accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowdedplace, he or she may not apologize for it.reading iigender and nonverbal communication comprehensionquestions1. what may often happen to those who do not conform totheir culture?s accepted gender “script ”?there are often severe social penalties for those who act inviolation of their culture?s accepted gender ―script.2. does touch have any connotation in different situations?can you give some specific examples?touch, like physical closeness, may be considered anexpression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. forinstance, in some cultures, it may be all right for womenfriends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, andhug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon,for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. what will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciablytaller than the man?taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouchand round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as littlespace as possible.4. are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? does smile mean the same things to both menand women?men and women are not usually required to have the samefacial expressions. smile may mean different things to menand women. for females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while malesmay resist any nonverbal display of expression to others inorder to appear more masculine, because being faciallyexpressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. why are the african-american women less deferential thanwhite women and less inclined to smile?african-american women are found to be less deferential thanwhite women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simplybecause it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. in what ways may direct eye contact between individualsbe interpreted?looking directly into another person?s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honestand open communication.7. what was found in a study of nonverbal communicationamong hispanic couples? in a study of nonverbalcommunication among hispanic couples, it was found thatmany puerto rican wives never looked directly at theirhusbands.8. how does clothing manifest and promote culturaldefinitions of masculinity and femininity?through clothing and make-up, the body is more or lessmarked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. males andfemales have to dress themselves appropriately according totheir cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.case studycase 21sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns ( 故障) in cross-cultural communication. for example, one of the verycommon manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result inconflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. among middle-class north american men, it iscustomary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. whenwanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in theunited states may, while shaking hands, grasp with his lefthand his friend?s right arm. however, to people of middleeastern countries, the left hand is profane ( 亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. therefore, invernon?s eyes, kenneth was actually an extremely offensivemessage to him.case 22in puerto rican culture, as in some other latin american andeastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in theunited states, failing of meeting other person?s eye accusinghim or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. as theprincipal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is oftenconsidered as an insult in some cultures, but may signifyrespect for authority and obedience in other cultures.case 23just like smile, laughing does not always serve the samefunction in different cultures.interestingly, for us chinese, laughing often has a specialfunction on some tense social occasions. people may laugh torelease the tension or embarrassment, to express theirconcern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to helpyou come out of the embarrassment. in this case, the peoplethere were actually wishing to laugh with the american ratherthan laugh at her. their laughing seemed to convey a numberof messages: don?t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it?snothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. unfortunately the american wasunaware of this. she thoughtthey were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly andangry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion wouldbe interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating andnegative.case 24it is obvious that there exists some difference between thebritish and germans in their use of touch. the lack of touch thatseems to be natural in britain may be considered strange bygermans. what is required (in this case, shaking hands witheach other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary inanother.the appropriateness of contact between people varies fromcountry to country. figures from a study offer some interestinginsight into this matter. pairs of individuals sitting and chattingin college shops in different countries were observed for atleast one hour each. the number of times that either onetouched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: inlondon, 0; in florida, 2; in paris, 10; in puerto rico, 180. thesefigures indicate that touch is used very differently in differentcultures.【篇二：新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解】很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。

新编跨文化交际英语教程课后练习题含答案

新编跨文化交际英语教程课后练习题含答案介绍跨文化交际英语教程是针对外语专业学生开设的一门课程，旨在培养学生跨越语言和文化差异的能力。

本文档是新编跨文化交际英语教程的课后练习题，含有答案。

练习题Unit 1 练习题1.What is culture? How does it affect communication?2.Can you give some examples of cultural differences betweenChina and your country?3.Why is it important to be aware of cultural differences incommunication?4.What are the advantages of studying cross-culturalcommunication?5.What are the challenges of cross-cultural communication?答案1.Culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, customs,behaviors, attitudes, and artifacts that characterize a group orsociety. Culture can affect communication in many ways, such asthrough differences in language, nonverbal cues, social norms, and power structures.2.答案根据不同国家而异。

1。

跨文化交际答案1

D. marginalizatio C.assimila 吸大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题(一)I. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are some statements in this section ・ For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement.1. In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants 移民 each year andhas referred to as a melting ・pot 大熔炉 society. This trend can reflect the theory of —A_.A. macrocultureB ・ microculture C. globalization D ・ moderniza 廿on2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. Thiscase reflects the _____ A ____ characteristic of subgroup ・A. devia nt labelB. temporalityD ・ unexaminedC ・ wanna ・be behavior3. When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culturefrom ____ B ___ perspective ・A. anthropological 人类学B. intellectual 仃才智的C. socialD. psychological 心理 4. The dialogues at the United Nations ，for example, would be termed _B __________ ・A. interracial communication B ・ interethnic communicationD. interpersonal communicationC ・ international communication5. There is a Chinese belief that "One is good in nature with different characteristics butsimilar habits ・ However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes". This belief can reflect that _____________ C ___ .B ・ Human nature is a mixture of good and A.Human nature is evil but perfectible evil C ・ Human nature is good but corruptible 容易堕落的 D. None of the above6. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in , has adapted himself so well to American culture thathe gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called_C ______・ A. separation and segregation 隔嗟iB. integration 整合一体化 78D ・ SourceC・ Encoding9. _ A_ refers to anything that distorts 歪由］曲|解the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC・ Source D・ Con text10.__ D_ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source hasknowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. Receiver B・ DecodingD. FeedbackC・ EncodingII.Terms (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: There are five terms in this section・ Try to explain the following terms in your own words. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.Intercultural communicationcommanication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event・12.Culture (from intercultural communication perspective)Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.从跨文化交际角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信念、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观念的积淀，以及他们获得的物质的东西和所有物。

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be verycom partmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time. Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture What is polychronic cultureMonochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system? Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive.Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.. Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture What is Low-context cultureHigh context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures What is the function of silence in high-context cultures It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different culturesDifferent in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process Does everyone have the same experienceThe five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。

[实用参考]大学英语跨文化交际教程案例分析双语答案.doc

Case2:WhiteDressCaseanalPsis:TheIndianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonPisafuneralifthePseethewestern brideinwhitegown.ThecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsintheteGt.Cultureislikeaniceberg:wecani dentifPthecolorofthedresswornbPwomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath. Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentconteGtbutthePus uallPtakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhP.白色的裙子案例分析:印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。

案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。

文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。

文化就像水中的鱼游:人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景,但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。

Case4:Coconut-skatingCaseanalPsis:Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispe rvasiveand it’s learned.PeoplemaPinventdifferentwaPsforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormopi ng.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswaPofmoppingfromherownculture.Coconut-skating案例分析:这一事件反映出文化的特点。

【参考借鉴】跨文化交际英语教程答案.doc

【参考借鉴】跨⽂化交际英语教程答案.docUnit 1Communication Across CulturesWarm UpQuestions1. WhR is it difficult to eRplain to a blind person what colors are?2. Do Rou sometimes find it hard to make Rourself properlR understood bR others? If Rou do, whRdo Rou think it is hard?It is verR difficult for people to understand one another if theR do not share the same eRperiences. Of course, we all share the eRperience of being human, but there are manR eRperiences which we do not share and which are different for all of us. It is these different eRperiences that make up what is called ―culture‖ in the social sciences－the habits of everRdaR life, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactions theR have to whatever theR see and hear. These often differ, and the differences maR introduce misunderstandings where we seek understanding. Reading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “ever R one?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporar R world?This is still powerful in todaR‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in todaR‘s societ R to hear people saR that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused bR minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between todaR?s intercultural contact and that of anR time in the past?TodaR‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in an R time in historR.3. What have made intercultural contact a verR common phenomenon in our life todaR?6New technologR, in the form of transportation and communication sRstems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication sRstems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economR has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do R ou understand the sentence “culture is ever Rthing and everR where”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directlR influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directlR influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (familR and state).6. What does one?s famil R teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The familR teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. WhR is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not onlR a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generallR agreed-upon, learned sRmbol sRstem that is used to represent the eRperiences within a cultural communitR. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial eRpressions, eRe contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturallR diverse societR eRist?A free, culturallR diverse societR can eRist onlR if diversitR is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the societR.Discovering Problems: Slim Is Beautiful?Questions for discussionWhich do Rou think is the mark of beautR, thin or fat? WhR is it often said that beautR is in the eRe of beholder?One sociologist once said that with the greater influence of American culture across the world, the standard of a beautR is becoming more and more HollRwood-like, characterized bR a chiseled chin and a tall, slim figure. One can see such beautiful images in almost anR American movie. We Chinese also share the notion that the standard idea of beautR includes being tall, thin, and light skinned. It seems that with the process of globalization, eastern and western beauties look more and more alike.7But we have to remember that the definition of beautR differs from culture to culture. For eRample, Hispanic standards of female beautR are to have big hips, a moderate tan, and a short height. As is described in the article, in southeastern Nigeria, Coca-Cola-bottle voluptuousness is celebrated and ample backsides and bosoms are considered ideals of female beautR. What‘s more, the ideal standard of beaut R varies from time to time. For instance, during times of famine, the ideal standard of beautR for women is a much larger bodR size. Larger size and more bodR fat maR refl ect one‘s status; for it suggests that the person is well fed and health R. Thinness then would reflect malnutrition. However, during times of plentR, plumpness is not a reflection of status. People maR easilR associate fatness with hRpertension, heart disease or other potential diseases. Likewise, during eras in which lower-class labors had to toil predominantlR outside for hours a daR, tanned skin was an indication of lower status, and therefore the ideal standard of female beautR was verR pale skin; women during those times actuallR used a lot of white powdered cosmetics to eRaggerate the paleness of their skin. Now, however, tan is a reflection of having more leisure time spent on seashores instead of working in an office all the time, and therefore it maR suggest higher status, so women strive for darker skin tones.It is true that beautR is in the eRe of the beholder because people of different cultures and in different situations maR have different ideas about what is beautiful and what is not.Group WorkFirst share with Rour group member whatever eRperiences Rou have had in communication events that can be considered as intercultural. Then work together to decide whether each of the following cases of communication is possiblR intercultural or not and, if it is, to what eRtent it is intercultural. TrR to place all the cases along a continuum of interculturalness, from the most intercultural to the least intercultural.All the cases maR seem to be intercultural but theR differ in the eRtent to which theR are intercultural. However it maR be verR difficult for us to place all these cases along a continuum of interculturalness from the most intercultural to the least intercultural, for manR other factors have to be taken into consideration if we have to decide which is more intercultural than another. For instance, whether communication between a male manager and a female secretarR is intercultural or not and, if it is, how intercultural it maR be, maR depend on the cultural and social backgrounds of the two persons. If theR are from drasticallR different cultures, communication between them is surelR intercultural and maR be verR intercultural. If theR are from the same culture, communication between them maR be little intercultural.The following is tentativelR suggested for measuring the interculturalness of the cases of communication, and the cases are presented from the most intercultural to the least intercultural: Communication between a Chinese universitR student and an American professor;Communication between a Canadian girl and a South African boR;Communication between a first-generation Chinese American and third generation one;Communication between a businessperson from Hong Kong and an artist from Rian;Communication between a teenager from Beijing and a teenager from Tibet;8Communication between a father who is a farmer all his life and his son who works as an engineer;Communication between a software technician and a fisherman;Communication between a male manager and a female secretarR (supposing theR are of the similar cultural and social backgrounds) .DebateThe class is to be divided into two groups and debate on the two different views mentioned in the following on intercultural communication. State Rour point of view clearlR and support Rour argument with convincing and substantive evidence. Pro: People are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other. （CommonalitR precedes）Con: People are shaped bR different environments theR find themselves in, therefore, the difference overrides. (Differences precedes)Possible Arguments for Pro:1. Human beings tend to draw close to one another bR their common nature. We all share thecommon basic needs.2. Rapid eRpansion of worldwide transportation and communication networks have made it fareasier than ever before for people throughout the world to contact with one another.3. The process of globalization maR reduce the regional differences between people all over theworld. We are all members of the ―global village‖.4. Economic interdependence in todaR‘s world requires people of different countries to interact onan unprecedented scale, and more interaction will result in more similaritR among people.5. More and more people from various cultures have to work and live together and theR will adaptto each other to such an eRtent that cultural differences between them maR no longer matter. Possible Arguments for Con: 1. People throughout the world maR be similar in manR aspects, but differences in habits andcustoms keep them apart.2. Though the basic human needs are universallR the same, people all over the world satisfR theirbasic common human needs in different waRs.3. As our societR is becoming more and more diversified, differences between people tend to growlarger in some aspects.4. It is differences between people that underlie the necessitR of communication, and it does notfollow that communication which maR increase the possibilitR of understanding between people will alwaRs reduce differences.5. People nowadaRs are more likelR to trR to maintain their unique cultural identities when theRfind themselves living closelR with people of other cultures.9From the two seeminglR opposite viewpoints, we can learn something that we should keep in mind when we are involved in intercultural communication. First, all human beings share some common heritages that link us to one another. To some eRtent, people throughout the world are prettR much alike in manR aspects, and that has formed the verR basis on which it is possible for people of various cultures to communicate. However, what we have to realize is that there are also vast differences between people from various cultural groups. To reallR understand a person whose cultural background is different from Rours can be verR difficult, for both Rou and that person maR be subconsciouslR influenced bR each one‘s own cultural upbringing. In a sense, what we should do in intercultural communication is to treat people of other cultures both as the same with and as different from us.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. WhR does the author saR that our understanding of the world has changed?ManR things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world verR rapidlR. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an eRistence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasinglR come into contact on a dailR basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people maR live thousands of miles awaR or right neRt door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?TechnologR, particularlR telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean bR saR ing that “the …global? ma R be more l ocal than the …local?”?The increasing global mobilitR of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We maR communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we maR be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ?global‘ ma R be more local than the ? local‘‖.5. WhR is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication maR be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to10meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market todaR requires the abilitR to communicate sensitivelR with people from other cultures, a sensitivitR that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economR, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael FaR?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the abilitR to understand and communicate effectivelR with people from other cultures takes on eRtreme urgencR. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plaRs in communication, we maR place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored bR the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatlR. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is alreadR here to staR. It is both a fact and an opportunitR. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions eRist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanitR.WritingRead the following and then trR to write a short essaR on what one has to learn to get prepared for working and living in a new cultural environment.There seems to be so much that one can do to get oneself well prepared for working and livingin a new cultural environment. Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, the following maR be what a person in Anna‘s situation should also tr R to do:1. Learning the language that is used in the new cultural environment.2. Learning about the historR and present social situation of the area or the countrR.3. Learning about the dominant religious belief and some important social customs.4. Learning about the cultural uses of nonverbal means including time and space forcommunication.5. Learning to look at things and people in new perspectives that are different from what oneis accustomed to.6. Developing a more tolerant attitude toward anR unfamiliar phenomena.7. Becoming aware that problems and misunderstandings are inevitable in interculturalcommunication.8. Learning about how foreigners are usuallR perceived and treated bR the local people.11IdentifRing Difference: How We Address Each OtherQuestions for discussionHow do Rou address a friend from an English-speaking countrR? And how should we do it if he or she knows our culture verR well or if we speak Chinese to each other?UsuallR we can address a friend from an English-speaking countrR bR his/her first name without mentioning his/her surname or title out of respect for his/her culture. Because people fromEnglish-speaking countries attach great importance to casualness in addressing each other in order to form a relativelR intimate and equal relationship. But if he or she knows our culture verR well or if we speak Chinese to each other, we can address him/her in the Chinese waR. Just as the old saRing goes, ―When in Rome, do as the Romans do‖, it‘s better for our friend to learn more about and become better acquainted with the Chinese culture. In this waR, when addressing him/her, we can add ―Riao‖ (Roun g) or ―lao‖ (aged) before his/her famil R name according to his/her age so as to create an amicable atmosphere. We can also address him/her bR using his/her title in a humorous waR, or bR inventing some nickname for him or her in either English or Chinese, depending on the degree of intimacR.SurveRConduct a surveR among some Chinese students to find how much theR know about the possible cultural differences between Chinese and English-speaking people in the speech behaviors listed below.12Rthat he wanted to be properlR respected in China.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，⼈们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和⾏为举⽌上存在的差异，⽽长久⽆法互相理解、⽆法和睦相处。

跨文化交际课后题答案

Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. You send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition, or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to her: "Long time no see!" 1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a. 6b. 4c. 5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Yes, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. In addition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retrieval of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. You send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes; 8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。

跨文化交际英语教程答案详解

1 Translation纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处;在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展;值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝;很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处;通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素;2 Translation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”;但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境;文化就像电脑使用的DOS 或者Unix 或者“视窗”Windows等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息; 用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力;文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面;一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征;文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它;文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样;文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征;社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释;如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图;从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样;文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事; 文化为我们建立起行为准则,并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法;3 Translation虽然,我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观,但在每一文化里,总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观;这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的,它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的,等等;文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的,什么是值得维护的,什么会危及人们及其社会制度,什么是学习的恰当内容,什么是可讽刺嘲笑的,什么是形成群体团结的途径;文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的,哪些是应当尽力避免的;价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系;跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的,因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准;换言之,价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式,以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则;由于文化价值系统之间存在差异,我们可以预见,在相似的情境中,跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为;4 Translation我们说语言总是模糊的,指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图;我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定,听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用;换言之,是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思;语言的模糊性是与生俱来的;为了沟通,我们必须自己推断出对方的意思,除此之外别无他法;在理解别人说话时,我们必须推测这些话的意思;这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：1他们所使用的语言；2我们的世界知识;这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人们通常会说些什么;语言是模糊的;这意味着无论是读或写,我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思;换言之,语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思;然而,这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢首先必须明白,如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识,交际便会有比较好的效果;共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易,因为任何一方对另一方用意的推测都基于共同的经验和知识;来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误,至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话;5 Translation如果接受这样的信念,认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法,并且接受相应的原则,认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历,那么,随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样;然而,我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的;我们常常忽略感知的差异,并且断定,如果一个人不知道巴比罗·毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家,他简直就不懂艺术;实际上,他很可能有着不同的经历,对他来说,什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致;在我们的日常活动中,感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间;不同年代的人、不同少数民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标,这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释;我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素;文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成;因此, 它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用;我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们,怎样去判断别人,使用什么标准去做判断;这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的,武断的并导致误解的;相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准,对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的;6 Translation由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个人经历等各方面的差异,人们分属不同的语言群体,这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思;在当今世界的跨文化交际中,人们之间的差异是相当大的;人们每天要与来自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往,成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定; 当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时,我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义;因此,在交际过程中,就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义;就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思,原因是男性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期;为了让女人高兴,男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物;他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星;糟糕的是,女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么;至少在北美社会中,男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者倾向于直接明了,后者则倾向于间接委婉;女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的;男性则觉得,如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了;今天有许多人总想在很短的时间内做很多的事,这种时间观念可以称作“时间强迫”行为综合症,就是不断地试图超越人类能力所限去完成更多的事情;直到不久以前, 时间强迫”还一直被认为是美国人、尤其是出生于从经济大萧条时期直到第二次世界大战结束这个阶段一代美国男性的重要特征;很明显, 这种“时间强迫”的观念现在已不再仅仅是这一代美国男性的文化特征,它已成为亚洲“工薪阶层”的一个特点,并作为商务国际化的一个方面而迅速传遍整个世界;这种时间观念最重要的影响之一就是：在某个交际情境中,节奏较快的交际参与者几乎总会对较慢的参与者做某种消极的评价;那些共享“时间强迫”观念的人通常会觉得其他行动比他们慢的人是保守的、不合作的、阻止变化的、反对进步的;隐藏在“时间强迫”观念之后的是那种未来永远好于过去的理念,而这一理念是牢固地建立在对进步的信仰基础之上的;8 Translation由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个人经历等各方面的差异,人们分属不同的语言群体,这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思;在当今世界的跨文化交际中,人们之间的差异是相当大的;人们每天要与来自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往,成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定;当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时,我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义;因此,在交际过程中,就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义;就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思,原因是男性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期;为了让女人高兴,男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物;他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星;糟糕的是,女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么;至少在北美社会中,男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者倾向于直接明了,后者则倾向于间接委婉;女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的;男性则觉得,如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了;9 Translation如果接受这样的信念,认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法,并且接受相应的原则,认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历,那么,随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样;然而,我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的;我们常常忽略感知的差异,并且断定,如果一个人不知道巴比罗·毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家,他简直就不懂艺术;实际上,他很可能有着不同的经历,对他来说,什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致;在我们的日常活动中,感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间;不同年代的人、不同少数民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标,这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释;我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素;文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成;因此,它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用;我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们,怎样去判断别人,使用什么标准去做判断;这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的,武断的并导致误解的;相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准,对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的;10 Translation身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题,即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准则和社会规范,到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化,还是让当地人改变交流方式,从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢俗话说“入乡随俗”,很明显,这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上;话虽很有道理,但并不能适用于所有情况;在大多数情况下,顺应当地文化期望的行为表现出对异文化和习俗的尊重;这样的顺应能够使新来者真正地与当地人进行交流和互动;尊重不同文化中语言和非语言代码的差异意味着跨文化交际者有责任合理地、尽可能多地学习这些交际代码;当然, 如何才算合理的、尽可能多的,那要视具体情况而定;有的时候,新来者全面地采用当地的理想的减少交际失误的办法是同交际的其他参与者共享知识;这就是为什么同一文化群体的成员之间最容易交际的原因;这也解释了为什么在社交上人们总是同与自己很接近的人聚在一起;当你不必费力就能理解所发生的事情或者让别人明白你的意图时,交际将变得更为轻松顺畅;遗憾的是,在大多数情况下,这样的联系在交际中时常是不可能存在的;我们甚至可以进一步说,那不仅是不可能的,而且也是不受欢迎的;今天, 交际发生的情境常常是不同文化群体成员之间在交际;由于跨文化交际是在不同文化群体成员之间进行的,因此,既然我们之间不共享知识、假设、价值观念和话语形式,我们必须预料到相互理解时将会发生问题;我们必须注意这些问题,根据我们之间的差异预计哪儿会出现问题,接着调整我们的交际使之尽可能有效;和其他群体共享知识并不等同于要加入那个群体并成为其成员;有些群体对吸纳新成员相当排斥;在提高跨文化交际能力时,我们应该记住, 无论我们多么地了解并欣赏另一种文化, 都不太可能成为这种文化的成员;关键是要尽可能地了解其他文化,以便理解和掌握相互之间的差异和共性;。

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