Unit 13 Motivation Theories

need - an internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive
unsatisfied needs create tensions that stimulate drives drives lead to search behavior
Early Theories of Motivation (cont’d)
• McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X

Assumes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require close supervision.
effort - a measure of intensity or drive goals - effort should be directed toward, and consistent with, organizational goals needs - motivation is a need-satisfying process
• Goal-Setting Theory
Reduction of Tension
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Early Theories of Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • MacGregor’s Theories X and Y • Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
once
a need is substantially satisfied it no longer motivates behavior
theory received wide recognition little research support for the validity of the theory
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
• Describe the three needs McClelland proposed as being present in work settings. • Explain how goal-setting and reinforcement theories explain employee motivation. • Describe the job characteristics model as a way to design motivating jobs. • Discuss the motivation implications of equity theory. • Contrast distributive justice and procedural justice. • Explain the three key linkages in expectancy theory and their role in motivation.
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Exhibit 16–1
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Higher-order needs - largely satisfied internally
social - affection, belongingness, acceptance esteem - internal factors like self-respect, autonomy – external factors like status, recognition, attention self-actualization - achieving one’s potential
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Exhibit 16–2
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
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Exhibit 16–3
• Motivation
the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need
Assumption:

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Early Theories of Motivation (cont’d)
• Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are created by different factors.
physiological - food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction safety - security and protection from physical and emotional harm – assurance that physiological needs will be satisfied
Attempted to explain why job satisfaction does not result in increased performance.

The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather no satisfaction.
LEARNING OUTLINE
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
What Is Motivation?
• Define motivation. • Explain motivation as a need-satisfying process.
Current Issues in Motivation
• Describe the cross-cultural challenges of motivation. • Discuss the challenges managers face in motivating unique groups of workers.
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Early Theories Of Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory lower-order needs - largely satisfied externally
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
ninth edition
STEPHEN P. ROBBINS
MARY COULTER
Unit
13
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Motivation Theories
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama
Contrasting Views of Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction
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Contemporary Theories of Motivation
• Three-Needs Theory

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16-8
Early Theories Of Motivation (cont.)
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (cont.) each level in hierarchy must be satisfied before the next is activated
• Describe open-book management, employee recognition, pay-for-performance, and stock option programs.
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What Is Motivation?
Early Theories of Motivation
• Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and how it can be used to motivate. • Discuss how Theory X and Theory Y managers approach motivation. • Describe Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. • Explain Herzberg’s views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
Theory Y

Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction, desire responsibility, and like to work.
Motivation is maximized by participative decision making, interesting jobs, and good group relations.
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

Hygiene factors: extrinsic (environmental) factors that create job dissatisfaction.

Motivators: intrinsic (psychological) factors that create job satisfaction.

© 2007 © PrenticePrentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Hall, 2002
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The Motivation Process
Unsatisfied Need
Tension
Drives
Search Behavior
Satisfied Need