翻译交稿 Real time prices 实时电价
基于需求响应的实时电价研究综述

基于需求响应的实时电价研究综述黄海新;邓丽;张路【摘要】随着经济与社会的发展,电力产业不断贯穿于各个领域,电力需求量不断增加,智能电网逐渐成为当今电网发展的主要趋势.需求响应是实现电网智能化的重要机制.电价作为电力市场的重要组成部分,是电力市场的无形之手,在电力市场中起杠杆作用.基于需求响应(DemandResponse,DR)的实时电价(Real-time Pricing,RTP)策略,则是实现智能电网有效性与可靠性的关键技术之一.介绍了智能电网的需求响应与实时电价策略.从用户侧与供电侧的供需水平出发,系统地总结和分析了国内外现有的实时电价研究模型与算法.讨论了存在的技术挑战,对未来可能研究的实时电价策略进行了展望.【期刊名称】《电气技术》【年(卷),期】2015(000)011【总页数】6页(P1-6)【关键词】智能电网;需求响应;实时电价;用户侧【作者】黄海新;邓丽;张路【作者单位】沈阳理工大学信息科学与工程学院,沈阳 110159;中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所,沈阳 110016;沈阳理工大学信息科学与工程学院,沈阳 110159;沈阳理工大学信息科学与工程学院,沈阳 110159【正文语种】中文近年来,随着用户用电需求的增加,传统的电网面临着许多存在或者潜在性的问题,电网的有效性与可靠性受到威胁。
同时,新能源产品(如混合动力电动汽车等)的出现、分布式发电装置的应用,也对用户的用电行为产生显著影响。
峰值电耗的增加使现有电网处于高负荷状态,影响了整个电网的性能。
相对于增加发电厂的发电量来满足用户的需求,智能电网的需求响应成为处理上述问题的关键。
而实时电价策略,作为需求响应的重要措施之一,是解决智能电网用电问题的关键技术。
本文介绍了智能电网的需求响应和实时电价策略,并从供电侧与用户侧的供需角度,对国内外电网实时电价的研究与发展情况进行了综述。
1 需求响应随着经济与社会的发展,电力产业不断贯穿于人们的生产、生活等各个领域,各个行业对电力的需求不断增加,因此,电力产业对可持续发展战略起着至关重要的影响作用,智能电网孕育而生。
翻译交稿Realtimeprices实时电价

摘要:在没有实时电价的初级电力市场,存在明显矛盾阻碍着GRIDCO对分时电价系统的推广,分时电价对于优化资源配置,促进经济持续性发展具有重要意义。
为了解决这一问题,本文首先提出了电力权交易这一概念,并且引出了一系列相关的问题比如:交易的可能性,合理性,可行性,交易机制,以及交易参与者一并都进行了讨论。
可以看出,这种交易对市场参与者以及社会都是很有必要的,因为它为DSM的组织者们提供了投资回调以及风险管理的方法,并且它能够刺激GREDCO推出更多的DSM政策。
关键词:分时电价需求方管理电力销售权交易机制一.简介分时电价的重要性随着经济的发展,人类面临着一系列的全球化问题,比如不断耗尽的自然资源,越来越严重的环境问题。
显然,需要一种新的发展模式取代传统的发展模式以实现经济的可持续性发展。
对于电力产业而言,需求方的管理是实现以上目标的最有效的方法之一。
在电力市场,分时电价是一种合理的价格机制,它能帮助提高价格弹性以满足市场需求。
根据不同时段不同的负载特性,GRIDCO(可能包括ISO以及DISTCO的初级市场),将实行一种峰谷电的方法,即在用电高峰期时提高电价,在用电低峰期时则降低电价。
通过这种利用价格作为杠杆进行调节的方式,可以帮助解决用电高峰时的电力紧缺问题,从长远角度看,它能够帮助减少建立发电站,最终将有利于整个社会的发展。
初级电力市场中阻碍分时电价的突出矛盾初级电力市场没有实时电价,分时电价的目的是缩小峰谷电之间的电力负荷差距,即最大化稳定电力系统的负荷和运行。
其主要目的是减少用电高峰期的发电能力,有效地分配社会资源,较少供电装置的启动和实效,因此达到提高生产效率以及降低发电成本。
可以看出,分时电价系统的主要受益人是是独立的电力生产商而不是GRIDCO。
然而,实施分时电价策略的必要投资,即,科技发展,设备交换,研究与测试,对客户的普及以及推广,以及分时电价实施以后的可能造成的利率减少的风险,都是靠GRIDCO支持的。
期货术语中英文对照#精选、

期货术语中英文对照Actuals 现货(LME普遍使用physical)Arbitrage 市场间套利Assay 检验分析Ask 要价,喊价At-the-Money 相等价值:期权履约价与当前期权期货合约的现价完全相同Backpricing 有效时间定价:生产者常用LME 结算价作为报价基准, 每天公布的结算价到次日中午有效。
又称公认定价(Pricing on the Known)Backwardation 现货升水:现货价高于期货价(又称Back),是为逆向市场、倒价市场Base Metal 贱金属,基金属:除金、银、铂族以外的金属Bar Chart 条形图Basis 基差:同一种商品现货价与期货价之差Basis Price 基本价格,履约价格:期权交易中买卖双方商定,并按此进行交易的价格。
又称敲定价格(Strik Price),通常为当前市场价Bear 卖空者,看跌者:与Bull正相反Bear Covering 结束空头部位Bear Market 空头市场,熊市:价格普遍下跌的市场Bear Position 空头部位:已卖出期货,期望以后能以较低价买进,利润为现在卖出与以后补进价之差额Best Orders 最佳买卖订单(Buing/Selling at Best)Bid 买方出价Bond 债券Bottom 底价:某时间段内的最低价Borrowing 借入(Borrowing metal from the market):买进近期货的同时,卖出远期货Break 暴跌,暴升,突破:价格出现较大波动Broker 经纪行,经纪人Bull 买空者,看涨者:与Bear相反Bull Market 多头市场,牛市:价格普遍上涨的市场Bull Position 多头部位:已买进期货,期望以后能以较高价卖出,其利润为现在买进与以后卖出价之差额Business Day 交易日Buying Hedge (Long Hedge)买进套期保值Buy In 补进:平仓、对冲或关闭一个空头部位Buy on Close 收市买进:在收市时按收市价买进Buy on Opening 开市买进:在开市时按开市价买进Call Option 看涨期权,延买期权:允许购买者按一特定的基价购买一种指定期货合约的权力。
报实价的信函(中英文对照

报实价的信函(中英文对照报实价的信函(中英文对照London,UKDearSirs:Thisistoconfirmyourtelexof16January20xx,askingustomakeyoufirmoffersfo rriceandsoybeaC&FSingapore.Wetelexedyouthismorningofferingyou300metri ctoofpolishedriceatA$2,400permetricton,C&FSingapore,forshipmentduring March/April20xx.Thisofferisfirm,subjecttothereceiptofyourreplybefore1 0February20xx.Pleasenotethatwehavequotedourmostfavourablepriceandareunabletoenterta inanycounteroffer.Withregardtosoybea,weadviseyouthatthefewlotswehaveatpresentareunderof ferelsewhere.If,however,youweretomakeusasuitableoffer,thereisapoibili tyofoursulyingthem.Asyouknow,oflate,ithasbeenaheavydemandforthesecomm oditiesandthishasresultedinincreasedprices.Youmay,however,takeadvanta geofthestrengtheningmarketifyousendanimmediatereply.Yoursfaithfully,T onySmithChiefSeller先生:二零零四年元月十六日有关查询大米和大豆新加坡到岸价的电传已收悉。
电力市场常用词汇

电力市场常用词汇 (2008-05-29 21:37:49)英文缩写英文全称中文解释ATC Available Transmission Capability 可用输电容量ALM Active Load Management 有功负荷管理Active Power Market 有功市场AS Ancillary service 辅助服务Ancillary service charges 辅助服务费ASM Ancillary Service Market 辅助服务市场AS Ancillary Service Provider 辅助服务供应商Annual peak load curve 年最大负荷曲线Arbitrage 套利ACE Area control error 区域控制误差Area price 分区电价AR Area Regulation 区域管制Auction 拍卖、竞价Auction market 拍卖市场Auction Price 拍卖价格AMP Automated Mitigation Procedures 自动市场势力消除程序AGC Automatic generation control 自动发电控制ADP Availability Declaration Period 可用容量申报期Available capacity 可用发电容量ATC Available transfer capability 可用传输容量B TO B 企业对企业B TOC 企业对客户Bain index 贝恩指数BSC Balancing and settlement code 平衡与结算规则BME Balancing Market Evaluation 平衡市场计算Bid 竞价BS Bid Sufficiecy 申报充足率Bid—based 基于竞价的Bidder’s duration of validity 报价员有效期Bidding Price 竞标价格BPS Bidding Processing System 报价处理系统Bidding unit 报价机组Bids 报价Bilateral contract 双边合同Bilateral market 双边交易市场Bilateral Transaction 双边交易(即大用户直购电)Billing and Accounting 结算和结帐biomass 生物质能Block contracts 分段合同Boundary Flow 界面潮流CBM Capacity Benefit Margin 容量效益裕度Capacity factor 容量系数/容量因子Capacity payment 容量电价Capacity requirement market 容量需求市场Capacity Reservation Tariff 容量预定价格Cap-and-trade 限额交易Clearing 清算Clearing energy 出清电量Cogeneration 热电联产Competitive Electricity Market 竞争性电力市场Congestion 阻塞Congestion Cost 阻塞成本Congestion management 阻塞管理Congestion surplus 阻塞节余Congestion uplift 阻塞上抬费用CUSC Connection and use of system code 并网与网络使用规则Connection charge 并网费Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余CFD Contract for Difference 差价合同CMS Contract Management System 合同管理系统Contract price 合同电量CfDs Contracts for differences 差价和约CMS Contrat Management Subsystem 合同管理子系统Cooperative game 合作博弈Cost of service regulation 服务成本管制Cost of unit start-up 机组启动费用CSP Curtailment Service Provider 缩减负荷提供者Customer baseline load 用户基线负荷day-ahead 日前Decentralized trading model 分散交易模型Default provider 默认服务提供商Demand Curve 需求曲线DTC Demand for Transmission Capacity 输电容量需求DSM Demand-side management 需求侧管理deregulation 市场化dispatch 调度DPF Dispatcher Power Flow 调度员潮流DTS Dispatcher Training Simulator 调度员培训模拟Distribution 配电D Distribution Service Provide 配电商Economic Dispatch 经济调度Electric load management 电力负荷管理EDC Electrical Distribution Company 电力配电公司EFA Electricity Forward Agreement 电能远期合同EMOS Electricity Market Operation System 电力市场运营系统NETA electricity trading arrangement 电力交易协议Eligible customer 合格用户Spot market 现货市场Futures Market 期货交易市场EMC 节能服务公司EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统EMOS Electricity market operation system 电力市场运营系统RES Renewable sources of energy 可再生能源Energy Spot Market 电能现货市场ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划Equilibrium Price 均衡价格ESCO 能源服务公司ETC Existing Transmission Commit-ments 现存输送协议Ex-post price 事后结算价格Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 联邦能源管理委员会feed-in systems 馈入系统Final closing price 最终收盘价格FTR Financial Transmission Right 金融输电权FTR Firm transmission right 固定输电权FD Fixed demand 固定需求FGR Flow-based Transmission Right 基于潮流的输电权Flowgate 关口输电权(潮流关口)FGR Flowgate Right 关口金融输电权Forced outage 强迫停机Forward Market 远期合同市场Fossil Fuel Levy 矿物燃料税Frequency Control Ancillary Service 频率控制辅助服务Future Market 期货市场Generation 发电量GBS generation bidding system 发电报价系统Generation market 发电市场G Generator 发电商Green certificate market “绿证”市场GC Grid code 输电网技术规范GC Grid Company 电网拥有者GMC Grid Management Charge 电网管理费Hedging 套利保值High and low matching method 高低匹配法hour-ahead 时前Hourly contracts 小时合同Illegal speculation 非法投机行为IMO Independent Market Operator 独立市场运营机构IPP Independent Power Producer 独立发电商ISO Independent System Operator 独立系统操作员Inflexible units 不可调度机组ICAP Installed capacity 装机容量installed generation capacity 装机容量Installed Reserve Margin 装机备用余量integrate resource planning 综合资源规划Integrated trading model 一体化交易模型Intelligent price caps 智能价格上限Interchange price 可中断电价Inter-change Schedule 交易计划Interruptible service 可中断的服务Load characteristics 负荷特性LF Load Forecasting 负荷预测LFC Load Frequency Control 负荷频率控制Load profiling 负荷拟合曲线LSE Load Serving Entity 负荷服务企业LBMP Marginal Price 节点边际电价Location Price 区域价格LMP Locational marginal price 分区边际电价LOLP Loss of Load Probility 电力不足概率losses 网损LVAC Low Voltage Access charge 低压连网费MCP Marginal Clearing Price 市场出清价格Marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价Marginal costs 边际成本Marginal Price 边际电价market Architecture 市场设计MCP Market Clearing Price 市场出清价格Market entry certification system 市场准入制度Market Equilibrium 市场均衡Market failure 市场失灵MMU Market monitoring unit 市场监察机构Market participant 市场参与者/市场成员/市场主体Market power 市场力MSO Market Service Organization 市场管理机构Merit order 优先顺序Merit order price 最优顺序价格Metering Data Acquisition System 电能量采集系统MAAC Mid-Atlantic Area Council 大西洋中部地区委员会Minimum daily load 日最小负荷Model of Transmission Right 输电权模型Monopoly 垄断MSS Multi-Settlement System 多结算系统Multi-part bidding 多部投标MW Daily MW 日报NE Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡network congestion 网络阻塞NETA New Electricity Trading Arrangements 新电力交易规则Nodal price 节点电价Non-bidding unit 非竞价机组NFFO Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation 非矿物燃料契约NERC North American Electric Reliability Council 北美电力可靠性委员会OI Office of Interconnection 办公互联网oligopolistic electricity market 卖方垄断电力市场Open access 开放接入OASIS Open Access Same-Time Information System 输电网实时信息发布系统Operating Agreement 运营协议Operation and Maintain 运行维护OPF Optimal Power Flow 最优潮流ORP Optimal Reactive Power 无功优化Optimization 最优化Option 期权合同Outage Scheduler 检修计划Partial Equilibrium 局部均衡Pattern of Transmission Right 输电权模式PAB Pay-as-bid Settlement 按报价结算Payment 支付PTR physical transmission right 物理输电权Point—to—Point Transmission Right 点对点式输电权Pool 电力库PPP Pool Purchase Price 市场购电价Pool Sale Price 市场售电价PSP Pool Sell Price 市场售电价power Broker 电力经纪人Power Exchange 短期现货交易power market 电力市场PM Power Marketer 发电经纪商Power Pool 电力交易所PPA Power Purchase Agreement 电力购销协议Power wheeling 电力转运Pre-dispatch 预调度Price cap 价格上限Price control 价格控制Price regulation 价格监管Price Sensitive Demand 价格敏感性需求Procurement auction 采购竞价Producer Surplus 生产者剩余Projected Assessment of System Adequacy 市场充裕性评估POLR Provider of last resort 收容性供电商RORC Rate of Response Compliance 负荷响应率Reactive Power Market 无功市场real time market 实时市场real-time balancing market 实时平衡市场Real-time prices 实时电价Reference bid 参考投标/报价RTO Regional Transmission organization 地区输电组织RMCP Regulation Market Clearing Price 调频市场出清价格RAA Reliability Assurance Agreement 可靠性协议RMR Reliability Must Run 由于可靠性原因必须运行机组Renewable geothermal 地热能RPS Renewable portfolio standard 可再生能源份额制标准RSI Residual Supply Index 供给剩余系统Retail access 零售准入Retail market 电力零售市场R Retail Service Provider 零售商SC Schedule Coordinators 计划协调员SCD Security Constrained Dispatch 安全约束经济调度SCUC Security-Constrained Unit Commitment 带安全约束机组组合settlement 结算SBS settlement and billing system 结算系统Settlement Day 结算日Shadow price 影子价格SFT Simultaneous Feasibility Test 可行性测试single buyer 单一买方solar photovoltaics 光电子能solar thermal 太阳能SM Spot Market 现货市场Spot price 现货价格Standard Market 标准电力市场State Estimation 状态估计Stranded costs 搁浅成本Strategic bid 报价策略SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition 数据采集和监视系统Supply Curve 供给曲线SMP System marginal price 系统边际价格SMV system marginal value 系统边际价值System operator 系统调度机构System price 系统电价Tariff 目录电价VLL the Value of Loss of Load 失负荷电价Top-down pricing 自上而下的定价方法TTC Total transfer capability 最大输电能力Trading arrangement 交易规则Transmission and Ancillary Services Market 输电与辅助服务市场Transmission Congestion 输电阻塞TCCs Transmission Congestion Contracts 输电阻塞合同TCR Transmission Congestion Right 输电阻塞权TLR Transmission Loading Relief 输电负荷切除Transmission network or transmission system 输电网络或输电系统TO Transmission owner 输电业者TRM Transmission Reliability Margin 输电可靠性裕度TMS 交易管理系统TRR Transmission Revenue Requirement 输电收入要求Transmission Right 输电权Unconstrained Schedule 无约束计划UC unit commitment 机组组合UDS Unit Dispatch System 机组调度系统Uplift 上浮电价VLL Value of Lost Load 负荷停电损失Virtual bidding 虚拟投标/报价WSA Weather Sensitive Adjustment 天气—敏感性调整WSCC Western Systems Coordinating Council 西部电力协调委员会Wheeling trading model 过网模式Wholesale market 电力批发市场Zonal pricing 区域定价actual load curve 实际负荷曲线actual active power output curve 实际有功出力曲线actual reactive power output curve 实际无功出力曲线accounting cost 会计成本bid curve 报价曲线biding energy 竞价空间bi-directional contract for difference 双向差价合同bilateral contact for difference 双边差价合同black start service 黑启动服务block biding 分段竞价buying long 买空compesnation regulation 补偿调节competition energy 竞争电量constrained trading schedule 有约束交易计划contract-path method 合同路径法daily load factor 日负荷率day-ahead trading 日前交易DATS day-ahead trade subsystem 日前交易子系统dispatch interval 调度时段dispatch price 调度价格distribution price 配电电价DMIS dispatching management information system 调度管理信息系统efficiency market 有效市场electricity fee 电费electricity market model 电力市场模式electricity matket regulation 电力市场监管elementary ancillary services 基本辅助服务embedded cost pricing 会计成本定价emergency reserve 事故备用energy price 电量电价exclusive service tariff 专项服务价格feasible capacity 可调出力feasible hours 可调小时financial power trading 电力金融交易fixed cost 固定成本floody season-dry season price 丰枯电价frequency curve 频率曲线future contract 期货合同future trading 期货交易generation competition 发电竞争模式generation re-scheduling 发电再计划generation right transfer trading 发电权转让交易generation unit availability 发电机组可用率generation rated capacity 发电机额定容量high-reliability price 高可靠性电价imperfect competitive market 不完全竞争市场inter-connection tariff 联网价IRR internal rate of return 内部收益率lincense system for electric power business 电力业务许可证制度load coincidence factor 负荷同时率load factor 负荷因数load fluctuation 负荷波动long-run marginal cost pricing 长期边际成本定价loss allocation 网损分摊loss conversion 网损折算loss factor 网损系数LTS long-term trade subsystem 长期交易子系统marginal revenue 边际收益marginal utility 边际效用market intervention 市场干预market mechanism 市场机制MAS market analysis subsystem 市场分析子系统multi-block bidding 多段报价multilateral trading 多边交易must-run unit 强制运行机组nonlinear pricing 非线性定价off-grid energy 下网电量on-grid energy 上网电量on-grid price 上网电价one-part price 单一制电价opportunity cost 机会成本peak-valley price 峰谷电价perfect competitive market 完全竞争市场physical power trading 电力实物交易postage stamp method 邮票法power flow tracing method 潮流跟踪法power regulatory agency 电力监管机构power retailer 电力零售商principle of marginality 边际原则reserve capacity 备用容量reserve service 备用服务retail competition 零售竞争模式retail price 销售电价RTS real-time trade subsystem 实时交易子系统scheduled outage 计划停运seasonal price 季节电价sequential bidding 分次竞价single-block bidding 单段报价single-buyer 单一购买者模式time sharing bidding 分时竞价TMR tele-meter reading system 电能量计量系统two-part price 两部制电价uni-directional contract for difference 单项差价合同valid grid assets 电网有效资产variable cost 变动成本verticallty integrated monopoly 垂直垄断模式whole energy competition 批发竞争模式Active regulation 主动监管Annual contract on-grid energy 年度合同上网电量ACRS Accelerated Cost Recovery System 加速成本回收体系Balancing account 平衡帐户Budget line 预算线Capital & interest price 还本付息电价Ceiling and floor of market clearing price 市场出清价格的上下限Deregulation 放松管制Forced outrage 强迫停运Frequency regulation 一次调频Grid access tariff 接入价Grid security assessment 网络安全校核Grid security constraint 网络安全约束Hour-ahead trading 时前交易Indifference curve 无差异曲线Information asymmetry 信息不对称Initial margin 初始保证金Interruptible forward contract 可中断远期合同Interruptible service 可中断服务Investment regulation 投资监管Information publishing subsystem 信息发布子系统Monopoly market 垄断市场Natural monopoly 自然垄断Nodal pricing 节电电价法Payoff table 支付矩阵Property right 产权Public pricing 公共定价Quality regulation 质量监管Regional electricity market 区域电力市场Selling short 卖空Settlement account 结算帐户Supply-demand ratio 市场供需比Trading manner 交易方式Transaction cost 交易成本Whole energy competition 全电量竞争模式Unplanned outrage 非计划停运Variation margin 价格变动保证金Yearly regulation 年调节Zero-sum game 零和博弈Zonal pricing 区域电价法price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性No-load Cost 空载成本Quasi-fixed Cost 准固定成本Extra-marginal Production 边际外生产Deadweight Loss 无谓损失Option Markets 期权市场Swap Contracts 互换合约Option Valuation 期权估值Exotic Options 特种期权Economies of Scale 规模经济CPF continuation power flow 连续潮流PLF probabilistic load flow 概率潮流Reserved capacity 预留容量ETC existing transmission commitment. 现有输电协议forecasting time span 预测时间跨度PM Probabilistic margin 概率界限EDS economic dispatch system 经济调度系统21。
中英价格互译

actual price 实际价格tender price 投标价格advanced price 上涨了的价格offered price 卖出的开价average price 平均价格official fixed price 官价base price 基价,底价opening price 开盘价basic price 基价selling price 售价bedrock price 最低价格market price 市价floor price 最低价格current price 时价,市价,现行价格keen price 低价ruling price 时价,市价bottom price 底盘,最低价格present price 现行价格,市价closing price 收盘价格prevailing price 现行价格competitive price 竞争价格,公开招标价格procurement price 收购价格cost price 成本价格,生产价格purchasing price 收购价格legal price 法定价格reasonable price 合理价格,公道的价格discount price 打过折扣的价格retail price 零售价格black market price 黑市价格wholesale price 批发价格fair price 合理价格security price 证券行市favourable price 优惠价格exceptional price 特价firm price 固定价格special price 特价fixed price 固定价格stock price 股票行市,交易所卖价under the hammer price 拍卖价格tape prices 股票牌价forward prices 期货价格piece price 计件价格bid price 标价,买方出价lump-sum price 总价pay heavy price 付高价total price 总价highest price 最高价格gross price 毛价,总价top price 最高价格half price 半价peak price 最高价格unit price 单价outside price 最高价格。
电力市场(双语)

POWER MARKET电力市场CONTENTS目录Introduction to Market (3 hours)市场介绍(3课时)Electricity Economics (6 hours)电力经济(6课时)Electricity Regulation and Deregulation (6 hours)电力监管与放松管制(6课时)Market Regulation (6 hours)市场调节的(6课时)Competitive El ectricity Markets (6 hours)竞争性的电力市场(6课时)Paradigm (3 hours)范例(3课时)Main content主要内容What is a market? 什么是市场?Structure of market 市场结构Chapter 1 Introduction to Market 第一章市场介绍1.1 What is a Market?什么是市场?Economics focuses on optimization and equilibrium.经济学侧重于优化与平衡Macroeconomics addresses the general economy and asks whether macroeconomic indicators, such as inflation, unempl oyment, and the cost of capital, are in equilibrium.宏观经济地址一般的经济和询问宏观经济指标,如通货膨胀,失业和资本成本,是否处于平衡状态。
Microeconomics addresses the optimizing behavior of consumers and producers and asks whether the observed equilibrium prices and quantities in each market are economically efficient.微观满足消费者和生产者的优化的行为,并询问是否所观察到的均衡价格和数量,在每一个市场都是经济高效。
电力市场常用词汇

电力市场常用词汇电力市场常用词汇英文缩写英文全称中文解释ATC Available Transmission Capability 可用输电容量ALM Active Load Management 有功负荷管理Active Power Market 有功市场AS Ancillary service 辅助服务Ancillary service charges 辅助服务费ASM Ancillary Service Market 辅助服务市场AS Ancillary Service Provider 辅助服务供应商Annual peak load curve 年最大负荷曲线Arbitrage 套利ACE Area control error 区域控制误差Area price 分区电价AR Area Regulation 区域管制Auction 拍卖、竞价Auction market 拍卖市场Auction Price 拍卖价格AMP Automated Mitigation Procedures 自动市场势力消除程序AGC Automatic generation control 自动发电控制ADP Availability Declaration Period 可用容量申报期Available capacity 可用发电容量ATC Available transfer capability 可用传输容量B TO B 企业对企业B TOC 企业对客户Bain index 贝恩指数BSC Balancing and settlement code 平衡与结算规则BME Balancing Market Evaluation 平衡市场计算Bid 竞价BS Bid Sufficiecy 申报充足率Bid —based 基于竞价的Bidder ' s duration of validity 报价员有效期Bidding Price 竞标价格BPS Bidding Processing System 报价处理系统Bidding unit 报价机组Bids 报价Bilateral contract 双边合同Bilateral market 双边交易市场Bilateral Transaction 双边交易(即大用户直购电)Billing and Accounting 结算和结帐biomass 生物质能Block contracts 分段合同Boundary Flow 界面潮流CBM Capacity Benefit Margin 容量效益裕度Capacity factor 容量系数/容量因子Capacity payment 容量电价Capacity requirement market 容量需求市场Capacity Reservation Tariff 容量预定价格Cap-and-trade 限额交易Clearing 清算Clearing energy 出清电量Cogeneration 热电联产Competitive Electricity Market 竞争性电力市场Congestion 阻塞Congestion Cost 阻塞成本Congestion management 阻塞管理Congestion surplus 阻塞节余Congestion uplift 阻塞上抬费用CUSC Connection and use of system code 并网与网络使用规则Connection charge 并网费Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余CFD Contract for Difference 差价合同CMS Contract Management System 合同管理系统Contract price 合同电量CfDs Contracts for differences 差价和约CMS Contrat Management Subsystem 合同管理子系统Cooperative game 合作博弈Cost of service regulation 服务成本管制Cost of unit start-up 机组启动费用CSP Curtailment Service Provider 缩减负荷提供者Customer baseline load 用户基线负荷day-ahead 日前Decentralized trading model 分散交易模型Default provider 默认服务提供商Demand Curve 需求曲线DTC Demand for Transmission Capacity 输电容量需求DSM Demand-side management 需求侧管理deregulation 市场化dispatch 调度DPF Dispatcher Power Flow 调度员潮流DTS Dispatcher Training Simulator 调度员培训模拟Distribution 配电D Distribution Service Provide 配电商Economic Dispatch 经济调度Electric load management 电力负荷管理EDC Electrical Distribution Company 电力配电公司EFA Electricity Forward Agreement 电能远期合同EMOS Electricity Market Operation System 电力市场运营系统NETA electricity trading arrangement 电力交易协议Eligible customer 合格用户Spot market 现货市场Futures Market 期货交易市场EMC 节能服务公司EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统EMOS Electricity market operation system 电力市场运营系统RES Renewable sources of energy 可再生能源Energy Spot Market 电能现货市场ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划Equilibrium Price 均衡价格ESCO 能源服务公司ETC Existing Transmission Commit -ments 现存输送协议Ex-post price 事后结算价格Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 联邦能源管理委员会feed-in systems 馈入系统Final closing price 最终收盘价格FTR Financial Transmission Right 金融输电权FTR Firm transmission right 固定输电权FD Fixed demand 固定需求FGR Flow-based Transmission Right 基于潮流的输电权Flowgate 关口输电权(潮流关口)FGR Flowgate Right 关口金融输电权Forced outage 强迫停机Forward Market 远期合同市场Fossil Fuel Levy 矿物燃料税Frequency Control Ancillary Service 频率控制辅助服务Future Market 期货市场Generation 发电量GBS generation bidding system 发电报价系统Generation market 发电市场G Generator 发电商Green certifica te market 绿“证”市场GC Grid code 输电网技术规范GC Grid Company 电网拥有者GMC Grid Management Charge 电网管理费Hedging 套利保值High and low matching method 高低匹配法hour-ahead 时前Hourly contracts 小时合同Illegal speculation 非法投机行为IMO Independent Market Operator 独立市场运营机构IPP Independent Power Producer 独立发电商ISO Independent System Operator 独立系统操作员Inflexible units 不可调度机组ICAP Installed capacity 装机容量installed generation capacity 装机容量Installed Reserve Margin 装机备用余量integrate resource planning 综合资源规划Integrated trading model 一体化交易模型Intelligent price caps 智能价格上限Interchange price 可中断电价Inter-change Schedule 交易计划Interruptible service 可中断的服务Load characteristics 负荷特性LF Load Forecasting 负荷预测LFC Load Frequency Control 负荷频率控制Load profiling 负荷拟合曲线LSE Load Serving Entity 负荷服务企业LBMP Marginal Price 节点边际电价Location Price 区域价格LMP Locational marginal price 分区边际电价LOLP Loss of Load Probility 电力不足概率losses 网损LVAC Low Voltage Access charge 低压连网费MCP Marginal Clearing Price 市场出清价格Marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价Marginal costs 边际成本Marginal Price 边际电价marketArchitecture 市场设计MCP Market Clearing Price 市场出清价格Market entry certification system 市场准入制度Market Equilibrium 市场均衡Market failure 市场失灵MMU Market monitoring unit 市场监察机构Market participant 市场参与者/市场成员/市场主体Market power 市场力MSO Market Service Organization 市场管理机构Merit order 优先顺序Merit order price 最优顺序价格Metering Data Acquisition System 电能量采集系统MAAC Mid-Atlantic Area Council 大西洋中部地区委员会Minimum daily load 日最小负荷Model of Transmission Right 输电权模型Monopoly 垄断MSS Multi-Settlement System 多结算系统Multi-part bidding 多部投标MW Daily MW 日报NE Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡network congestion 网络阻塞NETA New Electricity Trading Arrangements 新电力交易规则Nodal price 节点电价Non-bidding unit 非竞价机组NFFO Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation 非矿物燃料契约NERC North American Electric Reliability Council 北美电力可靠性委员会OI Office of Interconnection 办公互联网oligopolistic electricity market 卖方垄断电力市场Open access 开放接入OASIS Open Access Same-Time Information System 输电网实时信息发布系统Operating Agreement 运营协议Operation and Maintain 运行维护OPF Optimal Power Flow 最优潮流ORP Optimal Reactive Power 无功优化Optimization 最优化Option 期权合同Outage Scheduler 检修计划Partial Equilibrium 局部均衡Pattern of Transmission Right 输电权模式PAB Pay-as-bid Settlement 按报价结算Payment 支付PTR physical transmission right 物理输电权Point—to—Point Transmission Right 点对点式输电权Pool 电力库PPP Pool Purchase Price 市场购电价Pool Sale Price 市场售电价PSP Pool Sell Price 市场售电价powerBroker 电力经纪人Power Exchange 短期现货交易power market 电力市场PMPower Marketer 发电经纪商Power Pool电力交易所PPA Power Purchase Agreement 电力购销协议Power wheeling 电力转运Pre-dispatch预调度Price cap 价格上限Price control 价格控制Price regulation 价格监管Price Sensitive Demand 价格敏感性需求Procurement auction 采购竞价Producer Surplus 生产者剩余Projected Assessment of System Adequacy 市场充裕性评估POLR Provider of last resort 收容性供电商RORC Rate of Response Compliance 负荷响应率Reactive Power Market 无功市场real time market 实时市场real-time balancing market 实时平衡市场Real-time prices 实时电价Reference bid 参考投标/报价RTO Regional Transmission organization 地区输电组织RMCP Regulation Market Clearing Price 调频市场出清价格RAA Reliability Assurance Agreement 可靠性协议RMR Reliability Must Run 由于可靠性原因必须运行机组Renewable geothermal 地热能RPS Renewable portfolio standard 可再生能源份额制标准RSI Residual Supply Index 供给剩余系统Retail access 零售准入Retail market 电力零售市场R Retail Service Provider 零售商SC Schedule Coordinators 计划协调员SCD Security Constrained Dispatch 安全约束经济调度SCUC Security-Constrained Unit Commitment 带安全约束机组组合settlement 结算SBS settlement and billing system 结算系统Settlement Day 结算日Shadow price 影子价格SFT Simultaneous Feasibility Test 可行性测试single buyer 单一买方solar photovoltaics 光电子能solar thermal 太阳能SM Spot Market 现货市场Spot price 现货价格Standard Market 标准电力市场State Estimation 状态估计Stranded costs 搁浅成本Strategic bid 报价策略SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition 数据采集和监视系统Supply Curve 供给曲线SMP System marginal price 系统边际价格SMV system marginal value 系统边际价值System operator 系统调度机构System price 系统电价Tariff 目录电价VLL the Value of Loss of Load 失负荷电价Top-down pricing 自上而下的定价方法TTC Total transfer capability 最大输电能力Trading arrangement 交易规则Transmission and Ancillary Services Market 输电与辅助服务市场Transmission Congestion 输电阻塞TCCs Transmission Congestion Contracts 输电阻塞合同TCR Transmission Congestion Right 输电阻塞权TLR Transmission Loading Relief 输电负荷切除Transmission network or transmission system 输电网络或输电系统TO Transmission owner 输电业者TRM Transmission Reliability Margin 输电可靠性裕度TMS 交易管理系统TRR Transmission Revenue Requirement 输电收入要求Transmission Right 输电权Unconstrained Schedule 无约束计划UC unit commitment 机组组合UDS Unit Dispatch System 机组调度系统Uplift 上浮电价VLL Value of Lost Load 负荷停电损失Virtual bidding 虚拟投标/报价WSA Weather Sensitive Adjustment 天气—敏感性调整WSCC Western Systems Coordinating Council 西部电力协调委员会Wheeling trading model 过网模式Wholesale market 电力批发市场Zonal pricing 区域定价actual load curve 实际负荷曲线actual active power output curve 实际有功出力曲线actual reactive power output curve 实际无功出力曲线accounting cost 会计成本bid curve 报价曲线biding energy 竞价空间bi -directional contract for difference 双向差价合同bilateral contact for difference 双边差价合同black start service 黑启动服务block biding 分段竞价buying long 买空compesnationregulation 补偿调节competition energy竞争电量constrained trading schedule 有约束交易计划contract -path method 合同路径法daily load factor 日负荷率day-ahead trading 日前交易DATS day -ahead trade subsystem 日前交易子系统dispatch interval 调度时段dispatch price 调度价格distribution price 配电电价DMIS dispatching management information system 调度管理信息系统efficiency market 有效市场electricity fee 电费electricity market model 电力市场模式electricity matket regulation 电力市场监管elementary ancillary services 基本辅助服务embedded cost pricing 会计成本定价emergency reserve 事故备用energy price 电量电价exclusive service tariff 专项服务价格feasible capacity 可调出力feasible hours 可调小时financial power trading 电力金融交易fixed cost 固定成本floody season-dry season price 丰枯电价frequency curve 频率曲线future contract 期货合同future trading 期货交易generation competition 发电竞争模式generation re-scheduling 发电再计划generation right transfer trading 发电权转让交易generation unit availability 发电机组可用率generation rated capacity 发电机额定容量high-reliability price 高可靠性电价imperfect competitive market 不完全竞争市场inter-connection tariff 联网价IRR internal rate of return 内部收益率lincense system for electric power business电力业务许可证制度load coincidence factor 负荷同时率load factor负荷因数load fluctuation 负荷波动long-run marginal cost pricing 长期边际成本定价loss allocation 网损分摊loss conversion 网损折算loss factor网损系数LTS long-term trade subsystem 长期交易子系统marginal revenue 边际收益marginal utility 边际效用market intervention 市场干预market mechanism 市场机制MAS market analysis subsystem 市场分析子系统multi-block bidding 多段报价multilateral trading 多边交易must-run unit 强制运行机组nonlinear pricing 非线性定价off-grid energy 下网电量on-grid energy 上网电量on-grid price上网电价one-part price 单一制电价opportunity r cost 机会成本peak-valley price 峰谷电价perfect competitive market 完全竞争市场physical power trading 电力实物交易postage stamp method 邮票法powerflow tracing method 潮流跟踪法powerregulatory agency 电力监管机构powerretailer电力零售商principle ofmarginality 边际原则reserve capacity备用容量reserve service 备用服务retail competition零售竞争模式retailprice销售电价RTS real-time trade subsystem 实时交易子系统[scheduled outage 计划停运seasonalprice 季节电价sequential bidding 分次竞价single-block bidding 单段报价single-buyer单一购买者模式timesharing bidding 分时竞价TMR tele-meter reading system 电能量计量系统two-part price两部制电价uni-directional contract for difference 单项差价合同valid grid assets电网有效资产variablecost变动成本verticalltv integrated monopoly 垂直垄断模式whole energy competition 批发竞争模式Active regulation 主动监管Annual contract on-grid energy 年度合同上网电量ACRS Accelerated Cost Recovery System加速成本回收体系Balancing account 平衡帐户Budget line 预算线Capital & interest price 还本付息电价Ceiling and floor of market clearing price市场出清价格的上下限Deregulation放松管制Forced outrage 强迫停运Frequency regulation 一次调频Grid access tariff 接入价Grid security assessment 网络安全校核Grid security constraint 网络安全约束Hour-ahead trading 时前交易Indifference curve 无差异曲线Information asymmetry 信息不对称Initial margin初始保证金Interruptible forward contract 可中断远期合同Interruptible service 可中断服务Investment regulation 投资监管Information publishing subsystem 信息发布子系统Monopoly market 垄断市场Natural monopoly 自然垄断Nodal pricing节电电价法Payoff table支付矩阵Property right 产权Public pricing 公共定价Quality regulation 质量监管Regional electricity market 区域电力市场Selling short 卖空Settlement account 结算帐户Supply-demand ratio 市场供需比Tradingmanner 交易方式Transaction cost 交易成本Whole energy competition 全电量竞争模式_Unplanned outrage 非计划停运Variation margin价格变动保证金Yearly regulation 年调节Zero-sum game零和博弈Zonal pricing区域电价法price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性No-load Cost空载成本Quasi-fixed Cost准固定成本Extra-marginal Production 边际外生产Deadweight Loss 无谓损失Option Markets 期权市场Swap Contracts 互换合约Option Valuation 期权估值Exotic Options 特种期权Economies of Scale 规模经济CPF continuation power flow 连续潮流PLF probabilistic load flow 概率潮流Reserved capacity 预留容量ETC existing transmission commitment. 现有输电协议forecasting time span 预测时间跨度PM Probabilistic margin 概率界限EDS economic dispatch system 经济调度系统。
lesson 12 Electric Power Market

The aim of introducing market mechanism is to bring various parties more economic benefit through equitable competition,thereby promote economic development.
象其他的市场一样,它需要一个批发市场,在这里 卖方(如发电公司)和买方(供应商,如电力公司和电力 系统运行人员)可以买卖电力;它也需要零售市场,在这 里供应商向最终用户销售电力。
1、地点状语后置,为了突出wholesale market和retail market
As in other markets, the participants need to agree on the price and quantity to be traded. Competition is introduced into generation and retail supplied to customers.
提高效率源自于发电必须减少费用,统一价格和更有效利 用资产的压力。
The wholesale electricity market differs from other markets because electricity cannot be stored and it is not possible to distinguish which generator produced the electricity consumed by a particular customers. 电力批发市场不同于其他市场因为电力不能存储,也 不能区分某个用户用的电是从哪台发电机发出的。
了解电视的价格英语作文

了解电视的价格英语作文Understanding TV Prices。
In the modern era, television has become an integral part of our daily lives, serving as a source of entertainment, information, and connectivity. With the advancement of technology, the market is flooded with a plethora of television options, ranging from basic models to state-of-the-art smart TVs. However, understanding the pricing of televisions requires delving into variousfactors that influence their costs.Firstly, the brand reputation plays a significant role in determining the price of a television. Renowned brands with a long-standing history of delivering quality products often command higher prices due to their established credibility and trustworthiness among consumers. Brands invest heavily in research and development, incorporating cutting-edge technology and innovative features into their televisions, which inevitably raises production costs and,consequently, retail prices.Secondly, the size and type of the television significantly impact its price. Larger screen sizes, such as 55 inches or above, generally come with a higher price tag due to the increased material and manufacturing expenses involved in producing larger display panels. Moreover, the type of television, whether it's atraditional LED TV, an advanced OLED TV, or a futuristic QLED TV, also affects pricing. OLED and QLED TVs, known for their superior picture quality and vibrant colors, often come at a premium compared to conventional LED TVs.Furthermore, the resolution and display technology play a crucial role in determining the cost of a television. TVs with higher resolutions, such as 4K and 8K, offer sharper images and enhanced clarity, but they also come with a higher price point due to the advanced technology required to achieve such resolutions. Additionally, features like HDR (High Dynamic Range) support, local dimming, and refresh rate also contribute to the overall cost of the television, as they enhance the viewing experience butrequire additional hardware and software implementations.Moreover, smart functionality has become a standard feature in modern televisions, allowing users to stream content from various online platforms, browse the internet, and access a multitude of apps. Smart TVs incorporate sophisticated operating systems and user interfaces, necessitating additional development costs, which are reflected in their prices. Furthermore, built-in voice assistants, such as Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant, further elevate the convenience and functionality of smart TVs but also contribute to their higher price points.Another factor influencing television prices is the inclusion of additional peripherals and accessories. Some high-end TVs come bundled with soundbars, subwoofers, or wall mounts, enhancing the audiovisual experience and providing added convenience to consumers. However, these bundled accessories contribute to the overall cost of the television package.Additionally, market demand and competition play asignificant role in shaping television prices. During promotional periods or festive seasons, retailers may offer discounts and deals to attract customers, leading to temporary reductions in prices. Conversely, limited edition or specialty televisions, featuring exclusive designs or premium materials, may command premium prices due to their uniqueness and exclusivity.In conclusion, understanding the pricing of televisions involves considering a multitude of factors, including brand reputation, size, type, resolution, display technology, smart functionality, additional features, bundled accessories, market demand, and competition. While higher-priced televisions may offer advanced features and superior quality, budget-friendly options still provide satisfactory performance for consumers with less extravagant requirements. Ultimately, consumers must weigh their preferences, budget constraints, and desired features when making a purchasing decision in the ever-evolving television market.。
询问价格英文作文

询问价格英文作文Title: Inquiry About Pricing for Services。
Dear [Recipient's Name],。
I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the pricing for your services as I am interested in availing myself of them. I have heard positive reviews about your company and would like to gather more information regarding the costs involved.Firstly, I would appreciate it if you could provide me with a detailed breakdown of the pricing structure for the services you offer. It would be beneficial to understand what is included in the standard package and if there are any additional options available for customization.Furthermore, I am particularly interested in any discounts or promotional offers that may be applicable, especially for long-term contracts or bulk orders.Understanding the potential cost savings would greatlyassist me in making an informed decision.Additionally, I would like to inquire about any hidden fees or charges that may not be explicitly mentioned inyour pricing documentation. Transparency in pricing is crucial for me to accurately assess the total cost of engaging your services.Moreover, if there are any payment plans or financing options available, I would appreciate it if you could provide details on those as well. Flexibility in payment terms could significantly impact my decision-making process.Lastly, I would like to know if there are any terms and conditions associated with your pricing, such ascancellation policies or penalties for late payments. Clear clarification on these matters would help avoid anypotential misunderstandings in the future.I understand that providing detailed pricinginformation may require some time, but I would be gratefulif you could expedite the process as much as possible. Please feel free to reach out to me if you require any additional information or clarification on my inquiry.Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to hearing from you soon and hopefully, to establishing a mutually beneficial partnership.Best regards,。
商务英语书信-之-询价和报价

商务英语书信之询价和报价Business English---Enquiries and QuotationsHow to start:How to reply:Useful sentences in enquiries (Enquiries) 询盘常用的句子(Quotation) 报价常用的句子About Prices 关于价格表达Examples: 询盘、报价、还盘的例子Letter 1: Enquiry (询盘)Dear Sir,We are in the market for Melon Seeds of the first grade and second grade and should be appreciated if you let us have your offers with some representative samples. When offering the seeds, please state the earliest possible time of shipment and quantities available.Your faithfulLetter 2: Offers and Quotations (报价)Dear Sir,Thanks for your letter of 19th May.Our “D.D.”(raincoat) range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the insider surface.For the quantities you mention, we are pleased to quote as follows:………Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four days after receiving the L/CThis offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are waiting for your early orders.Yours sincerelyLetter 3: Counter-offers (还盘)Dear Sir,Thank you for your letter dated October 20. As regards your count-offer, we regret we are unable to accept it because our current price has already been proved workable by many orders received from other buyers.However, in order to meet you on this occasion, we are prepared to grant you a special discount of 2% on condition that the quantity of the order is no less than 1000 pieces.We hope this will enable you to enjoy the benefit of our special discount.Yours sincerelyLetter 4: Counter-offers (还盘)Dear Sir,From your letter of November 22, we are disappointed at learning that you find our offer unacceptable because other suppliers are offering lower prices.We are not in a position to accept your count-offer because our price is reasonably fixed. Regarding the qualities of the goods offered by others, we are rather doubtful whether they are similar to or comparable with those of ours. Please call the attention to this point and convince that not only price but also quality should be taken into consideration.We hope to hear from you before long.Yours sincerely生活买卖中实用的巧答。
关于价格英文作文

关于价格英文作文Prices are soaring these days. Everything seems to be getting more and more expensive. I went to the supermarket yesterday and couldn't believe how much I had to pay for just a few groceries. It's getting really hard to afford the things we need.I remember when I could go out for a meal without worrying about the cost. Now, even a simple dinner at a casual restaurant can break the bank. It's crazy how quickly prices have gone up.I used to love shopping for clothes, but now I dread going into a store. The prices are just ridiculous. It's like they think we all have unlimited money to spend on fashion. I miss the days when I could buy a new outfit without feeling guilty about the price tag.I don't know how people are managing to buy houses these days. The real estate market is out of control. It'salmost impossible to find an affordable home in a decent neighborhood. I feel like the dream of owning a home is slipping further and further away.Even everyday things like going to the movies orgetting a cup of coffee have become luxuries. I used to enjoy these simple pleasures, but now I have to think twice before indulging in them. It's sad how much prices have changed our everyday lives.。
附录A电价数据统计图A1实时电价平均值FigA1Averagemeanof

附录A 电价数据统计实时电价/(cent/kWh)时间/h图A1 实时电价平均值Fig.A1 Average mean of real-time pricesRelativeFrequencycent/kWhRelativeFrequency图A2 PJM实时电价0小时的概率分布图图A3 PJM实时电价1小时的概率分布图Fig.A2 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A3 Probability distribution graph of PJM real-time prices at 0 o’clock real-time prices at 1 o’clockRelativeFrequencycent/kWhRelativeFrequency图A4 PJM实时电价2小时的概率分布图图A5 PJM实时电价3小时的概率分布图Fig.A4 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A5 Probability distribution graph of PJM real-time prices at 2 o’clock real-time prices at 3 o’clockcent/kWhR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A6 PJM 实时电价4小时的概率分布图 图A7 PJM 实时电价5小时的概率分布图Fig.A6 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A7 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 4 o’clock real-ti me prices at 5 o’clockR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A8 PJM 实时电价6小时的概率分布图 图A9 PJM 实时电价7小时的概率分布图 Fig.A8 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A9 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 6 o’clock real-time prices at 7 o’clockR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A10 PJM 实时电价8小时的概率分布图 图A11 PJM 实时电价9小时的概率分布图 Fig.A10 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A11 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 8 o’clock real-time prices at 9 o’clockR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A12 PJM 实时电价10小时的概率分布图 图A13 PJM 实时电价11小时的概率分布图 Fig.A12 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A13 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 10 o’clock real-time prices at 11 o’clockcent/kWhR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A14 PJM 实时电价12小时的概率分布图 图A15 PJM 实时电价13小时的概率分布图 Fig.A14 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A15 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 12 o’clock real-time prices at 13 o’clockcent/kWhR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c ycent/kWhR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A16 PJM 实时电价14小时的概率分布图 图A17 PJM 实时电价15小时的概率分布图 Fig.A16 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A17 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 14 o’clock real-time prices at 15 o’clockR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A18 PJM 实时电价16小时的概率分布图 图A19 PJM 实时电价17小时的概率分布图 Fig.A18 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A19 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 16 o’clock real-time prices at 17 o’clockcent/kWh R e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A20 PJM 实时电价18小时的概率分布图 图A21 PJM 实时电价19小时的概率分布图 Fig.A20 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A21 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 18 o’clock real-time prices at 19 o’clockR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A22 PJM 实时电价20小时的概率分布图 图A23 PJM 实时电价21小时的概率分布图 Fig.A22 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A23 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 20 o’clock real -time prices at 21 o’clockR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y图A24 PJM 实时电价22小时的概率分布图 图A25 PJM 实时电价23小时的概率分布图 Fig.A24 Probability distribution graph of PJM Fig.A25 Probability distribution graph of PJMreal-time prices at 22 o’clock real-time prices at 23 o’clock附录B 电动汽车行驶方式的数据统计表B1 车辆2,3,4,5,6段行程的比例Table B1 Proportion of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th traveling of a vehicle用户每日行程段数 2 3 4 5 6 所占比例/%15193218 16表B2 2段行程数据 Table B2 Data of two trips行程 平均起始时刻起始时刻标准差平均行驶时间/h行驶时间标准差第1段行程 8.60 0.71 0.36 0.17 第2段行程17.100.710.360.17表B3 3段行程数据 Table B3 Data of three trips行程 平均起始时刻起始时刻标准差平均行驶时间/h行驶时间标准差第1段行程 8.30 0.58 0.33 0.15 第2段行程 12.15 1.02 0.34 0.16 第3段行程17.090.520.360.16表B4 4段行程数据 Table B4 Data of four trips行程 平均起始时刻起始时刻标准差平均行驶时间/h行驶时间标准差第1段行程 7.88 0.56 0.34 0.16 第2段行程 11.40 0.99 0.27 0.15 第3段行程 13.59 0.99 0.27 0.17 第4段行程16.921.080.300.17表B5 5段行程数据 Table B5 Data of five trips行程 平均起始时刻起始时刻标准差平均行驶时间/h行驶时间标准差第1段行程 7.92 0.57 0.30 0.14 第2段行程 11.01 0.83 0.27 0.15 第3段行程 13.03 0.84 0.26 0.14 第4段行程 14.98 0.85 0.26 0.14 第5段行程17.540.920.290.15表B6 6 段行程数据 Table B6 Data of six trips行程 平均起始时刻起始时刻标准差平均行驶时间/h行驶时间标准差第1段行程 8.09 0.84 0.33 0.15 第2段行程 10.03 0.79 0.26 0.14 第3段行程 11.95 0.80 0.26 0.14 第4段行程 13.99 0.83 0.27 0.14 第5段行程 16.09 0.85 0.26 0.15 第6段行程17.940.880.340.15R e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B1 两段行程的第1段行程概率图Fig.B1 The first trip probability distribution graph of two tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B2 两段行程的第2段行程概率图Fig.B2 The second trip probability distribution graph of two tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c ytime/hR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B3 三段行程的第1段行程概率图Fig.B3 The first trip probability distribution graph of three tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B4 三段行程的第2段行程概率图Fig.B4The second trip probability distribution graph of three tripstime/h R e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B5 三段行程的第3段行程概率图Fig.B5 The third trip probability distribution graph of three tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B6 四段行程的第1段行程概率图Fig.B6The first trip probability distribution graph of four tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B7 四段行程的第2段行程概率图Fig.B7The second trip probability distribution graph of four tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yhR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B8 四段行程的第3段行程概率图Fig.B8 The third trip probability distribution graph of four tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B9 四段行程的第4段行程概率图Fig.B9 The fourth trip probability distribution graph of four tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yBin Centerh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B10 五段行程的第1段行程概率图Fig.B10 The first trip probability distribution graph of five tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yBin Center(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B11 五段行程的第2段行程概率图Fig.B11 The second trip probability distribution graph of five tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c ytime/h R e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B12 五段行程的第3段行程概率图Fig.B12 The third trip probability distribution graph of five tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B13 五段行程的第4段行程概率图Fig.B13 The fourth trip probability distribution graph of five tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B14 五段行程的第5段行程概率图Fig.B14 The fifth trip probability distribution graph of five tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B15 六段行程的第1段行程概率图Fig.B15 The first trip probability distribution graph of six tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B16 六段行程的第2段行程概率图Fig.B16 The second trip probability distribution graph of six tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c ytime/hR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c y(a) 起起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B17 六段行程的第3段行程概率图Fig.B17 The second trip probability distribution graph of six tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图 图B18 六段行程的第4段行程概率图Fig.B18 The fourth trip probability distribution graph of six tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B19 六段行程的第5段行程概率图Fig.B19 The fifth trip probability distribution graph of six tripsR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yR e l a t i v e F r e q u e n c yh(a) 起始时间概率分布图 (b) 行驶时间概率分布图图B20 六段行程的第6段行程概率图Fig.B20 The sixth trip probability distribution graph of six trips。
能源价格上涨英语作文高中

Energy prices have been a significant concern for many countries around the world. The rising costs of energy can have a profound impact on the economy,the environment, and the daily lives of individuals.In this essay,we will explore the reasons behind the increase in energy prices,the effects they have on society,and potential solutions to mitigate these challenges.Reasons for the Increase in Energy Prices1.Supply and Demand Dynamics:One of the primary reasons for the rise in energy prices is the basic economic principle of supply and demand.As the global population grows and economies expand,the demand for energy increases.If the supply cannot keep up with this demand,prices will naturally rise.2.Geopolitical Factors:Energy resources,particularly oil and gas,are often concentrated in politically volatile regions.Conflicts and political instability can disrupt the supply chain,leading to price spikes.3.Climate Policies:Many countries are implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,which can lead to higher energy costs.For example,the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources can be expensive,at least in the short term.4.Speculation:The energy market is heavily influenced by speculation.Traders and investors can drive up prices by anticipating future shortages or by taking advantage of market volatility.5.Production Costs:The cost of extracting and refining energy resources has been increasing due to factors such as technological advancements that require more expensive equipment and stricter environmental regulations.Effects of Rising Energy Prices1.Economic Impact:High energy prices can lead to inflation,as the cost of production for many goods and services increases.This can reduce consumer spending power and potentially slow down economic growth.2.Environmental Consequences:While higher energy prices might encourage conservation,they can also discourage the use of cleaner,but more expensive,renewable energy sources.This could hinder progress towards a more sustainable energy future.3.Social Implications:The burden of increased energy costs often fallsdisproportionately on lowerincome households,which spend a larger proportion of their income on energy.This can exacerbate social inequalities.4.Impact on Industries:Industries that are energyintensive,such as manufacturing and transportation,can be particularly affected by rising energy prices.This can lead to reduced profitability and,in some cases,job losses.Potential Solutions1.Investment in Renewable Energy:Encouraging the development and use of renewable energy sources can help to diversify the energy mix and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, potentially leading to more stable energy prices.2.Energy Efficiency Measures:Implementing policies and technologies that improve energy efficiency can help to reduce demand and,consequently,the strain on energy resources.3.Market Regulation:Governments can play a role in regulating the energy market to prevent excessive price volatility and protect consumers from unfair price spikes.4.International Cooperation:Working together,countries can develop strategies to manage the global energy supply more effectively and ensure that energy resources are used sustainably.5.Public Awareness Campaigns:Educating the public about the importance of energy conservation and the benefits of renewable energy can help to change consumption patterns and reduce the demand for nonrenewable energy sources.In conclusion,the rise in energy prices is a complex issue with farreaching implications. It requires a multifaceted approach that includes both shortterm measures to manage the immediate effects and longterm strategies to ensure a sustainable energy future.By understanding the causes and effects of rising energy prices,we can better equip ourselves to address this global challenge.。
关于报盘的各种英语表达法

关于报盘的各种英语表达法报盘还盘是贸易中价格交锋的重点。
这次我们就看来看看各种不同的报盘表达法。
The offer is good until 5 o'clock p.m. June 23, 2005, Beijing time. 报价有效期到2005年6月23日下午5点,北京时间。
All prices on the price lists are subject to our approval. 报价单中所有价格以我方确认为准。
Our offers are for 3 days. 我们的报盘三天有效。
We prefer to withhold quotation at this time. 我们宁愿暂停报盘。
We're willing to make you an offer at this price. 我们愿意以此价格为你报实盘。
We can offer you a quotation based on the international market. 我们可以按国际市场价格给您报价。
We'll give you the official offer next Monday. 下星期就给您正式报盘。
I came to hear about your fertilizer offer. 我来听听你们有关化肥的报盘。
My offer was based on reasonable profit, not on wild speculations. 我的报价以合理利润为依据,不是漫天要价。
Let me make you a special offer. 好吧,我给你一个特别优惠价。
This offer is competitive and based on an expanding market.此报盘着眼于扩大销路而且很有竞争性。
My offer was based on reasonable profit, not on wild speculations.我的报价以合理利润为依据,不是漫天要价。
当地的物价英语作文

当地的物价英语作文Title: Understanding Local Prices。
In today's interconnected world, understanding local prices is crucial for both residents and visitors alike. Prices not only reflect the cost of living but also offer insights into the economic dynamics, cultural aspects, and societal norms of a region. This essay explores the significance of local prices and provides insights into their determinants.First and foremost, local prices are influenced by the cost of living in a particular area. Factors such as housing expenses, utility bills, transportation costs, and food prices play a significant role in determining the overall cost of living. For example, cities with high demand for housing and limited supply often experience higher rent prices, which subsequently affect the prices of goods and services in the area. Similarly, regions with expensive transportation infrastructure may witness higherprices for imported goods due to increased shipping costs.Moreover, local prices are shaped by the economic conditions prevailing in a region. Strong economies with high levels of employment and disposable income tend to have higher prices compared to regions facing economic downturns or stagnation. In prosperous areas, consumers have greater purchasing power, leading to increased demand for goods and services, which can drive prices up. Conversely, in economically depressed areas, businesses may lower prices to stimulate demand and remain competitive in the market.Furthermore, cultural factors play a significant role in determining local prices. Cultural preferences, traditions, and dietary habits can influence theavailability and pricing of certain goods. For example, regions with a strong tradition of seafood consumption may have lower prices for fish and shellfish due to higher supply and demand. Likewise, areas with a preference for organic or locally sourced produce may experience higher prices for such items compared to regions whereconventional farming methods dominate.Additionally, government policies and regulations can impact local prices. Taxation policies, tariffs, subsidies, and price controls implemented by authorities can directly affect the prices of goods and services. For instance, regions with higher taxes on luxury items may experience inflated prices for such goods, while areas with subsidies for essential commodities may have lower prices for basic necessities.Furthermore, market competition plays a crucial role in determining local prices. In competitive markets, businesses strive to offer competitive prices to attract customers and gain market share. As a result, consumers in such areas may benefit from lower prices and better deals. Conversely, in monopolistic or oligopolistic markets where a few large players dominate the industry, prices may be higher due to limited competition.In conclusion, local prices are influenced by a myriad of factors, including the cost of living, economicconditions, cultural preferences, government policies, and market competition. Understanding these factors is essential for both residents and visitors to navigate the local economy effectively. By analyzing local prices, individuals can make informed decisions regarding their purchasing behavior and financial planning. Moreover, policymakers can utilize price data to formulate effective economic policies that promote prosperity and well-being within the community.。
实盘报价信函英文模板

实盘报价信函英文模板Dear Mr. McKay,Thank you for inquiring about our toaster ovens. As you requested,I have attached our product price list for your review. Please visit our website for further information,or feel free to contact me at any time. Also, if you would like to receive complimentary samples of any of our products, pleaselet me know. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Miles Guo感谢您就我们的烤箱网上申购。
根据您的建议,我额外了一份我们的产品价格目录可供您参照。
欲行废立多信息,恳请登入我们的网站,或在任何时间打电话给我。
如果您愿接到任何一款我们产品的免费样品,恳请说我。
期盼尽快接到您的答复。
Dear Sirs:This time last year you placed an order for Type BS362 12-volt sealed batteries. This is a discontinued line which we had on offer at the time.We now have a similar product on offer, Type CN233. It occurs to us that you might be interested. A descriptive leaflet is enclosed.We have a stock of 590 of Type CN233 which we are selling off at GB£30 each.We can offer a quantity discount of up to 15%, but we are prepared to give 20% discount for an offer to buy the complete stock.We are giving you this opportunity in view of your previous order. We would appreciate a prompt reply, since we will put the offer out in the event of your not being interested.Yours faithfully,Tony SmithChief SellerDear Mr. Jones:We thank you for your email enquiry for both groundnuts and Walnutmeat CNF Copenhagen dated February, 21.In reply, we offer firm, subject to your reply reaching us on or before February 26 for 250 metric tons of groundnuts, handpicked, shelled and ungraded at RMB net per metric ton CNF Copenhagen and any other European Main Ports. Shipment to be made within two months after receipt of your order payment by L/C payable by sight draft.Please note that we have quoted our most favorable price and are unable to entertain any counter offer.As you are aware that there has lately been a large demand for the above commodities. Such growing demand will likely result in increased prices. However you can secure these prices if you send us an immediate reply.Sincerely,John Roberts。
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摘要:在没有实时电价的初级电力市场,存在明显矛盾阻碍着GRIDCO对分时电价系统的推广,分时电价对于优化资源配置,促进经济持续性发展具有重要意义。
为了解决这一问题,本文首先提出了电力权交易这一概念,并且引出了一系列相关的问题比如:交易的可能性,合理性,可行性,交易机制,以及交易参与者一并都进行了讨论。
可以看出,这种交易对市场参与者以及社会都是很有必要的,因为它为DSM的组织者们提供了投资回调以及风险管理的方法,并且它能够刺激GREDCO推出更多的DSM政策。
关键词:分时电价需求方管理电力销售权交易机制一.简介1.分时电价的重要性随着经济的发展,人类面临着一系列的全球化问题,比如不断耗尽的自然资源,越来越严重的环境问题。
显然,需要一种新的发展模式取代传统的发展模式以实现经济的可持续性发展。
对于电力产业而言,需求方的管理是实现以上目标的最有效的方法之一。
在电力市场,分时电价是一种合理的价格机制,它能帮助提高价格弹性以满足市场需求。
根据不同时段不同的负载特性,GRIDCO(可能包括ISO以及DISTCO的初级市场),将实行一种峰谷电的方法,即在用电高峰期时提高电价,在用电低峰期时则降低电价。
通过这种利用价格作为杠杆进行调节的方式,可以帮助解决用电高峰时的电力紧缺问题,从长远角度看,它能够帮助减少建立发电站,最终将有利于整个社会的发展。
2.初级电力市场中阻碍分时电价的突出矛盾初级电力市场没有实时电价,分时电价的目的是缩小峰谷电之间的电力负荷差距,即最大化稳定电力系统的负荷和运行。
其主要目的是减少用电高峰期的发电能力,有效地分配社会资源,较少供电装置的启动和实效,因此达到提高生产效率以及降低发电成本。
可以看出,分时电价系统的主要受益人是是独立的电力生产商而不是GRIDCO。
然而,实施分时电价策略的必要投资,即,科技发展,设备交换,研究与测试,对客户的普及以及推广,以及分时电价实施以后的可能造成的利率减少的风险,都是靠GRIDCO支持的。
因此独立电力生产商以及GRIDCO之间存在的明显的不平衡的矛盾的产生,这种矛盾大大的阻碍了GRIDCO对分时电价策略的推广,尤其阻碍其向中小型电力用户的推广。
这一问题是在可持续发展经济战略背景下,急待解决的问题。
为了解决这一问题,本文首先提出了电力供应方的电力销售权的概念,并且讨论了相对应的交易机制。
通过向GRIDCO中购买谷电时段的电力销售权,独立电力生产商获得了经济的运行条件,并且也较少因调节能力下降而带来的过多成本。
与此同时,I对于DSM的投资,独立的电力生产商应该向GRIDCO作出合理的补偿。
显然,电力销售交易权非常适合应用于像中国这样的初级电力市场,它反映了建立一个可持续的,资源节约型的电力工业的市场机制的重要性。
以下有关电力销售权的一些概念诸如:市场参与者,合理性和可行性,交易过程,参与者的风险和收益特性都会相继被讨论。
二,电力销售权的交易1.概念以及交易参与者在这篇文章中,电力销售权是基于单个或者多个买方的电力销售市场结构提出的。
在基于一个电力池的初级电力市场中,通常情况下,单独买家或者1+n的市场模式的建立是为了确保由传统垄断模式向其他模式的转变,在传统模式中1指的是电力电力批发商之间的单独买家,即GRIDCO代表最终客户(包括ISO的功能)从独立的电力生产商那里购买电力,n代表的是单独电力生产商.在这个模式下,GRIDCO对独立的电力生产进行了时间安排,立刻对电力的供需进行平衡,保持了电力系统的安全和稳定。
就电力提供者而言,所谓的电力销售权的定义是指:相较以前已经规定好的销售等级,在施行了分时电价之后,客户可以在谷电时段通过与GRIDCO进行交易,获取技术性且合适的发电机组,比如拥有过剩产能的煤炭,水的机组,以便获得销售附加电力的权利。
权利的拥有者在一定的能力范围内将电力权卖给GRIDCO,并且为了获得销售权而支付一定的合理的费用。
如果这一权利不能根据电力生产者的要求进行落实,GRIDCO将不会退还费用。
事实上,由于分时电价系统的应用,电力销售权利为稀缺资源以及最新增加的非高峰期的需求提供了公平且富有竞争性的市场环境(见第二部分对稀缺的讨论),由于GRIDCO对实施分时电价过程中的重要投资,GRIDCO 这个稀缺资源的的创造者从中活的了一个合理的补偿。
显然,在这一交易过程中,有两个主要的参与者:权利的买卖双方。
权利的卖方就是GRIDCO,在初级电力市场它扮演着单独的买房以及发电调度者。
而权利的买方是独立的电力生产商。
但是由于调节发电能力的明显不同,只有那些可以在以前非高峰时段,在较低的容量等级情况下可以运行的机组的独立电力生产商可以安排计划,与此同时,当有适合进行交易时,这些独立的电力生产商能够拥有一种灵活向上的调试容量,很可能这些是一些新建的装置,比如,拥有水库的水机组,或者其他大规模的煤机组。
这些机组可以在相对稳定的容量等级下运行,且并不符合日常的符合波动,尤其是新能源电力机组并不适合这一交易。
2.讨论交易的合理性和可行性自分时电价策略实施后,用电谷期时段对电力产品新增需求的“稀缺性”是这种电力销售策略的合理性。
从经济学的角度来讲“稀缺性”是指存在一个经济物质对某人来讲有可用性和营利性,但是匮乏,只能通过付费或成本来获得。
在需求管理措施中,如分时收费策略,一方面,GRIDCO必须付出大量的投资成本来维持平滑的日负荷曲线和更稳定的经营,另一方面,虽然从表面来看,谷期时段增加的负荷必须像以前一样,从独立的电力制造商那边购买更多的电力,但是实际情况却与正常时段或峰期时段大相径庭,GRIDCO必须对支付发电能力的费用。
主要问题在于,在非高峰时段,相对于充足的可获得的发电容量而言,需求方增加负荷匮乏。
这是电力销售机会作为一种稀缺商品的进行交易的基础。
只有通过在非高峰时段公开进行电力销售权交易,这一资源发现者才能够获得合理的补偿。
就可行性而言,随着峰谷时间段的负荷的差距不断加大,大量的发电机组运行伴随着抑制容量,都造成了经济上的浪费,运行成本增加,产能能力受到压制,甚至在非高峰期产能流出(就长远角度看这意味着更多客户要花更多的钱,社会成本会加大)。
因此在实行分时电价系统以后,独立的发电商将会拥有一个在谷电时段拥有一个经济高效的发电状态,其价格将低于平均价格,此外其还能通过加入电力销售权交易增加电力销售,获取利润。
显然独立发电商加入这一交易就意味着其与 GRIDCO共同分享部分利润。
三.交易的重点以及电力销售交易权的过程基于以上的讨论,谷电期间的电力销售权交易意味着通过独立的电力生产者与GRIDCO一起分享部分的利润。
.此外,对于我们将在下面探讨这一交易的重要部分,即发电容量要与增加了的低谷负荷保持一致,从而实现从主要电力市场向人造非高峰辅助服务市场的转变。
只有这样GRIDCO对保存能力的付费才能转换成由独立电力制造者对GRIDCO的付费。
因此,交易的关键内容是确保在分时电价系统下的增加的电力负荷的数量,整个交易的流程可以如下图所示:在分组电价系统下,预测谷电时段的电力负荷A主要的电力市场交易基于分组电价前的负荷水准B电力制造商竞标电力销售权A-B真正的分派和设置数据1.电力销售交易的结构程序1.电力销售权交易的结构流程买卖电力销售权的具体方式是:将发电机组的投标价格按从高到低的顺序排列,投标价格高的机组将优先安排(如果投标价格相同,则根据投标时间决定优先权。
市场关闭前,允许提出新的投标价格,此时应有新的排列顺序)。
从而,根据投标价格的高低,电力销售权依次分售给不同的电力机组,当出售的电力容量总和与一般情况下低谷时段增加的供电量总合相一致时停止销售。
排名最后最低的容量电价可视为此交易的清算电价,但是如果没有市场上的完全竞争,结算方法将会是PAB(按报价支付)。
获得电力销售权的机组,如果确实是被安排在非高峰时段发电,同时也将会获得主要的电力市场的边际价格或永久的合约价格。
此交易的结果也可以用以下规划模型(1)表示,表示电力公司在按报价支付的情况下出售电力销售权的最高收入R:…在(1)中,Pi和Qi是可变规划,分别指在报价成功的机组i,参与竞价的可发电量的价格和数量。
QE指与增加的供电量一致的发电容量,Q u i指机组i在主要电力市场高价竞价成功后的剩余电容,Pmi指机组i真正去发电时的净利润。
顺便提一下,此交易的结果必须遵循电力公司的传输限制,被选中的机组必须达到技术要求,如最低电力爬坡速率等。
我们上文提到,电力销售权交易的实质是在非高峰时间的,辅助服务交易市场的交易。
这一点可以从图2看出。
在图2中,容量(兆瓦)投标按照价格(元/兆瓦)从低到高排列,形成了在主要电力市场的供给曲线。
考虑到每小时的供电量,容量价格在垂直轴的价值将会和电能质量的价格一致。
虚线L1代表在应用TOUP之前的供电量需求水平,与市场出清价格P1相一致,虚线L2代表在应用TOUP 之后的新的供电量需求水平,与较高价格P2相一致。
如果本文所提的电力销售权交易不存在,这便正是发生在主要电力市场的正常情况。
在电力销售权交易存在的情况下,在主要电力市场的容量交易水平将会人为地限制在应用TOUP之前的水平L1(根据具体情况有所调整)。
因此,在供电量水平L1和L2之间的容量现在继续竞价,有点像在传统的辅助服务竞价市场为运转备用容量讨价还价。
区别在于在电力销售权的市场上,价格估算表上的容量价格将从高到低排列,比如图2中从左到右,价格较高的容量处于优先位置。
当然,在这个市场中竞价的每个机组必须依照价格水平P2,或者售电合约价,与它们自身生产成本直接的差价来竞价。
因此,图2中的灰色块状代表在电力销售权市场上的边际单位,同时也是区别于传统辅助服务交易市场的边界线。
图2. 电力销售权交易的图解注意到在非高峰时段的电力销售权市场,传统的辅助服务交易市场中的机会成本不复存在,容量价格表示发电机组给电力公司的付款,我们可以命名这个交易为对于辅助服务的“相反购买”。
买卖电力销售权意味着新增加的低谷时段供电量资源的市场价值在独立发电商和电力公司之间的再分配。
我们也可以粗略地把这个价值看做是一种附属讨论[9-10]。
我们假定发电机组的成本C是关于发电量q的二次函数,常系数是δ,γ,ε:C(q)=δq²+γq+ε(2)在竞争性市场,许多发电机组根据成本竞价,整个市场的供给曲线大约可以用线性形式定义,这个市场的平衡条件是:P=α﹢βQQ=L(3)其中,P是市场出清价格,Q是发电容量总和,L是需求容量总和。
考虑到关于图2的讨论,我们可以进一步定义L2为呈三角形分布的随机变量:2(x-a)/[(b-a)(c-a)] if a≤x≤cf(x)= 2(b-x)/[(b-a)(b-c)] if c≤x≤a (4)0else在(4)中,关于L2的机率密度函数;L2的随机值被写作‘x’。