研究生英语期末考试试卷
重庆大学硕士研究生英语历年期末考试试卷
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.
2. The author’s attitude toward examinations is A. detestable.
校训：耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家
B. approval. C. critical. D. indifferent.
3. The fate of students is decided by A. education. B. institutions. C. examinations. D. students themselves.
研究生英语期末考题
1.We know what the two contradictory sides. Can you illustrate the meaning of the two sides of human nature?The two sides of human nature are the beautiful side and the ugly side which the author defines by the behaviors of humans in different periods.Humans are different from animals and good with their hands. They have not only demonstrated an admirable willingness to cooperate with each other, but also shown a lot of individual spunk. Combining both, they have realized most of uniquely accomplishments. Though other animals can alter their environment at the margins, only humans can transform their environment completely and reshape their destiny. That’s to say, other animals adjust themselves to the environment for surviving but humans make it more beautiful and more worth living while they change their life. The thought of humans to change the world and make it more beautiful is the beauty inside them.However, there is another side of human animal that is nothing to be proud of. The same hands that created the human civilization have destroyed it at the same time. The workers contributing to the great buildings may well have been veterans of the war. Even if in modern times, the human animal’s strange capacity for contradictory behavior still affects th eir daily life. Humans will take acts to damage others’ interests which are beneficial for them selves and others will have the same selection. This is the beast part that gives them a knot in stomach. Unlike the beauty part which can bring everyone benefits, it only serves for a small group of people and damages the social wealth. Thus,we should make a wise choice when we know the coexistence of the two sides.2.How do you think that helping the poor is our responsibility?If we want to correctly understand the problem, we should firstly reflect on the theories that the ancients have undertaken to get the poor off our conscience and analysis the partial side of them:The solution proposed in the Bible is that the poor suffer in this world but are wonderfully rewarded in the next;The utilitarianism theory describes the principle that the approves or disapproves of every action depend on the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question;The Malthusianism says that poverty is caused in the bed which means that poverty is the product of their excessive fecundity;Another theory is that only the fittest can survive;The last is that there is something economically damaging about helping the poor.However,in recent years,the exercises to avoid the responsible for the poor is not at an end. So we can consider some designs and associate them with the old theories to understand the problem correctly:The first design is the present condemnation of government and government administration.In fact, we have in the United States an extraordinarily good service which has nearly abolish poverty;The second design is that any form of public help to the poor only hurts the poor. But there is no proof of this comparing with the damage that would be inflicted by the loss of public assistance;The third is that public assistance measures have an adverse effect on incentive. But the poor will prefer a job to welfare in terms of more hard workers existing.The fourth is to point to the presumed adverse effect on freedom of taking responsible for them. But we hear nothing of the extraordinary enhancement of the freedom of the poor from having some money of their own to spend.So all of the designs fail. We should take the responsible for the passion, along with the associated public effort, is the only one that is consistent with a civilized life.3.Will the advance of science ultimately destroy mankind? Why or why not?The advance of science will not destroy mankind. Specifically, the ongoing exploration of science knowledge will not destroy mankind.With the development of science and technology, the negative side of the science application leads to today’s apprehensions and misgivings in public mind. But the critica l judgment for science and technology is a fundamental misunderstanding of science. We should distinguish science from science application.Science is neutral as knowledge,but the application depends on the human mind. It is the different thoughts of application that attract much more attentions.For science itself,there should not be a limit to scientific inquiry. We must know that we can create civilization and stand out from animals owing to our insatiable ,uncontrollable drive to learn things and then exchange the information with others of the species. Thus,even if the new things to be found is unknown in advance and there is no way of telling in advance where a really new line of inquiry will lead, we should insist on studying. Though there are some problems in the application of science, it leads us to understanding how things work and drives us to rise above our ignorance. Only by learning more about science can we solve the existing problems and make social progress.。
英语-研究生期末样题
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAM (Sample Test)FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSTIANJIN UNIVERSITYPART 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A:Directions: In this section, you will hear 9 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. You must read the 4 suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. A. The conversation doesn’t say.C. They will go roller skating. B. They will go ice skating.D. They will stay at home.2. A. The two speakers are good friends.B. The man is inviting the woman to meet again.C. The man is simply saying good-bye to the woman.D. The two speakers care about each other.3. A. He is tall.C. He wears a green shirt. B. He wears glasses.D. He has a mustache.4. A. She wears pants.C. She is serious-looking. B. She wears a dark T-shirt.D. She has long hair.5. A. The man is apologetic for what happened.C. The man is the husband of the wife.B. The man will replace the table cloth.D. The woman asks the man to keep his word.6. A. The man has it.C. It’s in th e library. B. The woman has it.D. It’s at home.7. A. In the middle of the hall on the first floor.B. In the basement.C. In the middle of the hall on the second floor.D. On the stairs.8. A. It’s opposite the church.C. It’s on the other side of the street. B. It’s quite far away from here.D. It’s side by side with the church.9. A. Sending a letter in the post office.C. Returning some books to the library. B. Cashing a check in the bank.D. Visiting her son’s teacher at school.Section B:Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the 4 suggested choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Questions 10 to 12 are based on the following passage.10. A. It’s in one time zone.B. It is divided into five time zones.C. It’s divided into twenty-four time zones.D. It cannot be crossed in five days.11. A. You set it ahead one hour in each new time zone.B. You set it ahead one hour for the whole trip.C. You set it back one full day for each time zone.D. You set it ahead by twenty three hours.12. A. The beginning of any new time zone.B. Any point where time changes by one hour.C. The point where a new day begins.D. Any time zone in the Pacific Ocean.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following passage.13. A. Training interpreters.B. The work of an interpreter.C. The importance of an interpreter.D. The president and his interpreter.14. A. A college degree.B. A good command of the vocabulary of a foreign language.C. An adequate knowledge of at least two languages.D. The ability to make a speech over a loudspeaker.15. A. Most interpreters in the US don’t have steady work.B. 150 interpreters work for the US.C. Full-time interpreters are paid better than part-time ones.D. Full-time interpreters are hired only when there is a special job to do.Section C: 答案填在答题纸上Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from （1）to （5）with the exact words or expressions you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Animals traveling from one country to another have to follow laws, just as people do. They don’t have to have (1)____, but they have to obey other rules. Most countries have laws about animals coming into their country. The laws were made to stop the spread of diseases that animals carry.(2)___ include cats and dogs going with their masters on trips. Others are rare animals going to zoos. Some are birds and fish on their way to pet-shops.Some animals cannot go into a country unless their owners can prove that they have been vaccinated against certain diseases. Others must be (3)___ by animal doctors.Sometimes animals must spend a month or more in a special place before they can enter a country. The animals are (4)___. There, they are kept away from other animals until it is certain that they don not have a disease. Only the people who care for the animals can go near.There are many different laws in each country. Anyone who wants to take a pet to another country should (5)___ with the government first. Laws are made to protect both people and animals.PART II: VocabularyDirections: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16．The minister of education recently promised ____ incentive grants to the teachers who intend to reform their teaching methods.A. obviousB. colorfulC. substantialD. resolute17. ____ in the book and reference lending should be given to the doctoral candidates who are to finish their dissertations in their last year’s study.A. PromotionB. PreferenceC. PrecautionD. Priority18. Wealthy people often ____ in winter days to warmer sunnier countries.A. motivateB. migrateC. immigrantD. emigrate19. To join a fitness program, ____ must be within a certain height and weight range.A. votersB. partnersC. designersD. participants20. Some demographers remain ____ about the population growth and stress that population growth is, at any rate in the long term, a good thing.A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. hopelessD. optimistic21. The ____ of undergraduate experience should be assessed by the performance of the graduate in the workplace and further education.A. reactionB. impactC. capabilityD. proficiency22. Citizens are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining ____ of tooth decay.A. consequenceB. traitC. accidentD. incidence23. The major goal of the tourism department is to ____ more people to visit its country at the turn of the century.A. induceB. respectC. reduceD. arouse24. The workers strongly ____ their factory director for neglect of duty.A. indicatedB. demonstratedC. announcedD. denounced25. Having shut himself in his study for a while, he went to a movie to ____ his mind from his worries.A. relaxB. extractC. attractD. distract26. In Japan, by contrast, no single car-producer dominates, and the impetus for ever greaterinnovation and lower prices springs less from international competition than from the intense __________ within Japan itself.A. incentiveB. rivalryC. recessionD. dilemma27. He enjoys his food and wine, but does not allow its enjoyment to __________ the imagewhich is important chiefly to himself, and then to his public.A. distortB. manifestC. glorifyD. squint28. No reason was given for the departure of Rourke at the time, and this only served to__________ speculation.A. intimateB. acquaintC. intensifyD. inspect29. However, he was a writer with a number of plays to his credit, none of them great successesbut all __________ note.A. short ofB. clear ofC. ashamed ofD. worthy of30. Failure to _________ with the regulations can result in a $10,000 fine or a six-month prisonsentence.A. consultB. complyC. coincideD. competePART III. CLOZEDirections: In this part of the test, you’ll read an incomplete passage with10blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Today it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the automobile move American through work and pay: wheels _31_, and people drive off to their jobs; _32_ turn, and people shop for the week’s food at the big supermarket down the highway; hubcaps whirl, _33_ the whole family spends a day at the lake. Each year more wheels crowd the highways as 10 million new cars roll out of the factories. _34_ every six Americans works at assembling cars, driving trucks, _35_ roads, or pumping gas. America without cars? It’s _36_.But even though the majority of Americans would find _37_ to imagine what life would be like without a car, _38_ have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are _39_ by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine _40_hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one _41_ of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gase s are poisonous and dangerous to one’s health, especially for someone with a _42_ heart or a respiratory disease.One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that _43_ pollute. That’s what several major automobile manufacturers are trying to do.But building a clean car is _44_ said than done. So far, progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and _45_. But most of us won’t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.31. A. move B. movingC. spinD. spinning32. A. Cars B. WorkersC. PeopleD. Tires33. A. so B. butC. andD. as34. A. Almost B. AmongC. One inD. One out35. A. build B. builtC. to buildD. building36. A. unthinkable B. possibleC. predictableD. uncertain37. A. hard B. it hardC. possibleD. it possible38. A. some B. fewC. expertsD. car makers39. A. embarrassed B. plaguedC. panickedD. paralyzed40. A. turns B. firesC. burnsD. purchases41. A. type B. resourceC. wayD. source42. A. weak B. kindC. strongD. quick43. A. does not B. preventsC. reducesD. preserves44. A. often B. easierC. hardlyD. no more45. A. gas B. electricityC. turbineD. waterPART IV READING COMPREHENSIONPassage 1In April 1865, when John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, the curtain finally fell on a play that had begun almost as soon as the American colonies gained their independence from England. In 1776, America’s Declaration of Independence declared that “all men are created equal”; 44 years later we were wrestling with a question: how can a nation founded on the idea of individual freedom reconcile itself with the existence of human slavery?In 1819, 22 states were in the Union, 11 Free, 11 Slave. The South’s ec onomy was based on the growing of cotton, and cotton was profitable only on the back s of slaves. As new states were admitted to the Union, the South wanted as many as possible to be slave states, not only to support their economy, but to prevent the North from obtaining a majority in Congress and quite possibly changing the Constitution to outlaw slavery completely. The issue came to a head when Missouri applied to be admitted as a slave state. Thomas Jefferson called the debate that began with Missouri “l ike a fireball in the night, which awakened me and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the knell (丧钟) of the nation.”War was avoided this time as compromise was reached and Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Maine, the next state admitted to the Union, would be admitted as free, thereby preserving the balance of power in the Congress.By1860，when the new Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln for President, compromise would no longer work. Lincoln wanted to contain the spread of slavery. With Lincoln’s election in November of that year, the South felt that it was only a matter of time before the Southern States lost their slim Democratic Party majority to those who wished to abolish slavery. It was in this same year that John Wilkes Booth said that “So deep is my hatred for such men that I wish I had them in my grasp and I the pow er to crush.”Equally passionate, Lincoln held that America was the “Last Best Hope on Earth” for freedom. The United States was unique in the family of nations. Of all the nations in the world, only America was governed by her people. Kings, Queens, Princes or Emperors ruled all the old countries, where rights held by the government and given to the people. In America, rights were held by the people and given to the government. The irony was that the Old World had done away with slavery decades before, yet here the United State, beacon of Freedom – had human bondage (奴役). Lincoln said it himself, “the nation cannot exist half-slave and half-free, it must be all of one thing or all of the other.”46. We learn from the first paragraph that ________ .A. the seeds of the American Civil War were sown when the nation was founded.B. John Wilkes Booth had plotted to kill Lincoln from the moment America gained itsindependenceC. all men in America obtained equal rights with the Declaration of IndependenceD. John Wilkes Booth sh ot Lincoln at the end of a performance in Ford’s Theatre.47. The fundamental conflict between the Union and the South lies in _________ .A. religious faithsB. political beliefsC. economic interestsD. geographic differences48. It can be inferred from the context of Para. 4 that ________ .A. John Wilkes Booth was one of the firebrands of the southB. the Democratic Party was strongly opposed to slaveryC. with the election of Lincoln the South lost its majority in CongressD. the Civil War could have been avoided if Lincoln had not won the election49. What did Lincoln wish to do when he became President of the United States?A. Make compromises.B. Prevent the spread of slavery.C. Strike a balance.D. Get prepared for war.50. In what way was America unique in the family of nations?A. It was the only nation that allowed the existence of slavery.B. It was the only nation that existed half-slave and half-free.C. It was the only nation whose government gave rights to the people.D. It was the only nation whose government was elected by the people.Passage 2Back in 1986, Noble Prize winner David Baltimore authored a paper that said that inserting a special mouse gene into a certain strain of mice caused changes in the host mouse’s antibodies – a finding that promised to be significant for genetic modification of the immune system.A postdoctoral researcher in the lab, Margot O’Toole, found she was unable to reproduce some of the reported results in her own experimental mice. Her attempts to resolve the problem with her immediate boss, Dr. Thereza Imanishi-Kari, led O’Toole to suspect defects or errors in the original research and she made her suspicions public.One thing led to another, and in time, O’Toole found herself in touc h with two researchers at the National Institutes of Health (N.I.H.) Ned Feder and Walter Stewart, who had risen to public prominence in the mid-1980s as fraud-busters. These self-appointed watchdogs took up her cause with eagerness, and the nature of her complaints began to shift from claims of shoddiness to accusations of dishonesty and cover-up.Against a background of public anxiety about fraud in science, the case came before an N.I.H. scientific panel. The press began to portray （描绘）the idealistic O’Toole as a martyr sacrificed by her scientific seniors: it was said, wrongly, that she had lost her job and her home, and had been cold-shouldered by the establishment. The cover letter to a draft report from the N.I.H. committee said Imanishi-Kari was guilty of “serious scientific misconduct” and accused Baltimore of a cover-up. The fact that he had stuck by his co-workers was read as proof of his arrogance and irritation at having his own authority challenged.The crucial time came in 1989 when Representative John Dingell pressed a series of Congressional hearings. A man dedicated to rooting out the misuse of Federal funding, not least by unaccountable scientists, he was handed a gift on a plate when Baltimore lost his cool under questioning, alleging that the investigation represented a threat to scientific freedom and implying that none but scientists had the right to monitor themselves, because they alone could understand how science works. Dingell then launched a humiliation exercise. He brought Secret Service to examine Imanishi-Kari’s lab notebooks in hopes of uncovering after-the-event tampering. The affair took on the air of a scientific Watergate, and science itself seemed to be on trial.This could not have come at a worse moment for Baltimore: he had just taken up a highly prestigious appointment as president of Rockefeller University. A whispering campaign, probably involving jealousies, forced Baltimore’s resignation after just 18 months.If the rise and fall of Baltimore seemed to unfold with all the inevitability of a Greek tragedy, there was, after a fashion, a happy ending. Eventually the pendulum (钟摆) of opinion started to swing. Dingell began to be represented as a latter-day Joseph McCarthy. Imanishi-Kari and Baltimore assumed O’Toole’s role of victim, seen as the targets of a new “Galileo trial” or a witch hunt being carried out by the “science police.” When Imanishi-Kari appealed against the findings, a further scientific review board was convened, and she was officially exonerated of (排除…嫌疑) fabrication. She got tenure, and in 1997 Baltimore, no longer typed as a conceited bigmouth but praised for his loyalty, was appointed president of the California Institute of Technology.51. The story took place when ________ .A. fraud in science was becoming a public concernB. Baltimore’s honesty as a scientist was being questionedC. there was a growing awareness of the misuse of Federal fundsD. genetic modification food seemed feasible52. In this story, O’Toole played the role of ________ .A. a victim of the witch hunt carried out by Representative John DingellB. an involuntary accomplice （同犯，帮凶）unfairly used by the science policeC. an honest researcher who dared to challenge a Nobel Prize winnerD. a martyr sacrificed by the scientific establishment53. What was the fatal mistake Baltimore made?A. He questioned the right of Congressmen to investigate the case.B. He stood by Imanishi-Kari and tried to cover up her misconduct.C. He played into his opponents’ hands when he gave O’Toole the cold shoulder.D. He lost his cool and got irritated when his authority was challenged.54. Judging from the context, Joseph McCarthy was very probably a person who ________ .A. was notorious for starting the investigation of Galileo’s caseB. was a famous character in a Greek tragedy about a witch huntC. used unsupported accusations to obtain his own purposesD. was a man who was suspicious of new scientific discoveries55. It can be inferred from this passage that ________ .A. science police plays an important role in eradicating fraud in scienceB. scientists run great risks in advancing new theories about natureC. politicians have got no right to monitor the work of scientistsD. it is sometimes difficult to tell truth from falsehood in sciencePassage 3Certainly, the concept of a “death with dignity” has become an increasing focus of debate, not the least because of medical progress that has brought about a major increase in the number of retired and aged persons. The issue has generated lots of legislation, much of which confuses rather than clarifies an important question in euthanasia: Who will pull the plug?In general, the laymen’s view of euthanasia is one of “mercy killing,” or active intervention to end life, with little or no concept of the possibility of a passive form.I make no excuses and ask no forgiveness for admitting that I have practiced passive euthanasia for many years. In fact, I gave instructions to the doctor attending my own mother in her last illness that she should receive no antibiotics nor be tube-fed. At that stage, she was in her 98th year, suffering from her third stroke and unconscious with pneumonia.I have never practiced active euthanasia, a deed that in my country is regarded as murder and could merit the death penalty. But I do believe that in the clinical practice of medicine, active euthanasia has a definite place. I also believe that we should not be afraid to discuss its place in the scheme of things and to explore the possibilities in this approach to the terminally ill.I cannot accept the simple statement that a doctor does not have the right to take life; furthermore, I believe the greatest difficulty is to define life. I myself have defined it as joy in living. Given the absence of this quality, the request of the suffering person and the satisfaction of other criteria such as good faith on the part of those caring for the person and the completion of legal requirements, there is no ethical reason why active medical euthanasia may not be administered.Indeed, I have always wondered at the kind of person who would mercifully end the life of a suffering animal, yet would hesitate to extend the same privilege to a fellow human being.As a scientist and a humanitarian, I find society’s attitude toward the different ways of causing the death of an individual both hypocritical and illogical. Consider that, for as long as man has inhabited the earth, he has accepted with few reservations the right to kill and be killed on the battlefield, even when this leads to not only his own but multiple deaths.I have talked to legal, ethical and medical authorities in many parts of the world on the need for active euthanasia. Again and again the same questions came up:Who will decide when a life is to be terminated and how can mistakes be avoided?Would doctors perhaps misuse the right to take life by getting rid of the people they do not like?Does a doctor have the right to play God?If it is feared that a doctor is playing God when he terminates a life, it can just as readily be argued that he is playing the same role when he prolongs the life of a terminally-ill patient. And surely, when the terminally-ill person develops an inter-current infection that will cause death if not treated, are we not also interfering wi th God’s will by instituting treatment and preventing the patient from dying of the infection?56.What is the layman’s understanding of euthanasia?A.Killing somebody out of pity because he is in severe pain.B.Ceasing feeding of the patient.C.Stopping treatment.D.Death with dignity.57.What does the author think of active euthanasia?A. It is a form of human cruelty.B. It should be allowed for the terminally ill.C.It is interference in God’s will.D. It is ethically wrong even if legally permissible.58.Why does t he author say society’s attitude toward the different ways of causing the death ofan individual is both hypocritical and illogical?A. A single death is much dwelled on while multiple deaths go unnoticed.B.Passive euthanasia is overlooked while active euthanasia is penalized.C.Ending the life of a suffering animal is called mercy while doing the same to a human iscalled murder.D.Euthanasia is condemned while killing on the battlefield is accepted without reservation.59.What is the chief problem that may arise in administering euthanasia?A.Abuse of this practice.B.Religious opposition.pletion of legal procedures.D.The defining of life.60.According to the author, in giving treatment to a terminally-ill patient, the doctor is________ .A.doing a disservice to societyB.performing humanitarian obligationsC.increasing his sufferingD.interfering with God’s will, too.PART V TRANSLATIONSection ADirections: Read the following passage in English carefully and translate it into Chinese in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.Online FriendshipIn so many ways, cyberspace mirrors the real world. People ask for information, play games, and share hobby tips. Others buy and sell products. Still others look for friendship, or even love. Unlike the real world, however, your knowledge about a person is limited to words on a computer screen. Identity and appearance mean very little in cyberspace. Rather, a person’s thoughts—or at least the thoughts they type—are what really count. So even the shyest person can become a chat room star. Usually, this “faceless” communication doesn’t create problems. Identity doesn’t really matter when you’re in a chat room discussing politics or hobbies. In fact, this emphasis on the ideas themselves makes the Internet a great place for exciting conversation. But some Internet users want more than just someone to chat with. They’re looking for serious love relationships. Some of these relationships actually succeed. Others fail miserably.Section BDirections: Read the following passage in Chinese carefully and translate it into English in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.今天我们生活在一个包装了的世界。
研究生英语期末考试1
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual andcollective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, ______ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD. overcomes2. A man of original power can never be ______ within the limits of a single field of interestand activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3.As a result of technological convergence and progress in digitization, the laboratories ofcomputer technology and consumer electronics firms are ______ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4.The degree in which a man ______ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind andspirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression.A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5.In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of ahigh-skilled, high-waged economy by ______ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgrading6.No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions theresulting environmental deterioration is going to make life ______ more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularly7.Digital television will enable users to access a wide range of new services, such aspay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels ______ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8.Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of highseismic risk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to ______ the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspect9.By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and ______rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10.While more and more women are ______ roles as managers, a new study reveals that thesewomen are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11.The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, andyouth violence ______, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in particularD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from onlinepirates but also ensures that the quality for ______ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. malicious恶意的故意的D. legitimate13.There is relatively little ______ of opinion and scholarship about whether generationaldifferences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensus14.Young people‟s worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a ______ onthe sort of education and training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15.Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer theirown work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their ______ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB. blundersC. competenciesD. defects16.No gene ration is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than today‟s youngpeople—“digital natives”, who have grown up in a/n ______ computing environment.A. immersive拟真的B. emergentC. hostileD. rural17.Whereas university research and development departments may once have been the primaryarena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the ______ in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. license18.Access to technology in school is particularly important ______ increasing disparities intechnology access outside of school.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light of19.Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of thegifted and talented, offers ______ which can sometimes cut right across anyone‟s cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligationsD. objections20.Obesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon ______ smokingin the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, you‟ll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a __21__. Unless you‟re in senior management, you may be limited __22__ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortuna tely, these aren‟t the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or __23__ the most important.Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often __24__ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees willunderstand that wage increases do have their limits, __25__ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the __26__ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective.It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance __27__. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. __28__ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who __29__ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more __30__ to stay in a job when they agree with the company‟s goals and values.Another major __31__ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show __32__ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for __ 33__ in their work, having a variety of tasks to __34__, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to __35__ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21. A. blessing B. handicapC. challengeD. failure22 A. in favor of B. in terms ofC. on behalf ofD. on top of23. A. necessarily B. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24. A. to rank B. being ranked25. C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26. A. top B. bottomC. lowD. peak27. A. driving B. driven28. C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardless ofD. For the sake of29. A. specialize in B. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30. A. subject B. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31. A. advantage B. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32. A. that B. howC. whenD. whether33 A. authorship B. automationC. autonomyD. authority34. A. adopt B. undergoC. performD. supply35. A. depart fromC. interfere in B. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they don‟t admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? It‟s yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Here‟s your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money won‟t make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they don‟t objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesn‟t make us happy:It‟s relative income that‟s important. As I‟ve noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we don‟t mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as we‟re earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money we‟re likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison.Material goods don‟t make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. People‟s desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. There‟s even evidence that materialism make us lesshappy.People don‟t shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of …the focusing illusion‟. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work.These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with people‟s everyday experience. Surely if money doesn‟t lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the …focusing illusion‟ we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesn‟t. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36. What do social scientists find about money and happiness?A.Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness.B.Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C.More money does not necessarily make people happy.D.Money counts most in people‟s feeling of happiness.37. According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most?A.The scientific findings fail to explain people‟s obsession with pursuing money andhappiness.B.Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave forearning more.C.Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance ofmoney.D.Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens people‟sdesire to make money.38. According to the passage, people _____.A.care a lot about their actual level of incomeB.are convinced that people around them earn higher incomepare their income with that of higher earnersD.feel contented when they earn more than others39. Material goods don‟t make us happy because _____.A.we need something permanent to feel happyB.we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC.people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD.the more money we have, the more we desire40. If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money?A.Because money and wealth gratify people‟s vanity.B.Because money is the only way to measure people‟s achievement.C.Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D.Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments.Passage 2As Wal-Mart grew into the world‟s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and don‟ts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based” culture, in whic h employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for.“Values” is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy”, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw(人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How”, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment” is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company‟s culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employer‟s culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence(默许)”. Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance”, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company‟s mission”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% inself-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that “good ideas are readily adopted by my company”. At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically (悲喜交加), the study found that bosses often believe their own guff (胡扯), even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is self-governing. (The cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.) Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than merely on financial results. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41. We can infer that “human energy” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A. a method of generating electricityB.an advanced means of transportationC. a strategy of personnel managementD. a method of evaluating corporate profits42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.B.Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture.C.The study shows that big firms haven‟t yet built a more caring culture as they say.D.The survey by the Boston Research Group limits its subjects to senior employees.43. Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance”?A.Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.B.The labor union has the paramount power in a company.C.Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values.D.Employees are rewarded based on their skills and performance.44. The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a self-governance companyis ____.A.the adoption of good ideasB.the occurrence of unethical behaviorC.the cases of blowing the whistleD.the level of productivity45. The main purpose of this passage is to show _____.A.employers and employees usually don‟t feel the same about the corporate cultureB.employers should trust and respect their employeesC.self-governing companies enjoy more advantages than the other two types of companiesD.there is still a long way for companies to truly build a value-based culturePassage 3“To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul,” Simone Weil argued in the mid-twentieth century. Even our virtual playgrounds pay homage to the deeply felt need for place: MySpace was, until recently, called “a place for friends”; Second Life mimics real-life places with its homes, offices, and restaurants. What is different about mobile playgrounds is that mobile devices force real life and virtual life (and real places and virtual places) to try to coexist in a way they never have before.We want to see this as a good, enabling thing — I can fire off that e-mail to the office and then get back to relaxing on my vacation! — but it is instructive to go to a playground today: even on a weekend, you will see parents engrossed in their iPhones and BlackBerrys while their children make increasingly loud bids for their attention. The November 2, 2009 cover of The New Yorker sadly and beautifully satirized this trend: it shows an illustration of children out trick-or-treating, basked in the glow of houselights, while their parents bask in the glow of the smart-phones in which they are rapt(全神贯注的). Even our leisure time, it seems, has been colonized by our need to stay connected —and it is a constant struggle to set limits on our engagement with the virtual world so that we can attend to the real one in front of us.And when we decide to leave home entirely, we find it difficult to leave the demands of work behind. Consider the cruise ship industry: every year, more than three million people board a Carnival Cruise ship to take a vacation. They spend a great deal of time eating — and gambling — and then eating some more. The perpetual buffets that have long been a staple of the cruise ship lifestyle cater to one kind of hunger; Carnival now caters to another —one that seems counterintuitive in vacationers eager to get away from it all: staying connected. With their twenty-four-hour Internet cafés, onboard WiFi, and an advertising campaign that features bikini-clad patrons lounging on deck chairs with laptop computers, Carnival Cruise Lines has enthusiastically responded to the demands of patrons who seek an ideal of maritime escape but still want to check their e-mail several times a day.This, too, is the strange new world of leisure: never disconnected, and never really free from the demands of daily life. Notwithstanding all the talk of mobility, we find ourselves tethered in novel ways —not to a hometown, or to a particular social background, but to our devices themselves and the feeling of connection they provide, which we seemingly cannot sit still without.46.According to the first paragraph, what can we learn about MySpace and Second Life?A.They function as real life venues for entertainment.B.They deserve credit for reflecting the human soul.C.As virtual playgrounds, they resemble reality in terms of place.D.Through mobile devices, they represent engagement with society.47.When saying it is instructive to go to a playground today, the author means that ____.A.people‟s indulgence in staying connected can be witnessed thereB.playgrounds are the places for parents and children to spend time togetherC.responsible parents are supposed to engage their children with outdoor activitiesD.smart phones are the culprit for the poor relations between parents and children48.The following statements are TRUE except ____.A.people vacationing on Carnival Cruise ships have access to the Internet todayB.eating and gambling are the exclusive things people can enjoy on cruise shipsC.Carnival Cruise Lines cater to vacationers‟ demands to stay in contact with othersD.people‟s desire to remain connected makes it difficult for them to escape from work49.The word “tethered” in Line 2 of the last paragraph probably means ____.A.disconnectedB. confinedC. immuneD. indifferent50.This passage is intended to ____.A.analyze the various reasons for humans to settle downB.advocate the necessity of virtual connection in leisure timeC.enumerate the enormous benefits of mobile devices for work and lifeD.highlight the transformation of mobility through ubiquitous connectionPassage 4State environmental officials are proposing a new set of rules that would give automobile manufacturers three years to start selling zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) that — for all practical purposes — do not yet exist. The state Department of Environmental Quality has released draft rules mandating that 11 percent of all automobiles sold in Arizona beginning with the 2011 model year have zero emissions. That would increase to 16 percent by 2018 and beyond.However, there are opposing opinions which claim that replacing conventional cars with electric vehicles will expose people to dangerous levels of lead, according to industry and environmental groups. A research led by three professors from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh suggests that an electric car powered by lead-acid batteries will “release 60 times more lead per kilometer of use” than an “equivalent car burning leaded gasoline”. But critics argue that the researchers have used unrealistic assumptions.Releases of lead to the environment are now tightly controlled because of the metal‟s toxicity since the 1970s, when leaded petrol began to be removed in the US, levels of lead in the blood of American children have dropped. But economist Lester Lave and engineers Chris Hendrickson and Francis McMichael worry that mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars might reverse that trend.Reaction to this suggestion has been hostile, however. “I think they‟ve missed the point completely,” says John Rodman of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. He says the benefits of reducing pollution from traffic in cities will far exceed the risks of small increases in lead releases. Michael Weistein of Electro Source in Austin, Texas, a developer of advanced lead-acid batteries, complains that is “misleading scare tactics”.The research result, published in the latest edition of Science, comes as American car makers are being forced to produce “zero-emission vehicles” starting in 2000. The plan was originally designed to reduce airborne pollution in California, and Massachusetts and New York have since followed suit. While car company engineers are designing ZEVs, their top executives are fighting the mandates being imposed on them.The Carnegie-Mellon researchers estimated the amount of lead needed to power ZEVs and how much would be released in mining, battery manufacture and recycling. But critics complain that the team's 1378 kilogram figure for the weight of batteries needed in a ZEV is a serious overestimate. General Motors‟ small electric car, called the Impact, weighs 132 kilograms in total and carries only 522 kilograms of batteries. Lave says he had too little performance data to use the impact as a baseline.51. What are the research findings published by the professors from Carnegie-MellonUniversity?A.Conventional cars burning leaded gasoline are more dangerous than electric cars.B.Mass production of lead-acid batteries will seriously affect American children‟s health.C.The wide use of electric cars powered by batteries will increase lead releases to theatmosphere.D.Replacing conventional cars with ZEV will be very dangerous.52. By "that trend"(Line 5, Para.3) the author refers to _____.A.the drop of the lead level in the blood of American childrenB.the replacement of conventional cars with electric carsC.the control of the releases of lead to the environmentD.the ban on the use of leaded petrol53. Which of the following statements best expresses the viewpoints of John Rodman?A.He is opposed to the mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars.B.He believes the advantages of ZEV outweigh its disadvantages.C.He thinks the increase in lead releases will be exceedingly risky.D.He supposes the only benefit of ZEV is to reduce pollution in cities.54. The American car makers' attitude towards the ZEV mandates is _____.A. suspiciousB. scaredC. confidentD. displeased55. According to the Carnegie-Mellon team research, which of the following is NOT the reasonfor the increasing amount of lead needed in a ZEV?A.Production of lead-acid batteries.B. Weight of batteries.C. Leaded petrol.D. Mining of lead.Part 4: Translation (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into Chinese. And then write your translation in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.We are living in the middle of a revolution in consciousness. Over the past few decades, geneticists, neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, and others have made great strides in understanding the inner working of the human mind. Far from being dryly materialistic, their work illuminates the rich underwater world where character is formed and wisdom grows. They are giving us a better grasp of emotions, intuitions, biases, longings, predispositions, character traits, and social bonding, precisely those things about which our culture has least to say. 我们在生活中的革命意识。
武汉大学研究生英语期末试题-2010(含答案及评分)
English Examination for Graduates (Paper A)(January 18th, 2010)I.Listening Comprehension (20%)Directions: In this part, you are going to listen to four passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.1. A. Because they don’t know the custom.B. Because they emphasize equality of the sexes.C. Because it’s customary for ladies to push chairs for men at a dinner table in America.D. Because usually the host or hostess pushes the chairs for women at a dinner table .2. A. Americans hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Europeans dothe opposite.B. Americans use both hands while Europeans use only one hand when eating.C. Europeans hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Americans dothe opposite.D. Europeans keep the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Americans usejustone hand and keep the other one on their lap.3. A. Europeans are more apt to drink coffee after the meal while Americans between bites.B. Americans are more apt to drink coffee after the meal while Europeans between bites.C. Americans drink coffee before the meal while Europeans after the meal.D. Europeans drink coffee before the meal while Americans after the meal.4. A. Leaving a spoon in a soup bowl or a coffee cup.B. Leaving a spoon in any dish.C. Putting a coffee spoon on the saucer or a soup spoon on the service table.D. Putting all the spoons on the tablecloth.5. A. As long as you like. B. Two or three hours.C. As long as the host and hostess ask.D. Less than one hour.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.6. A. Indifferent. B. Positive. C. Negative. D. Neutral.7. A. Discipline, discovery, mutuality, locality, potentiality, enhancement.B. Discipline, discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, enhancement.C. Discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, potentiality, enhancement.D. Sustainability, discovery, mutuality, locality, potentiality, enhancement.8. A. It believes that the community is only a socially constructed experience.B. It believes that the community is only an ecologically grounded place.C. It denies conflicts among stakeholder groups.D. It is a community tourism planning approach uniting the themes of social development andecological sustainability.9. A. Because it not only generates hospitality that helps make a community a desirabledestination, but also helps share scarce resources.B. Because it helps mitigate conflicts arising over resource distribution and use.C. Because it respects individual perspectives.D. Because it provides capital to tourism community.10.A. Sustainable Tourism. B. Travel Ecology.C. Sustainable Tourism Models.D. Community Tourism Models.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.11.A. Because they don’t know the relationship between tobacco and disease.B. Because they have a strong inclination to smoke.C. Because they have been forbidden to smoke by the governments.D. Because there were no institutions which persuade them not to smoke.12.A. Because they are unusually subject to cigarette advertising.B. Because tobacco taxes take up a large part of their revenue.C. Because they don’t think tobacco can do harm to people’s mind.D. Because they are innocent of the link between tobacco and disease.13.A. Cigarette advertising only appeals to the young men.B. Cigarette advertising appeals to adults.C. Cigarette advertising is attractive to people who already smoke.D. Cigarette advertising also appeals to kids.14.A. Because they regard smoking as a symbol of sexual ability and even success.B. Because they are addicted to nicotine.C. Because they want to get more tobacco taxes.D. Because they regard smoking as a kind of sports.15.A. Smoking and tobacco taxes. B. Smoking in developing countries.C. Smoking and cigarette advertising.D. Tobacco industry.Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.16.A. Putting a roof on a barn. B. Harvesting water reedsC. Using stone as a building materialD. Daily farm operations17.A. Clay tiles. B. Slate or stone.C. Wooden shingles.D. Reeds or straw.18.A. Later colonists did not know how to thatch.B. Thatching was considered dangerous.C. Other roofing materials were available.D. Thatching was unsuitable for the climate.19.A. It’s manufactured to be strong. B. It bends without breaking.C. Thatchers nail it down securely.D. The winds can pass through it easily.20.A. If people had more time to learn how to do it.B. If its cost went down.C. If it could make buildings more attractive.D. If people realized its many advantages.II. Vocabulary (25%)Directions: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.21. We have a certain stereotypical ______ of a person from a culture and we interpret his/herbehaviour according to this preconception, whether or not the reason for the behaviour is what we think it.A. connotationB. preconceptionC. recuperationD. ambiguity22. Gap in educational investment across regions will ______ the national economic developmentas a whole.A. warrantB. rationC. thwartD. retard23. Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality in wages at least in the shortrun, as the wages of skilled workers are ________.A. bid forB. bid onC. bid upD. bid to24. The market will goods that yield social benefits in excess of private benefits and willconsequently produce too few of these goods.A. undervalueB. devalueC. underweightD. value25. You have taken a ______ hatred to Peter; and you are unreasonably angry with me because Iwon’t hate him.A. perseveringB. perverseC. perfectD. previous26. One of the conditions of ______ is that you must keep the land under cultivation.A. tenantB. terminalC. temperamentD. tenure27. Even the increase proposed will put pressure on Congress to hold down other spending or dipinto funds for Social Security.A. markedB. commissionedC. earmarkedD. commanded28. Unfortunately, what the farmers had gained in the autumn harvest was ______by the heavylosses caused by a snowstorm in the winter.A. offsetB. optimizedC. subsidizedD. unleashed29. The Arabs, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm,may be feeling that the Americans are being _______.A. friendlyB. warmC. standoffishD. selfish30. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually ______ their mothers and fathersuntil they get one. It is only when the sweet little thing has been brought home that the parents realize how much time a nd money must be spent on “Tom” or “B ill”.A. peterB. pesterC. worryD. whine31. As television, and to an extent the internet have _____further through our society, the effectsare perhaps more significant than even we realize.A. perpetuatedB. persecutedC. persistedD. permeated32. “John has no______. So when his parents passed away, he inherited everything from thefamily---properties, bank savings, stocks and a big ho use. He’s really living on easy street.”A. siblingsB. soberingsC. sibilantsD. stillbirths33. Great efforts have been made to coordinate unemployment ______ and economic developmentthroughout the country.A. aggravationB. exaggerationC. eliminationD. alleviation34. Upon this, Jones began to beg earnestly to be let into this secret, and faithfully promised not to ______ it.A. divulgeB. dispenseC. dissolveD. disperse35. In Sudan, deforestation in the last decade led to a quadrupling of the time women spentgathering fuel wood. This stimulated efforts to promote _______ .A. deforestationB. afforestationC. forestsD. forestry36. In Egypt, I saw the pyramids and the damaged face of the Sphinx, smiling a (an)_______ smile.An amazing journey!A. incuriousB. sweetC. incredulousD. inscrutable37. There was so much pain there, _______ caused by both sides over the years. I didn’t want tohurt them, nor they me, but the harm had done and it was irreversible.A. invisiblyB. inappreciablyC. inadvertentlyD. inadequately38. Nobody will support such a government that ______ on the rights of individuals.A. encroachesB. invadesC. involvesD. interrupts39. The development of national ______ will be sped up if its officials at all levels become moreconscious of its significance in economic growth.A. substructureB. portfolioC. infrastructureD. asset40. With the rapid development of modern society, the ______ of the ancient civilization in thetown is being erased step by step.A. prestigeB. vestigeC. fameD. symptom41. The ______ of “white” in Chinese includes something unhappy. At funerals, Chinese payrespect to the dead and express their sorrow by wearing white. In the West, however, white is the traditional color for the bride at weddings, and to wear white at funerals would be offensive.A. configurationB. conjunctionC. connotationD. connection42. When people can’t explain a new phenomenon using their knowl edge, they will firstly try tounderstand the new phenomenon using the logic reference of______.A. comparisonB. analysisC. counterpartD. analogy43. He has more endurance; he can swim longer and ______ a canoe better than any of his people.A. conquerB. dominateC. steerD. lead44.There’s this new girl coming to my school, and I like her a lot. I want to _____ our friendshipbefore I start a serious relationship.A. cementB. limeC. clayD. concrete45._______implies an active choice to cling to something, not passively being carried along outof inability to imagine anything else.A. TenancyB. TenacityC. TendencyD. TensionIII. Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 1Science fiction (SF) can provide students interested in the future with a basic introduction tothe concept of thinking about the possible futures in a serious way, a sense of emotional forces intheir own culture that are affecting the shape the future may take, and a multitude of extrapolations (prediction) regarding the results of present trends . There is one particular type of story that can be especially valuable as a stimulus to discussion of these issues both in courses on the future and in social science courses in general----the story which presents well-worked-out, detailed societies that differ significantly from the society of the reader. In fact, whatever the reliability of its predictions, SF is actually a more important vehicle for speculative visions about macroscopic social change. At this level, it is hard to deal with any precision as to when general value changes or evolving social institutions might appear, but it is most important to think about the kinds of societies that could result from the rise of new forms of interaction, even if one cannot predict exactly when they might occur.In performing this “what if …”function, SF can act as a social laboratory as authors ruminate upon (think about) the forms social relationships could take if key variables in their own societies were different, and upon what new belief systems or mythologies could arise in the future to provide the basic rationalizations for human activities. If it is true that more people find it difficult to conceive of the ways in which their society, or human nature itself, could undergo fundamental changes, then SF of this type may provoke one’s imagination to consider the diversity of paths potentially open to society.Moreover, if SF is the laboratory of the imagination, its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out. That is, SF has always had a certain cybernetic effect on society, as its visions emotionally engage the future-consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities. The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced by its image of the future; in this way particularly powerful SF images may become self-fulfilling or self-avoiding prophecies for society. For that matter, some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-styles after appealing models provided by SF stories. The reincarnation (reappearance) and diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up an augmented SF’s social feedback effects. Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent, sending an echo form the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it. This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed in this section.It must be noted that this perspective of SF has been questioned by some critics. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be about future technologies, many SF writers exhibit an impact conservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections (new ideas ) are either ignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical social systems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future. Robert Bloch has conveniently summarized the kind of future society presented by the average SF writer as consisting of a totalitarian state in which psychochemical techniques (the use of mind- altering drugs) keep the populace quiet; an underground which the larger-than-life hero can join; and scientists who gladly turn over their discoveries to those in power. Such tales covertly assume that human nature as we know it will remain stable and that twentieth-century Anglo-American culture and moral values, especially traditional economic incentives, will continue to dominate the world. Most SF authors have found it as hard as most other mortals to extrapolate (guess)social mores different from those operating within their own milieu (environment), so that, it has been charged, far from preparing the reader for future shock, SF is a literature that comfortably and smugly reassures him that the future willnot be radically different from the present.There is much truth to this analysis of SF. It is not easy to explain why so many stories seem to take as their future social settings nothing more ambiguous than the current status quo or its totally evil variant. Part of the answer may be that many authors of commercial SF writing received their professional training in science and engineering prior to World War II and were therefore not equipped or inclined to devise sophisticated social backgrounds in their plots. Be that as it may, the situation has changed dramatically in recent decades. There are an increasing number of stories which explicitly assume that future social patterns of family, government, religion, and the like need not be exactly the same as those of the present and that the forces which motivate men may also be subject to change. It is from such stories, and their predecessors in classical SF, that one may study examples of the impact of SF on the individual and collective imagination.46. Science fiction shows us happen in the future.A. what mayB. what must c. when changes will D. what we wish to47. Science fiction plays an important role in .A. forming social value and institutionsB. providing the basic rationalizations for human activitiesC. predicting the future societyD. providing the possible vision of social change in macro-scope48. A self-fulfilling prophecy is one that .A. predicts something unpleasantB. predicts something pleasantC. helps prediction to come trueD. does not come true49. Science fiction images will surely .A. influence the images of the present society partiallyB. influence the images of the present society negativelyC. influence the images of the present society positivelyD. influence the images of the present society imperatively50. The author’s opinion appears to be that SF .A. has little to offer societyB. can help to shape the way we behave in the present societyC. is always conservativeD. is unable to prepare the reader for future shock51. The inability of some SF writers to imagine alternative forms of society wasdue to their professional training.A. possiblyB. definitelyC. occasionallyD. known to be52. The author thinks the criticism that SF writers usually show a conservative biasis .A. justB. unjustC. becoming less true than it wasD. only true of classical SF53. In some critics’ eyes, classical science fiction is a literature .A. that displays the radically different social images in the futureB. that reveals what science fiction writers sincerely believedC. that does not show totally imaginary images of the future societyD. that informs readers of the future society54. The author’s main aim would seem to be to show how useful SF can be to .A. politiciansB. scientistsC. cyberneticistsD. students55. The overall tone of the piece is best described as .A. ironicB. humorousC. indignantD. informativePassage 21 Many years ago trying to help people with every kind of trouble left me with one sure conviction: In case after case the difficulty could have been overcome --- or might never have arisen --- if the people involved had just treated one another with common courtesy.2 Courtesy, politeness, good manners --- call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand. “It’s not so much what my husband says,” a tearful wife confides, “as the way he says it. Why does he have to yell at me?”“I hate my boss,” a grim-faced office worker mutters. “He never shows appreciation for anything.”“All we get from our teenagers,” a harassed parent says, “is a sullen surliness.”3 Such complaints are not limited to people who sit in my study. Human beings everywhere hunger for courtesy. “Good manners,” said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “are the happy way of doing things.” And the reverse is equally true. Bad manners can ruin a day --- or wreck a friendship.4 What are the basic ingredients of good manners? Certainly a strong sense of justice is one; courtesy is often nothing more than a highly developed sense of fair play. A friend once told me of driving along a one-lane, unpaved mountain road. Ahead was another car that produced clouds of choking dust, and it was a long way to the nearest paved highway. Suddenly, at a wider place, the car ahead pulled off the road. Thinking that its owner might have engine trouble, my friend stopped and asked if anything was wrong. “No,” said the other driver. “But you’ve endured my dust this far; I’ll put up with yours the rest of the way.” There was a man with manners, and an innate sense of fair play.5 Another ingredient of courtesy is empathy, a quality that enables a person to see into the mind or heart of someone else, to understand the pain or unhappiness there and to do something to minimize it. Recently in a book about a famous restaurant chain I came across such an episode.6 A man dining alone was trying to unscrew the cap of a bottle of catsup but his fingers were so badly crippled by arthritis that he couldn’t do it. He asked a young busboy to help him. The boy took the bottle, turned his back momentarily and loosened the cap without difficulty. Then he tightened it again. Turning back to the man, he feigned a great effort to open the bottle without success. Finally he took it into the kitchen and returned shortly, saying that he had managed to loosen it --- but only with a pair of pliers. What impelled the boy to take so much trouble to spare the feelings of a stranger? Courtesy, compassionate courtesy.7 Yet another component of politeness is the capacity to treat all people alike, regardless of all status or importance. Even when you have doubts about some people, act as if they are worthy of your best manners. You may also be astonished to find out that they really are.8 I truly believe that anyone can improve his or her manners by doing 3 things. First, by practicing courtesy. All skills require constant repetition to become second nature; good manners are no exception.9 One simple way is to concentrate on your performance in a specific area for about a week. Telephone manners, for example. How often do you talk too long, speak abruptly, and fail to identify yourself, keep people waiting, display impatience with the operator or fail to return a call?10 One difficult but essential thing to remember is to refuse to let other people’s bad manners goad you into retaliating in kind. I recall a story told by a young man who was in a car with hisfather one night when a driver in an oncoming vehicle failed to dim his lights. “Give him the brights, Dad!”the young man urged in exasperation. “Son,”replied the father, “that driver is certainly discourteous and probably stupid. But if I give him the brights he’ll be discourteous, stupid and blind --- and that’s a combination I don’t want to tangle with!”11 The second requirement for improving your manners is to think in a courteous way. In the long run, the kind of person you are is the result of what you’ve been thinking over the past 20 or 30 years. If your thoughts are predominantly self-directed, a discourteous person is what you will be. If on the other hand you train yourself to be considerate of others, if you can acquire the habit of identifying with their problems and hopes and fears, good manners will follow almost automatically.12 Nowhere is thinking courtesy more important than in marriage. In the intimacy of the home it is easy to displace disappointment or frustration or anger onto the nearest person, and that person is often a husband or wife.13 “When you feel your anger getting out of control,” I have often said to married couples, “force yourself for the next ten minutes to treat your married partner as if he or she were a guest in your home,” I knew that if they could impose just 10 minutes of good manners on themselves, the worst of the storm would blow over.14 Finally, to have good manners you must be able to accept courtesy, receive it gladly, rejoice when it comes your way. Strangely, some people are suspicious of gracious treatment. They suspect the other person of having some ulterior motive.15 But some of the most precious gifts in life come with no strings attached. You can’t achieve a beautiful day through any effort on your part. You can’t buy a sunset or even the scent of a rose. Those are the world’s courtesies to us, offered with love and no thought of reward or return. Good manners are, or should be, like that.16 In the end, it all comes down to how you regard people --- not just people in general, but individuals. Life is full of minor irritations and trials and injustices. The only constant, daily, effective solution is politeness --- which is the golden rule in action. I think that if I were allowed to add one small beatitude as a footnote to the other it might be: Blessed are the courteous.(1048 words)56.In Para.1, the underlined part “one sure conviction” is the closest in meaning to ______.A. a convinced beliefB. an assured thoughtC. a definite evidenceD. a deep idola57.Courtesy is important to human relationships for the reason that _________.A.it can help people avoid troublesB.it can eliminate complaintsC.people need to be treated politelyD.it is so scarce58.In the first sentence of Para.10, there is a word “retaliating”. Which of the following do youthink is similar to it?A.guidingB. imitatingC. stimulatingD. revenging59.In the author’s opinion, courtesy is a matter of __________.A.how you control yourselfB. how you look at other peopleC. how you compromiseD. how you communicate with others60.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage?A.Good manners are the golden rule in interpersonal relationships.B.People are often easy to get out of control in front of their intimate persons.C.People can be directed by their thoughts about what kind of persons they will be.D.Bad manners account for part of the difficulty of interpersonal relationships.61.Courtesy is especially important in marriage, because ___________.A.the intimacy of family life makes people forget mannersB.people tend to be rude to their husband or wifeC.husband and wife are disappointed with each otherD.at home people have more difficulties62.In paragraph 14, the underlined part “rejoice when it comes your way” means ________.A.take it for granted when you meet itB.behave happily when it happens to youC.enjoy it when it stands on your wayD.refuse it in your deep heart when you come across it63.Which of the following is not true of courtesy?A.Courtesy is offered without expecting return.B.Courtesy is the happy way of doing things.C.Courtesy is an innate quality rather than a learnt skill.D.Courtesy should be applied to every individual.64.In paragraph. 15, what does the author mean by saying “with no strings attached”?A.without extra costB.without concern or consciousnessC.without additional thoughts about return or rewardD.without motives and expectations.65.Which of the following is not mentioned as the basic ingredients of good manners?A.The capacity to treat all people alike.B.The quality to understand the pain or unhappiness of others.C. A strong sense of fair play.D. A feeling of compassion and self-control.IV. Translation (15%)Part A Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. (7%)1. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
硕士研究生英语期末考试(DOC)
GENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS试卷BPAPER ONEPart I Listening ComprehensionSection A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices, A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.1. A. Three dollars and twenty-five cents.B. Five dollars.C. One dollar and fifty cents.D. One dollar.2. A. The man considers himself a good traveler.B. The man brought his pet along on the trip.C. The woman would like to join the man the next time.D. Neither of them has had a chance to see the play.3. A. He doesn’t want to work tomorrow night.B. He can’t find the way out of the student center.C. He’s afraid to work at night.D. He’s afraid the work will be real ly hard.4. A. In a camera store.B. In a hardware store.C. In an art gallery.D. In a machine repair shop.5. A. She parked her car in a safe place.B. Her car ran out of gas.C. Brenda has borrowed her car.D. She came with Brenda today.6. A. Stay awake for the midnight news program.B. Prepare an editorial for this week’s newspaper.C. Find the newspaper editor.D. Find a job working as a reporter.7. A. A refinished cellar.B. A new record.C. A furnished house.D. A recent book.8. A. He hadn’t had time to do the experiment.B. The experiment turned out well.C. The experiment took a lot of time.D. He only did part of the experiment that day.9. A. Inspecting the wiring.B. Replacing the lamp.C. Keeping the check.D. Sending a wire.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear two short passages and some questions. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices, A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.Questions 10-12 are based on the following passage:10. A. Children taught one another in small supervised groups.B. Parents instructed their chi ldren in the “three R’s”.C. Teachers came to children’s homes.D. Children acquired the information they needed by direct experience.11. A. Outmoded methods of farming and ineffective means oftransportation.B. Larger family units and greater financial hardships.C. A new dependence on people far away and the use of money.D. The introduction of a new alphabet and numerical system.12. A. The increasingly complex skills subsequently taught in schools.B. The problems evolved in the construction of new schools.C. The various means of survival taught by parents in contemporarysociety.D. The importance of history instruction in the first schools.Questions 13-125 are based on the following passage:13. A. To point out similarities between jazz and classical music.B. To describe what makes a good jazz performance.C. To explain the importance of learning rhythm and harmony in jazz.D. To show that jazz is not really music at all.14. A. They perform their music as a means of individual self-expression.B. They possess detailed knowledge of the rules of jazz composition.C. They memorize their music before performing it.D. They are more famous than performers of other kinds of music.15. A. Watch a film about jazz performers.B. Listen to some recordings of jazz music.C. Practice various jazz rhythms.D. Interview a jazz musician.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read TWICE. After you hear the passage, complete the following paragraphs with the information you get from the tape. You should write your answer on ANSWER SHEET II.Bones can provide archaeologists with a valuable method of measuring time. The name of the method is calcium-9 dating. Calcium-9 dating is based on the fact that animals accumulate calcium in their bones. The calcium in the bones of the animalscomes from 16 that the animals ate while they were alive. There are certain varieties, or isotopes, of all elements known to man. These isotopes are known to occur in specific amounts in nature. When a large amount of calcium is collected in one place it should reflect the amounts found in nature. There is one complication of this simple model which makes 17 possible. Over a period of time the type of calcium known as calcium-9 tends to deteriorate into the more common form of calcium. Because scientists can guess how fast this change should happen, they can guess how old a piece of bone is by testing how much calcium-9 is present in the bone 18 .It is true that as the bone develops and new layers are added, the same levels of calcium-9 are not always added to the bone at the same rate. Also, 19 can have an effect on the exact amount of calcium-9 found in a bone. But since there are so many millions of atoms of calcium in a tiny piece of bone, a scientist can essentially date the age of a bone even though the guess will not be exact.In the early 1970’s a team of archaeologists used the calcium-9 technique to date a series of prehistoric bones found in West Africa. They compared the levels of calcium-9 in the ancient bones with those of an animal that had recently died. The comparison actually made it possible to determine the century in which the older bones had been buried. Little by little, the system was extended backward into time. Eventually, calcium-9 dating produced 20 going back over two million years. Part II Cloze (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions:In this part, there is passage with twenty blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promoting all kinds of innovation. It should be 21 also that technological innovations have 22 the character of war itself by the 23 of new mechanical and chemical devices. One weapon developed during World War II 24 a special mention. The 25 of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its possibilities as a 26 of achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the earth’s gravitational pull had been 27 by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926. 28 , a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working 29 the same lines, and in the 1930s, it was this team that developed a rocket 30 of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket 31 the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were 32 in both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war.Technology had a tremendous social 33 in the period 1900-1945. The automobile and electric power, 34 , radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life, 35 a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution 36 living through mass production of household goods and 37 . The rapid development of the airplance, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more 38 . The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years 391945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could be 40 , although the process has not been without its problems.21. A. detected B. commentedC. observedD. notified22. A. simulated B. innovatedC. imitatedD. transformed23. A. alteration B. eliminationC. innovationD. introduction24. A. deserves B. furnishesC. entitlesD. requires25. A. doctrine B. strategyC. disciplineD. principle26. A. medium B. techniqueC. meansD. methods27. A. pointed out B. carried outC. handed overD. taken over28. A. Instantaneously B. SpontaneouslyC. AdvantageouslyD. Simultaneously29. A. with B. alongC. atD. across30. A. suitable B. possibleC. ableD. capable31. A. marked B. labeledC. informedD. spoiled32. A. integral B. structuralC. mechanicalD. instrumental33. A. conflict B. impactC. connectionD. influence34. A. for instance B. on the contraryC. as a resultD. on the other hand35. A. assisting B. promotingC. urgingD. encouraging36. A. on B. throughC. inD. by37. A. equipment B. instrumentsC. utilitiesD. appliances38. A. controversial B. complexC. accessibleD. perceptive39. A. following B. subsequentC. previousD. preceding40. A. processed B. adoptedC. appliedD. exploitedPart III Reading Comprehension (35 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part, there are six short passages, which are followed by questionsor unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.Passage OneIn most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but, because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem (死后的) examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting (移植), is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be accepted to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal: the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative (抢救的) efforts of the potential donor.Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest (心跳骤停) or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.41. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?A. The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organremoval does not prove to be always feasible.B. Most countries do not6 have an effective law on organtransplantation.C. In some countries there are laws providing that the permission oforgan removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person inhis lifetime.D. It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsorypostmortem exam after unexpected death.42. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?A. Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsorypostmortem exam.B. People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.C. Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unlessthe dead person stated otherwise in his lifetime.D. Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefitsthe human society.43. The underlined word “impair” at the end of Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by_______.A. weakenB. neglectC. be superior toD. come together with44. It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when _______.A. a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stoppedB. artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious resultC. the brain is certainly deadD. standard methods of resuscitation have failed45. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.B. Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.C. The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organtransplantationD. The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.Passage TwoWith human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbi ting telescopes’ data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and climate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipses and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering (争吵), and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today’s astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts: they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today’s students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places --- not abstract concepts. Today’s students are citizens of a more real, more vast cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I have tried to respond tothese developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outward across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity’s disco veries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.46. This passage is most probably taken from _______.A. the introduction of a book of astronomyB. an article of popular scienceC. the preface of a piece of science fictionD. a lecture given by the author to astronomy students47. The author’s purpose in presenting the first paragraph is _______.A. to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space researchB. to explain the background and new features o f today’s astronomyC. to illustrate that the world today is different in many aspects from that of ageneration agoD. to introduce some newly established space stations48. The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people onEarth will probably lead to _______.A. the realization of permanent settlement on other planetsB. all people having chances of traveling in spaceC. orders, harmony and peace on our planet EarthD. more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer space49. The author believes that today’s astronomy students _______.A. no longer care about astronomical factsB. are much brighter than students of a generation agoC. may learn more about man and his research in various fields through thestudy of astronomyD. are better-informed about the unseen worlds of space50. In the last paragraph, the underlined expression “these developments” refers to allof the following EXCEPT _______.A. the new concepts about the universe acquired by today’s astronom y studentsB. the development of science fiction and special effects of filmsC. humanity’s new achievements in the field of astronomyD. the world-wide involvement in space explorationPassage ThreeTelevision --- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth --- is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photo-conductive platewithin a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire of cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.51. What is the literal meaning of the world “television”?A. Sight from distance.B. Medium of the masses.C. Vehicle for communication.D. Airwave transmission.52. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in television transmissions?A. The sending of impulses through a wire cable.B. The conversion of an image into electronic impulses.C. The feeding of impulses into a receiver.D. The changing of one image into another image.53. According to the passage, how many major broadcast networks are there?A. Three.B. Two.C. Five.D. Four.54. What field of television is intended for specific interest groups?A. Reconstituted.B. Broad-based.C. Non-broadcast.D. Traditional.55. Which of the following statements about the relationship between the television and its viewers can be inferred from the passage？A. Viewers would prefer increased news coverage.B. Viewers do not take an active role in watching television.C. Viewers have grown tired of television.D. Viewers like to use television to reach other human beings.Passage FourWholly aided from aesthetic and moral considerations, fashion is an economic absurdity, and there is little to be said in its favor. Nevertheless, we can appreciate the wisdom in Gina Lombroso’s belief that the enormous stress which women lay oneverything pertaining to clothes and the art of personal adornment is connected with the tendency to crystallize sentiment into an object. Woman symbolizes every important event in her life by a special dress; and a jewel or a beautiful gown means to a woman what an official decoration means to a man. “The temptation of dress is the last step in the ceremony to which the novice has to submit before entering the cloister. The memory of the gown which she too might have worn was the strongest temptation that assailed St. Catherine before she took her solemn vows --- a gown, embroidered with gold and stars, like those her sisters had worn, which her grandchildren would have gazed at with eyes filled with wonder and admiration …”.“If a woman’s clothes cost the family and society a little time, money, and activity, they allow woman, independent of lies and calumnies, to triumph and come to the fore outside of man’s world and competition. They allow woman to satisfy her desire to be the first in the most varied fields by giving her the illusion that she is first, and at the same time enabling her rival to have the same illusion. Clothes absorb some of woman’s activit y which might otherwise be diverted to more or less worth-while ends; they give woman real satisfaction, a satisfaction complete in itself, and independent of others, and … they constitute a safety valve which saves society from much greater and more dange rous evils than those which they cause.”The aptness of these observations lies in the emphasis on clothes which are really beautiful and distinctive. But fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty; and fashion connotes conformity, not the individuality so cherished by our society and so artfully suggested by the copywriters. Many people who rigorously follow fashions believe they are following their own inclinations; they are unaware of the primitive, tribal compulsion; and this is true of fashions in manners, morals, and literature, as well as in clothes.56. Gina Lombroso believes that with regard to clothes and the art of personal adornment, women _______.A. are absurdB. are individualisticC. are not sentimentalD. tend to crystallize sentiment into an object57. A gown embroidered with gold and stars is _______.A. said to be the strongest temptation St. Catherine faced before she took herfinal vowsB. offered as a temptation to every novice entering the conventC. worn by novices when they take their vowsD. the dream of every woman58. A woman’s clothes allow her to _______.A. triumph outside of man’s worldB. be the best, actually, in many fieldsC. deceive both men and womenD. compete on an equal basis in a man’s world59. The author of this article believes that fashion _______.A. promotes individualityB. promotes conformityC. is concerned only with the clothes that are beautiful and distinctiveD. is primarily concerned with beauty60. In the author’s opinion, women who follow fashion vigorously _______.A. follow their own inclinationsB. are highly individualisticC. must be wealthyD. obey a primitive, tribal impulse61. According to this article, conformity in manners, morals, and literature _______.A. stems from the same kind of impulses as does conformity in fashionsB. differs distinctly from conformity in fashionsC. is impossible because all artists are individualistsD. has no exceptions62. Which of the following statements is not stated but implied in the passage?A. Fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty.B. Copywriters suggest that fashion connotes conformity.C. Fashion emphasizes clothes that are beautiful and distinctive.D. People who follow fashions are not really following their own inclinations. Passage FiveIn a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”.If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important --- and that has happened in some cases --- we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism” --- but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism ()”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit --- nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a wom an’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only toa healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.63. The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is _______.A. both A and BB. responsible for MomismC. pertinent to a healthy family lifeD. fundamental to sound democracy64. Notions of male superiority are _______.A. difficult to maintain in a home where household tasks are shared by themother and fatherB. difficult to maintain in a home where the father is the acknowledged ruler ofthe familyC. difficult to maintain in a home where the woman does most of the workD. maintained by most American women65. The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and father is that_______.A. sharing leads to constant arguingB. the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of the sexesC. the role of the mother may become an inferior oneD. the role of the father may become an inferior one66. The author states that bringing up children _______.A. involves a partnership of equalsB. is the job of schools and churchesC. belongs among the duties of the fatherD. is mainly the mother’s job67. Today, people who specialize in family problems _______.A. are becoming more aware of the importance of the father’s role in the familyB. have concl uded that today’s delinquent children are the result of MomismC. would re-establish the father as the autocratic ruler of the familyD. reaffirm the belief that a woman’s place is in the home68. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?A. A woman’s place is in the home --- now as always.B. Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.C. Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.D. A healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society. Passage SixCulture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all languages needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess。
研究生基础英语期末考试样卷
研究生基础英语期末考试样卷Graduate English Examination(基础综合英语期末考试时间为2小时30分钟)Part I Listening Comprehension (35 points)Section A: Gap-fillingDirections:Please fill in the gaps with the exact words you hear. Write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. The report will be broadcast TWICE.American Mosaic has been broadcasting a series of reports for foreign students who want to attend college in the United States. This is the _____1_____ program in this series.We hope these reports helped students think about their _____2_____ and provided ways to reach them.We explained the kinds of colleges and universities in the United States, how to get information about them and how to ____3______ for admission. We discussed admissions tests and how to prepare for them. We reported about the high cost of attending an American university and told about possible places to seek __________4 __________. We talked about the legal documents that are needed before a student can travel to the United States to attend college. We also discussed the ____5______ of using the computer to take classes at an American college without leaving home.In other programs, we told about some American colleges that are not so well known. Landmark College, for example, teaches students with __________6 __________. Johnson and Wales University offers __________7 __________. We also provided information about _____8_____ colleges and the Masters of Business Administration degree.We would like to thank everyone who wrote to us asking questions that were used in this series. They helped us explain subjects we had not considered. For example, we explained about the need for student __________9 __________. We discussed dormitory life. And we told the difference between an American college and a university.All these reports can be found on the computer by going to the Special English web site. The address is _____10_______. We hope you will continue to listen to American Mosaic for reports about American life and other information about American colleges. In about two years, we will broadcast this series again to provide new information. By then, another group of students will be looking for information about attending college in the United States.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear a passage twice. Then you should give brief answers to the questions printed on the examination paper. Be sure to writeyour answers on the Answer sheet.11. Where did most people live fifty years ago and how many people live in citiesnow?12. Why do many experts worry about the process of urbanization?13. What report did the environmental research group release last week?14. What are unplanned settlements?15. According to Molly O’Meara Sheehan, what should policymakers do?16. Why did Freetown, Sierra Leone establish farming withincity limits?17. Why is the bus system created by engineers in Bogota successful?18. What are the reasons forcing people to move out of rural areas?19. What are the two issues that have existed side by side according toOlav Kjorven?Section CDirections: In this section you will hear two passages. Each passage will be read twice. After each passage there will be some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letteron the Answer Sheet.Questions for passage one of section C20.Who agrees that foods from healthy cloned animals are safe?A．U.S. Center for Food SafetyB．A news conferenceC．U.S. Agriculture DepartmentD．B ruce Knight21.According to the FDA assessment, meat and milk from cattle, swine andgoat clones _________________________.A. are different from traditionally-bred animalsB. are as safe as food from traditionally-bred animalsC.pose safety concernD.are better than ordinary animals22.Which of the following is true about meat or milk from cloned sheep?A. The FDA has proved the safety of products from cloned sheep.B. Meat and milk from cloned sheep are harmful.C. The FDA is not sure if meat or milk from cloned sheep is safe.D. There are not enough cloned sheep for research.23.According to the FDA, labeling is only required ____________________.A. for products that pose a safety threatB. when people want to know what they are buyingC. for the cloned animal productsD. for meat and milk from cloned sheep24.Reaction from consumer and animal welfare groups has been mainly__________.A.affirmativeB.inconclusiveC.activeD.negative25. According to the center for Food Safety, ________________________.A. the FDA should apologize for having made the announcementB. the FDA’s risk assessment relies on complete and correct researchC. the FDA’s risk assessment was based on studie s that are supplied bycloning companies.D. the FDA did an adequate job before making the announcement26. Who have come to the same conclusion about the safety of cloned animalproducts?A. Regulators in the European Food Safety Authority.B. Regulators in New Zealand.C. Regulators in the European Union.D. Both B and C27. The FDA says clones will mainly be used ________________________.A. for their meat and milkB. to improve the quality of the herdC. for scientific purposesD. to produce safe foodQuestions for passage two of section C28. Which of the following factors doesn’t top the list of heart attack risks?A. bad habitsB. fatty diets C . stress D. smoking29. Most of what we know about the causes of heart disease comes fromstudies among people ___________________________.A.in developing countries, mainly old aged white men.B.in western countries, mainly middle aged white women.C.in western countries, mainly middle aged white men.D.in industrial nations, mainly old aged white men30. _______________ account for 90 percent of heart attacks internationally.A. No simply measured risk factorsB. The same factorsC. Three risk factorsD. Nine simply measured risk factors31. Dr. Anand says ______________ is responsible for __________ of heart attacks.A. weight gain ……one fifthB. emotional stress …… one fi fthC. smoking …… one fourthD. high blood pressure …… one sixth32. What is Dr. Anand’s description of the relationship between stress andhaving heart attack?A.DependentB.AdverseC.IndependentD.Unpredictable33. _______________ seems to be responsible for only one percent of heart attackrisk.A. High blood pressureB. Genetic inheritanceC. Poor dietD. Diabetes34. What can help protect against heart disease?A. Regular physical exercise.B. Consumption of fruits and vegetables.C. Moderate amounts of alcohol.D. All of the above.35. Which of the following statements is true according tothe report?A. Countries like India and Japan will experience an epidemic of heart disease.B. Death rates have decreased dramatically in low and middle income nations.C. There is a decline in heart disease in industrial countries in the past few decades.D. The studies can not help governments make prevention policies to curb theepidemic.Part II Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: There are Three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C or D. Decide on the best choice，and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage One[1] Rubbish may be universal, but it is little studied and poorly understood. Nobody knows how much of it the world generates or what it does with it. In many rich countries, and most poor ones, only the patchiest of records are kept. That may be understandable: by definition, waste is something its owner no longer wants or takes much interest in.[2] Ignorance spawns scares, such as the fuss surrounding New York’s infamous garbage barge, which in 1987 sailed the Atlantic for six months in search of a place to dump its load, giving many Americans the false impression that their country’s landfills had run out of space. It also makes it hard to draw up sensible policies: just think of the endless debate about whether recycling is the only way to save the planet—or an expensivewaste of time.[3] Rubbish can cause all sorts of problems. It often stinks, attracts vermin and creates eyesores. More seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. It is the source of almost 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases, mostly in the form of methane from rotting food—and that does not include all the methane generated by animal slurry and other farm waste. And then there are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods have thus far been developed.[4] Yet many also see waste as an opportunity. Getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. Rich countries spend some $120 billion a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste, according to CyclOpe, a French research institute. The amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, andespecially with the rate of urbanization. So, waste firms see a rich future in places such as China, India and Brazil, which at present spend only about $5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste.[5] Waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: asa potential resource. Much of it is already burned to generate energy. Clever new technologies to turn it into fertiliser or chemicals or fuel are being developed all the time. Visionaries see a future in which things like household rubbish and pig slurry will provide the fuel for cars and homes, doing away with the need for dirty fossil fuels. Others imagine a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled. As Bruce Parker, the headof the National Solid Wastes Management Association (NSWMA), an American industry group, puts it, “Why fish bodies out of the river when you can stop them jumping off the bridge?”[6] Until last summer such views were spreading quickly. Entrepreneurs were queuing up to scour rubbish for anything that could be recycled. There was even talk of mining old landfills to extract steel and aluminium cans. And waste that could not be recycled should at least be used to generate energy, the evangelists argued. A brave new wasteless world seemed nigh.[7] But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions. Many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear.[8] Subsidies are a bad idea. Governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory and supervisory one. They should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. That would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that create less waste in the first place.[9] That may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the rules right. In poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. In rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and worryingly lax about others. They are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. California, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or econ omic sense but because the goal of “zero waste” sounds politically attractive. Britain, meanwhile, hasstarted taxing landfills so heavily that local officials, desperate to find an alternative, are investing in all manner of unproven waste-processing technologies.[10] As for recycling, it is useless to urge people to salvage stuff for which there are no buyers. If firms are passing up easy opportunities to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by re-using waste, then governments have set the price of emissions too low. They would do better to deal with that problem directly than to try to regulate away the repercussions. At the very least, governments should make sure there are markets for the materials they want collected. (844 words)36.Which of the following is True according to the first two paragraphs?A.The author thinks it is a good idea to dump the garbage in the Atlantic.B.The United States’ landfills have already run out of space.C.People are scared of not knowing where to dump the garbage.D.What the New York garbage barge did in 1987 is notorious.37.Almost 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases comes from ___________.a)animal slurryb)farm wastec)municipal wasted)industrial waste38.We can infer from paragraph [4] that _______________________.a)coll ecting and treating rubbish stimulates a country’s economyb)the higher the rate of urbanization, the less waste thecountry producesc)the poorer a country is, the more rubbish it producesd)China, India and Brazil will probably spend more money disposing of their municipalwaste39.According to paragraphs [5] and [6], ___________________________.a)Bruce Parker thinks that waste should be routinely recycledb) a large amount of steel and aluminium cans have been extracted from old landfillsc)we no longer need dirty fossil fuels to provide fuel for cars and homesd)waste is a potential natural resource40.The word “plummeting” in paragraph [7] most probably means ______________.a)disappointingb)dropping downc)rocketingd)unexpected41.In the author’s view, governments ___________________________.a)should give the recycling firms financial help as soon as possibleb)should encourage people to buy goods that produce less wastec)should inflict severe punishment on those who create wasted)should only care about politically attractive issues42.From the passage we can conclude that _____________________.A. cooperation between governments is essential to waste managementB. the problem of waste is worse than everC. governments’ policies on treating waste remain largely incoherentD. governments should tax landfills heavily and invest in waste-processing technologiesPassage TwoThere were strangers on our beach yesterday, for the first time in a month. A new footprint on our sand is nearly as rare as in Robinson Crusoe. We are at the very edge of the Atlantic; half a mile out in front of us is a coral reef （珊瑚礁）, and then nothing but 3000 miles of ocean to West Africa. It is a wild and lonely beach, with the same surf beating on it as when Columbus came by. And yet the beach is polluted.Oil tankers over the horizon have fouled it more than legions of picnickers could. The oil comes ashore in floating patches that stain the coral black and gray. It has blighted the rock crabs and the crayfish and has coated the delicate whorls of the conch shells with black goo（黏质物质）. And it has congealed（凝结）upon itself, littering the beach with globes of tar that resemble the cannonballs of a deserted battlefield. The islanders, as they go beachcombing for the treasures the sea has washed up for centuries, now wear old shoes to protect their feet from the oil that washes up too.You have to try to get away from pollution to realize how bad it really is. We have known for the last few years how bad our cities are. Now there is no longer an escape. If there is oil on this island far out in the Atlantic, there is oil on nearly every other island.It is still early here. The air is still clear over the island, but it won’t be when they build the airstrip they are talking about. The water out over the reef is still blue and green, but it is dirtier than it was a few years ago. And if the land is not despoiled, it is only because there are not yet enough people here to despoil it. There will be. And so for the moment on this island we are witnesses to the beginning, as it were, of the pollution of our environment.Until the pollution of our deserted beach, it seemed simple to blame everything on the “population explosion.”If the population of this island, for example, could be stabilized at a couple of hundred, there would be very little problem with the environment in this secluded（与世隔绝的）area. There would be no pollution of the environment if there were not too many people using it, and so if we concentrate on winning the war against overpopulation, we can save the earth for mankind.But the oil on the beach belies this too-easy assumption. Those tankers are not out there because too many Chinese and Indians are being born every minute. They are not even out there because there are too many Americans and Europeans. They are delivering their oil, and cleaning their tanks at see and sending the residue up onto the beaches of the Atlantic and Pacific, in order to fuel the technology of mankind --- and the factories and the power plants, the vehicles and the engines that have enabled mankind to survive on his planet are now spoiling the planet for life.The fishermen on this island are perfectly right in preferring the outboard motor to the sail. Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its fouling smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to dispense withthe far more obnoxious（讨厌的）outdoor privy. But the danger of technology is in its escalation, and there has already been a small amount of escalation here. You can see the motor oil slicks around the town dock. Electric generators can be heard over the sound of the surf. And while there are only about two dozen automobiles for the ten miles of road, already there is a wrecked jeep rusting in the harbor waters where is was dumped and abandoned. The escalation of technological pollution is coming herejust as surely as it came to the mainland cities that are now shrouded（笼罩）by fly ash.If the oil is killing the life along the coral heads, what must it not be doing to the phytoplankton（浮游植物群落）at sea which provide 70% of the oxygen we breathe? The lesson of our fouled beach is that we may not even have realized how late it is already. Mankind, because of his technology, may require far more space per person on this globe than we had ever thought, but it is more than a matter of a certain number of square yards per person. There is instead a delicate balance of nature in which many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed to sustain only a relatively few human beings. We may find, as soon as the end of this century, that the final despoliation of our environment has been signaled not by starvation but by people choking to death. The technology --- the machine --- will then indeed have had its ultimate, mindless, all-unintended triumph over man, by destroying the atmosphere he lives in just as surely as you can pinch off a diver’s breathing tube.Sitting on a lonely but spoiled beach, it is hard to imagine but possible to believe.(868 words)43. Which of the following is the best summary of this essay?A.Pollution has reached even the remotest areas of the globe and will only worsen.B.The solution to pollution problems lies in controlling population growth.C.Outboard motors are the major culprits（元凶）in the pollution of our ocean.D.We can solve pollution problems only when we stop all oil production.44. Before the pollution on the beach, the main environmental problems of the island were being caused by __________.A.overpopulationB. factoriesC. wood stovesD. commercial fishing45. The word “despoliation” as used here means _____________.A.destructionB. definitionC. desperationD. destination46.The pollution in our oceans may be causing phytoplankton to _________.A.increase to a dangerous levelB. be eaten by fish in place of their usual foodC. gradually be destroyedD. poison important species of fish47.The tone expressed throughout this essay is one of ________.A.panic and confusionB. gloom and despairC. enthusiasm and hopeD. humor and lightheartednessPassage ThreeSometimes when you take a common drug, you may have a side effect. That is, the drug may cause some effect other than its intended one. When these side effects occur, they are called adverse reactions. Whenever you have an adverse reaction, you should stop taking the drug right away. Ask you pharmacist whether he can suggest a drug that will relieve the symptoms but that will not cause the adverse reaction. If an adverse reaction to a drug is serious, consult your doctor for advice at once.Drugs that are safe in the dosage stated on the label may be very dangerous in large doses. For example, aspirin is seldom thought of as dangerous, but there are many reports of accidental poisoning of young children who swallow too many for their young bodies to handle. In adults, excessive use of some pain-killing drugs may cause severe kidney damage. Some drugs for relief of stomach upsets, when taken in excess, can cause an upset in the body’s secretion of enzymes,perhaps causing serious digestive problems. You should never use any over-the-counter drug on a regular, continued basis, or in large quantities, except on your doctor’s advice. You could be suffering from a serious illness that needs a doctor’s care.Each drug you take not only acts on the body but may also alter the effect of any other drug you are taking. Sometimes this can cause dangerous or even fatal reactions. For example, aspirin increases the blood-thinning effect of drugs given to patientswith heart disease. Therefore, a patient who has been taking such a drug may risk hemorrhage（大出血）if he uses aspirin whenever he gets a headache. Before using several drugs together you should ask your doctor and follow his advice. Your pharmacist can tell you whether certain drugs can safely be taken together.Alcohol may increase the effect of a drug. Sleeping pills and antihistamines（抗组胺药）are two types of drugs that combine with alcohol to produce drowsiness. When taking any drug, you should ask your doctor whether drinking alcohol could be dangerous in combination with the medicine.Experts believe there is a relationship between adult abuse of legitimate medicines and the drug culture that has swept our country. You can do your share to reduce the chances that your children will become part of the drug culture by treating all medicines with respect. Always let your children know that medicines and drugs should not be used carelessly.(409 words)48.Adverse reactions to drugs sometimes are called ________.A.side effectsB. overdosesC. withdrawal symptomsD. risks49.When aspirin is used with heart medication, it can __________.A.clot bloodB. thin blood.C. thicken bloodD. damage muscle50.The author implies that alcohol _________.A.can intensify the effects of a drugB. can make a drug uselessC. can cause a person to turn to drugsD. can damage the pancreas（胰腺）51.The author advises parents ________.A.to avoid taking drugs in front of childrenB.to teach their children about drugsC.to throw away old medicinesD.to prevent their children from strenuous exercises after taking drugs52.We can conclude that ________.A.drugs should be bought by prescription onlyB.people react differently to drugsC.aspirin is not considered a drugD.it is not a problem to take large quantities of over-the-counter drugsPart III Translation (25 points)Directions:Please translate into Chinese the following paragraphs from the texts learned in this semester.1.The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers—half urban sophisticated,roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood. If our psyches tilt toward the crowded urban info-city, we will become more jaded, more oriented toward the self, and more indifferent, fickle, and casual in our relationships with others, as well as less tightly connected to our families and friends.2.Perhaps the most difficult thing to accept in our profession permanent criticism directed atour work. It is the background of our daily activity—and it is as necessary for us as is the plane to the carpenter. In the technological and scientific community, everyone criticizes everyone, continuously and sometimes sharply, irrespective of age or status./doc/4e3766898.html,plicating things further, the traits a culture values most are not fixed. If cloning hadexisted a few centuries ago, men with strong backs and women with broad pelvises would have been the first ones society would have wanted to reproduce. During the industrial age, however, brainpower began to count for more than muscle power.4.Entrepreneurs are sometimes suspicious of venture capitalists for two other reasons. Thefirst is that they have, for richer or poorer, married a meddlesome outsider. Once a venture firm has taken a stake, it usually sticks around either until it has made the money it wants or until the company fails. Either way, it is deeply involved for five years or more. During that time it will often demand management changes and may even sack the founder for the greater good of the firm.5.We need only consult Aldous Huxley’s prophetic novel Brave New World for a likelyanswer to these questions. There we encounter a society dedicated to homogeneity and stability, administered by means of instant gratifications, and peopled by creatures of human shape but of stunted humanity that makes it all possible. They do not read, write, think, love or govern themselves. Creativity and curiosity, reason and passion exist only in a rudimentary andmutilated form. In short, they are not men at all.Part IV Writing (20 points)Directions:Is it possible to replace dialects with Putonghua in the future? Is it necessary to protect dialects from being restricted?What is your opinion on the issue? Give reasons for your answer.You should write at least 200 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your argument with examples and relevant evidence.。
天津大学硕士研究生英语期末考试试题
ENGLISH FINAL EXAMFOR MASTERS OF ENGINEERNINGNAME__________ MAJOR__________ STUDENT NO: ______________ Part one: Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 20 incomplete sentences each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice ticking the corresponding letter before the choice.1.This issue ______ interesting reading because it tells how these people made theirmoney and, indirectly, how the country has changed over the years.A. accounts forB. serves asC. makes forD. makes use of2.Jane used to be slow in class, but now she is ______.A. getting alongB. getting aheadC. getting byD. getting above3.Paul ______ me very much of a schoolmate I used to know at university.A. remembersB. remindsC. recallsD. recollects4.Don’t count your chickens before they are ______.A. hatchedB. harvestedC. hurriedD. hastened5.Several car manufactures will ______ half of their workers because of economicdifficulty.A. discountB. disposeC. bootD. disclose6.They had ______ funds to cover the cost of the trip.A. ampleB. luxuryC. sampleD. superb7.All living things have certain _______ that are passed on from one generation to thenext.A. cellsB. virusesC. flawsD. attributes8.She ______ her mother’s good looks and her father’s bad temper.A. inheritedB. inhabitedC. hinderedD. objected9.It is for this reason ______ he refused to take the job.A. whyB. whenC. thatD. so10.Who ______ that spoke first at yesterday’s meeting?A. was itB. wasC. it wasD. did11.It wasn’t ______ personal interests that they did all this.A. becauseB. onlyC. justD. for12.Hardly ______ the people ran toward it.A. had the plane landed whenB. had the plane landed thanC. the plane landed beforeD. the plane was landing that13.No sooner ______ than he realized that he should have remained silent.A. had the words been spokenB. the words had spokenC. the words had been spokenD. had the words spoken14.You’d rather not do it, ______?A. shouldn’t youB. wouldn’t youC. would youD. ought you15.We never dared to ask him a question, ______?A. did weB. doesn’t itC. dared weD. daren’t we16. Unlike hackers, who gain unauthorized ______ to computer or telecommunicationsystems for the challenge or even the principle of it, crackers do so for malicious purposes.A. passwordB. entryC. accessD. approach17. There are four factories in our institute, _________ over 200 workers.A. with eachB. each havingC. each hasD. with each has18. By conservative ______ 80% of humanity still can’t use written languageeffectively.A. estimatesB. estimatedC. estimationsD. estimating19. With ______ her do this, she will have no difficulty persuading them to accept herplan.A. my helpingB. mine helpingC. me helpingD. I help20. Only rarely do people’s jobs, spouses and children ______ these imagined ideals.A. live up toB. agree withC. meet withD. realizesPart two: Cloze (10%)Directions: In this part of the test, there is an incomplete passage with 10 blanks. For each blank in the passage, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think that can best complete the passage and mark your answer by ticking the corresponding letter before the choice.When Forbes published its first list in 1982, five of the top ten were in the Hunt family that drilled Texas __1__ holes and hit a lot of gushers, which reminds us of advice__2__ billionaire J. Paul Getty on how to get ahead in the world: rise early, work hard, strike oil. Getty got his big start the __3__ way—from his father’s money.The original list 14 years ago was __4__ Rockefellers, and Du Ponts, a Frick, a Whitney, Mellon or two—all great family fortunes that stretched back to the 19th century. The word “inheritance” appeared in the biographies 75 times.There weren’t as many old-money fortunes on last year’s list—which leads to some c onclusions about wealth in America. First, it’s not easy to __5__ money, even for millionaires. Taxes put a big __6__ in family fortunes, and unless the heirs are careful and invest wisely, they can lose their millions as fast as their ancestors made them. Second, the old ways to riches aren’t as __7__ as they used to be. Besides the three Du Pont entries, only 43 of the 400 entries on the most recent Forbes list represent people who got __8__ through inheritance. And only 18 in the latest 400 made their fortunes from oil, so Getty’s quote no longer __9__ as true as it once did. Third, America is still the land of opportunity where smart young people like Bill Gates of Microsoft can __10__ on top of the list of richest Americans ahead of the Rockefellers, Mellons, Gettys and Carnegies.1. A. into B. full of C. with D. through2. A. attributed to B. contributed to C. accounted for D. brought about3. A. old-fashion B. old-fashionable C. old-fashioned D. unfashionable4. A. crawling with B. filling with C. popular with D. credited with5. A. hold down B. contain C. grasp D. hold on to6. A. edge B. dent C. disadvantage D. effect7. A. impressive B. dependable C. influential D. available8. A. there B. away C. on D. in9. A. looks B. rings C. views D. takes10. A. end up B. show C. arrive at D. raise upPart three: Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 3 passages. The passages are followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of the questions and unfinished statements there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice ticking the corresponding letter before the choice.Passage 1When your parents advise you to "get an education" in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully drop out in grade school.Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and is famous law of diminishing returns begins to take effect.Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was '24000. While the full professors managed to earn just '23030.A Ph.D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, if you pursue such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. there are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or-worst of all-in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. They may also take a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.1. According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people who ______.A. will not be a disgrace to societyB. will become loyal citizensC. can take care of themselvesD. can meet the nation's demands as a source of manpower2. Many Ph.D.s are out of job because ______.A. they are improperly educatedB. they are of little commercial value to their societyC. there are fewer jobs in high schoolsD. they prefer easier jobs that make more money3. The nation is only interested in people ______.A. with diplomasB. who specialize in physics and chemistryC. who are valuable to the gross national productD. both A and C4. Which of the following is not true?A. Bernard Shaw didn't finish high schools, nor did Edison.B. One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.C. The higher your education level, the more money you will earn.D. If you are too well-educated, you'll be overeducated for society's demands.5. The writer sees education as ______.A. a means of providing job security and financial security and a means of meeting a country's demands for technical workersB. a way to broaden one's horizonsC. more important than finding a jobD. an opportunity that everyone should havePassage 2The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "In Europe", said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant; here it is to make the most of our labor, lard being abundant". It was in America, there fore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came. At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs: by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1990 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, would home none of it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869, James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.6. The word "here" (Para. 1, line. 4) refers to ______.A. EuropeB. AmericaC. New JerseyD. Indiana7. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. The reed for labor helped the invention of machinery in America.B. The farmer rejected Charles Newbold's plow for fear of ruin of their field.C. Both Europe and America had great need of farm machinery.D. It was in Indiana that the first chilled-steel plow was produced.8. The passage is mainly about ______.A. the agricultural revolutionB. the invention of labor-saving machineryC. the development of scientific agricultureD. the farming machinery in America9. At the opening of the nineteenth-century, farmers in America ______.A. preferred light toolsB. were extremely self-reliantC. had many portable toolsD. had very few tools10. Implied but not stated ______.A. There was a shortage of workers on American farmsB. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plowC. After 1869,many people devoted their attention to the plowD. Charles Newbolt had made a fortune by his cast-iron plowPassage 3We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as "regular" coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline). The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections. Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changingproduct quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.11. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will ______.A. decrease graduallyB. become unstableC. improve enormouslyD. remain at the same level12. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is ______.A. usually introduced to satisfy different tastesB. often more expensive than old onesC. often inferior to old ones at firstD. not easily accepted by the public13. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ______.A. work out marketing policiesB. increase its popularityC. promote its productionD. speed up its life cycle14. The author mentions the example of "backpacks" (Line 4, Para.2) to show theimportance of ______.A. increasing usage among studentsB. exploring new market sectionsC. pleasing the young as well as the oldD. serving both military and civil needs15. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ______.A. improving product qualityB. re-positioning their product in the marketC. modernizing product styleD. increasing product featuresPart four: TranslationSection A: (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 5 sentences from your textbook. Translate the sentences into Chinese and write your Chinese versions of the sentences in the space provided below.1.Engineers should be curious about the “how” and “why” of natural andmechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things, able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well, and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines.2.I acquired a very strong work ethic from my parents, both of whom lived throughthe Great Depression.3.It is estimated that the new interaction between computers and Net technology willhave significant influence on the industry of the future.4.Eventually, you may reach the point where you can afford to spend the rest of yourlife at the side of a swimming pool with a drink in your hand, but you probably won’t.5.Two people may choose different brands of toothpaste with the identical price,amount, and quality; each person believes that he or she is expressing his personality by choosing that brand.Section B: (10%)Directions: In this part of the test, there is a short passage. Read the passage carefully and translate it into English. Write your translation of the passage in the space provided below.节省、积累可观的财富，不是自动完成的。
专业英语研究生期末考试(四川大学研究生考试样题)
XX大学计算机〔软件〕学院工程硕士考试试题〔2021——2021学年上学期〕课程号： _________课序号： ___________课程名称：专业英语任课教师：于中华适用专业：软件工程适用年级：____学生人数：________印题份数：______学号：______XX：_______考试须知XX大学学生参加由学校组织或由学院承办的各级各类考试，必须严格执行 ?XX大学考试工作管理方法?和?XX大学考场规那么? 。
有考试违纪作弊行为的，一律按照?XX大学学生考试违纪作弊处分规定?进展处理。
XX大学各级各类考试的监考人员，必须严格执行?XX大学考试工作管理方法?、?XX大学考场规那么?和?XX大学监考人员职责?。
有违反学校有关规定的，严格按照?XX大教学事故认定及处理方法?进展处理。
题号一二三四五六七八九十平时总分得分考试时间年月日阅卷教师签名I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. (10%)1._________ is used to communicate with another computer over telephone linesA. keyboardB .modemC. printer D. mouse2.__________is a device that enables the computer to handle sounds.A. network cardB. video cardC. sound cardD. monitor3. __________ refers to the parts of the computer that you can see and touch.A. SoftwareB. HardwareC. HardshipD. Instruction4. The display screen is the most common device used to show you what the computer isdoing.A. inputB. printingC. outputD. electronic5. _________ are programs that provide access to Web resourcesA. browsersB. databaseC. URLD. E-commerce6._________ is a word processing tool that helps you to create quality documents.A. Word 2003B. Outlook 2003C. Access 2003D. Excel 20037. __________ is a fast and powerful operating system, based on the UNIX O.S.A. Windows 2003B. Office 2003C. Windows 2003D. Linux8. A virus is a __________A. programB. computerC. bad manD. beast9. TCP/IP are the two standard protocols for communications on the __________.A. webB. computerC. InternetD. network10. B2C involves individuals selling to ___________.A. clientB. consumerC. corporationD. company1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________。
研究生英语期末考试
研究生英语期末考试Graduate English Final ExamThe graduate English final exam is an important assessment that evaluates students' overall proficiency and understanding of the English language. This exam includes various components such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. In this article, we will discuss the format, expectations, and tips for success in the graduate English final exam.The reading section of the exam consists of multiple passages that test students' comprehension skills. Students are expected to read the passages carefully and answer the accompanying questions. It is crucial to pay attention to details, understand the main ideas, and make inferences from the given information. To enhance reading skills, students should practice reading various texts such as news articles, journals, and literary works.The writing section of the exam assesses students' ability to express ideas in a clear and organized manner. Students are required to write essays or reports on given topics. It is essential to plan your writing, including outlining main points and developing a logical structure. Vocabulary, grammar, and coherence should also be taken into consideration. To prepare for the writing section, students should practice writing essays on different topics and seek feedback from instructors or native English speakers.The listening section of the exam evaluates the ability to understand spoken English. Students will listen to audio clips or lectures and answer questions related to the content. Active listening skills are important, such as understanding the main ideas,recognizing supporting details, and following the flow of the conversation or lecture. To improve listening skills, students should expose themselves to various types of spoken English, including movies, podcasts, and conversations with native speakers.The speaking section of the exam tests students' ability to communicate effectively in English. Students may be asked to engage in dialogues or present a topic to the class. Confidence, fluency, and accuracy are crucial in this section. To enhance speaking skills, students should engage in conversations with classmates or language partners, practice giving presentations, and participate in group discussions.To succeed in the graduate English final exam, students should develop a study plan and allocate time for each component. Regular practice is essential to reinforce all language skills. Reading a variety of texts, writing essays, listening to spoken English, and engaging in speaking activities are helpful strategies. Additionally, seeking guidance from instructors, joining study groups, and utilizing online resources can provide further support. In conclusion, the graduate English final exam is a comprehensive assessment that evaluates students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Success in this exam requires a solid understanding of the English language and regular practice in all language areas. By developing a study plan, dedicating time to each component, and utilizing various resources, students can improve their overall proficiency and excel in the exam.。
研究生英语期末考试大题
Unit 11. A topic is what the essay or research paper is about. Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.2. Four principles of deciding on a topicInteresting、Important、Manageable、Adequate3. A research question is a statement that identifies the focus of your topic. It is the question that your study or your paper wants to answer.4.A research question, therefore, serves two purposes:1) It identifies the specific objectives your research or your paper will address.2) It determines the size of your research or the length of your paper.5. A working title refers to the title you think of initially for the essay which you are going to write, which may be changed as you read more articles and become more involved in the research.6. A good title must briefly but accurately reflect the main ideas of the essay or indicates the topic you will be discussing in the essay.7. a typical title is composed ofsubject matter、key words of the method、key words of the contentUnit 21.Source materials are any information which you take from books, journal articles,websites, newspapers, lectures, etc.2.The reasons find source materials are:3.1) to show where your idea in your essay is originated;4.2) to show that you have done research to find "evidence" for your viewpoint, forreferencing a source will give your essay academic "weight";5.3) to show that you have a better understanding of the opinions and even controversiesin the subject you have studied;6.4) to allow your readers to find the original sources themselves if necessary.7.How to evaluate source materials1)Is the material a primary or a secondary source?2)Is the source the latest one?3)Is the author a reliable scholar or an expert in the field?4)Does the author have biases or prejudices?5)Has the author been cited frequently in the field?6)Are the author’s arguments supported by evidence such as statistics, experiment,recent scientific findings?7)Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored?8)Are the author’s arguments and conclusions convincing?8.Remember that the sources you are going to use should be:9.1) recent source materials which give new information and results of your discipline;10.2) unbiased publications which are more trustworthy;11.3) from writers who are the authorities of a certain field and whose works are frequentlycited.12.Scanning is the strategy used to look up a specific detail in an entire essay or a book,Hence, scanning is very useful for locating specific information (such as a specificdefinition, name, date, statistic, or a fact without reading the entire essay or book.)13.How to scan1)keep in mind at all times what you are searching for (e.g., the definition of a term,the effect of a phenomenon);2)search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the informationyou want to gain;3)use the knowledge of the essay organization(such as cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution) to find what you are looking for;4)pay attention to signal words such as numbers, letters, steps, the words such as first,second, and next, or words that are bold-faced, italics, or in different sizes, fonts, etc.5)14.How to skimthe title and subtitles;the abstract (if there is one);the introduction and thesis;the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;headings and subheadings;the conclusion and summaries;the first sentence or the last sentence of each paragraph;highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;graphs, tables or diagrams.15.A topic sentence consists of two parts: the topic and a comment which is made about thetopic.16.How to guessing word meaning from context1)Use restatement or synonym clues such as in other words, that is, also known as,sometimes called as.2)Use collocation knowledge to guess the meaning from the neighboring words in thesentences.3)Use antonym or contrast clues such as but, however, unlike, in contrast, instead of,while.4)Use definition clues such as is defined as, or an appositive phrase.5)Use explanation clues such as because, as a result, consequently.6)Use example or anecdote clues such as for example, such as, like.Guessing word meaning through affixes and rootsMany academic words, especially words and terms in disciplines are built up from roots that have a meaning. 1. multi- 多种的2. nano- 纳米9. micro- 微小8. semi- 半；duct 引导mon text structures are:1)Problem and solution. (signal words: the problem is, the solutions are and so on.)2)Cause and effect. (signal words or phrases: because, for, due to, therefore, as a result,consequently, one important factor/cause is, etc.)3)Comparison and contrast. (signal words or phrases: in comparison, however, similarly,by contrast, and so on.)4)Advantages and disadvantages. (signal words: on the contrary, compared with, theadvantage is, etc.)5)Order and sequence. (signal words: first, second, then, additionally, etc.)6)Description and list. (signal words: for example, for instance, a good case in point is,etc.)7)Definition and classification. (signal words: the definition is, can be divided / classifiedinto, and so on.)18.Critical reading means19.recognizing an author’s purpose;20.recognizing tone and persuasive elements;21.recognizing implicit bias.22.Note-taking is of significance for recording the main ideas that will form the backboneof your research paper, gathering specific evidence to support your main ideas and recording the exact wording of the sources you may want to quote in your paper.23.Content of a good note includes:24.1) a summary of main ideas and chief findings of the source;25.2) a paraphrase of the important ideas;26.3) direct quotations of the key statements;27.4) statistics such as percentages and dates;28.5) author's name, title of the book or article, title of the journal, and page ranges.29.Writing a short summary of a paragraph/paragraphs is an important part of note-taking.It is also a good way to have a better understanding of what you have read.the summary will not only help you to understand and memorize the ideas of the essay but also facilitate the writing of your own research paper.15.Essential tips of write a summary1)Read the paragraph or the whole article until you have fully understood it.2)Highlight the topic sentences and underline the important ideas, data, the major findingsand chief conclusions.3)Use your own words to combine these important ideas in the same order as the original.4)Use the author’s key words and phrases but avoid using the same vocabulary andstructures as the original.5)Avoid adding your own interpretation or comment.6)Note down the source of the essay with correct bibliographic form, such as author, yearpublished, article title, journal title, volume number (issue number), page numbers, etc. Unit 41. A literature review i s a very important part of the research project. It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay. In either case, its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated.Namely, your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic, what different scholars have said about their own research, what major findings have been published, and what controversial areas exist.2.Before writing, to be critical, you must ask questions like these about each book orarticle you read:1)Is the problem clearly defined? Is its significance clearly established?2)Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspectiveor on another theory?3)Is the author's research orientation (e.g. descriptive, critical, empirical) appropriate?4)Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the research (e.g.psychological, developmental, cognitive, feminist)?5)Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does theauthor include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?6)How reliable are the basic components of the study design (e.g. population, variables,outcome)? How accurate and valid are the methods used? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?7)Does the author avoid using one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged languageand tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?8)In what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of theproblem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations?3.While writing your literature review, it is important for you to take the following tips:4.1) indicate the objective of the literature review;2)search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;3)read the materials carefully and critically before determining which literaturecontributes most to your topic;4)discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;5)describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;6)organize your review in a logical order (e.g. those in support of the topic, thoseagainst it, those offering alternatives);7)explain if possible their similarities and differences;8)identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;9)indicate the way forward for further research.5.The steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings:1)write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review;2)combine the summaries logically, by using connective phrases or sentences;3)write an introductory paragraph, including the definition of the topic and itsbackground information;4)make your comments, if necessary, on the past studies.6. a literature review as a part of an essay is not a mere combination of summaries ofmaterial sources. The choice of previous research and even ideas and findings in a previous article is completely based on the research questions you set out to answer in your essay.In other words, you should avoid including in your literature review all ideas and findings in the previous articles.Most important is that such a literature review should contain your critical comments on the previous studies, especially their weaknesses or limitations so that your present study will be more rational and significant rather than being a repeat.The literature review as a part of the essay will be shorter than a self-contained literaturereview, introducing the main findings of each work only.7.Citation, the way to use sources, is a major part of a literature review and is also frequentlyused in supporting your arguments.There are two methods. One is quoting (copying the exact words of the author) and the other is paraphrasing (rewriting what the writer said in your own words).8.Citation consists of two parts: i) citation of the content and ii) documentation of itssource.9.documentation which means the identification of the source of the ideas and quotationsused in the literature review or／and in your research paper. In other words you have to tell the reader that you used the source and where it came from. Failing to document your sources, whether intentionally or unintentionally, is plagiarism,Hence documentation includes the identification not only of the words and sentences you copied but also of the ideas and information you borrowed.10.In-text documentation, or rather, a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in the text,contains two parts：i)the last name of the author(s) and ii) the date of their publication in parentheses as shown in the underlined parts of the foIlowing passage.11.Plagiarism is kind of theft, referring to the use of others' ideas, findings, arguments, data,and words without appropriate citation or documentation.12.According to Gibaldi (1999), plagiarism is committed when a person fails to giveappropriate citation and documentation when13.1) he/she copies a sentence from the sources;14.2) he/she paraphrases another's argument;15.3) he/she presents another's line of thinking.16.Paraphrasing is a complete rewriting or restating. It is a condensed version of anotherauthor's work, or putting the author's words into your own words though you should avoid any interpretation of the source materials.Appropriate paraphrasing means rewriting with substantial changes in language and organization.Unit 51.There are two major kinds of academic paper: primary research paper and secondaryresearch paper.2. A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own. In most cases you need to conduct a survey or an experiment to obtain new findings. Hence it is sometimes called "survey-or-experiment-based research".3. A secondary research paper, however, involves gathering and analyzing the researchfindings from other people's research. To illustrate your argument, you need to borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called "library-or-lnternet-based research".4.The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to givea clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.5.An introduction usually includes the following elements:1)Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2)Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3)Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4)Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5)State the purpose/objective of the essay.6)Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7)Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8)Explain how the essay will be organized (the outline of the essay).6.Functions of introduction sectionsIntroduction to the topicBackground informationJustificationDefinition of key termsWriter’s purposeThesis statementOutline of structure7.Steps to write the body section of the secondary research essay:1)Evaluate all source materials you have gathered;2)Design the structure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect, or comparison and contrast;3)Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure;4)Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the topic sentencesrespectively.mon types of organization when write the body of the secondary research essayA.Effect analysisThe structure of effect analysis may be used to analyze the effect of a certain phenomenon such as global warming ,nuclear radiation, the use of genetically modified organisms and so on.B.Cause analysis.To analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes, climate changes, sleep deprivation and breast cancer, you may use the body structure of causal analysis.C. C. Pro-and-con analysisD.The structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of atechnology such as GM food, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, synthetical biology, Web 3.0 and so on.parison analysisF.To compare and contrast two subjects such as computers and human brains, ororganic food and traditional food, you may either use the subject-to-subject body structure or the point- to-point body structure.9.The methods section, which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,questions an experiment or survey should answer:10.1) What are your research questions?11.2) How is your research carried out?12.3) How is your data collected?13.4) How are your results obtained?14.Points one should make clear to readers when writing the body of a primary researchessay:1）subjects of the experiment (How were they chosen?);2）the materials (What equipment or tools were used? Where and in what condition was the experiment conducted?);3）the procedure (How did you design your study and what steps did you follow when the data were collected?);4）the criteria (What criteria are used for selecting subjects?);5）the survey (How the questionnaire is designed and administered? How are the samples or respondents chosen? And how the interview is conducted--by telephone or door to door?)6）statistical analysis (How were statistics analyzed?).15.The results section describes the statistical results and the findings of the research, whichdirectly answers your research questions. It deals with the facts rather than the opinions.The opinions such as evaluation and commentary should be saved in the discussion section.16.Contents of results section when Writing the body of a primary research essay1）an overview of the experiment or a summary of the findings;2）detailed presentation of the representative data and/or graphic aids and their locating and/or analysis;3）detailed presentation of the findings.17.Functions that the conclusion can serve:1)to summarize the main ideas or key findings in the essay;2)to make some comments on the findings;3)to compare your results with previous results;4)to explain unexpected results;5)to explore possible implications;6)to point out its limitations of the work covered by your essay;7)to mention further research that might be required.18.An abstract, composed after your research paper is finished and placed before the maintext, is a condensed summary of the paper's key information. The main purpose is to enable the readers to be informed of the basic content and chief results of your paper quickly and accurately.19.What an abstract should include:1)the statement of the problem;2)the purpose or objective of the study;3)the methods or brief description of the experiment;4)the important data or results of any statistical analysis;5)the chief findings;6)the principal conclusions or recommendations.20.Rules for writing a reference list:1）Place the reference list after the last section of the essay.2）Do not include sources which have not been cited in the text of the essay.3）Start each item in the list at the left margin. If an item extends to more than one line, indent the additional lines.4）Use the last or family name and initials (not full names) for all authors.5）Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of authors’ family names.21.In this case you need to use cautious language to avoid the possibility of people sayingthat you are wrong. The cautious language is called hedging.mon hedging expressions:1）Certain introductory verbs and phrases such as seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe, our knowledge, it is our view that, we feel that;2）Certain modal lexical verbs such as believe, assume, suggest, estimate;3）Certain modal auxiliary verbs such as will, must, would, may, might, could, can;4）Certain adverbs of frequency and degree such as often, sometimes, usually, approximately, roughly, about, occasionally, generally, somewhat, somehow, a lot of;5）Certain modal adverbs and adjectives such as probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably, possible, probable, un/likely, presumably, virtually, apparently;6）Certain modal nouns such as assumption, possibility, probability, claim, estimate, suggestion；7）Certain it-clauses s uch as it could be the case that…, it might be suggested that…, it may be possible to obtain…, it is important to develop…, it is useful to study…;8）Certain if-clauses such as if true, if anything.23.Proofreading is the final step of writing an academic essay. It is about searching yourwriting for basic grammatical and mechanical errors to make sure that your paper is free from any errors before submitting your paper to your teacher or a journal.24.checking globally1) The title and abstract 2) The introduction section 3) The conclusion section4) The body section 5) Topic sentences 6) Citation 7) ReferenceChecking grammatically1) Sentence fragments 2) Dangling Modifiers 3) Ambiguous Pronoun Reference4) Problems of Agreement 5) Problems of Tense 6) Problems of Articles7) Uncountable nouns8) Misused words9) Choppy sentences10) Run-on sentences。
综合医学英语(研究生、期末考试、总结)
医学英语期末试题一、单选题1. anis.s.smal.tha.i.ca.onl.b.see.wit..microscop.i.._____C_____.A.miniorganismB.macrogrganismC.microorganismD.microcell2. .disease tha.ha..sudde.an.sever.onse.i.describe.a.______C________.A.chronicdC.acuteD.infectious3. .disease tha.ha.lon.duratio.an.slo.progressin.i.describe.a.______A________.A.chronicdC.acuteD.infectious4. Abnorma.an.uncontrolle.growt.o.tissu.i.terme.a.____B______.A.anemiaB.neoplasia 瘤形成C.parasitism 寄生病D.toxicity5. Heat.pain.redness.an.swellin.ar.th.characteristi.sign.o._____C______.A.immunityB.feverC.inflammationD.healing6. Scientifi.nam.fo.windpipe i._____A_______.A.trachearynx 喉C.pharynx 咽D.bronchi7. Scientifi.nam.fo.throat（咽喉.i._____C_______.A.trachearynxC.pharynxD.bronchi8. Scientifi.nam.fo.voic.bo.i._____B_______.A.trachearynxC.pharynxD.bronchi9. Difficult.i.breathin.i.calle._____D_______.A.aphasia 失语症B.apnea 窒息C.dysphonia 发声困难D.dyspnea 呼吸困难10. Difficult.i.swallowin.i.calle._____A_______.A.dysphagia 吞咽困难B.dysplasia 发育不良C.dysphoniaD.dyspnea11. .wor.elemen.fro.whic.othe.word.ar.forme.i.calle._____C_______.A.prefixB.suffixC.rootbining vowel12. .wor.par.a.th.beginnin.o..wor.i..(n).____D______.A.originbining formC.previewD.prefix13. .wor.par.a.th.en.o..wor.i.a(n)._____C_____.A.vowelbining formC.suffixD.insertion14. Th.opposit.o.hypertension i.____C______.A.hypoglucemiaB.hyperglucemiaC.hypotensionD.hyperglycemic15. Th.prefi.i.th.word.prefi.an.pretest mean._____A______.A.beforeB.finalC.fixedD.superior16. Th.g.i.th.term.cough an.radiograp.i.pronounce.a.______C_______.A.gB.hC.fD.t17. Th.p.i.th.ter.pneumonia i.pronounce.a._____D________.A.pB.hC.fD.n18. Th.suffixe.-ia.-sis.an.-ism al.refe.t._____A_______.A.condition ofB.disease ofC.problem ofD.specialty of19. Th.plura.o.seru.i._____B_______.A.serumsB.seraC.seriaD.serina20. Th.singula.o.thromb.i._____B_______.A.thrombB.thrombusC.thrombsD.thrombis21. Th.suffixe.-sis.-ian.an.-ics ar.foun.i.____D____.A.verbsB.adjectivesC.adverbsD.nouns22. Th.suffixe.-ic.-ous.an.-a.ar.foun.i.____B____.A.verbsB.adjectivesC.adverbsD.nouns23. puterize.tomography.Thi.ter.represent..(n.____B______.bining formB.acronym 首字母缩略词C.synonym 同义词D.clipping24. .dentis.i..physicia.wh.specialize.i.stud.o.___A___.A.teethB.skeletonC.skinD.stomach25. Whic.branc.o.medicin.i.concerne.wit.disease.o.th.kidneys._____C_____A.psychologyB.pulmonologyC.nephrologyD.neurology26. .ter.fo.inflammatio.o.th.lung.i.______B______.A.bronchitisB.pneumoniaC.pleurisy 胸膜炎ryngitis27. A.endotrachea.tub.i.place.______A________.A.within the tracheaB.beyond the tracheaC.under the tracheaD.over the trachea28. .gastroenterologis.i..physicia.wh.specialize.i.stud.o._________B__________.A.mouth and teethB.stomach, intestines, and related structuresC.musculoskeletal systemD.respiratory system29. .genera.ter.fo.inflammatio.o..join.i.______A________.A.arthritisB.conjunctivitis 结膜炎C.epididymitis 附睾炎D.myocarditis30. Chondrosarcom.i..tumo.tha.originate.i._____D_______.A.boneB.muscleC.tissueD.cartilage31. .tonsillectom.i._____C_______.A.removal of a jointB.removal of a tumorC.removal of a tonsil 扁桃体D.removal of a cavity32. Th.neuromuscula.junctio.i.betwee..muscl.an.._____B_______.A.glandB.neuronC.boneD.gonad33. Polymyositi.i.inflammatio.o.man._____C_______.ansB.glandsC.musclesD.bones34. Th.ter.fo..conditio.o.diseas.o.unknow.etiology（病原学.i._____D_______.A.hypertrophic 肥厚的B.chronicC.acuteD.idiopathic35. Deat.o.tissu.i.calle.______A______.A.necrosis 坏死B.inflammationC.infectionD.spasm 痉挛36. Th.cervica.regio.i.th.regio.o.th.____D______.A.brainB.legC.HeartD.neck37. Difficult.i.digestin.i.calle.______C______.A.apepsia 不消化B.eupepsia 消化良好C.dyspepsiaD.dysphonia38. Th.quadricep.muscl.group（四头肌.i.mad.u.o._____B_______.A.smooth and cardiac muscle fibersB.four muscles in the thighC.three muscles in the legD.fascia筋膜and tendon sheaths腱鞘39. Th.contro.cente.o.th.cel.i.th.____D____.A.membraneB.lysosome 溶酶体C.ribosome 核糖体D.nucleus40. .simpl.devic.fo.listenin.t.sound.withi.th.bod.i..____B____.A.cystoscope 膀胱镜B.stethoscope 听诊器C.barometer 气压计D.speculum 窥器41. Remova.o.tissu.fo.microscopi.stud.i.a(n.____A____.A.biopsyB.aeration 通气C.endoscopyD.CT scan42. Hepatosplenomegal.mean.____D____.A.removal of the liver and spleenB.prolapse下垂of the liver and spleenC.hemorrhage of the liver and spleenD.enlargement of the liver and spleen43. Th.cardiovascula.syste.include.th.hear.an.____C____.A.lungsB.digestive organsC.blood vesselsD.endocrine system44. Erythrocyt.i.th.scientifi.nam.fo..____B____.A.white blood cellB.red blood cellC.lymphocyteD.muscle cell45. Leukocyt.i.th.scientifi.nam.fo.a___A____.A.white blood cellB.red blood cellC.lymphocyteD.muscle cell46. .deficienc.o.hemoglobi.result.i.th.disorde.called____C____.A.hypertensionB.chromatosis 色素沉着C.anemiaD.hemophilia 血友病47. .neoplasti.overgrowt.o.whit.bloo.cell.i.calle.____A____.A.leukemiaB.anemiaC.fibrosisD.cystitis 膀胱炎48. Th.ga.tha.i.supplie.t.tissue.b.th.respirator.syste.i.____C____.A.sulfur 硫磺B.neon 氖C.oxygenD.carbon dioxide49. Th.ga.tha.i.eliminate.b.th.respirator.syste.i.____D____.A.sulfurB.NeonC.OxygenD.carbon dioxide50. Th.tube.tha.carr.ai.fro.th.trache.int.th.lung.ar.th.____D____.A.arteriesB.Nares 鼻孔C.VeinsD.bronchi二、完形填空Part II ClozeTh.proble.o.carin.fo.th.wea.an.sic.ha.existe.fro.th.earlies.times.Th.Romans.i.time.o.war.establishe.infirmaries, e.t.trea.sic.a rge.citie.an.wer.buil.ou.o.public.5..I..way.th.Roma.influenc.was53th.establishmen.o.hospitals.5..Christianit.grew.th.car.o.th.sic.becam.th.dut.o.th.Church.Th.monast erie.an.convent.provide.mos.o.th.hospitals.Th.custo.o.makin.pilgrimage.(朝圣.als.helpe.advanc.the.5.o.hospitals.Thos.pilgrimage.wer.ofte.long.an.th.traveler.ha.t.sto.overnigh.a.smal.inns.5.th.road.Thes.inn. wer.calle.hospitalia.meanin..guest.Th.inn.connecte.wit.th.monasterie.devote.themselve.t.carin.fo.traveler.wh.wer.il.o.weary.an.th.na m.hospita.becam.connecte.wit.carin.fo.the.5..fortabl.o.hygienic.th.hospital.were.5.clea.o.orderly.I.fact.many.5.hospita.woul.p u.tw.o.mor.patient.i.th.sam.bed.Bu.i.wasn'rge.town.o.England.Soon.th.ide.o.publi.hospital.bega.t.spre a.an.the.appeare.al.ove.Europe.51.A.fo.who...B.i.whic.. C.whic...D.who52.A.fund.B.affair..C.figure.D.interests53.A.capabl.o..B.respectfu.o.C.accessibl.t.D.responsibl.for54.A.Wit..B.Fo..C.I. D.As55.A.traditio..B.for..C.Ide..D.skill56.A.t..B.fro..C.Acros..D.along57.A.afflicte..B.affiliate..C.addicte..D.affirmed58.A.clos.t..B.fa.fro..C.carefu.abou..D.considerat.of59.A....B.suc..C.othe..D.another60.A.i...B.b..C.u.t..D.until答案：51.C.52.A..53...54...55.C56...57...58...59...60.D三、阅读理解（一）k.Elsinor.lie.i.a.inlan.Californi.valle.whic.i.teemin.an.steamin.wit.ho.springs.Rimme.b.shagg.mountain.whos.fore k.Elsinorei.th.ver.personificatio.o.peace—bu.o.i.rest.th.curs.o.Tondo.k.ha.ha..colorfu.history.Muc.o.i.lie.burie.i.legend.an.i.i.difficul.t.separat.fac.fro.fiction.Ther.hav.bee.storie.o.undergroun.volc k.bottom.erupting.killin.fis.an.discolorin.th.water.Ther.hav.bee.storie.o..playfu.se.serpen.tha.live.i.it.depths.k.wa..famou.resor.i.th.Nineties.Bu.lon.befor.th.firs.whit.ma.ha.se.foo.alon.t ke.thi.par.o.Californi.ha.bee.th.hom.o.th.Sobob.Indians.Thei.chie.wa.Tondo..ster.an.unforgivin.man.H.ha..daughter.Mornin.Star.wh.wa.i.lov.wit.Palo.so.o.th.chie.o.th.Palas..neighborin.tribe.Th.Soboba.an.Pala.wer.swor.enemies.Fo ..tim.th.lover.me.secretly.The.on.da.the.wer.discovere.b.Tondo.Hi.rag.wa.terribl.t.behold.H.forbad.th.lover.eve.t.mee.again.Mornin.Sta.trie.i.ever.wa.t.appeas.he.father’eless.tha.h.woul.neve.giv ke.a.th.drear.Novem ke.singin.th. mournfu.deat.son.o.thei.people.whil.Tond.stoo.o.th.shor.an.curse.th.lovers.curse.th.blu.wate.int.whic.the.al.walke.t.thei.death. k.whic.cause.wate.t.spou.int.th.ai.lik. ter.i.becam.know.tha.thre.hundre.spring.o.boilin.mu.an.wate.wer.bor.i.th.valle.durin.tha.upheaval.Th.spring .reeke.wit.sulphur.k.remaine.peaceful.The.boat.wer.overturne.fo.n.apparen.reason.an.fe.o.thei.occupant.eve k.neve.t.reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.nd.The.invade.th.countrysid.unti.th.harass e.inhabitant.calle.fo.help.i.bar.ther.wa.n.trac.o..volcano.th.bottoml es.pits.o.th.othe.disturbance.o.legen.o.fact.Th.copiou.winte.rain.o.1951—ke.Bu.wha.menac.doe.it.hauntin.beaut.hol.today.Fo.tomorrow?ke.The.no.grizzle.hea.an.murmu.tha.th.Grea.Tondo ’ke.Onl.time.th.wis.an.silen.one.ca.tell.61.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A.I.i.considere.b.legen.t.b.ric.i.golb.B.I.wa.onc.famou.a..beautifu.resort.C.I.i.locate.i..volcani.crate.i.California.e.t.b.th.cente.o..minin.village.62.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A.Mornin.Sta.wa.to.youn.t.marryB.Tondo’.trib.an.Palas’.trib.wer.enemiesC.Pal.mistreate.hi.Sobob.gir.friendD.Pala.vowe.mee.Mornin.Sta.i.secret63.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .k.turne.redk.wate.sproute.int.th.airC.th.Gnat.invade.th.countrysidek.suddenl.died64.The word “jinx”(Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A.spel.o.ba.luc.B.ho.ai.currentC.strang.tranquilit.D.stor.o.unusua.duration65.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A.Th.Curs.o.Tondo.k.Elsinore.C.Th.Mysteriou.India.Tribes.D.Th.Tragi.Lov.o.Mornin.Star.(二)Despit.Denmark’.manifes.virtues.Dane.neve.tal.abou.ho.prou.the..r.t.b.Danes.Thi.woul.soun.weir.i.Danish.Whe.Dane.tal.t.foreigner. nguage.th.genera.small-mindednes.an.self-indulge.c.o.thei.countryme.an.th.hig.taxes.N.Dan.woul.loo.yo.i.th.ey.an.say.“Denmar.i..grea.country..You’r.suppose.t.figur.thi.ou.fo.y.urself....wher.almos.hal.th.nationa.bud.e.goe.towar.smoothin.ou.life’.inequalities.an.ther.i.plent.o.mone..o.school s.da.care.retrainin.programmes.jo.seminars-Dane.lov.seminars..hre.day.a..stud.centr.hearin.abou.wast.managemen.i.almos.a.goo.a.. sk.trip.I.i..cultur.bombarde.b.English.i.advertising.po.music.th.Internet.an.despit.al.th.Englis.tha.Danis.absorbs—ther.i.n.Danis.Academ.t.defen.agains.i.—n.where.a.th.sayin.goes,.F..hav.to.muc.an.fewe.hav.to.little .”an..foreigne.i.struc.b.th.sw...egalitarianis.tha.prevails.wher.th.lowlies.cler.give.yo..leve.gaze.wher.Si.an.Madam.hav.disappeare.fro.co age.eve.Mr.an.Mrs.It...natio.o.recyclers—abou.5..o.Danis.garbag.get.mad.int.somethin.new.an.n.nuclea.powe.plants.It’..natio.o.tireles.planner.Train.ru.o.time.Thing.operat. wel.i.general... Suc..natio.o.overachiever...brochur.fro.th.Ministr.o.Busine..an.Industr.says.“Denmar.i.on.o.th.world’aniz..countries.wit.virtuall.n.pollution.crime.o.poverty.Denmar.i.th.mos..orruption-fr e.societ.i.th.Norther.Hemisphere.”So.o.course.one’.hear..ift.a.an.sightin.o.Danis.sleaze.skinhea.graffit.o.buildings(“Foreign...Ou.o.Denmark.”).broke.bee.bottle.i.th. gutters.drunke.teenager.sl.mpe.i.th.park...nd.Yo.driv.throug..Danis.town.i.c.me.t.a.en.a..ston.wall.an.o.th.othe.sid.i..fiel.o.barley..ni..clea.line.tow.here .countr.there.I.i.no..natio.o.jay-walkers.Peop..stan.o.th.cur.an.wai.fo.th.re.ligh.t.change.eve.i.it’..a.m....there’.no..ca.i.sight.Howev er.Dane.don..thin.o.themselve.a...a.nting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-ligh.people——that’.ho.the.se.Swede.an.G..mans.Dane.se.themselve.a.jazz.people.improvisers.mor.fre.spirite.tha.Swedes.bu.th.trut.is.thoug.on.sh oul.no.sa.it)tha.Dane.ar.ver.muc.lik.German.an.Swedes.Orderlines.i..mai.sellin.point.Denmar.ha.fe..atura.resources.limite.manufactur in.capability.it.futur.i.Europ.wil.b.a..broker.banker.an.distributo.o.goods.Yo.sen.you.good.b.containe.shi.t.Copenhagen.an.thes.bright. young.English-speaking.utterl.honest.highl.discipline.peopl.wil.ge.you.good.aroun.t.Scandinavia.th.Balti.States.an.Russia.Airports.sea ports.highways.an.rai.line.ar.ultramoder.an.well-maintained...Th.orderlines.o.th.societ.doesn’.mea.tha.Danis.live.ar.les.m..s.o.lonel.tha.your.o.mine.an.n.Dan.woul.tel.yo.so.Yo.ca.hea.pl.nt.abou. bitte.famil.feud.an.th.sorrow.o.alcoholis.an.abou.perfectl.sensibl.peopl.wh.wen.of.on.da.an.kille.themselves.A.orderl.societ..a.no.exe mp.it.member.fro.th.hazard.o.life.Bu.ther.i..sens.o.entitlemen.an.securit.tha.Dane.gro.u.with.Certai.thing.ar.your.b.virtu.o.citizenship.an.yo.shouldn’.fee.ba....takin.w ha.you’r.entitle.to.you’r.a.goo.a.anyon.else.Th.rule.o.t..welfar.syste.ar.clea.t.everyone.th.benefit.yo.ge.i.yo.los.you.j.b.th.step.yo.tak.t.ge..ne.one.an.th.orderli nes.o.th.syste.make.i.possibl.fo.th.countr.t.weathe.hig.unemploymen.an.socia.unres.with.u..sens.o.crisis.66.Th.autho.think.tha.Dane.adop..__.attitud.toward.thei.country.A.boastfu.B.modes.C.deprecatin.D.mysterious67.Whic.o.th.followin.i.NO..Danis.characteristi.cite.i.th.p.ssage?A.Fondnes.o.foreig.culture.B.Equalit.i.society..C.Linguisti.tolerance.D.Persisten.planning.68.Th.author’.reactio.t.th.statemen.b.th.Ministr.o.Busines..n.Industr.i.___.A.disapprovin.B.approvin.C.noncommitta.D.doubtful69.Accordin.t.th.passage.Danis.orderlines.___.A.set.th.peopl.apar.fro.German.an.SwedesB.spare.Dane.socia.trouble.besettin.othe.peopleC.i.considere.economicall.essentia.t.th.countryD.prevent.Dane.fro.acknowledgin.existin.troubles70.A.th.en.o.th.passag.th.autho.state.al.th.followin.EXCEP.tha.___.rme.o.thei.socia.benefitsB.Dane.tak.fo.grante.wha.i.give.t.themC.th.ope.syste.help.t.tid.th.countr.overD.orderlines.ha.alleviate.unemploymentANSER66-70 B A D C D四、Summary writing （写作）Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 250 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay.通常, 王华林的一天是这样的。
(完整word版)中山大学研究生英语期末试题100 Vocabulary Items (Unit 1-Unit 6 + Unit 8)
Part II. Vocabulary and Structure （100x1=100points）Section A: In this section, there are 55 incomplete sentences, each with four items marked A, B, C and D. Choose one item that best completes the sentence and mark your choice on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Many children with mild mental ______ are not identified until they enter school andsometimes not until the second or third grade, when more difficult academic work is required.A.retardationB. senilityC. strokeD. deprivation2.Whitehouse goes so far as to suggest that investors begin hedging with fixed ________ assets:"Buy some gold and silver."A. intangibleB. spatialC. subjectiveD. tangible3.After the ups and downs in bond and equity markets for the past few years, the ability todeliver long-term positive returns across all market conditions has become the ______ for some investors.A.holy grailB. little hellionC. dust bunnyD. comic relief4.They officially ________ the area around the nuclear power station as unsuitable for humanhabitation.A. coordinatedB. designatedC. devastatedD. speculated5.Girls and boys were ____________ into different dining rooms for meals and not allowed tomix at break time.A. recreatedB. frustratedC. integratedD. segregated6.We live in an increasingly __________ society, in which religion has less and less influence inour daily lives.A. supernaturalB. religiousC. secularD. sacred7.Unlike their parents, young people are no longer guaranteed good salaries and _________jobs even if they have received the best education.A. prestigiousB. indecentC. poignantD. despised8.It seems like he doesn’t have any original idea, and his speech is full of _______.A. noveltyB. inspirationC. wisdomD. platitude9.We should make the citizens _______ the eight items of “honors and disgraces” into theirwords and deeds.A. internalizeB. socializeC. fantasizeD. minimize10.Some research suggests that women with ____ -sounding names such as “Sam” and “Chris”are more successful in the business world.A. feminineB. muscularC. masculineD. aggressive11.If someone watches or listens with _______ attention, he or she is extremely interested orfascinated.A. scarceB. boorishC. raptD. frustrated12.He is a bad-tempered old man and always flies into a _________ at the slightest provocation.A. rageB. promptC. frayD. demeanor13.In recent years, young parents, female professionals, and well-educated parents are morelikely to _______ their children into more equal gender roles.A. fantasizeB. socializeC. epitomizeD. personalize14.For fear of being sent to the police, the teenage shoplifter, with great lamentation andabundance of tears, ______ the security guard of the shop to forgive him.A.importunedB. banishedC. told offD. let loose15.The former mayor is under investigation for ______ abusing power for personal gains.A. archlyB. gallantlyC. wobblyD. allegedly16.As regards your proposal for making investment in your city, we ________ it premature totake the matter into consideration.A. seemB. lookC. deemD. reproduce17.They passed a law to ____________ people from parking in the street.A. speculateB. predisposeC. forceD. inhibit18.But what do we expect of our teachers? We have a __________ idea of what a teacher shouldlook like in our mind. We expect male teachers to appear neat and refined, and female ones to wear skirts. Principals and parents would become suspicious if a teacher fails to fit into the model.A.controversialB. stereotypedC. subvervientD. masculine19.If the gene copying process were perfect, life as it now exists would never have _________.A. happened aboutB. heard aboutC. come aboutD. talked about20.Japa n is located on the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” an area prone to ______ upheaval and volcanicactivity because it lies on the edges of tectonic plates.A.societalB. antisocialC. demographicD. seismic21.After the nuclear blasts, Japan ordered an evacuation of the areas surrounding the nuclearplants, but those living outside the evacuation zones have felt left in ______, exposed to levels of radiation that are several times the normal level, though not high enough to causeobservable health risks.A. wombB. limboC. probationD. recollection22.Mr. Smith, who was worried that the ban might ________ on the rights of law-abiding gunowners, had already voted against the bill.A. infringeB. integrateC. inferiorD. incorporate23.Students well-rounded education but feel that the school attracts few toprecruiters outside of the Southeast.A. rave aboutB. lay outC. hook upD. whoop up24.This event is called a party --- a place where one _______ without worrying about beingjudged by the cold standard of professional usefulness.A. rest upB. fork outC. pull backD. let loose25.A host of other singles services have sprung up, from dogwalkers to alarm systems to agenciesthat will water your plants or bring you aspirin and coffee when you’re _________.A. hung aroundB. hung overC. hung upD. hung on26.To many of them, modern medicine has become a ______ sword.A. double-dividendB. double-sidedC. double-edgedD. double-stranded27.The layout of space characteristic of French cities is only one aspect of the theme ofcentralization that ______ French culture.A. fantasizesB. internalizesC. socializesD. characterizes28.In the United States, cities are usually laid out along a grid, streets and buildings arenumbered __________.A. quintessentiallyB.archaeologicallyC. sequentiallyD. dysfunctionally29.In middle-class America, specific spaces are _________ for specific activities.A. populatedB. dominatedC. designatedD. validated30.This pattern has been used for thousands of years, as demonstrated by the archaeologicalevidence _______ in ancient Indian cities.A. undefinedB. uncoveredC. undoneD. untitled31.Today about a fifth of all married couples still ______ the old-style marriage in which thewife stays home to raise children and the husband works.A. opt withB. opt toC. opt forD. opt against32.Although they are always at the center of things, they tend to be loners and are ____ to stresswhen life becomes difficult.A. proneB. aboutC. motiveD. sturdy33.What else does talking frankly and informally mean but an invitation to ________ withoutany career consequence?A. whoop it upB. unload opinionsC. hang aroundD. incur a debt34.The Single in the past, of the _______ego and much-watched answering machine, wastraditionally at the margin of society: a figure of fun, pity and awe.A. archlyB. gallantlyC. wobblyD. allegedly35.We should strengthen regulation, prevent and ______ financial risks so as to provide betterbanking services for economic and social development.A. plunkB. defuseC. violateD. strive36.Bothered by terrorism, world leaders are now united in their _____ for peace.A. questB. intimacyC. validationD. condo37.Mr. Obama ________ that it was the Republican who had tried to turn a national tragedy tohis advantage by releasing a press release about the deadly assault.A. banishedB. counteredC. establishedD. outraged38.17-year-old Richard Beasley has ________ not guilty to the charges of murder, including theattempted killing of a fourth man.A. improvisedB. importunedC. petitionedD. pleaded39.In the heated debate, the two presidential candidates ________ about last month’s attack onthe US Libya consulate (领事馆) that left four Americans dead.A. bickeredB. buzzedC. groanedD. grappled40.Because of this possibility, shareholders will have to ________ monitoring costs or agencycosts to ensure that managers behave properly.A. embraceB. outnumberC. incurD. modify41.New York's subway system ________ the worst damage in its 108-year history, said JosephLhota, head of the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA).A. afflictedB. affiliatedC. strainedD. sustained42.New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo said his state must ________ to the reality of morefrequent extreme weather events.A. adaptB. adhereC. adoptD. adjourn43.She told the journalist that she was one week ________ her twentieth birthday when she gotmarried with Mr. Wilson.A. made sense ofB. shy ofC. in place ofD. in the wake of44.Meanwhile farmers have no option but to ________ the ever-increasing premiums thatinsurers are demanding.A. hook upB. let looseC. fork outD. pitch in45.I’ve learned that a private detective was sent to make ________ inquiries about Miss Hutton'sfinancial situation.A. discreetB. flintyC. mandatoryD. vigilant46.It’s an amazing surprise that the Cherry Blossom restaurant serves a ________ of Japaneseand Californian cooking.A. complexB. fusionC. landmarkD. mainstay47.Smith got some of the blame last year when Republicans lost control of Congress, leading to amixed assessment of his political___________ by the experts.A. sphereB. prowessC. traitD. disapproval48.This report, which highlighted the educational differences between blacks and whites, raisedmany issues and started new ___________.A. controversiesB. inclinationC. normsD. tendency49.I was rather nervous at first, Steve being so __________, and elegant, and superior to me inall respects.A. self-consciousB. self-madeC. self-possessedD. self-determined50.While women show steady advancement and __________, their share of jobs in traditionallymale roles is still relatively low.A. meditationB. upward mobilityC. temperamentD. ambition51.The customer is always the focus for us, molding our thinking and our actions. Our customersregard us as a __________, innovative and flexible partner. We are "BEST IN CLASS".A. buoyantB. motivatedC. activeD. tech-savvy52.The developed nations, with about one fourth of the world's population, possess almost halfthe __________land of the earth.A. spatialB. arableC. vastD. populated53.China can not __________the violation of the principles of non-intervention andnoninterference in the internal affairs of states.A. condoneB. provokeC. defuseD. arouse54.Putting food into one's mouth with a knife is considered __________ in England.A. elegantB. showyC. vulgarD. gallant55.Things generally do not go well when there is no recognized etiquette and everyone is forcedto __________.A. imitateB. impartC. improvise.D. immersePart BDirections: In this section, there are 45 complete sentences, each with an underlined part. Replace each underlined word/phrase with one of the four items marked A, B, C and D that best keeps its meaning and mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.56.Thanks to an explosion of research, science now knows how to defuse the danger and controlthe disease.A. strengthenB. attestC. diminishD. aggravate57.Rude behaviour in children is more often the result of thoughtlessness than that of deliberateaggression.A. immaterialB. insignificantC. contemptibleD. intentional58.The number of scientists, engineers, and physicians born in poor countries and working inaffluent ones is of great concern to policymakers.A. intimateB. wealthyC. deprivedD. indigent59.The average millionaire made B's and C's in college, Stanley says. Their average SAT scorewas not good enough to get into top-notch schools.A. first-rateB. mediocreC. modestD. public60.He couldn't buy into that brand of conservatism.A. put up withB. believe inC. associate withD. toy with61.Though not conspicuously beautiful, the church towers add to the general effect of the historictown as viewed from a distance.A.particularlyB. elegantlyC. noticeablyD. stunningly62.The parents felt exhausted after throwing a party for a houseful of boisterous kids.A.naughtyB. noisyC. naïveD. nasty63.In view of the insecurity of online shopping, doing a little bit of research before purchasingwill protect you against a dodgy seller trying to pull a fast one.A.make profitB. deceiveC. get rich quickD. make a deal64.If a person is irreversibly comatose, or in what physicians call a “vegetative state,” decisionsmust be made for him unless he has stated his preferences beforehand.A. unconsciousB. blurredC. handicappedD. deformed65.In the US one of the most influential and lucrative professions is law, a field in which writingskills are indispensable.A. tiringB. gruelingC. despisedD. profitable66.To Americans, objective, tangible “reality” must prece de any subjective or inner experience.A. discreetB. concreteC. identifiableD. arable67.She hasn’t ruled out marriage, but wouldn’t give up her freedom for a man.A. clutchedB. intrudedC. excludedD. included68.Flinty Miss Manners does not recognize any holidays from etiquette.A. unconsciousB. unmercifulC. unreciprocatedD. unaccountable69.Global warming could wreak havoc in China. The rise in temperatures would worsen thewater shortage problem in North China, in the area of Three Gorges Dam it warned heavy rainfall and could trigger landslides or mudflows,A.vistaB. libidoC. damageD. fusion70.Married types who have bickered once too often about toothpaste caps or dust bunnies areopting to live apart in peace rather than together in stress.A. groanedB. trampedC. strainedD. quarreled71.The point of an office party is not whooping it up or telling people off, it is showingappreciation of the staff.A. reprimandingB. embarrassingC. commandingD. demanding72.The magnitude earthquake caused widespread damage and great loss. Our governmentimmediately pitched in relief efforts.A. yearned forB. laid outC. launched intoD. rounded off73.The doctors threatened to take us to court if we didn’t go along with their procedures.A. coincide withB. agree withC. afflict withD. grapple with74.Doctor’s power to treat with a n array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’scapacity to heal.A. excelledB. excludedC. exceededD. externalizedlions of singles yearning for escape zones or solitude are straining Europe’s city housingmarket.A. opting forB. aspiring forC. searching forD. longing for76.While children don’t automatically warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reasonfor them to see manners as a bunch of stuffy restrictions either.A. grow hostile toB. become uninterested inC. be indifferent toD. begin to like77.The drunk driver was consumed with guilt after the accident in which five people died andone was seriously injured. .A. was convicted withB. was charged withC. was filled withD. was criticized with78.With his prison record and lack of experience, he’s already got two strikes against him whenhe applies for a job.A. favorsB. privilegesC. advantagesD. disadvantages79.Both responses reflect the deeply ingrained prejudice of many Chinese against the humanitiesand are grossly erroneous.A. incurredB. rootedC. defusedD. banished80.bioethics.A.ProposedB. imposedC. presentedD. represented81.In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitalsand nursing homes across the country.A.WithB. WithoutC. ForD. Against82.A. condonedB. appalledC. frayedD. gazed at83.With the development of science and technology, some scientists believe that soon it will becommonplace for people to travel to the moon.A. ordinaryB. unusualC. impulsiveD. devastating84.American.A. intelligentB. diligentC. prestigiousD. attractive85.He was bouncing off the walls with impatience for the takeoff of his flight, which wasannounced to delay again.A. was acting unreasonablyB. was jumping up and downC. was laughing heartilyD. was riding the wave86.We must admit that the three-week trial turned out to be an emotional ordeal for everyoneinvolved.A. afflictionB. controversyC. havocD. strife87.After dinning at Hilton Hotel, we were faced with the ticklish issue of who would pay for themeal.A. discreetB. gloomyC. peskyD. thorny88.The president said at the conference that curbing (遏制) the addiction level would savemoney and prolong lives.A. constituteB. extendC. modifyD. salvage89.Unfortunately, the defect in the braking system had caused several accidents before the carwas recalled.A. retardationB. intrusionC. deformityD. flaw90.If a teacher makes copies of software for students, he or she is undoubtedly infringingcopyright.A. devastatingB. inundatingC. segregatingD. violating91.It often seems to be supposed that a concern for grammar is inconsistent with the principlesof communicative language teaching.A. contradictoryB. impersistentC. disagreeableD. oblivious92.It is reported that $6 million has been designated to make road safety improvements onPacheco Pass.A. optedB. deliveredC. allottedD. assigned93.The hellion tried to make Oliver cry by hitting him, pulling his hair, and calling him all sortsof names.A. abusingB. bickeringC. provokingD. swearing94.To our great joy, all the information used in this report has been validated by an independentpanel of experts.A. attestedB. confirmedC. formulatedD. testified95.International press comments have been more cynical, claiming that the Laura Spence storyis indicative of the quintessentially British problem of class and arrogance and a reminder that a backward looking Britain is still alive and well.A. characteristicallyB. erroneouslyC. neutrallyD. virtually96.The clearing banks, in addition, hold at the Bank whatever operational balances they deemnecessary.A. assumeB. perceiveC. speculateD. fantasize97.What a shame! Any major changes were prevented by the rigid conservatism of the Church inthis region.A. flintyB. harshC. inflexibleD. nastydy Mountcashel is most kind and attentive, who does not start so many objections as Mrs.Henry, and is less disposed to argument and to find fault.A. aptB. inclinedC. likelyD. prone99.All doubts were banished by the sight that met his eyes as they followed the Doctor'spointing finger.A. pulled backB. ruled outC. let looseD. taken over100.Middle class women, once the mainstay of all volunteer endeavors, are no longer an unlimited resource.A. counterpartB. momentumC. pillarD. prototypeKey:Section A:1~10 ADABD; CADAC 11~20 CABAD; CDBCD 21~30 BAADB; CDCCB 31~40 CABCB; ABDAC 41~50 DABCA; BBACB 51~55 DBACCSection B:56-60 CDBAB61-70 CBBAD; BCBCD 71-80 ACBCD; BBDBC 81~90 ADADA; ADBDD 91~100 ACABA; BCDBC。
研究生核心英语1期末考试试卷8
研究⽣核⼼英语1期末考试试卷8核⼼英语期终模拟试题（七）Part 1 Translation （30%）Section ADirections: Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese. (10%)1. Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas.2.Meanwhile, my two sisters and I, who lived in three different cities, were united once again ina hospital waiting room.3. In the 1980s, scientists established the revolutionary concept that nicotine is extremelyaddictive.4. Yet e-mail---and all online communication—is in fact something truly different.5. Well-being, not just wealth, should mark the progress of our societies.Section BDirections: Translate the following sentences from Chinese to English. (10%)1.年轻⼈往往不够成熟，不会像我的成⼈学⽣们那样重视教育。
2.但是，我投⼊的时间和精⼒越多，万事就越和我过不去。
3.抽烟与否从根本上说是个⼈的选择和责任问题，责任不在烟草公司。
4.如果你没被电⼦邮件淹没，你⼀定是出了问题---这就是20世纪90年代末我们衡量⾃⾝有限价值的⽅式。
考研英语期末试卷真题
考研英语期末试卷真题Introduction:The purpose of this article is to analyze and discuss the structure and content of the final exam paper for the English section of the postgraduate entrance examination (commonly known as the "考研英语期末试卷"). This examination assesses the English language proficiency of candidates who wish to pursue their postgraduate studies in China.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the exam aims to evaluate candidates' reading skills and ability to comprehend written texts. The section usually consists of several passages, each followed by a set of questions. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, social sciences, and natural sciences.In this section, candidates need to carefully read each passage and answer the corresponding questions based on their understanding of the texts. The questions are designed to test the candidates' ability to infer meaning, identify main ideas, make inferences, and analyze the author's tone and purpose.Section 2: Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the exam assesses candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts, such as academic lectures, conversations, and interviews. The section consists of multiple audio clips, each followed by a set of questions.Candidates are required to listen to the audio clips and answer the questions based on the information they hear. This section aims to test their listening skills, including understanding main ideas, inferring meaning from context, recognizing specific details, and following the development of ideas in a conversation or lecture.Section 3: Vocabulary and GrammarThe vocabulary and grammar section evaluates candidates' knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar rules. This section typically includes multiple-choice questions that test their understanding of word meanings, collocations, idiomatic expressions, and correct usage of grammar structures.Candidates must choose the most appropriate word or phrase to complete a sentence, identify errors in sentence structure, and demonstrate their understanding of various grammatical concepts. This section assesses their ability to effectively apply their knowledge of vocabulary and grammar rules in different contexts.Section 4: WritingThe writing section of the exam requires candidates to demonstrate their writing skills by composing a well-structured and coherent essay on a given topic. The essay should be organized into paragraphs, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.Candidates are expected to present their ideas logically, support their arguments with relevant examples or evidence, and use appropriate vocabulary and grammatical structures. This section assesses their ability to express themselves fluently and coherently in written English.Conclusion:The English section of the postgraduate entrance examination plays a crucial role in evaluating candidates' English language proficiency and determining their eligibility for postgraduate studies. The exam paper is designed to test candidates' reading, listening, vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills. By thoroughly understanding the structure and content of the exam paper, candidates can effectively prepare for the exam and increase their chances of success.。
研究生期末英语试题
研究生期末英语试题V ocabulary1 The password will prevent others from tinkering ____ your dataA onB toC withD at2 McDonald refused to elaborate ____ his reasons for resigning.A atB onC toD about3 The ____ for employment in the technology sector sre especially good right now.A prosperityB prosperousC prophecyD prospects4 Experts agreed that it was a truly _____ performanceA sensationalB senseC sensibleD sensitive5 The _____ of the economy is still uncertainA sightB viewC outlookD vision6 The roads were ____ with mud and rainwater.A awashB washingC washedD wash7 Think twice before you _____A springB leapC jumpD hip8 He left a ____ of muddy footprintsA trackB traceC printD trail9 Terri keeps ____ into tears for no reasonA burstingB outburstC breakingD outbreak10 They continue to fight in the face of ____A adversityB adverseC adviseD adversary11_____ the severe cold, tourism was ______ full swing.A.Though.....onB. Despite.......onC. Though.....inD. Despite.......in12 In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the ______ concern of state governments.A.extinctB. excludingC. ExcessiveD. Exclusive13 They climbed to the top of the hill _______ they could get a bird’s eye view of the city.A.For fear thatB. In order toC. In caseD. As a result14He found Irene _____ at the piano with her hands on the keys.A.SeatingB. SeatedC. SeatD. To seat15Noise pollution generally receives less attention than _____ air pollution.A.DoesB. It doesC. ReceivesD. It does over16Working under the new expert who always encourages creativity in young people, we have been _____ with better ideas in test design.ing downB. Coming outC. Coming alongD. Coming up17Label on a bottle of medicine: It is dangerous to exceed the stated_______ .A.DropsB. MeasureC. DoseD. Limit18Get him to sign the contract before he has second _____ .A.PlansB. ThoughtsC. IntentionsD. Ideas19It was difficult to ______ a date which was convenient for everyone. A.Decide B. Arrange C. Organize D. Provide20The poem is difficult to understand because it contains so many ______ references.A.ObscureB. AcuteC. NotableD. Objective Answers:1~5 C B D A C 6~10 A B D A A11~15 D D B B A 16~20 D C B B AReading ComprehensionText 1On July 4, 1776, a secret meeting of insurgent colonists in America passed the Declaration of Independence. War against the British had already been going on for over a year, so the declaration came as the climax of years of stormy events in America.The impetus for the American Revolution was the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended the struggle between the British and French for control over North America. Since the colonists were no longer frightened by the French, they ceased to rely upon the British for protection and were not as submissive as they were formerly. On the other hand, the British regarded the colonies as a source of revenue andbegan to impose unfair taxes upon them. The Sugar Act in 1764 and the Stamp Act in 1765 were so eagerly opposed by discontented colonists that rioting broke out. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 as a result of the riots.The British continued their policy of taxation without collaboration with their once obedient subjects. The Townshend Acts (a series of taxes on glass, lead, paper and tea) created such disgust that the citizens of Boston attacked British soldiers who fired upon them. A new tea tax in 1773 again consolidated Boston residents’ disagreement. About fifty men disguised as Indians boarded British ships and got rid of their cargo of tea in protest against the tea tax. That was the famous Boston Tea Party. In reprisal, the British abolished the Bostonians’right to self-rule, and bypassing what were referred to as Intolerable Acts in Boston, they infuriated all of the colonies and caused them to unite in protest.Representatives from twelve colonies gathered in Philadelphia in 1774 to plan a stratagem to avoid British interference in trade and to protest the infamy of taxation without representation. The British responded that the colonies were in rebellion, and, since nothing would soothe either side, both sides prepared for war.1.According to the passage, the first violent protest against the British was made in_______A. 1776B. 1765C. 1770D. 17732.We are told that the colonists did not need the British after the Treaty of Paris, because the former_______A.Were independentB.B. Didn’t like to pay taxesC. Made a treaty with the FrenchD. Didn’t need protection from an enemy3.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.About 15 men disguised as Indians boarded British ships.B.The impetus of the American Revolution was the Treaty of Paris in 1776.C.The Stamp Act in 1764 was opposed by discontented colonists.D.A new tea tax in 1773 again consolidated Boston residents’disagreement.4. What did the colonists gather in Philadelphia to do?A. Wrote the Declaration of IndependenceB. Rid a ship of its cargoC. Rioted as a result of the Stamp ActD. Created a plan to avoid British interference in trade.5. The best title for this passage is _______.A.The American RevolutionB.The Temperament of the ColonistsC.The Causes of the American RevolutionD.The Effects of the American RevolutionText 2The invention of the snow house by the Eskimo was one of the greatest triumphs over environment that man has ever accomplished.In the Arctic Circle, it is not that people lack ability or industry, but the surroundings restrict constructive effort to the barest necessities of existence.Agriculture is impossible all along the thousands of miles of the north shore. The only wood is such as drifts in. Other than this driftwood, the only available building materials are snow, ice, stone and bones of animals. All of these have been used for dwellings and storage places, differing in various tribes according to the requirements and skill of the workers.The lack of necessary timbers to build walls and span wide spaces is probably one reason why these tribes construct their houses at least partly beneath the surface of the ground. This device also makes the houses more impervious to the cold. Most of us are inclined to think that the Eskimo lives always in an igloo or snow house. This is not entirely true. After the long cold winter, the family is very apt to move, when the weather permits, into a tent of sealskin. The actual construction of such tents is similar to that used by other, more southerly tribes.The snow house, however, is an interesting and unique habitation.Our summer campers will not build with snow, but the ingeniousness of the art is worth recording, and some of our winter camps in the mountains might try to make snow houses.It is essential that the snow itself be of the right kind. It must be taken from a bank formed by a single storm, or the blocks will break when cut. The snow must be very fine-grained but not too hard to be cut with a snow knife.As Point Barrow, Alaska, houses of snow are used only temporarily; for example, at the hunting grounds on the rivers, and occasionally byvisitors at the village who prefer having their own quarters. These houses are not built in the dome or beehive shape. The walls are made of blocks of snow, high enough so that a person can stand up inside the rooms.Outside at the south end, a low, narrow, covered passage of snow leads to a low door. Above this is a window made of seal entrails. The door of the house is protected by a curtain of canvas. At the other end, the floor is raised into a kind of settee on which are laid boards and skins. 6.According to the author, the building of the snow house was necessary because of _______A.The inhabitants’ lack of ability and industryB.The extreme cold temperaturesC.The large expense involved in shipping raw materials to the Arctic Circle.D.The surroundings, which restrict any building to what is essential7.Which of the following is NOT commonly available for building houses in the Arctic Circle.A.StoneB. Animal bonesC. TimberD. Snow and ice8.After the long winter, the Eskimo family is likely to__________A. Move into a sealskin tentB. Build an underground dwellingC. Continue living in the snow houseD. Move to town and live in a regular house9.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. The construction of a sealskin tent is similar to that used by other tribes who live in more southern regionB. The snow house is an interesting, unique and ingenious habitationC. Snow houses are built partly below the surface of the ground to make the house warmer.D. The window of a snow house is made of thin sealskin.10.The author’s attitude toward the invention of snow houses by Eskimo is ________A. ImpartialB. AdmiringC. SympatheticD. CriticalText 3Almost all of us have heard about General Motors trying to sell theirNova model in Latin America and finding out that “ no va” in Spanish literally means “ it doesn’t go”. And of course, there was the famous first try of Coca Cola in China, when the translation of soft drink’s name read “bite the wax tadpole”.But cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation. There are subtleties and nuances to every culture, and there are just plain taboos. Although most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when those rules are violated. Our own culture tends to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or exotic. So how much more difficult is it to discern the unwritten rules of another country?There is still no substitute for a visit to the target market. When in a foreign place, you’ll undoubtedly become aware of different aesthetics. What flowers, which colors, are used to attract buyers there? Foods you find unpalatable and decorations you find garish have completely different effects on the natives. Your hosts might ask seemingly rude questions such as “How old are you?”and “How much money do you make?” Meals, schedules, transportation, and personal conveniences can’t be taken for granted. Prices for the simplest purchases are subject to negotiation. You haven’t figured out all the small coins, and you don’tunderstand anyone’s name. And it just doesn’t smell like home.11 Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of following sentence from the paragraph. “Cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation.”A Cultural awareness in marketing is virtually equivalent to careful translation.B Careful translation is a fundamental component of cultural awarenessC Cultural awareness in marketing goes beyond mere translation.D Cultural awareness is more easily developed than is careful translation.12 Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of following sentence from the paragraph. “Our own cultural tends to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or exotic.”A We usually don’t notice things in our culture, but we are prone to think things in foreign settings are strange, interesting or exotic.B We may not be aware of our own culture whereas foreign cultures may suddenly attract our attentionC Our own culture is intangible to us, but other cultures appear to be eye-catchingD It’s unnecessary for us to notice our own culture, but it is important to study other strange, funny or exotic cultures.13 Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of followingsentence from the paragraph. “Prices for the simplest purchases are subject to negotiation.”A It’s easy for people to agree on prices for small items.B Even prices for the simplest purchases tend to fluctuate.C People can also bargain over prices for the simplest purchases.D Prices for the simplest purchases are a constant topic among people14 The example of “the first try of Coca Cola in China” reflected:A Translation of the product is less important.B Translation of the product is not important.C Cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more important.D Cultural awareness in marketing is less important.15 “subtleties and nuances” in paragraph 2 means:A elegance and graceB similarities and samenessC a very slight, hardly noticeable variationsD a very slight, hardly noticeable differenceAnswers:1~5 B D D D C 6~10 D C A D B 11~15 C A C C DWord BankA wolf gives out a deep chesty bawl in the valley one night. It1) _____from rimrock to rimrock. Every living thing 2) _____ the call.Although it has different 3) _____ meanings to different animals, it is only mountains that can listen 4)_____ to the call, because it has lived lone enough. Those who can’t 5) _____ the hidden meaning of the howl can still sense the wolves’ 6)_____ through their tracks, sights or sounds.7) _____ the fact is, I believe that the mountains have a secret opinion about the wolves.This 8) _____ on this score dates 9)_____ the day when I witnessed a wolf die. We thought we saw a doe when we were eating lunch on a high rimrock. When we realized that it was a wolf and there were still a half dozen others, we 10) _____ at them out of excitement and 11) _____ . At that time, I thought I helped the hunters, 12) _____, when I saw the green fire die in the wolf’s eyes, I found I might be wrong.Since then, I have seen the 13) _____ of wolves state 14)_____ state, which eventually lead to nearly 15)_____ mountains. The same is trueto16) _____ the herd to fit the range. All creatures in the valley 17) _____ each other, and they should be kept 18)_____ balance. If one link breaks down, it might cause dramatic change to others. We all 19) _____ for safety, prosperity, comfort, long life, and dullness, but too much safety to 20)_____ only danger in the long run.Answers:1 echoes2 pays heed to3 hidden4 objectively5 decipher6 presence7 Whatever8 conviction9 from 10 shot 11 trigger-itch 12however13 slaughter 14 after 15 bare 16 trim17 are connected to 18 in 19 strive 20 yieldWriting：Academic Dishonesty on CampusRecent surveys show that a lot of college students download papers from the Internet to save the trouble of doing the assignments. This kind of academic dishonesty does harm to the students.要求写三段：第一段：明确陈述你的观点其次段：具体说明缘由第三段：给出结论Oral English：1 Give some examples to Chinese taboos2 Suppose you have been asked to talk about “Doing business inChina”to a group of foreign business people. What tips on doing business in China would you include in your speech?3 Why should we preserve biodiversity? What benefits can it bring aboutto human beings?4 Do you think it possible to strike a balance between ecological sustainability and the developmental needs of people?5 “Beauty is only skin deep, but ugly goes clear to the bone”Do you agree with the saying? Why or why not?6 “For real beauty is as much an affair of the inner as of the outer self.”Do you accept his idea? Support your answers with examples.7 “The more you use the Web, the more you have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing.”Do you have such problem? How you will cope with the problem?8 As you can see, the human race has made great strides in science and technology, which has dramatically changed our daily lives. In your opinion, do you think science and technology is an angel or a monster? Use examples to illustrate your point.9 Have you had the experience of going through a very difficult situation and coming out as a better person? Or do you know someone who has experienced this?10 What should be the role of schooling in one’s education?文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
重庆大学硕士研究生英语历年期末考试试卷
1. The main idea of this passage is A. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education. B. examinations are ineffective. C. examinations are profitable for institutions. D. examinations are a burden on students.
重庆大学研究生试卷（2011 版）
第1页共8页
命 题 （ 组 题 ） 人 ：
李 雁
审 题 人 ：
黄 萍
Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )
命 题 时 间 ：
研 究 生 院 制
Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) (请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career?
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开卷闭卷其他ad if命封线密A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.6. (C )7. (B)8. (A )9. (C) 10. (D)11. freshly baked bread 12. visible level 13. impulse buying14. screen 15. discounts16.No17. Not given18. No 19. Yes 20. YesPart II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)中国房价问题近年来一直是社会热门话题。