初中-中考-句子成分详解及练习

句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。

主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等一、主语：句子所叙述的主体。

一般位于句首，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。

一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。

注意：在there be结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。

例如：Tom is a good boy. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词） Toswim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式） Smoking doesharm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化形容词）When we are going to have a test has not been decided. （主语从句）It is n ecessary to master a foreig n Ian guage.（为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式）（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。

谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。

谓语的构成如下：1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：I like apples. （动词）He practices running every morni ng. （动词短语）2. 复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。

如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由（系动词+表语）构成。

We are hav ing a quick breakfast.（三）表语：用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态等，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。

位置：用在动词be和系动词（如keep, rema in, become, get.grow, tur n, I ook, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）的后面。

表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。

My mother is a doctor. （名词）Is it yours? （代词）The weather has turned cold. （形容词）The speech is exciting. （现在分词）The door is closed. （过去分词）Three times seven is twenty one. （数词）His job is to teach English. （不定式）His hobby is playing football. （动名词）The machine must be out of order（. 介词短语）Time is up. The class is over. （副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）四）宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面,说明主语“做什么”，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式和宾语从句。

及物动词必须加宾语。

They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. （数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday（. 名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me. （不定式）I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词）I think （that） he is fit for this job. （宾语从句）宾语种类：< 1 > 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）有的动词后面可接双宾语，包括常用来指人的间接宾语和常用来指物的直接宾语。

Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please.间宾直宾直宾间宾※ 这类词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do 等。

带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前, 必须在变换时加“ to ”或“ for ”。

这类词可以归纳为“七给” 一“带” to不少，“买”画“制作”for 来了：1、“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand和“带”（bring）8个及物动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上“to”。

即“ vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如：He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有：get, mail, offer, pay, promise, read, sell, take, teach2、“ buy” （买）；“ draw” （画）；“ make” （制作）三个动词, 在直接宾语前置时，则必须在后边加“for”，构成“vt. + sth. + for+ sb.”Mother bought a new dress for me。

类似动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix, leave, order等。

3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后。

如：Richard made it for him。

理查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me。

把它给我4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask, teach,tell, owe, pay.I asked Joh n.我问约翰I asked a questi on.我问了一个问题I asked John a question我问了约翰一个问题< 2 >复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如：They elected him their mon itor.宾语宾语补足语（五）宾语补足语：有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外，还须加上一个补足语。

如果没有宾补，有时候句子的意思就不完整。

用来补充说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make, let, see, find, name等）或介词（如with）+宾语+宾补女口His father n amed him Dong Ming. （名词）They pain ted their boat white. （形容词）Let the fresh air in. （畐U词）I ask him to go home now. （不定式）We saw her entering the room. （现在分词）He foundthe door locked. （过去分词）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

定语可由名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等来充当。

Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）China is a developing country.（现在分词）America is a developed country. （过去分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词）Hismath is very good. （形容词性物主代词）I am the last personto leave the classroom. （不定式）The teaching plan for nextterm has been worked out. （动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn German.（介词短语）（七）状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，以说明地点, 时间, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件，让步，伴随状态，比较等。

一般由副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词组或短语等来充当。

如：Light travels most quickly. （副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）He is proud to have passed the college en tra nee exam in ation不定式）He is in the room making a model plane. （现在分词短语）Wait a minute. （名词）Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句）How about meeting again at six? （表时间）Last night he didn ' g t to the dance party because of the rain表原因）I shall go there if it doesn'ra t in. （表条件）Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. （表地点）She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （表方式）She came in with a book in her hand. （表伴随状态）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder（. 表目的）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （状语从句表结果）She works very hard though she is old. （状语从句表让步）I am taller than he is. （状语从句表比较）状语的位置：1.only 在句中的位置比较灵活, 但位置不同, 意义也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.2. 两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1）地点状语在前, 时间状语在后.We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2）较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3）一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night.3. 时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I read the newspapersin the morning, but yesterday I readthem in the evening.（八）独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah, 等。