2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解C篇-(带答案精准校对加强版)

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2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试题汇编：阅读理解C篇(带答案已经校对)

Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit(公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark（基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American bench mark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders--is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until 2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. Itwould stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together? There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4 most probably means __________.A. backwardnessB. disappointmentsC. engineersD. problems65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that __________.A. it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting betterKeys:63-66: C D B ASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’ egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Bec ause of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘ava captains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was ‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’ dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic（讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bushfire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look asthough the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s ‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’ relaxed attitude.63. The underlined word “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminalityB. crueltyC. equalityernmentalism64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use language?A. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A. Kangaroos’ living condition s are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australian s’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what cont ributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards lifeKeys: 63-66 CCABSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to fin d out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs o f identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the onlyapproach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavities.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D. Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Keys: 60-62 DCBSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.63.The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________.A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations.B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences.C. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices.D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for other imports.64.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC ____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.65.What is the function of the last paragraph?A. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas for research.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previous paragraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.66.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?A. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in the US.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units. Keys:63-66 BDCDSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than five million different kinds of organisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize this diversity(多样性). In the eighteenthcentury, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating the genus(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog.Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics.Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupin gs. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi as separate kingdoms. The prokaryotes are the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls,giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to__________.A. demonstrate Linna eus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of naming organismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming systemD. illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with lit tle modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms.65. Which of the following is TRUE about protists?A. They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similar characteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification SystemKEYS: 63-66 DDABSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. "One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states." said Nellie Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 "Toubon Law" in France, but the idea has been copied in man y countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultly in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France.The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessary take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields lo defend.63. Neville Alexander believes that?A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. The underlined word “futile” (i n paragraph 2) most probably means “”.A. workableB. practicalC. uselessD. unnecessary65. Why do many English-speaking countries not support the language protection effortsdescribed in the passage?A. They think language protection laws are ineffective.B. They want their language to spread to other countries.C. They have a long history of taking words from other languages.D. It reduces a language's ability to acquire international importance66. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. English has taken over fields like public communication and educationB. Many sheets of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language.D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect their national languages.KEYS: 63-66 D C C BSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need in built intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problemB. Expert crisisC. High costD. Customer interactions64. What can not be interred from the passage about the machine learning?A.Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B.Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解B篇(带答案精确校对)

Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born-in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists—people trained to analyze large bodies of information — key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection system, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital—particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle—are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields request from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The most important factor weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of launching a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend ＄150m a year on a single application and the total bills is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent.Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who canapply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expend their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.A third barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some many master this difficult transition.But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.60. What cannot be inferred from the passage about the machine learning ?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.61. The underlined word in the 3rd paragraph “field s” mostly probably means______________.A. avoidsB. createsC. solvesD. classifies62. Which one is the biggest obstacle for many traditional companies to begin a machine-learning operation ?A. High costB. Expert crisisC. Technological problemD. Customer interactionsKeys: 60-62 D C ASection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Think the world loves your selfies as much as you do? Not exactly.It’s become something of a ritual for many of us. When you’ve binge-watched everything on Netflix and you are tired of online shopping, you head to the bathroom to put on your very best makeup. Y our goal is clear; to get the perfect selfie for Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat…or, more likely, all of the above. After perfecting your eyeliner and curling your lashes, you’re ready. Y ou hold up your phone, pout those lips real tight, and in an instant, snap.But wait, have you ever wondered what’s behind your burning desire to self-document? Most people would say that this is a form of expression or perhaps even a way of boosting their self-esteem. Whatever your reasons may be, the moment you upload that picture, it’s no longer yours to judge. Indeed, you pass over that immense power to the online world.While you may think that your ever-growing collection of selfies endears people to you, quite the opposite may be true. That is, at least, according to a recent study, conducted by Sarah Diefenbach, a professor at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and published in Frontiers in Psychology. Diefenbach surveyed a total of 238 people in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland to find out how many people regularly take and upload selfies and what they thought when others did the same thing.Rather unsurprisingly, a massive 77 percent of the people surveyed admitted to being obsessed with regularly taking selfies. What was more interesting, though, was the fact that an astonishing 82 percent of people said that they would rather see other selfies on social media. Diefenbach calls this the “selfies paradox”: the idea that we like taking selfies but seriously dislike looking at other people’s selfies online.The research didn’t just inquire into whether we want to see selfies, but also looked at how we view our own selfies as opposed to those of others. According to the results, people tend to see the selfies they like as “ self-ironic” and “authentic”, whereas they think that other people’sselfies as “less authentic” and more “self-presentational”.In short, this research suggests that there is a massive gulf of difference between how we see our own selfies and how we judge other people’s pictures. It suggests that we are comfortable with the selfies we post since we believe they are obviously not serious or vain, but we think everyone else is a total egotist for doing the very same thing.“This may explain how everybody can take selfies without feeling narcissistic. If most people think like this, then it is no wonder that the world is full of selfies,” explains Diefenbach. So, as illogical as it sounds, this could be why we unashamedly post selfies and then judge other people for doing so. Somehow, we are able to separate our own selfies from the sea of them online and naively think that ours are the only authentic ones.So, the next time you idly reach for your phone and flick through the filters, consider this: The people around you may not need another carefully planned snap of your face. Instead, you might be better off, giving it a break and calling off the selfie photo shoot today. While you’re at it, make sure you never post these pictures on social media either.60. Which of the following may not be the reason for people uploading their selfies on the Internet?A. To show others what kind of persons they are.B. To be more confident about themselves.C. To encourage others to make comments on them.D. To make others like them more.61. What does the word “paradox”(line 4, paragraph 5) mean?A. complicated statementsB. contradictory statementsC. constructive statementsD. complimentary statements62. According to the passage, what are people’s attitudes towards selfies?A. They tend to like their own selfies more compared with others’ selfies.B. They believe that other people’s selfies are much better than their own.C. They think that other people’s selfies are as genuine as theirs.D. They sometimes feel ashamed of posting selfies on social media.Keys: 60-62 CBASection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Outdoor RecreationGet outdoors with us this summer and experience the excitement and serenity within our unique programs. Research suggests that being physically active within green space helps reduce stress, anxiety, anger and improves moods and overall health and wellbeing. Our Department is integrating experiential activities for you enjoyment.All fitness levels are welcome; we accommodate most accessible needs. Please contact Laurie Wright at lwright utsc utoronto ca with any questions. Trips are offered to registered U of T students first and then if there is space to staff, non-registered students and guests of the participants. Register at recreg utoronto ca or in person at TPASC registration desk.Please check our website for all updated trip dates, prices, registration details and more! Refund are only available up to 5 business days prior to the trip.Upcoming adventuresTBD: Treetop Trekking and Mountain BikingParticipants will travel by bus up to Horseshoe Valley Resort. You may choose between a 3-hour Treetop Trekking adventure or 2 hours of x-country mountain biking through the foresttrails. Treetop Trekking involves zip-lining and climbing through obstacle courses in a serene forest setting. Both adventures will be instructor lead and equipment will be provided. No experience necessary. Beginner to advanced courses will be available.Tuesday, June 13th: Outdoor Rock Climbing OR Hiking TrailsA bus will transport students to Milton to either hike the area or rock climb. The rock climbing will take place at Rattlesnake Point and there is an opportunity for students to challenge themselves to climb up to 80ft on some of the best rock in Southern Ontario. All instructors are fully certified and all equipment will be provided. A custom course will be set up to meet needs of climbers. The hike will take place through some of the Bruce Peninsula trains and Halton Parks. Participants will have over 20kms of trails to choose from. You may hike with a group or follow the map trails with some friends.Friday, June 30th (tentative date): Warsaw CavesThe Warsaw Caves Conservation Area and Campground takes its name from a series of seven caves found in the park. Join us as we explain the multiple courses and have a picnic lunch. Com enjoy this natural underground jungle gym.......60. If you are U of T teaching staff member who would like to take part in these programs, what kind of trouble could you come across?A. You can’t get your fees for Tuesday trip back if you cancel it the previous Monday.B. These outdoor adventures exhaust you psychologically so that you are in low spirits.C. There is no space for you because registered students enjoy the priority.D. The program of exploring Warsaw Caves underground is sure to change its date.61. All the pictures below precisely illustrate the activities mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________.A. B.C. D.62. Which of the following is likely to be the next item mentioned in this passage?A. Friday, October 6th, Canoeing & Kayaking on the Humber River.B. Thursday, August 10th of Friday, August 11th: Biking at Studio 1.C. Wednesday, July 19th. Regular Checkup (Men’s only) on Millitary Trail.D. August 25-27th White Water Rafting on the Ottawa River.Keys: 60-61 CADSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics 控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purposewhich we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.58. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may__________.A. run out of human controlB. satisfy human’s real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician59. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to____________.A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB. achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches60. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ____________.A.help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots’ affecting the world61. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.Keys: 58-61 AADCSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)4 Hotels That Will Make Your Life EasierBy John BrandonFor the business traveler who’s all about efficiency: check out these hotels that will get you in and out with a minimum trouble.When you’re pressed for time on a business trip, nothing can infuriate you more than a slow hotel check-in process. On your next trip, try these hotels that offer a speedier check-in process. 1. Yotel New YorkThe self-service kiosks at this high-tech New York -hotel are open 24x7 and work just like the ones you’d see at an airport. There are just five-steps to register and obtain your card key. There's even a robotic luggage bellboy. You tap in the number of bags you're carrying and sizes, then wait for a robot arm to swing down and store your luggage in a locker(say, for a day trip). This also speeds up the check-in process if the first thing you need to do, like me,is head to a series of meetings.2. Marriott Detroit AirportAnother option for business travelers in a hurry: Marriott is rolling out its mobile check-in app to 325 hotels this year, including the Marriott Detroit Airport hotel. (I’ve tested the app itself but not for a real visit quite yet.) here is the basic idea: you download the iPhone or Android app. The night before, you can “check-in” virtually. When you arrive, you get an alert that the room isready and your key, which is already tied to your reservation, is waiting for you at the desk.3. Hyatt Regency MinneapolisI happened to stay at this hotel recently and liked haw fast the kiosk check-in works. Like the Yotel, the kiosk asks you to insert your credit card, similar to an airport terminal. The whole process took about 3' minutes. When I left, I was equally impressed with the fast check-out：An agent meets you in the lobby with, an iPad and asks for an email to use for a receipt. The big advantage: you never have to wait in line.4. Radisson LaCrosseThe Radisson is trying to make the kiosk process even faster. At a few select hotels like the Radisson Lacrosse in Wisconsin，you use a mobile app to register the then receive a barcode by email or text. When you get to the kiosk, you can scan the barcode to get your key without any other steps required. It's super fast. You can find this new check-in system at the Radisson hotels in Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Phoenix as well.60. What does the word ‘infuriate’, in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?A. annoyB. remindC. amuseD. impress61. Which two hotels offer a mobile app for customers to check in ?A. Yotel New York and Marriott Detroit AirportB. Marriott Detroit Airport and Radisson LaCrosseC. Marriott Detroit Airport and Hyatt Regency MinneapolisD. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis and Radisson LaCrosse62. Which hotel will send you a receipt by email?A. Yotel New York'B. Marriott Detroit AirportC. Radisson LaCrosseD. Hyatt Regency MinneapolisKeys: 60-62 ABDSix【2018届上海市交大附中高三下学期开学考试题】Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)About Old Faithful – The Most Famous Geyser(间歇性喷泉) in the WorldDiscovered in 1870 by the Washburn Expedition, Old Faithful geyser was named for its frequent eruptions — which number more than a million since Yellowstone became the world’s first national park in 1872.When does Old Faithful erupt?Basic prediction of Old Faithful is dependent upon the duration of the previous eruption. During visitor center hours, geyser statistics and predictions are maintained by the naturalist staff. People speak of the average time between eruptions. This is misleading. The mathematical average between eruptions of Old Faithful is currently 74 minutes, but it doesn’t like to act average! Intervals can range from 60-110 minutes. Visitors can check for posted prediction times in most buildings in the Old Faithful area.How high does Old Faithful erupt and how long will it last?Old Faithful can vary in height from 100-180 feet with an average near 130-140 feet. This59. You and your friend just watched the eruption of Old Faithful at 12:26 p.m., at what time is itpossible for you to enjoy the next one?A. 13:10B. 14:06C. 15:06D. 13:1660. Which one of the following statement about Old Faithful is true?A. The geyser’s name gives people an indication that it always erupts regularly, about 20 timeseach day, once every 74 minutes.B. When it is erupting, people should keep a safe distance from that due to the huge amount ofwater it expels as well as its freezing coldness.C. If visitors want to check the eruption time, they may refer to the posted timetables, on whichthe predictions are calculated by the naturalists.D. Old Faithful is a well-known geyser which can expel at least 3700 gallons water each timeand it’s located in the world’s largest national park.61. Where does the article most probably appear?A. Local travel pamphlets introducing Yellowstone.B. The Yellowstone official website.C. A recently-issued guide book on Yellowstone.D. A travel magazine column about Yellowstone.Keys: 59-61 CDASection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( B )Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that’s not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn’t even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren’t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me forsuch a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you have values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.Now I’m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile（协调）engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t’ mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.60.The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he_________ .A)wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality.B)intended to be a combination of engineer and humanist.C)wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.D)intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals.61.In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected___________.A)to have an excellent academic record.B)to be wise and mature.C)to be imaginative with a value system to guide him.D)to be a technical genius with a wide vision.62.The author’s experience shows that he was___________.A)creative B) ambitious C) unrealistic D) irrationalKeys: 60-62 BDCEight 【2018届上海市复旦附中高三英语教学质量调研试题】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Learning English Video Project1. Encounters in the UK (17 minutes)Watch | CommentsEncounters in the UK is the first film in this documentary mini-series. It tells thestory of four girls from different countries who travel to Cambridge in England tostudy with local families in what is called a “homestay” arrangement. For the fourgirls the homestay arrangement is a positive experience. As one of the homestayhosts explains: “It’s going to be a great experience, not only in terms of learningEnglish, but in learning about life.”Watch with: subtitles | transcript | no subtitles | Comments2. Stories from Morocco (16 minutes)Watch | CommentsSet in Casablanca, Morocco, this film features footage and interviews focusing onkey questions such as “Why are people learning English?” and “What tips andadvice car learners offer?” Staff and learners discuss the advantages and challengesof English language learning in Morocco. Interviewees touch on a variety of topicsincluding British vs American accents, multi-level classrooms, and the similarities ofEnglish to French and Spanish.Watch with Subtitles | Watch without Subtitles | Comments3. Thoughts from Brazil (17 minutes)Watch | CommentsLike Insights from China, Thoughts from Brazil also looks at modern trends inlearning English, especially for children and teens, it will be of particular interest toall those who long for a learning experience that is more interactive and communicative. Teens and young adults will find new ideas for combining personalinterests such as music, gaming and social media with self-study. As Daniel Emmerson talks to learners and teachers of English in Sao Paulo, Brazil, hediscovers that many of them have found for themselves the principle of learning bydoing and have readily adapted it to the Internet era.Watch with Subtitles | Watch without Subtitles | Comments59. From the passage we can conclude that “Learning English Video Project” is most probably .A. an online language learning courseB. audio documents on language learningC. a series of short video programsD. a set of films on English-speaking countries60. If someone is interested in the comparison between English and other languages, he might be interested to watch .A. Encounters in the UKB. Stories from MoroccoC. Thoughts from BrazilD. Insights from China61. What can we know about English learning in Sao Paulo, Brazil?A. Classroom teaching is more interactive and communicative.B. Homestay arrangement provides positive experience for learners.C. The Internet and games plays a major role in language learning.D. The principle of learning by doing is widely accepted by learners.Keys: 59-61 CBDNine 【2018届上海市光明中学高三英语上学期开学考试题】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ，B ，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Gray LineDiscover Brisbane and surrounds with Gray LineBrisbane.Their widerange of tours in air -conditioned coaches, combined with theguide'sexpert knowledge, ensures a day to remember.Brisbane City Morning Tour (tour B481)Departs: daily 9:00 am.Returns: 11:45 am.Discover this vibrant city with its charming architecture,colonial history and enjoy the sweeping views of the city and Brisbane River from Kangaroo Point Cliffs.-Cathedral Square -Parliament House -Windmill -Anzac Square-City Hall -Chinatown -Captain Cook and Story BridgeAdult Concession Child $69 $67 $45。

上海市2018届高考压轴卷英语试题

绝密★启封前2018上海市高考压轴卷英语第I卷(共103分)Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. 2 liters. B. 13 liters. C. 26 liters. D. 52 liters.2. A. In an English class. B. In a swimming pool.C. On a bus.D. In a sporting goods store.3. A. By bus. B. By underground. C. By taxi. D. By car.4. A. Doctor and patient. B. Teacher and student.C. Employer and Employee.D. Salesman and customer.5. A. Have a lesson. B. Take a test.C. See a film.D. Go to bed.6. A. Difficult. B. Memorable.C. Uninteresting.D. Worthwhile.7. A. She wants a bottle of juice. B. She’d like some alcohol.C. The red wine in this bar is perfect.D. The location of the bar is unknown.8. A. An excellent résumé. B. An entry form.C. A job offer.D. The position of system engineer.9. A. It’s famous. B. It’s professional.C. It’s expensive.D. It’s cheating.10. A. The 26-month-old baby is always busy watching videos.B. TV and videos may hurt a child’s language development.C. Nothing can replace parents in kids’ language development.D. Children usually watch TV too passively to learn something.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear one longer conversation and two short passages, and you will beasked several questions on each of the conversation and the passages. The conversation and the passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following dialogue.11. A. Encouraging. B. Dishonest. C. Interesting. D. Nervous.12. A. How to start his own business. B. How to develop a real interest.C. How to speak to a woman bravely.D. How to balance his study and work.13. A. He has too loose a schedule. B. He loves the feeling with students.C. He is dissatisfied with his current job.D. He wants to determine his future development.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Kids threw litter everywhere.B. The camp director gave rude orders.C. Some mysterious plastic litter was found.D. Kids’ joint efforts led to a clean camp.15. A. By taking pictures of litter he picked up.B. By sharing photos of the terribly dirty planet.C. By keeping a record of crowdsourced cleaning-up.D. By inspiring kids to pick up five pieces of litter every day.16. A. There is strength in numbers. B. Birds can help to pick up litter.C. Litter is artistic and approachable.D. More straws should be used in the café.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following passage.17. A. To enable students to reject violence.B. To help students face struggles more properly.C. To improve students’ health.D. To eliminate poverty more effectively.18. A. How to calm down by talking to experts.B. How to clear their mind throughout the day.C. How to make their teachers happy.D. How to respond to situations better.19. A. More students dropped out last year.B. There is less bad behavior on campus.C. Students are less responsible for their study.D. More students are willing to be sent to the office.20. A. Its effect remains to be seen.B. Everyone can benefit from it.C. It helps to get rid of poverty to some extent.D. There is enough evidence to show its significance.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.On the morning of September 11, 2001, computer sales manager Michael Hingson , who is blind , went early to his office on the 78th floor of the North Tower of the World Trade Center to prepare for a meeting . As Michael worked , his guide dog , a Labrador retriever ___21____(name) Roselle, dozed by his feet.At 8:46 a.m, a tremendous boom rocked the building , eliciting screams throughout the floor . Michael grabbed Roselle , trusting that the dog ___22____(lead) out of the danger, and they navigated their way to a stairwell.“Forward,” Machael instructed , and they descended the first of 1,463 steps to the lobby.___23____ about ten floors , the stairwell grew crowded and hot ,and the fumes from jet fuel had made it hard to breathe. When a woman became crazy , yelling that they wouldn’t make it. Roselle accompanied the woman ___24_____she finally petted the dog , calmed herself , and kept walking down the stairs.Around the 30th floor, firefighters started passing Michael on their way up . Each one stopped to offer him assistance. He declined but let Roselle be petted, __25___ (provide) many of the firefighters with ____26___ would be their last experience of unconditional love.After about 45 minutes ,Michael and Roselle reached __27___ booby ,and 15 minutes later ,they emerged outside to a scene of chaos . Suddenly the police yelled for everyone to run as the South Tower began to collapse.Michael kept a tight grip o n Roselle’s harness , using voice and hand commands, as they ran to a street opposite the crumbling tower . The street bounced like a trampoline , and “a deafening roar” like a hellish freight train filled the air. Hours later , Michael andRoselle made it home safely . At that moment , they thought they were ___28____(lucky ) in the world.In 2004, Roselle developed a blood disorder , ___29___ prevented her from guiding and touring . She died in 2011.“ I ___30___ (have) many other dogs ,” Mechael wrote , “but there is only one Roselle.”Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.For thousands of commuting students, Chabot was our Columbia, Annapolis, even our Sorbonne, offering courses in physics, stenography, auto mechanics, ___31___ public accounting, foreign languages, journalism—name the art or science, the subject or trade, and it was probably in the ___32___. The college had a nursing program that churned out graduates, sports teams that funneled athletes to big-time programs, and parking for a few thousand cars—all ___33___, but for the effort and the cost of used textbooks.Classmates included veterans back from Vietnam, women of every marital and maternal status returning to school, middle-aged men wanting to improve their employment ___34___ and paybacks. We could get our general education requirement out of the way at Chabot—credits we could ___35___ to a university—which made those two years an invaluable head start. I was able to go on to the California State University in Sacramento (at $95 a semester, just ___36___ affordable) and study no other subject but my major, theater arts. (After a year there I moved on, enrolling in a little thing called the School of Hard Knocks, a.k.a. Life.)“By som e fluke of the punch-card computer era, I made Chabot’s dean’s list taking classes I loved (oral interpretation), classes I hesitated (health, a requirement), classes I aced, and classes I ___37___ after the first hour (astronomy, because it was all math). I nearly failed zoology, killing my fruit flies by neglect, but got lucky in an English course, “The College Reading Experience.” The books of Carlos Castaneda were incomprehensible to me (and still are), but my___38___ presentation on the analytic process called structural dynamics was hailed as clear and concise, though I did nothing more than embellish the definition I had looked up in the dictionary.A public-speaking class was unforgettable for a couple of reasons. First, the assignments forced us to get over our ___39___. Second, another student was a stewardess, as flight attendants called themselves in the 70’s. She was studying communications and was gorgeous. She lived not far from me, and when my VW threw a rod and was in the shop for a week, she offered me a lift to class. I rode shotgun thatMonday-Wednesday-Friday, ___40___ tongue-tied. Communicating with her one-on-one was the antithesis of public speaking.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It’s a high-risky, multibillion-dollar industry with tight deadlines, demanding customers and lives in danger.The business is 41 . And it’s booming.The number of jobs for translators and interpreters doubled in the past 10 years while their wages steadily 42 before, during and after the recession. During a period of stagnating (停滞的) wages across the labor market, the language-service industry with its 50,000 jobs is a 43 spot in the jobs outlook.Lillian Clementi is a French translator working in corporate communications from her home in Arlington, Massachusetts and is routin ely on tight deadlines to hand in translated material. “The risks can be huge,” said Clementi, “There’s tons of 44 pressure.”In some cases, a(n) 45 translation or interpretation is also vital. If a user’s guide for medical equipment is not translated well, it could lead to 46 during an emergency. Soldiers in conflict areas require excellent interpreters to speak with community members. Any change of tone or context could put lives 47 .Translators’ and interpreters’ immunity (免疫力) to the nation’s economic downturn also 48 the growing demand for people who can speak several languages in an increasingly globalized economy, experts said.“Good translators who 49 a particular subject and become really good at it can really make six-digit figures annually,” said Jiri Stejskal, spokesman for the American Translators Association. Multinational corporations, U.S. demographic (人口的) changes and the Internet economy raise the need for translated and localized information. Companies increasingly want their content 50 to the tongue of the town, even between dialects of the same language.“As more people 51 the worldwide economy, that’s going to drive more commerce, and that’s going to drive more language services,” said Bill R ivers, executive director of the National Council for Language and International Studies in the Washington region.52 , qualifications for translators and interpreters are not as simple as they may seem. Speaking two languages does not mean a person can work in the language-service industry, experts said. Learning how to translate or interpret is a 53 skill beyond knowing the language.Furthermore, the most successful translators and interpreters maintain a 54 , such as legaldocuments, quarterly earnings reports or a special knowledge of industry.Technological advances may cut jobs in some industries, but online translation services like Google Translate 55 raise demand for human translators and interpreters, experts said. Online sales companies also drive demand for translation.41．A. tourism B. language C. technology D. economy42．A. shrank B. changed C. grew D. remained43．A. bright B. scenic C. historic D. tough44．A. money B. peer C. blood D. time45．A. proper B. quick C. direct D. innovative46．A. disease B. depression C. violence D. confusion47．A. in order B. at risk C. under control D. out of state48．A. highlights B. understands C. increases D. resists49．A. set up B. depend on C. specialize in D. object to50．A. limited B. accustomed C. related D. tailored51．A. agree with B. have access to C. are confident of D. insist on52．A. Instead B. Therefore C. However D. Otherwise53．A. separate B. genetic C. learnable D. worthwhile54．A. certificate B. diploma C. strategy D. specialty55．A. automatically B. respectively C. actually D. immediatelySection BDirection：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start byraising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."56．The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting57．We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes58．In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them59．It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly（B）Welcome to the British Museum, the grandest and the most spectacular of human history. Theadmission is free and we open every day from 10:00 to 15:30. You can explore 10 departments including: The Department of Africa, Oceania and the AmericasThe collection of the Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas includes around 350,000 objects. The scope of the collection is contemporary, and historical. It includes most of Africa, the Pacific and Australia, as well as the Americas. All of the collections were got during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and date from this time.The Department of AsiaThe Department of Asia covers the material and visual cultures of Asia –a vast geographical area of Japan, Korea, China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, South Asia and South-East Asia. The collection dates from about 4000 BC, to the present day. It represents the cultures and ways of life of local people and other minority groups.The Department of Greek and Roman EmpiresThe Department of Greek and Roman Empires features antiquities (古董). It has one of the most comprehensive collections of antiquities from the Classical world, with over 100,000 objects. These mostly range in date from the beginning of the Greek Bronze Age (about 3200BC) to the time of the Roman emperor Constantine in the fourth century AD.60. The scope of the Department of Africa, Oceania and Americas doesn’t include______.A. AfricaB. AustraliaC. the South AmericaD. Britain61. The earliest collection is from ______.A. The Department of Africa, Oceania and the AmericasB. The Department of AsiaC. The Department of Greek and Roman EmpiresD. All of the above62. The Department of Asia represents ______.A. the geographic features of AsiaB. the relationships between Asian countriesC. the life styles and cultural traditions of some peoplesD. the cultural fights between some native groups(C)“Does my smile look big in this?” Future fitting-room mirrors in clothing stores could subtly adjust your reflection to make you look ─and hence feel ─happier, encouraging you to like what you see. That’s the idea behind the Emotion Evoking System developed by Shigeo Yoshida and colleagues at the University of Tokyo in Japan. The system can manipulate, or in other word, control your emotions and personal preferences by presenting you with an image of your own smiling or frowning face.The principle that physiological changes can drive emotional ones ─that laughter comes beforehappiness, rather than the other way around ─is a well-established idea.The researchers wanted to see if this idea could be used to build a computer system that manipulates how you feel. The system works by presenting the user with a web-camera image of his or her face ─as if they were looking in a mirror. The image is then subtly altered with software, turning the corners of the mouth up or down and changing the area around the eyes, so that the person appears to smile or frown (皱眉).Without telling them the aim of the study, the team recruited (招募) 21 volunteers and asked them to sit in front of the screen while performing an unrelated task. When the task was complete the participants rated how they felt. When the faces on screen appeared to smile, people reported that they felt happier. On the other hand, when the image was given a sad expression, they reported feeling less happy.Yoshida and his colleagues tested whether manipulating the volunteers’ emotional state would influence their preferences. Each person was given a scarf to wear and again presented with the altered webcam image. The volunteers that saw themselves smiling while wearing the scarf were more likely to report that they liked it, and those that saw themselves not smiling were less likely.The system could be used to manipulate consumers’ imp ressions of products, say the researchers. For example, mirrors in clothing-store fitting rooms could be replaced with screens showing altered reflections. They also suggest people may be more likely to find clothes attractive if they see themselves looking happy while trying them on.“It’s certainly an interesting area,” says Chris Creed at the University of Birmingham, UK. But he notes that using such technology in a shop would be harder than in the lab, because people will use a wide range of expressions. “Attempting to make slight differences to these and ensuring that the reflected image looks believable would be much more challenging,” he says.Of course, there are also important moral questions surrounding such subtly manipulative technology. “You could argue that if it makes people happy what harm is it doing?” says Creed. “But I can imagine that many people may feel manipulated, uncomfortable and cheated if they found out.”63．What’s the main purpose of the Emotion Evoking System?A. To see whether o ne’s feeling can be unconsciously affected.B. To see whether one’s facial expressions can be altered.C. To see whether laughter comes before happiness.D. To replace the mirrors in future clothing-store fitting rooms.64．What can we learn about the web-camera image in the study?A. It recorded the volunteers’ performance in the task.B. It gave the volunteers a false image.C. It attempted to make the volunteers feel happier.D. It beautified the volunteers’ appearance in the mirror.65．What does Creed mention as a limitation of the technology?A. It only changes the areas around the mouth and the eyes.B. It only works in clothing stores.C. It only makes subtle changes to people’s expressions.D. It only deals with a limited number of facial expressions.66．What does Creed’s comment on the moral issues with this technology imply?A. Nothing is more important than happiness.B. Technology is unable to manipulate people.C. People should make their decisions independently.D. People should neglect the harm of the technology.Section CDirections : Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Suppose you become a leader in an organization . It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities . To do so , it should help understand why people undertake volunteer word and what keeps their interest in the work.Let’s begin with the question of why people vol unteer . ___________67_______________For example , people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness , to expand their range of experiences , and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate . To select volunteers , you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so . To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately , these programs can shift people’s wish of participating from an internal factor(e.g.,’I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor(e.g., ‘ I volunteer because I’m required to do so .”) . When that happens people become less likely to volunteer in the future._________68______________Once people begin to volunteer ,what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question , researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance , one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year . One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.____69______ the researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.”Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.______70________ . Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to s tatements such as “Volunteeringin Hospital is an important part of who I am .” “ Consistent with the researchers “ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results , once again , lead to concrete advice:” Once an individual begins volunteering ,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity -------- Item like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.”A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs.B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a mustC. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work.D. Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work.E. Although this result may not surprise you ,it leads to important practical advice.F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.Section DDirections : Read the following passage , Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words . Use your own words as far as possible.In the United States alone , over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phone are part of a a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver . A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste , the concentration (含氟) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals . Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed , the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries , in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more materials, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products . Consider again the cell-phone , and imagine the mines that produced those metals , the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in . Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “ the production , distribution , and use of products ------as well as management of the resulting waste-----all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start ---- for instance , buying reusable products and recyclingIn many countries the concept of the extended producer responsibility is being considered or has。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--六选四(带答案精准校对提高版)

Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the “C” her child received on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay,” recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade. “______67______”In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving pare nts in their children’s education is a priority at their school, but only 25％described their experience working with parents as “very satisfying.” _____68______73％of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phones and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parent-teacher c onference, it’s harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share. _____69_____ But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic.When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn't necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. _____70______According to research based on the NationalEducation Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25,000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision. school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related to academic achievement.Keys: 67-70 D E A FSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Guns have a special place in American culture, and though not everyone agrees on whether or not they are a good thing, there is no mistaking that they will be part of the cultural landscape for some time. To answer the question, no, not everyone has a gun._____67_____.Americans use guns for one of two uses: either for sport, where they can use them on firing ranges or for hunting in approved areas, or for self-protection. The latter is where most people begin lo take sides, either arguing for the removal of guns from society or allowing more people to have hem. There are organizations and community groups for both sides and both sides have strong feelings.Legally, there are restrictions on gun owners._____68_____.Only certain kinds of weapons can be purchased by the public, and that excludes automatic weapon and military grade weaponryGun owners must transport their weapon in a safe way, unloaded and in most cases, out of sight. Special—concealed carry permits from the police station must be obtained for people who want to wear weapon, and most people are rejected for this kind of permit. ______69______. Criminals steal guns or buy them illegally to commit crimes, and the news is foil of terrible stories of what happened next. Occasionally a child will get a hold of legal weapon and accidentally hurt themselves or others.It is important to remember, however, that the news stories that make the United States seem like a dangerous place are deceiving; guns are not everywhere or constant.______70_____. After all. America is a safe place to live.Keys: 67-70 DAFCSection CDirections: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note there are tow more sentences than you need.Globalization has significantly influenced food consumption in most parts of world, but one country whose food has a long history of being globalized is Italy. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at least one Italian restaurant. Furthermore, Italy hasseen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries.Food has always been very important for Italian families. Italians take a lot of pride in the making and preparation of food. Until recently, pasts---a basic Italian food--- would have been made by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home._______67_______.Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the last five years, according to one manufacturer. _______68_____. This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.These changes have both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, globalization has increased the range of food available in Italy. Italians now have much more choice in terms of what they eat. They also do not need to spend so long preparing and making food, unless of course they want to. In contrast, it can be argued that large restaurant chains are becoming increasingly powerful, resulting in the destruction of local and national specialties. _______69______._______70_______. Convenience foods have replaced many of the traditional home-cooked meals, and the availability of foreign fruits has greatly increased. While this extra choice is welcomed by some, others fear that the damage it may cause to Italian traditions.Keys: 67-70 C D B FSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.B.C.E.F.“My work is done.” Those words were some of the last penned by George Eastman. He included them in his suicide note. They mark an ignoble end to a noble life, the leave taking of a truly great man. The same words could now be said for the company he left behind. Actually, the Eastman Kodak Company is through. It has been mismanaged financially, technologically and competitively. ______67______. One of America’s bedrock brands is about to disappear, the Kodak moment has passed.But George Eastman is not how he died, and the Eastman Kodak Company is not how it is being killed. Though the ends be needless and premature, they must not be allowed to overshadow the greatness that came before. Few companies have done so much good for so many people, or defined and lifted so profoundly the spirit of a nation and perhaps the world. ______68______.Kodak served mankind through entertainment, science, national defense and the stockpiling of family memories. Kodak took us to the top of Mount Suribachi and to the Sea of Tranquility. It introduced us to the merry old Land of Oz and to stars from Charlie Chaplin to John Wayne, and Elizabeth Taylor to Tom Hanks. _____69_____. When that sailor kissed the nurse, and when the spy planes saw missiles in Cuba, Kodak was the eyes of a nation. From the deck of the Missouri to the grandeur of Monument Valley, Kodak took us there. Virtually every significant image of the 20th Century is a gift to generation from the Eastman Kodak Company. _____70_____. Yes, there were photographers, and for relatively large sums of money they would take unnatural pictures in studios and formal settings. But most people couldn’t afford photographs, and so all they had to remember distant loved ones, or earlier times of their lives, was memory. Children could not know what their parents had looked like as young people, grandparents far away might never learn what their grandchildren looked like. Eastman Kodak allowed memory to move from the uncertainty ofrecollection, to the permanence of a photograph. But it wasn’t just people whose features were savable; it was events, the precious times that families cherish. The Kodak moment, was humanity’s moment.Keys: 67-70 DFACSection CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Choosing the right job is probably one of the most important decisions we have to make in life, and it is frequently one of the hardest decisions we have to make. One important question that you might ask yourself is “How do I get a good job?”_______67______.There are people who can answer an insignificant advertisement in the local paper and land the best job in the world; others write to all sorts of places all over the country, and never seem to get a reply at all．Still others believe that the in person, door-to-door approach is by far the best way to get a job; and then there are those who, through no active decision of their own, just seem to be in the right place at the right time．______68_______. He used to spend a lot of his free time down by the sea watching the tall ships, but never thinking that he might one day sail one of them．His father was a farmer, and being a sailor could never be anything for the boy but an idle dream．One day, on his usual wandering, he heard the captain of the ship complaining that he could not sail because one member of his crew was sick．Without stopping to think, the lad（少年）offered to take his place．_____69______._______70______. If the lad had gone home to ponder（考虑）his decision for a week, he may have missed his chance．It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.Sometimes we hear stories about people who break all the rules and still seem to land plum jobs（美差）．When you go for a job interview or fill out an application, you are expected to say nice things about the company to which you are applying．But there was one person who landed an excellent job by telling the interviewer all the company’s faults. :And within a year this person had become general manger of the company.Keys: 67-70 BDAFSection CDirections:Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two sentences than you need.This is a dangerous world we live in.The number of murders goes up every year,people are dying of cancer, more people contract（感染）HIV,more teens are using drugs,etc.You know this because you've heard all the statistics on the news and in the paper. _____67______. The numbers are going up,but how do they compare to the growth in population? Are more cases of these diseases being reported because of better testing techniques,or are the diseases more common?The fact is that without knowing the background statistics mean very little.______68______. For example,several years ago a high school student reported the dangersof the chemical known as dihydrogen monoxide（一氧化二氢）.This chemical,found in most cancerous umors（肿瘤）,is often found in the blood of people drunk on alcohol,and causes complete physical and mental dependence for those who take the chemical even once.After reading his report,more than 75% of his Advanced Placement Chemistry class voted to forbid this dangerous chemical!Every one of the above statements is true,yet this chemical is necessary to all life on earth.The students made the mistake because they voted knowing only a few statements and statistics,rather than the chemical's full background._______69______. When one finds a new fact or number,one should try to consider other important information before forming an opinion with only half-truths.Always remember that the author is trying to convince you of his or her own view,and will leave out information that is different to his view.For example,look again at the statistics that suggest skiing is safe.Only people may die each year when skiing,while 897 die from lightning strikes,but which is really the most dangerous?If you think about it,you realize far fewer people go skiing each year than the number of people who are in danger of a lightening strike.When you think about it,skiing is more dangerous than you might at first think when looking at statistics. ______70_____. To be warned is to be prepared.Keys: BCFESection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Today’s workplace is unique in history. Never before have we seen people working together who represent such different backgrounds and experiences. This difference of age, race, gender, and work style makes it very difficult to organize and run a company.________67_______. Increasingly, managers are discovering that age differences among workers are a major cause of concern.This has been an important realization. The management difficulties and challenges have led some experts to study intergenerational differences for an understanding of problems in the workplace. What they have discovered is interesting and may provide ways of improving working conditions in companies that employ individuals from different generations.The first thing to realize, they say, is that differences of opinion about the importance of work and how to get work done are not a coincidence. _______68_______. In fact, if employers do not pay attention to these differences, it is possible that anger will build up between people and lead to difficulties in the company.Resentment (仇恨) between members of different generations, if not attended to, can lead to extreme anger and unhappiness and even lasting enmity(敌意) if people are not careful. ________69_______. It is natural for individuals from the same generation to form alliances (联盟), to come together for protection. Different generations represent different experiences in life, and these lead naturally to different opinions about oneself and one’s approaches to work.If you were raised in a time of plenty, when products were readily available and relatively inexpensive, you would believe that prosperity is natural and expectable. If, on the other hand, you were raised in a time of scarcity, you would always be careful not to waste things for fear you would not have enough. You would make angry people who seem to believe that problems will always solve themselves. ________70________. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to achieve a happy, agreeable atmosphere in the workplace.Keys: 67-70 C A F DSection C.Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two extra sentences than you need.As recently as 15 years ago, if you wanted to catch up on the news, you could look at a handful of publications or a few nightly programs. And if you wanted to listen to music, you could turn on MTV or fiddle with your radio. People in major cities had more opinions, because a large population can support specialty shops. _______67______ .Today, as we all know, access to information has exploded. One consequence, according to Toure, a cultural critic writing in Salon, is that the ability of pop culture to unify us- he refers to the massive interest in Michael Jackso n’s Thriller, or Nirvana’s Never mind-has been eroded, probably forever. Steven Hyden, also writing in Salon, counters that whatever the advantages and disadvantages of a centralized pop-culture authority, the monoculture never actually existed._______68______. Even when it supposedly existed, its content largely depended on other characteristics of your little corner of the world. In the 1992-1993 school year, I was a student at a multiracial and relatively urban junior high school in California’s central valley. We listened to Salt-n-Pepa, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Kris Kross, with the latter having inspired a trend in which kids wore their clothes backwards. The next year I was enrolled in a mostly white junior high school in leafy Chiago suburb. One of the houses was famous for having appeared in the 1990 film “Home Alone”; the popular bands were Nirvana, Hole and the Smashing Pumpkins; and the biggest pop- cultural event of the school year was Kurt Cobain’s suicide.But Toure’s point is about the virtues of common cultural experience. It seems he is recallingcentralized media only insofar as it’s a distribution system that fostered that outcome. _______69_______. It doesn’t matter whether a record is released by an important label or an indie (独立制片人); if it’s online, people can usually find, forward,share and promote it. But what’s interesting and perhaps surprising, given that both Toure and Mr Hyden seem to agree that the old distribution favored big media- is that we still have widely shared cultural experiences. Just think of Barack Obama doing the little hand gesture from Beyoncé’s “Single Ladies ” video._______70_______. It’s safe to say that the monoculture never really existed,and that some artists still reach a wide audience, whether we like it or not.Keys: 67-70 BDFASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur (诋毁) on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let theteenagers see that they are annoyed. ______67______. Such a loss of dignity and a kind of childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the teenager, and makes them decide that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.Disillusionment(醒悟) with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.______68______. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and correctness, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this teen-aged reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by offending and resisting it. The teenagers, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. ______69______.Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating（伪装）behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too frightened to let them know how they really felt. ______70______. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.Keys: 67-80 FBEDSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentenceThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories - but not for everyone.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do._______67_______.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan.11,1964, by the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation's attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today,many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. _______68______. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19._______69______. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack -- three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York's. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor.______70_______. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.Keys: 67-70 DFACSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.It is a truth universally acknowledged that Pride and Prejudice by English novelist Jane Austen is one of the most popular. tales ever written. ______67______. In her own time, Austen's name never appeared on her books.In Pride and Prejudice, she was simply the author of Sense and Sensibility, which had carried the title By a Lady." The anonymity (匿名）worked so well that even friends of the Austen family had no idea that dear, sweet Jane was a novelist. A friend of Jane's brother Henry actually told him that Pride and Prejudice was "much too clever to be the work of a woman."______68______. Tom Paine, a Founding Father of the United States, kept his identity hidden for a short time after the publication of his famous Common Sense. For a woman, however, there was the added burden of societal expectations. Any sort of publishing or public display of talent was considered improper behavior for a woman. As Virginia Woolf, another English writer, declared in A Room of One's Own: "I would dare to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman."It wasn't only fear about "bad manners" that discouraged women from writing under theirown names._______69_______. Charlotte Bronte author of Jane Eyre, once sent her poetry to Robert Southey, a famous poet. Southey simply responded: "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life." Bronte used her pen name, Currer Bell, to publish Jane Eyre in 1847. Her sister Emily published Wuthering Heights as Ellies Bell in the same year.The 20th century saw great progress towards gender equality. In theory, it should be unnecessary for women writers to follow Austen's path any longer, unless driven by personal reasons._______70______. Joanne Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, was advised to become J.K. Rowling. That's because boys might dislike the feeling of picking up a book by a woman, Connie Ann Kirk explained in her biography (传记)of Rowling.Keys: 67-70 F C B DSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The use of mobile wallet is growing. In fact, total mobile transaction is expected to increase almost 32% from 2016-2017 globally, to USD1.35 trillion in 2017, according to a study by Juniper Research.______67______. In a study released by Discover Global Network and 451 Research, 52percent of respondents aged 25-34 say they believe mobile payments are more secure than traditional credit cards. But just 24 percent of respondents aged 55 and older say they can rest assured.So, how can retailers and wallet providers build a foundation of trust and begin to shift consumer perceptions? One word: tokenization（标记化）.Tokenization is the process of substituting a cardholder’s 16-digit account number with a payment token. Payment tokens limit the impact of a data breach（破坏）because tokens are limited to use on specific devices, for specific merchants, for specific types of goods and services. If a data breach occurs, the payment token is immediately removed and replaced with a new one. _____68_____.Here are three benefits to tokenization you should begin educating your consumers on:1. Restricted control limit usage of each payment token to a specific merchant. _____69______.Thus, its value can be reduced to hackers seeking to commit online fraud(欺诈).2. Payment tokens can reduce the need for cardholders to manually update their payment information when their card number changes. If a merchant stores tokens instead of PANs on their e-commerce site and the customer’s payment card is lost, stolen or expired, the payment token automatically updates on the customer’s merchant profile.3. _______70______. By storing payment tokens instead of the customer’s card number, the customer only needs to enter his or her CVV or CV2 number to complete the transaction.Keys: 67-70 A D F ESection CDirections:After reading the passage below, choose the best answers from the six statements according to what you have just read.In the 19th century, millions of European went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life. Many of them couldn’t find work in cities like New York. ______67______. The people, called settlers, travelled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trail.Some of these people hoped to find gold in California. The journey sometimes took more than one year. There are a lot of films, called Westerns, about the settlers on the trail. In most of the film, we see the Native Americans (American Indians) attacking the settlers, and the “Indians” killing many white people. ______68_____. In fact, most of them were very helpful to the settlers.It is true that the settlers’ journey was extremely difficult. Many of them walked 3,200 kilometres, the whole length of the trail. The had wagons, but the wagons were often too full, so people could not travel in them. ______69______. The people were very poor and many did not even have shoes— they walked the whole trail barefoot, in extremely could temperature.More than 50,000 people, including many women and children, died on the trail. A lot of people died from illnesses like cholera, because the drinking water wasn’t clean.______70______. Many people died under the wheels of wagons, for example, and from accidental gunshots.Keys: 67-70 DFEBSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.“Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of tas te, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most believe it is of great importance. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. _______67______.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you t hink of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. ______68______. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial(有争议的) case. ______69______ They stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and careful consideration.Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.______70______Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.Keys: 67-70 BAECSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解A篇--学生版(精确校对)

Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The Paris climate agreement finalized in December last year heralded a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below2℃.This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change’s impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.On the flip side, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African of small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.The Pairs agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy.The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below”2℃is commendable but the emissions-reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Pairs talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or,importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds, and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the polices outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emission reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants or pioneers.56. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because_____________.A) it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nationsB) it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ onlyC) it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countriesD) it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility.57.Why does the author compare the “forced riders” to second-hand smokers?A) They have little responsibility for public health problems.B) They are vulnerable to unhealthy environmental conditions.C) They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.D) They are unaware of the potential risks they are confronting.58.What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?A) It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.B) There is no final agreement on where it will come from.C) There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.D) It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.59. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?A) Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative.B) Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.C) Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus.D) Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Away from home, and eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own, and no words can say ‚“Glad to meet you…glad to be doing business with you…” quite like sharing a meal offered by your heart.Clearly, mealtime is not the time for you to say. “ Thanks, but no thanks.” Acceptance of the host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. Or, as one experienced traveler says, “Travel with a cast-iron stomach and eat everything everywhere.”Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s proudest cooking achievement .What would America think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sizzling steak? Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself; it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. After all, an oyster has remarkably the same look as a sheep’s eye, and a first something you dip in butter and eat. By the way, in Saudi Arabia sheep’s eyes are a delicacy, in par ts of China it’s bear’s paw soup.Can you refuse such food without being rude? Most experienced business travelers say no, at least not before taking at least a few bites. It helps, though, to slice any item very thin. This way, you minimize the texture—gristly（软骨的）,slimy（粘滑的）and so on---and the reminder of where it came from. Or, “Swallow it quickly.” as one traveler recommends, “I still can’t tell you what sheep’s eyeballs taste like.” As for dealing with taste, the old line that “it tastes just like chicken” is often thankfully true. Even when “it” is really rat or snake.Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. What’s for dinner? Don’t ask. Avoid glancing into the kitchen or looking at English-language menus. Your host will be pleased that you are eating the food he offers, and who knows? Maybe it really is the chicken in that soup.56. Who is the passage most probably written for?A. Those who are going to have trip abroad.B. Those who want to cook food from another countryC. Those who are going to teach people from different countriesD. Those who want to take part in an international cooking contest57. The phrase “a cast-iron stomach” probably refers to a stomach_____________.A. equipped with iron devicesB. never failing youC. sensitive to various tastesD. not allergic to iron58. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the passage when you are offered some food youdon’t like?A. Cutting it into small piecesB. Swallowing it without hesitationC. Avoid figuring out what it isD. Pleasing the host while eating59. Which of the following can be served as a conclusion for the passage?A. Chicken is a delicacy for everyone.B. “It tastes like chicken” may help.C. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.D. Eating various things can keep you fit.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Conventional wisdom has it that concern for the environment is a luxury only the rich world can afford; that only people whose basic needs for food and shelter have been met can start worrying about the health of the planet. This survey will argue that developing countries, too, should be thinking about the environment. True, in the rich countries a strong environmental movement did not emerge until long after they had become industrialized, a stage that many developing countries have yet to reach. And true, many of the developed world's environmental concerns have little to do with immediate threats to its inhabitants' wall-being. People worry about whether carbon-dioxide emissions might lead to a warmer climate next century, or whether genetically engineered crops might have unforeseen consequences for the ecosystem. That is why, when rich world environmentalists' campaign against pollution in poor countries, they are often accused of naivety. Such countries, the critics say, have more pressing concerns, such as getting their people out of poverty.But the environmental problems that developing countries should worry about are different from those that western pundits have fashionable arguments over. They are not about potential problems in the next century, but about indisputable harm being caused to conventional wisdom, solving such problems need not hurt economic growth; indeed dealing with them now will generally be cheaper than leaving them to cause further harm.In most developing countries pollution seems to be getting worse, not better. Most big cities in Latin America, for example, are suffering rising levels of air pollution. Populations in these countries are growing so fast that improvements in water supply have failed to keep up with the number of extra people. Worldwide, about a billion people still have no access to clean water, and water contaminated by sewage is estimated to kill some 2 million children every year. Throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, forests are disappearing, causing not just long-term concern about climate change but also immediate economic damage. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 produced a huge blanket of smog that enveloped much of South-East Asia and kept the tourists away. It could happen again, and probably will.Recent research suggests that pollution in developing countries is far more than a minor irritation: it imposes a heavy economic cost. A Word Bank study put the cost of air and water pollution in China at $54 billion a year, equivalent to an astonishing 8% of the country's GDP. Another study estimated the health costs of air pollution in Jakarta and Bangkok in the early 1990s at around 10% of these cities' income. These are no more than educated guesses, but whichever way the sums are done, the cost is not negligible.56. T he critics of rich world environmentalists’ campaign against pollution in poor countries hold that poor countries should be more concerned about_____________.A. The potential greenhouse effectB. The bad consequences of genetically engineered cropsC. How to get rid of povertyD. How to develop education57. which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Developing countries should worry about the harm caused by polluted water and air.B. Developing countries’ economy will develop more rapidly if they deal with environmentalproblems right now.C. The conventional wisdom holds that dealing with environmental problems now willgenerally cost less.D. The conventional wisdom has it that solving environment problems may hurt economicgrowth.58. The underlined word “pundits” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____________.A. expertsB. politiciansC. institute’sD. educators59. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To analyze the difference between the environmental problems in rich and poor countries.B. To explain why developing countries should handle the environmental problemsimmediately.C. To demonstrate what serious damage pollution can do to a country’s economicdevelopment.D. To explain why rich countries’ environmental concerns have little to do immediate threats.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Pacific Science Center Guide◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s StoreDon’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or remember your visit. The store is located upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laster Dome.◆HungryOur exhibits will feed your mind but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonals. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.◆Rental InformationLockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny W ay entrance. ID required.◆Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962 Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. T oday Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and beings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over W ashington State.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.56.Where are you buy a at Science CenterA. In Building 1.B. In Building 3.C. At the last Denny.D. At the Denny Way entrance.57.What’s the purpose of the last part of the text?A. To encourage donations.B. To advertise coming events.C. To introduce special exhibits.D. To tell about the Center’s history.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Personality may play only a small part in leadership effectiveness but there is no doubt thatsome leaders have a certain magic that leaves peers envious and followers entranced. If you could bottle this leadership X-factor —charisma- the queue of interested executives would be a long-one. But what qualities can these often highly successful leaders be said to possess?As individuals, charismatic leaders have highly developed communication skills, including the ability to convey emotions easily and naturally to others, says Ronald Riggio, professor of leadership and organizational psychology. “They are able to inspire and arouse the emotions of followers through their emotional expressiveness and verbal skills.”“They, connect with followers because they seem to truly understand others' feelings and concerns.”“And they are great role models because they have the ability to engage others socially and display appropriate role-pla ying skills that allow them to walk the talk,” Professor Riggio says.“One quality we like in our leaders is if they are seen to really represent us. We think someone is more charismatic, the more they represent our collective identity,” Professor Van Knippenberg says. In this way, a charismatic leader is somehow a larger-than-life version of ourselves.Academics say that charismatic leaders also manage to stand out from the crowd. They might do this by being unconventional or by taking a different approach to problem-solving, for example.“They are up for new things, and they are not stuck in the status quo. They are open-to out-of-the-box thin ki ng, etc. An optimistic, energetic quality helps us to see leadership qualities in them and makes us open to their influence,” he says.“A lot of charismatic leadership, and leadership in general, is very contextual. It's really entrepreneurial firms. It's also good for turnarounds if the organization is in a bad state because it Kai Peters, the chief executive of Ashridge Business School.But not every organization needs a charismatic leader. Leaders loaded with the X®1 narcissistic(自恋的)，self-glorifying, exploitative and authoritarian (专制的).As Peters says: “ Where it is a problem is where you have' look at me, I'm a star'.”56.Which word is closest in meaning to charisma in the first paragraph?A.charmB. characterC. gratitudeD. optimism57.The charismatic leaders become great role models due to their___________.A. proper role-playing skillsB. subtle emotional expressivenessC. marvelous problem-solving abilityD. unconventionality in the crowds58. According to Professor Knippenberg, what kind of leaders would be welcomed by us?A. The one who has a heroical image.B. The one who can speak for us.C. The one who is a collective version of us.D. The one who resembles us in characteristic.59.Wha t’s Peters’ attitude towards the contextual feature of charismatic leadership?A. CriticalB. ApprovedC. NeutralD. SuspiciousSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I was at the funeral of my dearest friend--my mother. She finally had lost her long battle with cancer. The hurt was so intense; I found it hard to breathe at times. Always supportive, mother clapped loudest at my school plays, held a box of tissue while listening to my first heartbreak, comforted me at my father’s death, and prayed for me my entire life.When mother’s illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me, the 27-year-old middle to take care of her. I counted it an honor. My place had been with our mother, preparing her meals,taking her to the doctor, reading the Bible together. Now she was in heaven. My work was finished, and I was alone.Deep in sorrow, suddenly, I heard a door open and slam shut at the back of the church. Quick steps hurried along the carpeted floor. A young man looked around briefly and then sat next to me. He folded his hands and placed them on his lap. His eyes started to be filled with tears.“I’m late,” he explained, though no explanation was necessary.After several eulogies, he leaned over and commented, “Why do they keep calling Mary by the name of Margaret?”“Because that was her name, Margaret. Never Mary.” I whispered, wondering who was this stranger anyway?“ Isn’t this the Lutheran church?”“Oh...”“I believe you’re at the wrong funeral, sir.”The solemnness(庄重) of the occasion mixed with realization of the man’s mistake bubbled up inside me and came out as laughter. Sharp looks from other mourners(哀悼者) only made the situation seem stupid. I peeked at the confused, misguided man seated beside me. He was laughing too, as he glanced around, deciding it was too late for an uneventful exit. I imagined Mother laughing.At the final ‘Amen’, we rush ed out a door and into the parking lot. “I do believe we’ll be the talk of the town. By the way, my name is Rick.” he smile d.That afternoon began a lifelong journey for me with this man who attended the wrong funeral, but was in the right place. A year after our meeting, we were married at a country church. This time we both arrived at the same church, right on time.In my time of sorrow, he gave me laughter. In place of loneliness, God gave me love. This past June, we celebrated our twenty-second anniversary. Whenever anyone asks us how we met, Rick tells them “Her mother and my Aunt Mary introduced us, and it’s truly a match made in Heaven.”56. Only author could take care of her mom mainly because___________.A. she was the only child in the family.B. a lovely baby came into her brother’s family.C. she was the only child without a new family’s burden.D. her mom loved her much more than other children.57. What can we infer from the passage?A. The author and Rick met 22 years ago for the first time.B. The author was supposed to have been in Lutheran Church.C. Margaret should be the name of Rick’s aunt.D. The mourners considered the author’s joy improper.58. What could be the best title of the passage?A. Hope Remaining at the FuneralB. A Heavenly EncounterC. Two Funerals at One TimeD. Seeking God’s Everlasting LoveSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are att ending, those who don’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Other find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are spoiled and they are expecting too m uch. But that is a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t abso rb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences.Perhaps collegedoesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—may it is just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy(异端邪说) to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.56..According to the passage all of the following statements are true EXCEPT____________．A.about half of the high school graduates continue their studies at schoolB.college graduates are believed to be able to earn more moneyC.administrators often encourage college students to drop outD.more and more young people are found unfit for college57.According to the passage, the problems of college education partly originate in the fact that___________.A.society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained graduates.B.High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education.C.Too many students have to earn their own living.D.College administrators encourage students to drop out.58.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean?A．Our college experience proves that those surveys are incorrect．B．The surveys may remind us of our beautiful college experiences．C．The surveys should all be re－examined according to our college experiences．D．Our college experiences may make us misunderstand the results of the surveys．59.What is the main purpose of this passage?A．To argue against the idea that college is the best place for all young people．B．To put forward an idea that college should not be the first choice．C．To value young people’s further education in colleges．D．To persuade young people into working after the completing of high school．Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Sebastian Faulks has written many novels, including Devil May Care, the latest James Bond book. This cutting comes from a very different kind of novel called Charlotte Gray. The setting is a transit (中转) camp near Paris during the Second World War, where a group of people, including two small children, Andre and Jacob, await transport to take them to a concentration camp outside France. Although these people - the ‘deportees’ of the cutting - are not fully aware of this, they face certain death.The Last NightAndre was lying on the floor when a man came with postcards on which the deportees might write a final message. He advised them to leave them at the station or throw them from the train as camp orders forbade access to the post. Two or three pencils that had survived the camps search were passed round among the people in the room. Some wrote with weeping passion, some with great care, as though their safety, or at least the way in which they were remembered, depended upon their choice of words.A woman came with a sandwich for each child to take on the journey. She also had a bucket of water, round which they gathered, holding out food cans they passed from one to another. One of the older boys hugged her in his gratitude, but the bucket was soon empty. When she was gone, there were only the small hours of the night to go through. Andre was lying on the straw, and Jacob leaned close to him for warmth.Five buses had come in through the main entrance, and now stood trembling in the corner of the yard. At a long table …the commandant of the camp himself sat with a list of names that another policeman was calling out in alphabetical order. Andre heard his name and moved with Jacob towards the bus. From the other side of the courtyard, from windows open on the dawn, a shower of food was thrown towards them by women crying and calling out their names.Andre looked up, and in a chance angle of light he saw a woman’s face in which the eyes were fixed with terrible fierceness on a child beside him. Why did she stare as though she hated him? Then it came to Andre that she was not looking in hatred, but had kept her eyes so intenselyopen in order to fix the picture of her child in her mind. She was looking to remember, for ever….56. What can we learn from the first part of the passage?A. The background and the situation of World War Ⅱ.B. The transit camp and the transportation in Paris.C. The author, the setting and the main characters.D. The main idea and the names on the list.57. Which of the following is true about the things going on in the transit camp?A. The deportees were eager to leave their final messages.B. A humble breakfast was served to children late that morning.C. Andre happened to witness the deportees’ routine camp life.D. The camp commandant stood by a long table calling the roll.58. The woman stared at her child fiercely probably because _____ .A. she found her child was trembling and crying for foodB. she thought she would never see her child any moreC. she was filled with an attempt to escape from deathD. she was driven mad by the life in the transit campSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)How Would Y ou Like to Pay?How do you pay for your coffee?Is it with change?I use my tap-and-go card.I don't even need to enter my PIN number or a signature to approve payment.It's quicker and everybody in the queue is happy.Contactless payments are gaining popularity.Those concerned about security will be pleased to know that the amount of money you can spend in one-go is limited—in the UK it's currently ￡30.But if the card is used a few times in a row,a PIN number will be needed.If a thief gets hold。

2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解C篇--学生版(已校对)

Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit(公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark（基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American bench mark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders--is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until 2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. Itwould stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together? There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4 most probably means __________.A. backwardnessB. disappointmentsC. engineersD. problems65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that __________.A. it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting betterKeys:63-66: C D B ASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’ egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Bec ause of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘ava captains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was ‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’ dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic（讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bushfire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look asthough the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s ‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’ relaxed attitude.63. The underlined word “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminalityB. crueltyC. equalityernmentalism64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use language?A. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A. Kangaroos’ living condition s are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australian s’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what cont ributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards lifeKeys: 63-66 CCABSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to fin d out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs o f identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the only approach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods achild eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavities.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D. Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Keys: 60-62 DCBSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.63.The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________.A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations.B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences.C. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices.D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for other imports.64.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC ____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.65.What is the function of the last paragraph?A. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas for research.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previous paragraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.66.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?A. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in the US.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units. Keys:63-66 BDCDSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than five million different kinds of organisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize this diversity(多样性). In the eighteenth century, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating the genus(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog.Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics.Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupin gs. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi as separate kingdoms. The prokaryotes are the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls, giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to__________.A. demonstrate Linna eus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of naming organismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming systemD. illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with lit tle modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms.65. Which of the following is TRUE about protists?A. They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similar characteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification SystemKEYS: 63-66 DDABSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the faceof globalization and the growing multi-language trend. "One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states." said Nellie Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 "Toubon Law" in France, but the idea has been copied in man y countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultly in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France.The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessary take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields lo defend.63. Neville Alexander believes that?A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. The underlined word “futile” (i n paragraph 2) most probably means “”.A. workableB. practicalC. uselessD. unnecessary65. Why do many English-speaking countries not support the language protection effortsdescribed in the passage?A. They think language protection laws are ineffective.B. They want their language to spread to other countries.C. They have a long history of taking words from other languages.D. It reduces a language's ability to acquire international importance66. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. English has taken over fields like public communication and educationB. Many sheets of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language.D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect their national languages.KEYS: 63-66 D C C BSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need in built intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machinelearning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problemB. Expert crisisC. High costD. Customer interactions64. What can not be interred from the passage about the machine learning?A.Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B.Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C.Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D.Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.65. What’s the author’s main purpose in writing this article?A.Data science: A forefront force in tech business.。

2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-学生版(已校对)

IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy –someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional. However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Open Offices Good for Us?Four years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research that we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble concentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. However, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Ch ristmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with your deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terriblereality of vi olence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicalswere blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it — and a child suffers. We’d like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with the child? Isn’t it wiser to walk past without comment? A fter all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference between hurt ful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when you’re so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotionalabuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the child’s feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child?Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.California condors are North American’s largest birds, will wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival tim e in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For many well-educated travelers, buying a copy of Lonely Planet is the first task before taking a vacation abroad. Founded in 1973, Lonely Planet is the biggest guidebook series in many countries. It’s published in 11 languages including Chinese.But when the BBC confirmed on March 19 that it had sold the entire Lonely Planet series to a US billionaire at a significant deficit(赤字), many commented that the deal sang the swan song for the printed guidebook.The rise of the Internet and the prevalence of smartphones have become a burden on the print media. Why would travelers bring a heavy guidebook when they can download the apps to their smartphone in an instant? Furthermore, alternative and free travel content is readily available on the Internet, from Wikivoyage to TripAdvisor which provide excellent guidance on your trips.But the Internet is not the only reason that guidebooks are in decline. It is also widely accepted that the physical guidebook has such complete content that can kill any sense of personal exploration. With the guide books, all those backpacker feet ended up following routine trade routes, and in those routes was little room for initiative.It’s also pointed out that the guidebook is not exactly good for tourism. Often the shops and restaurants that thrived on a recommendation in the guidebook relaxed and discovered that it didn’t matter: the legions of eager trav elers keep on coming anyway. They gradually become uncompetitive.And yet, despite the rise of new media, it’s believed there is still a place for printed guidebooks, at least for the time being as books still offer readers the kind of feeling that virtual tools can’t provide, more of a compelling, touchable interaction.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.From Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Where You Go” Doesn’t Matter So MuchDuring the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges (名校) they assume the celebrities attended.The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores—one marker of elite colleges—didn’t pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them—either because of rejection or by their own choice—are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.In a summary of the findings, the bureau sa ys that “evidently, students’ motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability of their classmates.”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sales strategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual c ustomer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beg gars.Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what wasmorally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleIt’s a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, as they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless（鲁莽的）behavior often causes serious problems.In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, there is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Security.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported People’s Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to alarge demand for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission（佣金）they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while they're riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether these requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleReading the world in 195 boobsIn 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 195 UN- recognized states in a year. With no idea how to find publications, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.The response was amazing. Before I knew it, people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books. Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition, several writers, like Turkmenistan’s Ak Welsapar and Panama’s Juan David Morgan, sent me unpublished translations of their novels. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me, however, sourcing books was no easy task.But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes,extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered, book packing offered something that a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realized I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet.One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise transformed into places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed foreign and remote became close and familiar to me — places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct。

2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-(带答案精准校对加强版)

IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.If you suffer from shyness, you are not alone, for shyness is a universal phenomenon. It is not surprising that social scientists are learning more about its causes.The first environmental cause of shyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in single-parent homes or in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel socially inhibited, or shy, when they start school.A second environmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a study conducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Henderson and Zimbardo say, “One explanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefo re, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.Technology may play a role as well. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have displaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too, are becoming more isolated as a result of technology. Face-to-face interactions with bank tellers, gas station attendants, and store clerks are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their gas tanks, and order merchandise. In short, they become shy.It appears that most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company.Keys:Shyness is common and it has environmental causes, including home and family life, culture and technology. Firstly, with smaller families and working parents,children lack social interactions. Besides, blaming individuals for failure can cause people in some culture to be shy in public.Finally, with the development of technology, people have fewer opportunities to socialize in person.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was, thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.Keys:People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. For a long time in history, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, peoplebegan to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.What I think of boxing as a sportBoxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot of money, and successful boxers are treated as big heroes.It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. Sometimes fans are rooting for a particular boxer, moreover because the boxer comes form their own country, and if "their" boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them an outlet for this aggression.However, there is a negative side to boxing. It can be a very dangerous sport. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. For example, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing, in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out.To conclude, I am personally not at all in favour of aggressive sports like boxing. I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV, and we celebrated more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as asport.Keys:The author is opposed to boxing as a sport. Boxing is nowadays very popular because people, especially men, release their feelings of aggression while watching the boxing match. However, boxing can have a devastating impact on boxer’ health and even lives. Therefore, the author appeals to the public to enjoy more non-aggressive sports.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Tired of all the pushing in supermarkets? Fed up with waiting in endless lines to pay for what you have bought? Angry at wasting time in traffic jams only to find no parking spaces when you eventually arrive at the store? If this is you, then online shopping is the answer to your dreams of trouble-free shopping.Online shopping brings its own challenges. Here are a few things to bear in mind when browsing various websites. The claim made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe and secure way to make purchases. The evidence challenges this. In any case, you only have to be the victim of fraud (欺骗) once to experience all the problems that come with this form of stealing. Use only sites that have a trusted history and an excellent reputation.Another problem is that the appearance of items in reality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen. This might not be a problem if you are buying washing up powder but could be a major disappointment when that beautiful blue dress you ordered turns up in green. Also, product descriptions are sometimes simply untrue! Perhaps the wisest plan is to purchase items whose design and color are not essential to customer satisfaction.Some even argue that online shopping indirectly contributes to global warming. Yes, your car can stay parked but how are online goods delivered? Often by some large van pouring out carbon monoxide and adding to our already desperate traffic problems. You are also by now becoming increasingly irritated(使烦恼) by the fact that the delivery is late !Keys:Online shopping can free you of the trouble you meet when buying things in store. However, it has challenges. Firstly, you should bear in mind that you must use sites which deserve trusting. Secondly, you shouldn’t believe all the descriptions because they may be untrue. Lastly,you should know although the delivery may be late, it may cause global warming.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Learn from mistakesThe best way to learn something is to make mistakes first.Thomas Edison,who invented the light bulb,told his colleagues:"Of the 200 light bulbs that didn't work,every failure told me something I was able to incorporate into the next attempt."Benjamin Franklin,the US statesman and scientist once said:“I haven't failed.I have had 10,000 ideas that didn't work.”Both these people understood that failures and false starts are the condition of success.In fact,a surprising number of everyday objects had their beginnings in a mistake or a misunderstanding.Post-it-notes,packets of crisps and even bread are all unexpected inventions.In 2600 BC,a tired Egyptian slave invented bread when the dough rose during his sleep.And crisps were first cooked by a chief in the USA when a customer complained that his fried potatoes were not thin enough.In 1958 Spencer Silver was trying to develop a strong adhesive when he accidentally invented a very weak glue instead.His colleague,Art Fry,decided to use it six years later,in 1974,to hold his bookmarks in his books and the post-it note was invented.Successful business people have often made big,expensive mistakes in their past.When an employee of IBM made a mistake that cost the company $600,000,Thomos Watson,the chairman,was asked if he would fire the man. "Of course not,"he replied.“I have just spent $600,000 training him.I am not going to let another company benefit from experience.”The important thing to remember is that you need to learn from your mistakes.If youdon't,then there is no sense in making them.Keys:The best way to learn something is to make mistakes first .And failures and false starts are the condition of success. In fact, lots of everyday objects had their beginnings in a mistake .Besides,Successful business people have often made big ,expensive mistakes in their past. All in all,The important thing is that you need to learn from your mistakes.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, American immunologist (免疫学家），encourages children to play in thedirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.Keys:People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病）of sleepiness in the nation”. I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr.David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.The beginning of our sleep-deficit（睡眠不足）crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. ” The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,”says Dr.David, ”They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous. ”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researches say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programme.” In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition. “To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.” We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr.David, ”Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”Keys:Sleep-deficit, a common phenomenon in America, is caused by several factors. Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours. Secondly, various pressures and misleading social concepts also contribute to sleep-deficit. Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Daily Star, sir!” called Jason, carrying some newspaper under his arm. The little boy had been running up and down the street, but there were still twenty papers left. It was raining all day, though not heavily. There were few people on the streets and the shop would soon close. He had hoped to sell more papers tonight to make more money to buy a cake for his mother. That was why he had bought the papers with all his money. But it seemed he would have to go home, carrying the papers instead of money.“You don’t know the secret of selling papers. You must shout, ‘Hot news! Bomb bursting!’” another newsboy Chad told Jason.“But it’s not in the paper at all,” replied Jason.“Just run away quickly before they have time to see the paper. Get the paper sold out a nd the money. That’s it!” Chad said.It was a new idea to Jason. He thought of the cake he wanted to buy for his mother, but was determined that though he was just a poor newsboy, he would not tell a lie, which had been taught by his mother.The next afternoon Jason went to the office for his papers as usual. Several boys were crowding around Chad, who declared with a proud smile that he sold six dozen the day before. A gentleman at the office came up and patted Jason’s shoulder fondly.“You’re just the boy I am looking for.”A week later Jason started his new job. He lost the sale of twenty papers because he would not tell a lie, but got a well-paid job because he insisted on telling the truth.Keys:To buy a cake for his mother, Jason, a little boy, tried to sell the newspaper he bought for the money but failed. Although advised to cheat the passers-by for sales from another newsboy, he decided to stay a clear conscience. On the next day, a gentleman praised Jason and offered him a better job for his honesty.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.HopeNothing in my life had prepared me for what I had to do. Choosing my words carefully, and fighting to stay calm, I told my 4-year-old daughter that her grandmother had suffered a stroke (中风), that she was unconscious, and that the doctors said she would probably never wake up. As she moved closer to me, Amelia looked at me, eyes bright, and said, “Maybe Grandma will be okay.” “Maybe she will,” I said, keeping back the tears. But I knew better. I was flying up to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, from our Florida home in the morning to say good-bye to my mom.The rest of that awful week, I joined my brother and father sitting by my mother’s side in the hospital room. I held her hand and talked to her. I told her that we still needed her. I told her that it wasn’t time to leave yet. I told her how much I loved h er. And I told her that her little granddaughter, Amelia, believed that she’d get better. The doctors, with all their years of training and experience, offered no hope for recovery. The damage was simply too extensive.A couple of weeks later, an odd thing happened. Mom woke up! And then she perseveredthrough a long and tough process of restoration to health, during which she had to learn to walk, read, and write all over again, and eventually returned home to Dad. The only one who wasn’t shocked was Amel ia. The doctors couldn’t explain it. Amelia didn’t need to. Hope came as naturally to her as breathing.So why are we so afraid to hope sometimes? Maybe it’s because over the years, life’s disappointments can turn us to disillusionment (理想破灭). How many times have you heard someone say: “Hope for the best, expect the worst”? That’s not really hope at all.Hope is being able to look at our world with all of the joy and wonder of a child.Keys:Doctors were pessimistic about my mother’s stroke while my little daughter, Amelia, full of hope. I passed on Amelia’s hope when our family gathered to bid farewell to her in hospital. Incredibly, she recovered and came back home after a period of restoration. Everyone was astonished except Amelia. Hope does bring people in trouble amazement.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When you hear the final whistleOne of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire.But even harder is finding the answer to the question ‘What am I going to do with the rest of my life?’Some sport people go on playing too long. Perhap s they just can’t stand life without the ‘high’ of playing professional sport. Michael Jordan, the greatest basketball player of all time, retired three times. He retired once from the Chicago Bulls, made a successful comeback with the Bulls, then retired again. His second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired for ever at the age of 38. Jordan said, ‘There will never be anything I do that will fulfil me as much as competing did.’Others can’t resist the change of one last “pay day”. Muhammad Ali needed the money, but his comeback fight, at the age of 39, against Trevor Berbick, was one of the saddest spectacles in modern sport. After losing to Berbick, Ali retired permanently. Three years later he developedParkinson’s disease.For some people the pain of saying goodbye never leaves them. As Jimmy Greaves, an ex-England international footballer said, ‘I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their career is over.’ Many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression, alcohol, or drugs.But for the lucky few, retirement can mean a successful new career. Franz Beckenbauer is a classic example of a footballer who won everything with his club, Bayern Munich. After retiring he became a successful coach with Bayern and finally President of the club. John McEnroe, the infamous ‘bad boy’ of tennis, is now a highly respected and highly paid TV commentator. But sadly, for most sportspeople, these cases are the exceptions.Keys:The passage describes sportsperson how to spend their lives after retirement.Some people continue playing for not standing without playing sports, others for the need for money. Moreover, many are struggling with their original bad habits while few can start a successful new career after retirement.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places –and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colours. Research suggests warm colours fuel our appetites. In one study, peoplewho ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colours like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colours make us less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t forget the clock – or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plants can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.Keys:House design may affect your figure, but there’re four ways to control your diet. Dark light makes you eat more, so you should keep your room bright. Besides, decorating with cold colors can reduce your food-intake. Moreover, you can eat slowly with relaxing music. Finally, smaller tableware also reduces appetite.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Trees should be pruned( 修剪)only when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and fortunately , the number of such reason is small.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches, which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease , but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is important to make the area, which has been pruned, smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the materials available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually done in winter , for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.Keys:Trees are pruned either for pruning images or good health. However, the wound caused by provide access for disease. Therefore, the gardeners should keep the cuts smooth and clear, meanwhile, the surface should be dried ,then the cuts should be applied substance. And pruning is recommended to be done in winter.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For anyone who doubts that the texting revolution is upon us, consider this: The average 13- to 17-year-old sends and receives 3,339 texts a month—more than 100 per day, according to the Nielsen Co., the media research firm. Adults are catching up. People from ages 45 to 54 sent and received 323 texts a month in the second quarter of 2010, up 75% from a year ago, Nielsen says.Behind the texting explosion is a fundamental shift in how we view our mobile devices. That they are phones is increasingly beside the point.Part of what's driving the texting surge among adults is the popularity of social media. Sites like Twitter, with postings of no more than 140 characters, are creating and reinforcing the habit of communicating in micro-bursts.。

【高考模拟】2018上海高考压轴卷英语Word版含解析

【高考模拟】2018上海高考压轴卷英语Word版含解析绝密?启封前KS5U2018上海市高考压轴卷英语考生注意:1. 考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。

2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第I卷(第1,12页)和第II卷(第13页)，全卷共13页。

所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

第I卷(共103分)Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end ofeach conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, readthe four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questionyou have heard.1. A. 2 liters. B. 13 liters. C. 26 liters. D. 52 liters.2. A. In an English class. B. In a swimming pool.C. On a bus.D. In a sporting goods store.3. A. By bus. B. By underground. C. By taxi. D. By car.4. A. Doctor and patient. B. Teacher and student. C. Employer and Employee. D. Salesman and customer.5. A. Have a lesson. B. Take a test.C. See a film.D. Go to bed.6. A. Difficult. B. Memorable.C. Uninteresting.D. Worthwhile.7. A. She wants a bottle of juice. B. She’d like some alcohol.C. The red wine in this bar is perfect.D. The location of the bar is unknow n. 8. A. An excellent résumé. B. An entry form.C. A job offer.D. The position of system engineer.9. A. It’s famous. B. It’s professional.C. It’s expensive.D. It’s cheating.10. A. The 26-month-old baby is always busy watching videos.B. TV and vi deos may hurt a child’s language development.C. Nothing can replace parents in kids’ language development.D. Children usually watch TV too passively to learn something.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear one longer conversation and two short passages, and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation and the passages. The conversation and the passageswill be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following dialogue.11. A. Encouraging. B. Dishonest. C. Interesting. D. Nervous. 12. A. How to start his own business. B. How to develop a real interest.C. How to speak to a woman bravely.D. How to balance his study and work. 13. A. He has too loose a schedule. B. He loves the feeling with students.C. He is dissatisfied with his current job.D. He wants to determine his future development.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Kids threw litter everywhere.B. The camp director gave rude orders.C. Some mysterious plastic litter was found.D. Kids’ joint efforts led to a clean camp.15. A. By taking pictures of litter he picked up.B. By sharing photos of the terribly dirty planet.C. By keeping a record of crowdsourced cleaning-up.D. By inspiring kids to pick up five pieces of litter every day. 16.A. There is strength in numbers.B. Birds can help to pick up litter.C. Litter is artistic and approachable.D. More straws should be used in the café.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following passage. 17. A. To enable students to reject violence.B. To help students face struggles more properly.C. To improve students’ health.D. To eliminate poverty more effectively.18. A. How to calm down by talking to experts.B. How to clear their mind throughout the day.C. How to make their teachers happy.D. How to respond to situations better.19. A. More students dropped out last year.B. There is less bad behavior on campus.C. Students are less responsible for their study.D. More students are willing to be sent to the office. 20. A. Its effect remains to be seen.B. Everyone can benefit from it.C. It helps to get rid of poverty to some extent.D. There is enough evidence to show its significance.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.On the morning of September 11, 2001, computer sales manager Michael Hingson , who is blind , thwent early to his office on the 78 floor of the North Tower of the World Trade Center to prepare for a meeting . As Michael worked , his guide dog , a Labrador retriever ___21____(name) Roselle, dozed by his feet.At 8:46 a.m, a tremendous boom rocked the building , eliciting screams throughout the floor . Michael grabbed Roselle , trusting that the dog ___22____(lead) out of the danger, and they navigated their way to a stairwell.―Forward,‖ Machael instructed , and they descended the first of1,463 steps to thelobby.___23____ about ten floors , the stairwell grew crowded andhot ,and the fumes from jet fuel had made it hard to breathe. When a woman became crazy , yelling that they wouldn‘t make it. Roselle accompanied the woman ___24_____she finally petted the dog , calmed herself , and kept walking down the stairs.th Around the 30 floor, firefighters started passing Michael ontheir way up . Each one stopped to offer him assistance. He declined but let Roselle be petted, __25___ (provide) many of the firefighters with ____26___ would be their last experience of unconditional love.After about 45 minutes ,Michael and Roselle reached __27___booby ,and 15 minutes ater ,they emerged outside to a scene of chaos . Suddenly the police yelled for everyone to run as lthe South Tower began to collapse.Michael kept a tight grip on Roselle‘s harness , using voice and hand commands, as they ran to a street opposite the crumbling tower . The street bounced like a trampoline , and ―a deafening roar‖ like a hellish freight train filled the air. Hours later , Michael andRoselle made it home safely . At that moment , they thought they were___28____(lucky ) in the world.In 2004, Roselle developed a blood disorder , ___29___ prevented her from guiding and touring . She died in 2011.― I ___30___ (have) many other dogs ,‖ Mechael wrote , ―but there is only one Roselle.‖Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. catalogB. barelyC. freeD. self-consciousnessE. prospectsF. compulsoryG. droppedH. assignedI. certifiedJ. totallyK. transferFor thousands of commuting students, Chabot was our Columbia, Annapolis, even our Sorbonne, offering courses in physics, stenography, auto mechanics, ___31___ public accounting, foreign languages,journalism—name the art or science, the subject or trade, and it was probably in the ___32___. The college had a nursing program that churned out graduates, sports teams that funneled athletes to big-time programs, and parking for a few thousand cars—all ___33___, but for the effort and the cost of used textbooks.Classmates included veterans back from Vietnam, women of everymarital and maternal status returning to school, middle-aged men wanting to improve their employment ___34___ and paybacks. We could get our general education requirement out of the way at Chabot—credits we could ___35___ to a university—which made those two years an invaluable head start. I was able to go on to the California State University in Sacramento (at $95 a semester, just ___36___ affordable) and study no other subject but my major, theater arts. (After a year there I moved on, enrolling in a little thing called the School of Hard Knocks, a.k.a. Life.)―By some fluke of the punch-card computer era, I made Chabot‘sdean‘s list taking classes Iloved (oral interpretation), classes I hesitated (health, a requirement), classes I aced, and classes I ___37___ after the firsthour (astronomy, because it was all math). I nearly failed zoology,killing my fruit flies by neglect, but got lucky in an English course,―The College Reading Experience.‖ The books of Carlos Castaneda were incomprehensible to me (and still are), but my___38___ presentation on the analytic process called structural dynamics was hailed as clear andconcise, though I did nothing more than embellish the definition I had looked up in the dictionary.A public-speaking class was unforgettable for a couple of reasons. First, the assignments forced us to get over our ___39___. Second, another student was a stewardess, as flight attendants called themselves in the 70‘s. She was studying communications and was gorgeous. Shelived not far from me, and when my VW threw a rod and was in the shopfor a week, she offered me a lift to class. I rode shotgun that Monday-Wednesday-Friday, ___40___ tongue-tied. Communicating with her one-on-one was the antithesis of public speaking.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It‘s a high-risky, multibillion-dollar industry with tight deadlines, demanding customers and lives in danger.The business is 41 . And it‘s booming.The number of jobs for translators and interpreters doubled in the past 10 years while their wagessteadily 42 before, during and after the recession. During a period of stagnating (停滞的)wages across the labor market, the language-service industry withits 50,000 jobs is a 43 spotin the jobs outlook.Lillian Clementi is a French translator working in corporate communications from her home in Arlington, Massachusetts and isroutinely on tight deadlines to hand in translated material. ―The risks can be huge,‖ said Clementi, ―There‘s tons of 44 pressure.‖In some cases, a(n) 45 translation or interpretation is also vital. If a user‘s guide for medical eq uipment is not translated well, it could lead to 46 during an emergency. Soldiers in conflict areas require excellent interpreters to speak with community members. Any change of tone or context could put lives 47 .Translators‘ and interpreters‘ immunity (免疫力) to the nation‘s economic downturn also 48the growing demand for people who can speak several languages in an increasingly globalized economy, experts said.―Good translators who 49 a particular subject and become really good at it can really make six-digit figures annually,‖ said Jiri Stejskal, spokesman for the American Translators Association. Multinational corporations, U.S. demographic (人口的) changes and the Internet economy raisethe need for translated and localized information. Companies increasingly want their content 50to the tongue of the town, even between dialects of the same language. ―As more people 51 the worldwide economy, that‘s going todrive more commerce, and that‘s going to drive more language services,‖ said Bill Rivers, exec utive director of the National Council for Language and International Studies in the Washington region.52 , qualifications for translators and interpreters are not assimple as they may seem. Speaking two languages does not mean a person can work in the language-service industry, experts said. Learning how to translate or interpret is a 53 skill beyond knowing the language.Furthermore, the most successful translators and interpretersmaintain a 54 , such as legaldocuments, quarterly earnings reports or a special knowledge of industry. Technological advances may cut jobs in some industries, but online translation services like Google Translate 55 raise demand for human translators and interpreters, experts said. Online sales companies also drive demand for translation.41(A. tourism B. language C. technology D. economy42(A. shrank B. changed C. grew D. remained43(A. bright B. scenic C. historic D. tough44(A. money B. peer C. blood D. time45(A. proper B. quick C. direct D. innovative46(A. disease B. depression C. violence D. confusion47(A. in order B. at risk C. under control D. out of state48(A. highlights B. understands C. increases D. resists49(A. set up B. depend on C. specialize in D. object to50(A. limited B. accustomed C. related D. tailored51(A. agree with B. have access to C. are confident of D. insist on 52(A. Instead B. Therefore C. However D. Otherwise53(A. separate B. genetic C. learnable D. worthwhile54(A. certificate B. diploma C. strategy D. specialty55(A. automatically B. respectively C. actually D. immediatelySection BDirection:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality(虚拟现实)device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of theparticipants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best." The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video fromeach camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind ofslow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviourafterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself inanother's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person. The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really niceway to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."56(The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting57(We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes58(In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character,______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them59(It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly(B)Welcome to the British Museum, the grandest and the most spectacular of human history. The admission is free and we open every day from 10:00 to 15:30. You can explore 10 departments including:The Department of Africa, Oceania and the AmericasThe collection of the Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas includes around 350,000 objects. The scope of the collection is contemporary, and historical. It includes most of Africa, the Pacific and Australia, as well as the Americas. All of the collections were got during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and date from this time.The Department of AsiaThe Department of Asia covers the material and visual cultures of Asia – a vast geographical areaof Japan, Korea, China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, South Asia and South-East Asia. The collection dates from about 4000 BC, to the present day. It represents the cultures and ways of life of local people and other minority groups.The Department of Greek and Roman EmpiresThe Department of Greek and Roman Empires features antiquities (古董). It has one of the mostcomprehensive collections of antiquities from the Classical world, with over 100,000 objects. These mostly range in date from the beginning of the Greek Bronze Age (about 3200BC) to the time of the Roman emperor Constantine in the fourth century AD.60. The scope of the Department of Africa, Oceania and Americas doesn‘t include______.A. AfricaB. AustraliaC. the South AmericaD. Britain61. The earliest collection is from ______.A. The Department of Africa, Oceania and the AmericasB. The Department of AsiaC. The Department of Greek and Roman EmpiresD. All of the above62. The Department of Asia represents ______.A. the geographic features of AsiaB. the relationships between Asian countriesC. the life styles and cultural traditions of some peoplesD. the cultural fights between some native groups(C)―Does my smile look big in this?‖ Future fitting-room mirrors in clothing stores could subtlyadjust your reflection to make you look ? and hence feel ? happier, encouraging you to likewhat you see.That‘s the idea behind the Emotion Evoking System developed by Shigeo Yoshida and colleaguesat the University of Tokyo in Japan. The system can manipulate, or in other word, control your emotions and personal preferences by presenting you with an image of your own smiling or frowning face.The principle that physiological changes can drive emotional ones ? that laughter comes beforehappiness, rather than the other way around ? is a well-established idea.The researchers wanted to see if this idea could be used to build a computer system that manipulates how you feel. The system works by presenting the user with a web-camera image of his or her face ? as if they were looking in a mirror. The image is then subtly altered with software, turning the corners of the mouth up or down and changing the area around the eyes, so that the person appears to smile or frown (皱眉).Without telling them the aim of the study, the team recruited (招募) 21 volunteers and asked themto sit in front of the screen while performing an unrelated task. When the task was complete the participants rated how they felt. When the faces on screen appeared to smile, people reported that they felt happier. On the other hand, when the image was given a sad expression, they reported feeling less happy.Yoshida and his colleagues tested whether manipulating the volunteers‘ emotional state wouldinfluence their preferences. Each person was given a scarf to wear and again presented with the altered webcam image. The volunteers that saw themselves smiling while wearing the scarf were more likely to report that they liked it, and those that saw themselves not smilingwere less likely. The system could be used to manipulateconsumers‘ impressions of products, say the researchers. For example, mirrors in clothing-store fitting rooms could be replaced with screens showing altered reflections. They also suggest people may be more likely to find clothes attractive if they see themselves looking happy while trying them on.―It‘s certainly an interesting area,‖ says Chris Creed at the University of Birmingham, UK. But he notes that using such technology in a shop would be harder than in the lab, because people will use a wide range of expressions. ―Attempting to make slight differences to these and ensuring that the reflected image looks believable would be much more challenging,‖ he says.Of course, there are also important moral questions surrounding such subtly manipulative technology. ―You could argue that if it makes people happy what harm is it doing?‖ says Creed. ―But I can imagine that many people may feel manipulated, uncomfortable and cheated if they found out.‖63(What‘s the main purpose of the Emotion Evoking System?A. To see whether one‘s feeling can be unconsciously affected.B. To see whether one‘s facial expressions can be altered.C. To see whether laughter comes before happiness.D. To replace the mirrors in future clothing-store fitting rooms.64(What can we learn about the web-camera image in the study?A. It recorded the volunteers‘ performance in the task.B. It gave the volunteers a false image.C. It attempted to make the volunteers feel happier.D. It beauti fied the volunteers‘ appearance in the mirror.65(What does Creed mention as a limitation of the technology?A. It only changes the areas around the mouth and the eyes.B. It only works in clothing stores.C. It only makes subtle changes to people‘s ex pressions.D. It only deals with a limited number of facial expressions.66(What does Creed‘s comment on the moral issues with this technology imply?A. Nothing is more important than happiness.B. Technology is unable to manipulate people.C. People should make their decisions independently.D. People should neglect the harm of the technology.Section CDirections : Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Suppose you become a leader in an organization . It‘s very likely that you‘ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization‘s activities . To do so , it should help understand why people undertake volunteer word and what keeps their interest in the work.Let‘s begin with the question of why people volunteer .___________67_______________Forexample , people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness , to expand their range of experiences , and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate . To select volunteers , you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so . Toincrease levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately , these programs can shift people‘s wish of participating from an internal factor(e.g.,‘I volunteer because it‘simportant to me‖) to an external factor(e.g., ? I volunteer because I‘m required to do so .‖) . When that happens people become lesslikely to volunteer in the future._________68______________ Once people begin to volunteer ,what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question , researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance , one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year . One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.____69______ the researchers note that attention should be given to ―training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide themwith strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.‖Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view ―volunteer‖ as an important social role.______70________ .Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as ―Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am .‖ ― Consistent with the researchers ― expectations, they found a positive correlation betw een the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results , once again , lead to concrete advice:‖ Once an individual begins volunteering ,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity -------- Item like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.‖A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs.B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a mustC. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work.D. Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work.E. Although this result may not surprise you ,it leads to important practical advice.F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.Section DDirections : Read the following passage , Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words . Use your own words as far as possible.In the United States alone , over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phone are part of a a growing mountain ofelectronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster thantraditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver .A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste , the concentration (含氟) of gold and other precious metals was higher inSo-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals . Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed , the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries , in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more materials, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finishedproducts . Consider again the cell-phone , and imagine the mines that produced those metals , the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) itcame in . Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that ― th eproduction , distribution , and use of products ------as well as management of the resulting waste-----all result in greenhouse gas release.‖ Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start ---- for instance , buying reusable products and recyclingIn many countries the concept of the extended producerresponsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products , would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments‘ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money . Why , they ask , should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫)that encased your television?From the governments‘ point of view , a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs。

2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--选词填空-(带答案精准校对加强版)

II. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.You may still remember the “Eight Minutes of Tokyo” in the closing ceremony of the Rio Olympics last August. Even if the Tokyo Games wasn’t going to be here for another four years, the performance of the new host successfully (31) the show with its famous animated characters – Doraemon, Hello Kitty and Super Mario.It was a wise choice since there is probably nothing that shouts “Japan” more loudly than the country’s animation, known as “Japanimation”. And this year (32) the 100th anniversary of the very first Japanese cartoon, made in 1917.In the past century, the wild imagination of Japanese animators continued to feed our (33)______. Monsters, fairies, robots and magic feature often in their work. It has also been inspiring film industries in other parts of the world. The (34) story of Disney’s The Lion King (1994), for example, actually comes from Japan’s Kimba the White Lion. And the 1999 Hollywood (35)________ film, The Matrix, was also (36)________ influenced by the 1989 Japanese manga Ghost in the Shell .“I love his films. I study his films. I watch his films when I’m looking for(37) ,” John Lasseter, director of Pixar’s Toy Story, once said about famous Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki. And our (38) for this imaginary world is only growing.At the end of last year, for example, the story of Japanese cartoon Pokemon (was brought to life with the help of augmented reality technology. People in many countries are often seen searching for Pokemon in real life locations through the screens of their phones. They play it on their way to school, to work, and during holiday outings. Although Pokemon began as a video game a year before the cartoon came out, people should give the an imation a “Thanks” for bringing it to a wider audience.Besides being a source of entertainment, Japanese animation is also a (39) force of our daily lives. For example, wearing glasses used to be considered as uncool and geeky (书呆子气的), but after the 1981 TV animation Arale (《阿拉蕾》), in which there is a heavily-nearsighted girl with wings and magic powers, glasses soon became fashionable. And the language we use –the word meng (萌), to name one – is also (40) from Japanese animation.But interestingly, with all the imagination that is so admired by modern fans, it would still be hard for Japanese animators in 1917 to believe that the two-dimensional worlds that they were creating at the time would have such a big influence in today’s three-dimensional world.Keys: 31-40 B F K H G D E A C JII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Movies, TV shows, and video games have helped humanity paint a mental picture of what aliens might look like if we ever run into them, but most of the time those (31)_______ depictions have little or no scientific backing whatsoever. Researchers searching for extraterrestrial life don’t (32)______ know exactly what they’re looking for, but based on what we’ve learned about humanity’s rise there’s a handful of things nature tells us that are required for advancement of a civilization. In the book “The Future of Humanity,” author Michio Kaku attempts to answer the incredibly difficult question of what aliens might look like, and this time it’s not just a guess.Kaku consulted with exobiology experts and theorists who specialize in hypothetical alien life forms which have developed on far-off worlds much different from Earth. Using that accumulated knowledge, Kaku came up with a very basic list of (33)______ that any intelligence alien race would need to have in order to reach a level similar to humanity.As the New York Post reports, the requirements that Kaku has dreamt up are (34)______ thesame capabilities that scientists believe have allowed humans to progress in the way that we have: Thumbs –Scientists have long believed that (35) _______which led to opposable thumbs was a huge factor in the rise of primates(灵长类). A method of (36)_______objects allows for the making of tools which, it is thought, is one of the very earliest signs of intelligence as we know it. It makes sense that aliens would have followed a similar path.Language –This one is a bit tricky because it’s incredibly non-specific. The key here isn’t just the ability to communicate with each other in the moment — many animals have species-wide methods of vocal communication that could be considered language —but also to relay information and pass it down between generations. This allows the (37)________ of knowledge over long periods of time and gives new members of a species the chance to (38)______ and “stand on the shoulders” of those who came before them.These (39)________ obviously sound a lot like what we’re all born with, which makes perfect sense. However, within this very basic outline there’s plenty of room for v ariation. If aliens only need two eyes, a gripping appendage(附属肢体), and some kind of language in order to have caught up with humans, there’s really no telling what form their bodies have actually taken, especially on planets with chemical (40)______ far different from Earth.Keys: 31-40 G F J E K C B H I AII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Oumuamua, an object tumbling(翻转)through space hat was discovered on October 19th, has already made (31)______. The speed at which it is moving relative to the sun means that it cannotbe (32)_______ to the solar system. Its official designation(称号) is thus II /2017 U1, with the “I”(33) for" interstellar (星际的)”－the first time this designation has ever been used.That is exciting. Some scientists, though, (34)______ an even more exciting possibility: what if Oumuamua is not an asteroid(小行星) as most think, but an alien(外星的) spacecraft? Asteroids come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, but Oumuamua seems particularly odd. As best as astronomers can tell, it is cigarlike, being (35)______180 metres long but only about 30 metres wide. That makes it longer and thinner than anything known of in the solar system. Such a shape would be a (36)_____ choice for a spaceship, since it would minimize the scouring(冲刷) effect of interstellar dust.With that in mind the Breakthrough Listen Project, an organization devoted to (37) ______ for alien life, plans to turn the world’s biggest steerable radio telescope, the Green Bank instrument in Virginia, towards oumuamua to see if it can hear anything interesting. Oumuamua is (38)_______ about twice as far from Earth as Earth is from the sun. At that range, the telescope should be (39)____enough to pick up a transmitter about as powerful as a mobile phone after just a few seconds-worth of observations.Will it find anything? Almost certainly not, Oumuamua has the same reddish colour as many asteroids, so presumably has a similar (40)_____. And, if it really is a spaceship, it is odd that signs of its artificial origin have not been seen already and also odd that it is tumbling. It could, in theory, be deserted. But in that case the telescope is unlikely to hear anything. By far the most likely option is that it is exactly what it seems to be: a wandering hunk of space rock, although one that has come to the solar system from the vast voids between the stars.Keys: 31-40 D J G B K C A I F EII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Innovation, the elixir of progress, has always cost people their jobs. In the industrial revolution hand weavers were (31) aside by the mechanical loom. Over the past 30 years the digital revolution has (32) many of the mid-skill jobs that supported 20th-century middle-class life.Typists, ticket agents, bank tellers and many production-line jobs have been dispensed with, just as the weavers were.For those who believe that technological progress has made the world a better place, such disruption is a natural part of rising (33) . Although innovation kills some jobs, it creates new and better ones, as a more (34) society becomes richer and its wealthier inhabitants demand more goods and services. A hundred years ago one in three American workers was (35)________on a farm. Today less than 2% of them produce far more food. The millions freed from the land were not rendered (36) , but found better-paid work as the economy grew more sophisticated. Today the pool of secretaries has (37) , but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers.Optimism remains the right starting-point,but for workers the dislocating effects of technology may make themselves evident faster than its (38) . Even if new jobs and wonderful products emerge,in the short term income gaps will widen,causing huge social dislocation and perhaps even changing politics.Technology's (39) will feel like a tornado （旋风）, hitting the rich world first, but (40) sweeping through poorer countries too.No government is prepared for it.Keys: 31-40 J B K G C F I A E DII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food (31) at the supermarket. Since you really (32)_______yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help (33) some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket－including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up－is a choice architect.Governments don't have to (34) healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans.Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect－one that encourages us to choose what is best－we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with (35) hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to (36) foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains (37) by looking at the lights on the package.A green light (38) that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be (39) ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in (40) . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Keys: 31-40 G C I F E B K J A HII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.THE TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITIES in Nanjing, East China’s Jiangsu province, are reportedly considering a (31) to cap the number of order for takeout deliverymen, many of whom have been (32) of violating traffic rules on a daily basis. Beijing News commented on Saturday:At least 242 traffic accidents in the city in the first half of this year involved takeout deliverymen, resulting in (33) to about 170, prompting the local transportation authorities to tighten their (34) of such takeout deliveries.So the Nanjing authorities have good reason to intervene, but placing a cap on the number of takeout orders (35) to deliverymen is a questionable move. Deliverymen hired by most platforms are allowed to go for any order up for grabs even when they do not have enough time to finish the delivery.Many reckless riders tend to disregard the traffic rules because failing to deliver an order within a given time - (36) around 20 minutes - can cost them one-third of the money they make. Such a rigid assessment mechanism (37) does not take into account any unavoidable delays.There is no doubt that timely deliveries must not come at the (38) of traffic order or the well-being of deliverymen. Food delivery service platforms need to provide proper training for their delivery staff to ensure they ride safely, as well as give them reasonable incentives and penalties. The local traffic enforcers can help food delivery companies to better manage their staff without (39) with their daily operations.In other words, limiting the number of takeout orders may overstep administrative boundaries. There are viable alternatives that are worth emulating, such as a code of conduct for deliverymen, along with a new management system that makes deliverymen (40) for their vehicles, most of which are currently registered under the name of their employers. A credit deduction policy that links the driving records of deliverymen with their pay might be another.Keys: 31-40：C I A F E B K G D JII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.I’m a 50-something male, the father of two mostly grown girls. I’m happy to say that both my parents are still kicking. I’m on good (31) with my brothers and sisters most of the time. I am blessed with good friends and other relations, and tend to get on well with my co-workers. I am fortunate in so many ways, but feel like I consistently disappoint everyone I know.I cannot, for the life of me, give a genuine (32) . It simply doesn’t come naturally. W hen I try, and I do, in order to maintain all the relationships, it feels forced, more a matter of (33)_____ than a gift that might put wind in the sails of someone I truly care for. I feel strongly that giving should spring from joy, or at least from a (34) desire to see the recipient enlivened by it. When I have nothing to offer in response to a job well done, everyone loses. I feel like I’ve twisted the emotional and social development of my children, alienated (疏远) any number of perfectly wonderfu l lovers, and generally kept the world at arm’s length.After years of psychotherapy and the obsessive (强迫症) self-examination common to my generation, I believe I know where this meanness of spirit comes from. Six kids in total, at a very tender age, there were five younger, cuter kids standing between me and the object of our (35) . Mama was driven to (36) , to put it mildly, by the demands placed on her, but it was the 1950s and she set a selfless and hardy example. I had complete (37) for her difficult situation, even at the time. The fact remains, however, that, as a young child, I needed more than I got. I (38) for my mother’s attention. I needed to know that she (39) me as more than her helper, her strong little man. I clearly recall, at the ripe old age of 7, coming to the conclusion that I would never get it. "That’s OK," I reckoned, "I can get by without it". "it" being her love.You can imagine the sibling rivalry in a big family. Eventually I took haven in the written word to get away from it. But even before I learned to read, I had realized that giving any sign ofapproval or encouragement to my brothers and sisters could only (40) to increase the gulf between me and my mom. Does that make sense? I can rationalize otherwise, of course, and now we’re all "one big happy family", but the damage is done. l want to be gracious and giving, but when I even think to reach into that purse, however, it’s pretty much empty.Keys: 31-40 D F I B K G A H C EII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.There are few symbols of pure American culture more powerful than the Disney theme parks. To walk down Main Streets, U.S.A., is to walk through a particular (31) of American’s collective memory. It’s small-town values. It’s optimism.It’s energy.It’s innovation.It’s a certain kind of innocence. It is by design,the story of the “American Way”－and one that has played a(n) (32) role in shaping the collective memory of American history.Though Disney Parks today are well-established cultural icons, the Walt Disney Company’s start as a(n) (33) of American history and ideals began long before it opened the gates of Disneyland. It is a sophisticated process. From its creation in 1923 as “The Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio,”the Disney operation was producing films that (34) Americans’ideal version of themselves.Often set in a glorified 19th century rural American heartland, these animations (35) a hero (usually the indomitable (不屈不挠的) Mickey Mouse) whose strong work ethic and bravery in the face of risk always found the “little guy” and “common man” triumphant over his foe(敌人). Such optimistic sentiment held great (36) in the country’s Depression years,and most certainly led Mickey and company to become household names.This narrative of upholding American values continued at the brand’s theme parks, where Walt Disney translated it into a physical experienc e using American folk history. “Disneyland,” he said at the park’s grand opening,“is (37) to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created American.”Visitors are made to feel as if they are stepping into moments of history, ones chosen to fit a tidy narrative that (38) the nation’s past and future commitment to lift, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.To be sure, Disney’s unique ability to (39) American history in its own nostalgia-tinged (带有怀旧气息的) image－what has come to be called ”Disneyfication”－has drawn significant (40) . But when it comes to collective memory, it must be noted that the past can be remembered one way and exist factually in another, and that many different versions can have their place in the American mind. Even as characters change and Tomorrowland becomes an artifact of yesterday, Disneyland continues to be a touchstone of American collective memory.Keys: 31-40 G K H B I C D E J FII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The world's first test-tube hamburger has already been synthesized (合成) and cooked at a cost of more than $300,000. Now two young bioengineers in Silicon Valley (硅谷) are trying to produce the first glass of (31) milk without a cow and with the help of GMO yeast (转基因酵母).Making milk, while complicated in its own way, is nonetheless much simpler than growing meat. "Less than 20 (32) are needed to give the flavor, structure and color you expect when you drink milk," says Ryan Pandya, who co-founded the synthetic dairy (合成乳制品) start-upMuufri with Perumal Gandhi.Pandya and Gandhi insert DNA sequences (序列) from cows into yeast cells, grow the cultures (培养出的细胞) at a (33) temperature and the right concentrations (浓度), and harvest milk proteins after a few days. "The process is extremely safe," says Gandhi. "It's the same one used to (34) insulin (胰岛素) and other medicines."The fats in Muufri milk come from vegetables and are changed at molecular (分子的) level to mirror the flavor and structure of milk fats. Minerals and sugars are purchased separately and (35) to the mix. Once the proportion is fine-tuned, the ingredients will turn into milk in a natural (36) .The scientists behind yeast-culture dairy are concerned about animal welfare (福祉) and agricultural sustainability—but also about creating a food that will find a mass market. As their artificial milk keeps the taste and nutritional benefits of cow milk, it will be different from soy-based (37) .While anti-GMO people worry about super crops taking over the natural world, Pandya replies, "Even if the yeast does go out in the world, it’ll produce only milk proteins and die within hours."Worldwide dairy (38) continues to grow every year. "We need to (39) to allow everyone to enjoy a glass of milk 50 years from today," Gandhi says. "The world will switch to the plant-based milk if our product is almost the same as the (40) one and priced right."Keys: 31-40 C I E A G B K D F JII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.In the wake of the historic announcement of the discovery of gravitational waves on February 11, 2016 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), British physicist and black hole theorist Stephen Hawking was quick to (31) the US-led collaboration, sharing his excitement for the historic news.According to Hawking, these results confirm several very important (32) of Einstein’s theory of general relativity and it also confirms the existence of gravitational waves directly. As is becoming clear, the direct detection of these ripples in space time not only confirms Einstein’s famous theory of general theory but it also opens our eyes to a(n) (33) “dark” universe. Astronomers employ the electromagnetic spectrum (电磁光谱) to study the universe, but objects that do not radiate in the electromagnetic spectrum will go (34) . But now we know how to detect gravitational waves, which can help us detect and study some of the most energetic cosmic phenomena.“Gravitational waves provide a completely new way of looking at the universe and the ability to detect them has the (35) to revolutionize astronomy” said Hawking. “The discovery is the first observation of black holes merging. The observed (36) of this system are consistent with predictions about black holes that I made in 1970 in Cambridge.”However, this discovery also presents a puzzle for astrophysicists. The mass of each of the black holes are larger than expected for those formed by the gravitational (37) of a star---so how did both of these black holes become so massive.This question touches on one of the biggest mysterious (38) black hole evolution. Currently, astronomers are having a hard time understanding how black holes grow to be so massive. On the one end of the scale, there are “stellar mass(恒星质量)” black holes that form immediately after a massive star explodes, (39) an extremely bright light. And we also have an abundance of evidence for the existence of the super-massive that live in the centers of most galaxies. There should be evidence of black holes of all sizes, but “intermediate mass” black holes and black holes of a few dozen solar masses are (40) rare, throwing some black holes evolution theories into doubt.One thing is clear, however. This is the first time that we’ve acquired direct evidence of a black hole merger. So it’s good to know we’re on the right track.Keys: 31-40 G H F D I K C B J AII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Several recent studies have found that being randomly assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased (31) but also to a greater likelihood of conflict.Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease (32)_____and force students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships. An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher (33)_____success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that “if you’re surrounded by whites, you have something to prove.” Researchers also observed problems resulting from (34) interracial students in residences.According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so (35) that one roommate will move out. An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester. Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the fin dings. “This may be the first time that some of these students have (36)_____, and lived, with someone of a different race,” she said.At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when (37) for housing. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some (38) , the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.” “I’ve experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and (39) stereotypes,” said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts “provided more multicultural acceptance andmelding (融合),” there were also “jarring cultural resistance.” The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.Kao said she (40) against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.Keys: 31-40 A H E F G D J K B III. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Would you like to make your green tea even greener? Or your espresso more eco-friendly? Starting Thursday, Starbucks is hoping to (31) a bit of environmentalism into each one of its brewed drinks by offering it in a reusable mug, costing just $1. The new cups change very little, except for the material: they are nearly (32) to the Seattle-based coffee company’s iconic white paper cup.Of course, the paper cups are still available for no charge, but the company is hoping that it will increase customers’ habits in bringing reusable cups, a(n) (33) they’ve promoted since 1985 which they currently nets customers a 10-cent discount on their order. The new cups will also (34) this same policy, which means it’ll pay for itself in 10 uses. Nothing (35) a coffee addiction like a bit of environmental do-goodism.The program was first (36) in Starbucks’ hometown of Seattle and throughout the already environmentally-friendly Pacific Northwest. It’s the same spirit that has encouraged shoppers to bring their own bags with them in San Francisco and Portland, both of which have (37)______ bans on plastic bags, requiring customers to bring their own or purchase reusable cloth bags. Seeing success, the reusable cups are now being rolled out to all of the U.S. andCanada.It’s all part of a long-term (38) by the chain to reduce environmental waste by cutting down on the number of paper cups finding their way to landfills. (Those Trenta cups）take up quite a bit of space, you know.) Starbucks long announced ago that it wanted to serve at least 25% of drinks in reusable cups by the year of 2015. The company has substantially lowered their (39)______ with this newest initiative, revising the hoped-for proportion to 5% in the next two years. But it seems like a(n) (40) goal — in 2011, Starbucks reports that 2% of drinks were served in reusable mugs. Now we just have to remember to grab ours off the counter before we run to Starbucks — a notoriously difficult feat before our first cup of coffee.Keys: 31-40 E I A E H C J B K GII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Here is a question that every person（even you）should think about what you will leave behind when you die. “I'm too young to think about that,” you may say. Wrong! Perhaps your mind goes to the (31) assets that you hope to acquire in the future----perhaps a house, a car, or a bank account. Sure, those things may be further down the road, but if you have an email address, own a collection of digital music and movies, use a social networking site, have an online photo album, or write a blog, then you are the proud owner of what is now being called (32) “assets”. We all (33) assume that our possession will go to our loved ones when we die. At some point, you'll probably even write a will which states who should inherit what. People are now starting to realize that (34) listing our material possessions may not be enough. Researchers at the University of London recently discovered that more and more Britons are now deciding who should get their digital photos, music, videos and so on---the “digital inheritance.”。

18上海高考英语真题试题上海市18年高考英语试题和参考答案与解析{作文类}

年上海高考英语真题试卷上海市高考英语试卷及参考答案年高考已经结束，相信大家都对高试卷感兴趣，下面是小编收集的上海市高考英语试卷及参考答案，供大家参考！第卷第一部分: 听力（共两节，满分分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节 (共小题。

每小题分,满分分)听下面段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的、、三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

. ?. . . . . .. ?. . . ’ .. .. ?. . . . . .. ’ ?. . . . . .. ?. . . . . .第二节（共小题，每小题分, 满分分）听下面段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后几个小题，从题中所给的、、三个选项中选出虽佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题秒钟; 听完后，各小题将给出秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. ’ . . ’ .. ’ .. ?. . . . . .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . ’ . . .. ?. . . .. .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . . . .. ?. . . . . .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . .. .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . . . .. ?. .. ’’ .. .. , ?. ’ . . ’ .. ’ .. ?. . . .. .第二部分：阅读理解（共两节, 满分分）第一节（共小题。

每小题分, 满分分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(、、和)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

, . ’ $ , .. , ., . , ’ .. , . ., , , . .. , . , ’ ., () .. ...... ?. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. ,...., , . , ..— , — , ’( ) , ’ . .(免疫) . . . , , , .(疫苗) . . .“— : ,” .“ , , , . , .”. “” .. . .. .. .... ’ .. ?. .. .. .. .. ?. . . . . . . ., , . !. , . , , . , . ,, , , , .. , , , .. , ., , , , , . . , .’ , . , .“” . .. ?. . . .. . . .. .. ’. ,. ’. ’. .. . . .. (: 夏令时) .“ , ,” . , . “’ ; ’ .” , . “ , , , . ’ , ,”“ .”. , . “ . . ”, . , (退黑激素) . , . .? , .. ?. ? . ?. ? . ?. ?. . . .. . . .. “” .. . . .. .. . . .第二节（共小题。

【高三英语试题精选】2018上海市高考英语试题(含解析)

2018上海市高考英语试题（含解析）-一般过去时，故填did。

Passage B33 本题考查冠词用法。

由于engineer是可数名词，而electrical前面为元音读音，故该空填不定冠词an。

34 本题考查动词的时态和语态。

根据…and looks like a mini shop可知首先本句用的是一般现在时；其次本句是并列谓语结构；又由于The machine和equip是动宾关系，故该空填该动词的一般现在时的被动语态is equipped。

35 本题考查非限定性定语从句。

根据句式结构可看出，这是一个非限定性定语从句，而空中所缺的成分既代替先行词his invention，又在从句中做主语，故用关系代词which。

36 本题考查反身代词。

根据前句I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted可以推断“所以我自己做”。

故填myself。

37 本题考查形容词比较级。

该自动售货机英语为huge outdoor vending machine，但是认为用术语the term “automatic shop”相比之下应是“较合适”，即用比较级形式。

由于appropriate为多音节形容词，故前面加more。

38 本题考查考查动词时态。

根据时间状语In recent years可知，该句用现在完成时。

故正确答案为has forced。

39 本题考查现在分词做结果状语。

根据前句…about 400 village shops closed句意“……大约400家村店关闭”可以看出结果是“促使当地政府给挣扎的村店提供经济支持……”，故用现在分词urging。

40 本题考查介词用法。

根据短语offer sth to sb/ sth可知，该空填to。

Section B。

2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解A篇-（带答案精准校对加强版）

2018届上海市各大名校高三英语题型分类汇编加强版：阅读理解A 篇1 One 【2018届上海市上海实验学校高三英语10月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Zelda Fitzgerald, as is revealed by numerous personal books and letters, wore many labels in her her life. life. life. She She She was was was ―the ―the o riginal original original flapperǁ flapperǁ girl girl and and and ―the ―the spirit spirit of of of the the the Jazz Jazz Jazz Age.ǁ Age.ǁ Married Married to to to the the celebrated writer F. Scott Fitzgerald (author of The Great Gatsby ), she was by turns his muse and ), she was by turns his muse and the woman who ruined his life. In her later years she was ―Crazy Zelda.ǁAccurate Accurate as as as all all all these these these descriptions descriptions descriptions may may may be, be, be, they they they do do do not not not tell tell tell the the the whole whole whole story. story. Born Born in in Montgomery, Alabama, she was noted for her beauty and high spirits in dancing. In July 1918, at a country club dance, Fitzgerald was hooked immediately by the beautiful and charming 18-year-old Zelda who outshined other beauties with her distinguished ballet. A light affection evolved into a lengthy long-distance pursuit of weekly letters, with Fitzgerald aware of her uncommitted dating of other men. He courted her feverishly, reading her his stories and parts of his unfinished novel. He He proposed proposed proposed after after after his his his discharge discharge discharge from from from the the the Army Army Army in in in February February February 1919, 1919, 1919, but but but Zelda Zelda Zelda had had had doubts. doubts. doubts. Her Her fiancé wasn’t rich and there was no guarantee he’d ever be famous. His short stories didn’t sell. His His attempt attempt attempt was was was a a a dump. dump. dump. Zelda Zelda Zelda gave gave gave back back back the the the ring. ring. ring. Hoping Hoping Hoping to to to fix fix fix the the the ―no ―no moneyǁ moneyǁ part part part of of of his his problem, problem, Fitzgerald quit the job and started to rewrite Fitzgerald quit the job and started to rewrite novels for success and money so that he could win back his girl. Finally, he made it ！On March 20, 1920, his novel This Side of Paradise got published and Zelda agreed to marry him. However, their marriage was troubled by wild drinking, fighting, infidelity （不忠）and bitter recriminations(互相指责). ). Earnest Earnest Earnest Hemingway, Hemingway, Hemingway, whom whom whom Zelda Zelda Zelda disliked, disliked, disliked, blamed blamed blamed her her her for for for Scott’s Scott’s declining declining literary literary literary output, output, output, though though though she she she has has has also also also been been been portrayed portrayed portrayed as as as the the the victim victim victim of of of an an an overbearing overbearing husband. husband. Actually, Actually, Actually, Zelda Zelda Zelda was was was also also also creative, creative, creative, pursuing pursuing pursuing both both both dancing dancing dancing and and and writing. writing. writing. Some Some Some scholars scholars have portrayed Zelda as a creative talent ignored by the patriarchal （男权的）society of the day. Her inspiration was even drawn by her husband in literary creation. Scott used their relationship as material material in in in his his his novels, novels, novels, even even even borrowing borrowing borrowing episodes episodes episodes from from from Zelda’s Zelda’s Zelda’s diary diary diary and and and applying applying applying them them them into into into his his fictional writings. She detested her husband’s practice: ―Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name —seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.ǁ To seek an artistic i—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.ǁ To seek an artistic i dentity of her own, Zelda wrote independently to declare her own value, as she put it ―I wish I could write a beautiful book to break those hearts that are soon to cease to exist.ǁNevertheless Nevertheless her her her unique unique unique personality personality personality was was was starting starting starting to to to seem seem seem more more more unbalanced unbalanced unbalanced than than than charming. charming. The couple —like the rest of the nation —was living on borrowed time. In October 1929 the stock market crashed, triggering the Great Depression. Six months later, Zelda suffered her first nervous breakdown. After being diagnosed with schizophrenia （精神分裂）, she was increasingly confined to specialist clinics, and since then has departed with her husband. Zelda died later in a fire at her hospital in Asheville, North Carolina, putting an end to her flamboyant life. 56. Where will you most probably find this article? A. In a newspaper. B. In a literary magazine. C. In a prepared speech. D. In a research report. 57. Which phrase can best summarize the relationship between F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda? A. Ideal partnership. B. Unbalanced love relationship. C. Love-hate relationship. D. Mutually-jealous relationship. 58. Which of the following is TRUE according to the article? A. Fitzgerald successfully won Zelda’s heart by reading her his novels and writing her weekly letters. B. B. Hemingway Hemingway Hemingway disliked disliked disliked Zelda Zelda Zelda because because because of of of her her her female female female identity identity identity and and and talent talent talent that that that outshined outshined outshined her her husband. C. Zelda was glad to be her husband’s muse and provided him with literary materials.D. The ―Crazy Zeldaǁ died without Fitzgerald’s companion after severe schizophrenia.Keys: 56-58 BCDTwo 【2018届上海市上海实验中学高三英语下学期4月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A) I was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds at a a nearby nearby nearby hospital. hospital. hospital. My My My university's university's university's philosophy philosophy philosophy was was was to to to get get get students students students seeing seeing seeing patients patients patients early early early in in in their their education. education. Nice Nice Nice idea, idea, idea, but but but it it it overlooked overlooked overlooked one one one detail: detail: detail: second-year second-year second-year students students students know know know next next next to to to nothing nothing about medicine. Assigned to my team that day was an attending — a senior faculty member who was there mostly mostly to to to make make make patients patients patients feel feel feel they they they weren't weren't weren't in in in the the the hands hands hands of of of amateurs. amateurs. amateurs. Many Many Many attendings attendings attendings were were researchers who didn't have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis (关节炎) specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition there were two interns(住院实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs. I began the day at 6:30 am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other five - piece of cake. But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘粗气). He'd just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didn't seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia （肺炎）. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on. "It's really hot in here, Doc," he replied. So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye. At 8:40 a.m., during our team meeting, "Code Blue Room 307!" blared from the loudspeaker. I froze. That was Mr. Adams's room. When we arrived, he was motionless. The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity capacity in in in half. half. His symptoms had been textbook : : heavy heavy heavy perspiration perspiration perspiration and and and shortness shortness shortness of of of breath breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadn't read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help. This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what's particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will? 56. 56. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital? Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital? A. He himself wanted to have practice. B. Students of all majors had to do so. C. It was part of his medical training. D. He was on a research team. 57.While the author was examining Mr. Adams, all the following symptoms caught his attention EXCEPT _________. A. moving difficulty B. steady temperature C. faster heart rate D. breathing problem 58. ―His symptoms had been textbook ǁ means that his symptoms were_________. A. part of the textbook B. no longer in the textbook C. recently included in the textbook D. explained in the textbook 59. 59. At At the the end end end of of of the the the passage, passage, passage, the the the author author author expresses expresses expresses _________ _________ _________ about about about the the the medical medical medical education education system. A. optimism B. hesitation C. concern D. support Keys: 56-59 CADC Three 【2018届上海市华东师大二附中高三英语下学期3月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Mrs. Bridge said that she judged people by their shoes and by their manners at the table. If someone wore shoes with run-over heels, or shoes that had not been shined for a long time, or shoes with broken laces, you could be pretty sure this person would be careless in other things as well. And there was no better way to judge a persons background than by watching him or her at the table. The children learned it was impolite to talk while eating, or to chew with the mouth open, and as they grew older they learned the more subtle manners not to butter an entire slice of bread, not to take more than one biscuit at a time, unless, of course, the hostess should insist. They were taught to keep their elbows close to their sides while cutting meat, and to hold the utensils in the tips of their fingers. They resisted the temptation to sup up the gravy with a piece of bread, and they made sure to leave a little of everything-not enough to be called wasteful, but just a little to indicate the meal had been suit And ally, they learned that a lady or a gentleman does not fold up a napkin after eating in a public place. The girls absorbed these matters with greater facility than Douglas, who tended to ask the son for everything, sometimes observing that he thought it was all pretty silly. He seemed particularly unable to eat with his left hand lying in his lap; he wanted to leave it on the table, to prop himself up, us it were, and claimed be got a backache with one arm in his lap. Mrs, Bridge told him this was absurd, and when he wanted to know why he could not put his elbow on the table she replied, " Do you want to be different from everyone else?ǁDouglas was doubtful, but after a long silence, and under the weight of his mother’stranquil gaze, he at last concluded he didn’t.The The American American American habit habit habit of of of switching switching switching implement, implement, implement, however, however, continued continued to to to give give give him him him trouble trouble andmake andmake him him him rebellious. rebellious. rebellious. With With With elaborate elaborate elaborate care care care he he he would would would put put put down down down the the the knife, knife, knife, reach reach reach high high high across across hisplate and descend on the left side to pick up the fork, raising it high over the plate again as hereturned to the starting position. "Now sop acting ridiculous, " she told him one day at lunch. Well, I sure bet the Egyptians don’t have to eat this way ,ǁ he muttered, giving ―Egyptiansǁ a vengeful emphasis.―I doubt if they do, she replied calmly, expertly cutting a triangle of pineapple from hersalad, "but you' re not an Egyptinn, So you eat the way Americans eat, and that’s final.ǁ56. Which of the following was considered acceptable table manners by Mrs. Bridge A. Fold up a napkin after having a meal in a public place B. Take more than one biscuits if the hostess insists C. Put the elbow on the table while eating D. Butter an entire slice of bread 57. Douglas claimed that he got a backache with one arm in his lap, because______. A.he didn’t want to be different from othersB. he was worried that his back might ache soon C. no one answered his question about the table manners D. he had to find an excuse for not obeying the rules 58. What did Douglas mean by saying "I sure bet the Egyptians don’t have to eat this way"? A. He thought it ridiculous to have the strange old table manners B. He didn’t think Americans should learn from the Egyptians.C. He thought Egyptians used to have strict rules about eating D. He hoped that his mothers could give in to him if he insisted. 59. what's the probable reason why Mrs Bridge put much emphasis on table manners? A. She believed that good table manners is a reflection of her family's social position B. She didn't want her family to be considered wasteful C. She thought it necessary to cultivate her children’s good eating habitsD. She found it embarrassing to obey her sons wishes Keys: 56-59:BDAA Four 【2018届上海市华东师大二附中高三英语11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Shoppers Shoppers in in in the the the UK UK UK are are are spending spending spending less less less money money money on on on toilet toilet toilet paper paper paper to to to save save save money,research money,research money,research has has shown. Penny pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidi rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK.It has shrunk from £1.19 1.19 billion billion billion in in in 2011 2011 2011 to to to ££1.12 1.12 billion billion billion in in in 2015,according 2015,according 2015,according to to to a a a new new new report report report from from from market market market research research company Mintel.Furthermore,the future of the market looks far from rosy,with sales expected to fall future of the market looks far from rosy,with sales expected to fall further to £1.11 billion in 2016. In the last year alone,despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households,sales of toilet paper fell by 2%,with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from £43 in 2014 to £41 in 2015. Overall,almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper-including facial tissue tissue and and and kitchen kitchen kitchen roll roll roll——to to save save save money."Strength,softness money."Strength,softness and and thickness thickness thickness remain remain remain the the the leading leading indicators indicators ODM ODM ODM toilet toilet toilet paper paper paper quality,with quality,with quality,with just just just a a a small small small proportion proportion proportion of of of consumers consumers consumers preferring preferring preferring more more luxurious luxurious alternatives,such alternatives,such alternatives,such as as as those those those with with with flower flower flower patterns patterns patterns or or or perfume,"said perfume,"said perfume,"said Mintel Mintel Mintel analyst analyst analyst Jack Jack Duckett."These extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shoppers,which probably probably reflects reflects reflects how how how these these these types types types of of of products products products are are are typically typically typically more more more expensive expensive expensive than than than regular regular regular toilet toilet paper, even when on special offer." While consumers are spending less on toilet paper,they remain fussy-in theory at least-when it it comes comes comes to to to paper paper paper quality.Top quality.Top of of Britons' Britons' Britons' toilet toilet toilet paper paper paper wish wish wish list list list is is is softness(57%)followed softness(57%)followed softness(57%)followed by by strength(45%)and thickness(36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations,highlighting considerations,highlighting how how how overall overall overall the the the environment environment environment is is is much much much less less less of of of a a a consideration consideration consideration for for shoppers shoppers than than than product product product quality.In quality.In quality.In a a a challenge challenge challenge for for for manufactures,81% manufactures,81% manufactures,81% of of of paper paper paper product product product users users users said said they they would would would consider consider consider buying buying buying recycled recycled recycled toilet toilet toilet tissue tissue tissue if if if it it it were were were comparable comparable comparable in in in quality quality quality to to to standard standard paper. 56.The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because. ABritons have cut their spending on it B.its prices have gone up over the year C.its quality has seen marked improvement D.Britons have developed the habit of saving 57.What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A.It will expand in time. B.It will remain gloomy. C.It will experience ups and downs. D.It will recover as population grows. 58.What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A.They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B.They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C.They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D.They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. 59.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.More and more Britons buy recycled toilet paper to protect the environment. B.Toilet paper manufacturers are facing a great challenge in promoting its sales. C.Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another to improve. D.Environmental protection is not much of a concern when Britons buy toilet paper. Keys: 56-59 ABAD Five 【2018届上海市上海中学高三英语模拟考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The teacherwho did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt.She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the the wife wife wife of of of my my my mother's mother's mother's brother brother brother Bill. Bill. Bill. She She She taught taught taught me me me in in in second second second gradeat gradeat gradeat all-black all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey. During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouragedme to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what wasconsidered practical or possible for black females.I liked to sing; sing; shelistened shelistened shelistened to to to my my my voice voice voice and and and pronounced pronounced pronounced it it it good.I good.I good.I couldn't couldn't couldn't dance; dance; dance; she she she taught taught taught me me me thebasic thebasic dancing steps.She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre butadult comedies and dramas-and her faiththat I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed. My My aunt aunt aunt also also also took took took down down down books books books from from from her her her extensivelibrary extensivelibrary extensivelibrary and and and shared shared shared them them them with with with me.I me.I me.I had had books at home, but they were all serious classics.Even as a child I had a strongliking for humour, and I'llnever forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel throughher. Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided myfirst opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to theeditor as a "youth columnist". My column, begun when I was fourteen,was supposed to cover teenage social activities-and it did-but it also gave methe freedom to write on many other subjects as well as as the the the habit habit habit of of of gatheringmaterial, gatheringmaterial, gatheringmaterial, the the the discipline discipline discipline of of of meeting meeting meeting deadlines, deadlines, deadlines, and, and, and, after after after graduation graduation fromcollege six years later, a solid collection of published material that carriedmy name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs. Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a diamond, she she has has has reflected reflected reflected a a a bright, bright, bright, multifaceted multifaceted multifaceted ((多面的) ) image image image of of of possibilities possibilities possibilities to to to every every every pupilwho pupilwho pupilwho has has crossed her path. 56. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhoodand youth? A. She lent her some serious classics. B. She cultivated her taste for music. C. She discovered her talent for dancing. D. She introduced her to adult plays. 57. What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to? A. A book of great fun. B. A writer of high fame. C. A serious masterpiece. D. A heartbreaking play. 58. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________. A. develop her capabilities for writing B. give her a chance to collect material C. involve her in teenage social activities D. offer her a series of writing jobs 59. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who________. A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplined B. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potential C. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning Keys: 56-59 DAAB [来Six 【2018届上海市建平中学高三英语11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Not too many decades ago it seemed ―obviousǁ both to the general public and to sociologists that that modern modern modern society society society has has has changed changed changed people’s people’s people’s natural natural natural relations, relations, relations, loosened loosened loosened their their their responsibilities responsibilities responsibilities to to relatives and neighbors, and substituted in their place loose relationships with passing acquaintances(相识之人). However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the the ―obviousǁ ―obviousǁ i s is is not not not true. true. true. It It seems seems that that that if if if you you you are are are a city a city resident, resident, you you you typically typically typically know know know a a a smaller smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most most part, part, part, this this fact fact has has has few few few significant significant significant consequences. consequences. consequences. It It It does does does not not not necessarily necessarily necessarily follow follow follow that that that if if if you you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with relatives than are big-city residents are. Yet city residents make up for it by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities more likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities are. However, city residents do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These These findings findings findings do do do not not not imply imply imply that that that urbanism urbanism urbanism makes makes makes little little little or or or no no no difference. difference. difference. If If If neighbors neighbors neighbors are are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be be a a a link link link between between between a a a community’s community’s community’s population population population size size size and and and its its its social social social heterogeneity(heterogeneity(多样性). ). For For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city residents are also more likely than their 。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解B篇--学生版(精准校对提高版)

2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--语法填空-(带答案精准校对加强版)

II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Sizing Up Carbon FootprintsKelsey Schroeder was “born green”, according to her mother, and she takes that environmental enthusiasm to class with her at the Oak Knoll School of the Holy Child in Summit, N. J.. The 12-year-old (21)_____ (be) a driving force in greening her school since she was a fourth-grader. But (22)______really motivates kids — especially the sort of achievers who attend an exemplary private school like Oak Knoll — is a little competition. So when Schroeder and her classmates found out about a website (23) _____ (launch) last year that sets teams from around the country against one another in a contest to see who could be (24)______(green), they jumped on board. Her seventh-grade Royal Acorns team is Carbonrally’s the most recent champion,(25)_____ (save) 11.21 tons of climate-changing CO2 to date.(26)_____Americans grow more green-minded, more of them want to approach environmentalism in concrete terms. Thanks to websites like Carbonrally, one increasingly popular way to do so is by measuring and measurably reducing our carbon footprints — the greenhouse gases we’re responsible for (27)_____(emit). The more dependent we are (28)_____ fossil fuels, the bigger our carbon footprints; unsurprisingly, Americans, who are responsible for more than 20 tons of CO2 per capita annually, have some of the biggest feet in the world. How big?A recent study by a class at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that even a homeless American (29)_____ have a carbon footprint of 8.5 tons —twice (30)_______global average. “We have contributed more than our fair share to this problem,” says Katherine Wroth, a senior editor at the green website . “It seems logical that we would want to contribute to the solution.”Keys: 21. has been 22. what 23. launched 24. greener 25. having saved26. As 27. on 28. emitting 29. would 30. theII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Some ambitious office workers will stop at nothing to get ahead. And the use of email has provided an entire new box of dirty tricks for employees (21)______(hope) to climb the career ladder. Pushy office workers keen (22) ________(impress) bosses are increasingly using “ego mail” as a way to get ahead of their colleagues. And it seems men are the worst offenders.Showing off – or showing a colleague up - by copying management into an email thread is becoming more common, according to a study from a Cambridge scholar. Professor David De Cremer, of Cambridge University’s Judge Business School, found that workers who regularly CC, or “carbon copy,” their boss into email replies do so to unsettle their co-workers. “This finding suggests that when your co-workers copy your supervisor very often, they (23)______be doing so strategically, (24)________ they consciously know what the effect will be on you,’”he wrote in the Harvard Business Review.Men who “have no shame” are far more likely to engage these underhand tactics than women, according to Professor Tom Jackson of Loughborough University. “Interestingly from our research I would say that males are much more (25)________(focus) on doing this. Females might know how to do it (26)________ may not actually do it. Males have no shame - they just go ahead and do it,” he said. The method does seem to work, he added, because managers often remember (27)________ (pushy) employees when promoting members of staff.The ego email tactics could mean that women are missing out on promotions that are instead handed to male colleagues less embarrassed about using messages to show off. Some office workers go out of their way to email bosses at anti-social hours to show their commitment (28)_______the job. The study found that many would schedule messages (29)________(send) to management late at night or early in the morning to make it appear they are working even when they are not.This sort of behaviour could increase illness and stress in the workplace, according to experts. David D’Souza, of human resources organization the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, said ego emailing was a sign of an unhealthy working environment (30)_______employees were “fearful” for their jobs.Keys: 21.hoping 22.to impress 23.may 24. as 25. focused26. but 27. pushier 28. to 29. to be sent 30. whereII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.New England, USA is the vacation land of many people from other parts of the country, because there are so many lakes, waterfalls, and beautiful spots for camps, streams for fishing, and in the Maine woods places for hunting deer and mouse. In New Hampshire there are mountains called the White Mountains and one of these White Mountain, (21) ______ (name) after our First President, is Mount Washington. It is the highest mountain in this part of the country , and just(22)_______ it is so high many people like to climb it. All along the New England coast are places(23) people go to spend the summer, because this part of the country is so cool while the rest of the country is so hot.But the thing that New England is (24)_______ (proud) of its schools and colleges. In their mills they make things, and in their schools and colleges they make men. Two of the most noted colleges in the country are in New England -Yale is in Connecticut and Harvard is in Massachusetts. Harvard is the oldest college in the United States.(25) (stick) out from Massachusetts like a long, (26) (bend) finger, (27)______ ______signaling people across the water to come to Massachusetts, is a piece of land called Capel Cod. It was named in honor of the codfish, because codfish are so plentiful in those waters, and they are caught and dried (28) _____ great quantities and shipped everywhere.The finger of Cape Cod has beckoned to (召唤）people of (29) _____ lands than England. People who speak strange languages have come to New England to work in factories and mills, (30) now almost one quarter of the people in New England are not from England; they are not Yankees.Keys: 21. named 22.because 23.where 24.proudest 25.Sticking26. bent 27.as if 28.in 29.other 30.so thatII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.In short, those elf stories in Iceland might have represented a vague yet desperate attempt at control: if you did the right thing and helped out a hidden person, then at least through your response you had a tiny bit of power over your own destiny.In a category of their own (21) (be) the tales of elves who abducted mortal children or lured away adolescents. Those may have reflected an event more grim reality: children and teenagers who routinely died or went (22) (miss). Partly this happened (23) the adults had to work constantly and could not always be on call to supervise. During the summers they often had to work some distance from the farm,and when they did they would leave their children unattended for (24) (long) periods. Any number of things could happen to those children. They might wander off somewhere, possibly falling into a river, (25) a cliff, or into a deep crevice in the landscape. Or maybe the children (26)______were out working, with all the associated perils. As clearly as the age of five they were put into work watching the sheep, sometimes in a distant field.Imagine (27) a fog crept in and they tried to find their way home, only (28)_______ (become) hopeless lost. They could even have an accident, far from any available help. And so the (29)_______(bereave) parents,tormented by guilt, might conjure up a story in which their children had not,in fact,died,but had been taken away by elves who could provide a good life for them-even better than the one they (30)_______(provide).To the Icelanders,stories of elves and hidden people are an integral part of the cultural and psychological fabric of our nation. They are a part of our identity, a reflection of the struggles, hopes, resilience and endurance of our people. As such,they are very dear to us.Keys: 21.were 22.missing 23.because 24.longer 25.off26.whoever 27.if 28.to become29.bereaved 30.could have providedII．Grammar and Vocabulary Section ASection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Today the Statue of Liberty is a beloved landmark. It (21) (tower) above of the harbor of New York and is lovingly cared for by the National Park Service. Many thousands of visitors who visit Liberty Island each year might never suspect that getting the statue (22) (build) was a long slow struggle. More than a century ago, it (23)____ (be) the celebration of freedom and the commemoration of the friendship between America and France that inspired sculptor Auguste Bartholdi and finally he went forward with designing the potential statue and promoting the idea of building it. However, money was so big a problem (24) was haunting the two governments from the beginning to the end.Donations for the building of the statue first began coming in throughout France in 1875. Numerous people gave donations. A copper company donated the copper sheets that would be used to fashion the skin of the statue. Various donations were helpful, (25)_____ the cost of the statue kept riding. (26) (face) with a shortfall of money, the French-American Union held a lottery. Merchants in Paris donated prizes, and tickets were sold. Th e lottery was a success, but more money was still needed. The sculptor Bartholdi eventually sold miniature versions of the statue, (27) the name of the buyer engraved on them.Finally, in July 1880 the French-American Union announced that enough money had been raised to complete the building of the statue.While the French had announced that the funds for the statues were in place in 1880, by late 1882 the American donations, which would be needed to build the pedestal,were sadly lagging. The sculptor Bartholdi had travelled to America in 1871 to promote the idea of the statue. Despite Bartholdi’s efforts, the idea of the statue was difficult (28) (sell).Some newspapers, most notably the New York Times, often criticized the statue as folly, and vehemently opposed (29) (spend) any money on it. The newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer, who had purchased a New York City daily, The World, in the early1880s, took us the cause of the statue’s pedestal. He mounted an energetic fund drive, promising to print the name of each donor, (30) small the donation, Pulitzer’s audacious plan worked, and millions of people around the country began donating whatever they could.In August 1885, that final $100,000 for the statue; the pedestal had been raised. Construction work on the stone structure continued, and the next year the Statue of Liberty, which had arrived from France packed in crated, was erected on top.Keys: 21. towers 22. built 23. were 24. as 25. but26. faced 27. with 28. to sell 29. spending 30 howeverII．Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirection: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.At least 10 terrorists were killed and nine policeman (21) (wound) on Sunday during a security raid in Giza province near the capital Cairo, the Egyptian Interior Ministry said in a statement.The terrorists were extremist elements (22) (escape) from North Sinai province and hiding in two apartments in Giza’s Ard al-Liwaa district in preparation for carrying out a number of terror operations, said the police statement.“Fire exchange with eight militants in the first apartment led to killing of them and shootout in the (23) apartment killed two,” said the statement , noting that the gunfire was started by the militants and it continued for four hours.“One of them threw an explosive device at the forces but it blew him off,” it added.The police said that the confrontations wounded nine policeman (24) four machine guns and ammunition were seized during the raid.Since March, similar security campaigns killed about 50 militants in the provinces of Cairo,Giza, Alexandria, Beheira, Fayoum, Qalioubiya,Minufiya, Ismailia and others.Egypt has been fighting against a wave of terror activities (25) killed hundreds of policemen and soldiers since the military toppled former Islamist president Mohamed Morsi in July 2013 in response to mass protests (26) his one-year rule and his currently outlawed Muslim Brotherhood group.Terror attacks in Egypt (27) focus on police and military men in North. Sinai before spreading nationwide and targeting the Coptic minority as well,with most of them (28)_______(claim) by a Sinai-based group loyal to the regional Islamic State militant group.Another militant group (29) (refer) to itself as Hasm, which appeared late last year and is regarded by the police as an affiliate with the Brotherhood, claimed responsibility for a number of terrorist attacks that killed several policemen in the country.Meanwhile, the Egyptian military and police have killed hundreds of militants and arrested a similar number of suspects as part of the country’s anti-terror war (30) (declare) by President Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi, the army chief then, following Morsi’s removal.Keys: 21.were wounded 22.escaping 23.other 24.while 25.that26.against ed to 28.claimed 29.referred 30.declaredII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A great deal of attention (21)_________ (pay) today to the so-called digital divide--the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor at present. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was (22)_______ (visible) then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. (23)______ the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and moregovernments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet (24)_______(net) together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow (25)______ ______widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet (26)______well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.(27)_________(take)advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries(28)________ still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built (29)________industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is (30)_______ America's Second Wave infrastructure- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.Keys: 21.is being paid 22.less visible 23.As 24.will be netted 25.rather than26.may 27.To take 28. that 29.its 30.whySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Kazuo Ishiguro, who won this year’s Nobel Prize in Literature, has a number of strings to his bow, or rather his guitar.u The 62-year-old is world famous as a writer of fiction, but his early dream was to be a great singer and songwriter, like last year’s winner, Bob Dylan.His friend and former publisher Robert McCrum recalls the young Ishiguro (21) (turn) up at the publishing house Faber and Faber with a bunch of his stories in one hand and a guitar over his shoulder. It was his stories (22) earned him the great honor he received two weeks ago (23) his name indicates, Ishiguro comes from a Japanese background, although he came to Britain from Japan at the age of 5 and is a British citizen who writes in English.He(24)________(educate) at the University of East Anglia, a school that has become known for training writers.Ishiguro’s writing is highly restrained. His characters are often reluctant to express (25) , except in a kind of code. This certainly gives his writing a quality in common with that of Jane Austen, an author to (26) he is often compared. The best example of this is his novel The Remains of the Day, which later became a successful film.The central character of the book is a butler called Stevens. He is an extremely loyal servant to an English lord, and is a character who some might call repressed. He misses out on affection and love (27) he will not confess his feelings to anyone.The story is told by Stevens, and his style is as polite and unrevealing as his behavior. Of course, we (28) read between the lines to uncover the “real” story, which isn’t quite the one the butler is telling. Stevens finds it a challenge (29) (communicate), and communication is often a theme in Ishiguro’s novels.In this author’s sense of the world, there is a gap between our feelings and our ability to communicate them. The Nobel Committee emphasized this theme (30) it talked about Ishiguro’s work. The writer has, the committee claimed, “in novels of great emotional force ... uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”.Keys: 21. turning 22. that23. As 24. was educated25. themselves26. whom 27. because 28. have to 29. to communicate30. whenII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.New UK Banknotes Causes ComplaintsAn argument has started over the use of the new plastic £5 (about 43 yuan) note in the UK.A petition (请愿) to the Bank of England has been launched by the thousands of vegetarians, --- (21) ______ (call) for the use of tallow (动物脂油), a substance made from animal fat, in thebanknotes to be stopped.The new £5 note, or fiver, (22) ______ features former prime minister Winston Churchill, is the UK’s first-ever bill (23) ______ (make) from a polymer (聚合材料). Its strong structure means it can deal with dirt and moisture better than the paper bill (24) ______ replaced.The notes started being used in September, and around 440 million new fivers (25) ______ (believe) to already be in circulation.“I understand old notes contain stuff as well --- we can’t do anything about what is already in use --- but the fact that they are producing new ones is (26) ______ really angers me.” Doug Maw, who started the petition, told the Press Association. “There have got to be other ways of making money without using animal products.”But in the eyes of Australian scientist David Solomon, who developed the first polymer bank note in Australia in 1988, the new £5 (27) ______ (contain) incredibly small amounts of tallow, which is also found in candles and soap.“It picks up fewer drugs than paper notes and you don’t chop down trees,” he told The Independent. “It’s more hygienic (卫生的) than a paper note by a long way.”It's not the first time that the latest version of the fiver (28) ______ (cause) controversy (争议). Another petition was created (29) ______ it was announced that Winston Churchill would replace English social reformer Elizabeth Fry on the face of the note, meaning no English banknotes would feature women (30) ______ ______ Queen Elizabeth II.After thousands expressed their anger, it was announced that British novelist Jane Austin would be the face of the new £10 note from summer 2017.Keys: 21. calling22. which23. made24. it25. are believed26. what 27. contain28. has caused29. when30. apart fromII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.It’s time to go out for a run!As little as five minutes of running or jogging each day can help people reduce their risk of premature death by nearly one-third and extend their lives by about three years, according to a U.S. study.The researchers tracked the exercise habits of over 55,000 adults in the United States for six to twenty-two years. About 24 percent of the adults described themselves (21)_____ runners. Compared to those who didn’t run, those who did were 30 percent (22)_____(likely) to die of any cause during the course of the study. These figures (23)_____(adjust) to take into account people’s smoking and drinking habits, how old they were (24)_____ they enrolled in the study, their family’s health history and their other exercise h abits.The researchers divided up the roughly 13,000 runners into five groups (25)_____(base) on how many minutes they ran per week. Those (26)_____ were in the lowest group ran up to 50 minutes over a seven-day period, and those in the highest group ran for more than 175 minutes over the course of a week. According to the study, the benefits of running were pretty much the same for all runners.“Running even at lower doses or slower speeds was associated with significant benefits,” the researchers wrote in their report. (27)_____(reduce) the risk of premature death, they calculated, all it took was 30 to 59 minutes of running per week.“This finding has clinical and public health importance,” the report continues. “Time is one of the strongest barriers to (28)_____(participate) in physical activity. This study may motivate more people to start running. People who (29)_____ hardly devote 20 minutes to moderate physical activity each day may appreciate the efficiency of a five-minute run.” However, it is not clear (30)_____ the findings of this study would apply to the nation as a whole.Keys: 21. as22. less likely23. were adjusted24. when25. based26. who27. To reduce28. participating29. can30. whetherII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is another problem that aged parents may face. Of all the reasons (21) _______explain their loneliness, a large geographical distance between parents and their children is the major one. This phenomenon is commonly known as “Empty Nest Syndrome”(空巢综合症).In order to seek (22) ________ (good) chances outside their countries, many young people have gone abroad, (23) ________ (leave) their parents behind with no clear idea of when they will return home. Their parents spend countless lonely days and nights, taking care of themselves, in the hope that someday their children will come back to stay with them. The fact (24) ________ most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty (25) ________ they would have if they had not left their countries. (26)_________ the case, it has been noted that the values they hold do not necessarily match (27)________ they actually do. This geographical and cultural distance also prevents the grown-up children from providing timely response (28) _________ their aged parents living by themselves.The situation in which grown-up children live far away from their aged parents (29)________(describe) as “distant parent phenomenon”, (30)_______ is common both in developed countries and in developing countries. Our society has not yet been well prepared for “Empty Nest Syndrome”.Keys: 21.that 22.better 23.leaving 24.that 25.as26.whatever 27.what 28.for 29.has been described 30.whichII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.What families need is more affordable urban neighbourhoods with decent schools, safe streets, adequate parks ---and more housing space. As New York University’s Shlomo Angelpoints out, virtually all major cities worldwide（21）_______ (grow) outward more than inward, and becoming less dense in the process --- because density drives families away from urban cores and toward less dense peripheres(外围). The lesson is clear:（22）________cities were families, they should promote a mixture of density options.The solution is not to make war on suburbia, as urbanists have been doing for years. Following the notions (23)________ Jane Jacobs advanced a half-century ago, contemporary urbanists argue that high density creats a (24)______ (strong) sense of community. But that contention isn’t self-evident. The university of California’s Jan Brueckner and Ann Largely conducted 15,000 interviews across the country and found that for every 10 percent drop in population density, the likelihood of someone’s talking to his neighbour once a week went up 10 percent, (25)_______ _______ race ,income, education , martial statue, or age.In California, particularly , state and local officials push policies that favor the development of apartments over single-family houses and town houses. But by trying to cram people into higher-density space, planners help push up prices for the existing stock of family-friendly homes. Such policies have already been practiced for decades in the United Kngdom, (26)________(make) even provincial cities unaffordable, as British social commentator James Heartfield notes. London(27)_______ is among the least affordable cities in the world. Even middle-class residents(28)_______(know) to live in garages, converted bathrooms, and garden sheds.A city that continues to be high-density and high-cost hasn’t necessarily signed its own death warrant. Manhattan, parts of Brooklyn, and much of San Francisco, Seattle, Boston, and other amenity-rich cities---(29)________Tulane University geographer Richard Campanella calls “kiddie deserts” ---continue to flourish, (30)_____________other cities, such as Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo, can’t attract the same interest from young hipsters and the rich and are consequently less capable of withstanding the effects of family flight to the suburbs.Keys: 21. are growing 22. if 23.that 24. stronger 25.regardless of26. making 27. itself 28. have been known 29. what 30. butII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--六选四--学生版(精准校对提高版)

Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the “C” her child received on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay,” recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade. “______67______”In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving pare nts in their children’s education is a priority at their school, but only 25％described their experience working with parents as “very satisfying.” _____68______73％of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phones and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parent-teacher c onference, it’s harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share. _____69_____ But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic.When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn't necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. _____70______According to research based on the NationalEducation Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25,000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision. school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related to academic achievement.Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Guns have a special place in American culture, and though not everyone agrees on whether or not they are a good thing, there is no mistaking that they will be part of the cultural landscape for some time. To answer the question, no, not everyone has a gun._____67_____.Americans use guns for one of two uses: either for sport, where they can use them on firing ranges or for hunting in approved areas, or for self-protection. The latter is where most people begin lo take sides, either arguing for the removal of guns from society or allowing more people to have hem. There are organizations and community groups for both sides and both sides have strong feelings.Legally, there are restrictions on gun owners._____68_____.Only certain kinds of weapons can be purchased by the public, and that excludes automatic weapon and military grade weaponry Gun owners must transport their weapon in a safe way, unloaded and in most cases, out of sight.Special—concealed carry permits from the police station must be obtained for people who want to wear weapon, and most people are rejected for this kind of permit. ______69______. Criminals steal guns or buy them illegally to commit crimes, and the news is foil of terrible stories of what happened next. Occasionally a child will get a hold of legal weapon and accidentally hurt themselves or others.It is important to remember, however, that the news stories that make the United States seem like a dangerous place are deceiving; guns are not everywhere or constant.______70_____. After all. America is a safe place to live.Section CDirections: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note there are tow more sentences than you need.Globalization has significantly influenced food consumption in most parts of world, but one country whose food has a long history of being globalized is Italy. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at least one Italian restaurant. Furthermore, Italy has seen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries.Food has always been very important for Italian families. Italians take a lot of pride in the making and preparation of food. Until recently, pasts---a basic Italian food--- would have beenmade by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home._______67_______.Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the last five years, according to one manufacturer. _______68_____. This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.These changes have both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, globalization has increased the range of food available in Italy. Italians now have much more choice in terms of what they eat. They also do not need to spend so long preparing and making food, unless of course they want to. In contrast, it can be argued that large restaurant chains are becoming increasingly powerful, resulting in the destruction of local and national specialties. _______69______._______70_______. Convenience foods have replaced many of the traditional home-cooked meals, and the availability of foreign fruits has greatly increased. While this extra choice is welcomed by some, others fear that the damage it may cause to Italian traditions.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.B.C.E.F.“My work is done.” Those words were some of the last penned by George Eastman. He included them in his suicide note. They mark an ignoble end to a noble life, the leave taking of a truly great man. The same words could now be said for the company he left behind. Actually, the Eastman Kodak Company is through. It has been mismanaged financially, technologically and competitively. ______67______. One of America’s bedrock brands is about to disappear, the Kodak moment has passed.But George Eastman is not how he died, and the Eastman Kodak Company is not how it is being killed. Though the ends be needless and premature, they must not be allowed to overshadow the greatness that came before. Few companies have done so much good for so many people, or defined and lifted so profoundly the spirit of a nation and perhaps the world. ______68______.Kodak served mankind through entertainment, science, national defense and the stockpiling of family memories. Kodak took us to the top of Mount Suribachi and to the Sea of Tranquility. It introduced us to the merry old Land of Oz and to stars from Charlie Chaplin to John Wayne, and Elizabeth Taylor to Tom Hanks. _____69_____. When that sailor kissed the nurse, and when the spy planes saw missiles in Cuba, Kodak was the eyes of a nation. From the deck of the Missouri to the grandeur of Monument Valley, Kodak took us there. Virtually every significant image of the 20th Century is a gift to generation from the Eastman Kodak Company. _____70_____. Yes, there were photographers, and for relatively large sums of money they would take unnatural pictures in studios and formal settings. But most people couldn’t afford photographs, and so all they had to remember distant loved ones, or earlier times of their lives, was memory. Children could not know what their parents had looked like as young people, grandparents far away might never learn what their grandchildren looked like. Eastman Kodak allowed memory to move from the uncertainty of recollection, to the permanence of a photograph. But it wasn’t just people whose features were savable; it was events, the precious times that families cherish. The Kodak moment, was humanity’s moment.Section CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Choosing the right job is probably one of the most important decisions we have to make in life, and it is frequently one of the hardest decisions we have to make. One important question that you might ask yourself is “How do I get a good job?”_______67______.There are people who can answer an insignificant advertisement in the local paper and land the best job in the world; others write to all sorts of places all over the country, and never seem to get a reply at all．Still others believe that the in person, door-to-door approach is by far the best way to get a job; and then there are those who, through no active decision of their own, just seem to be in the right place at the right time．______68_______. He used to spend a lot of his free time down by the sea watching the tall ships, but never thinking that he might one day sail one of them．His father was a farmer, and being a sailor could never be anything for the boy but an idle dream．One day, on his usual wandering, he heard the captain of the ship complaining that he could not sail because one member of his crew was sick．Without stopping to think, the lad（少年）offered to take his place．_____69______._______70______. If the lad had gone home to ponder（考虑）his decision for a week, he may have missed his chance．It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.Sometimes we hear stories about people who break all the rules and still seem to land plum jobs（美差）．When you go for a job interview or fill out an application, you are expected to say nice things about the company to which you are applying．But there was one person who landedan excellent job by telling the interviewer all the company’s faults. :And within a year this person had become general manger of the company.Section CDirections:Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two sentences than you need.This is a dangerous world we live in.The number of murders goes up every year,people are dying of cancer, more people contract（感染）HIV,more teens are using drugs,etc.You know this because you've heard all the statistics on the news and in the paper. _____67______. The numbers are going up,but how do they compare to the growth in population? Are more cases of these diseases being reported because of better testing techniques,or are the diseases more common?The fact is that without knowing the background statistics mean very little.______68______. For example,several years ago a high school student reported the dangers of the chemical known as dihydrogen monoxide（一氧化二氢）.This chemical,found in most cancerous umors（肿瘤）,is often found in the blood of people drunk on alcohol,and causes complete physical and mental dependence for those who take the chemical even once.After reading his report,more than 75% of his Advanced Placement Chemistry class voted to forbid this dangerous chemical!Every one of the above statements is true,yet this chemical is necessary to all life on earth.The students made the mistake because they voted knowing only a few statements and statistics,rather than the chemical's full background._______69______. When one finds a new fact or number,one should try to consider otherimportant information before forming an opinion with only half-truths.Always remember that the author is trying to convince you of his or her own view,and will leave out information that is different to his view.For example,look again at the statistics that suggest skiing is safe.Only people may die each year when skiing,while 897 die from lightning strikes,but which is really the most dangerous?If you think about it,you realize far fewer people go skiing each year than the number of people who are in danger of a lightening strike.When you think about it,skiing is more dangerous than you might at first think when looking at statistics. ______70_____. To be warned is to be prepared.Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Today’s workplace is unique in history. Never before have we seen people working together who represent such different backgrounds and experiences. This difference of age, race, gender, and work style makes it very difficult to organize and run a company.________67_______. Increasingly, managers are discovering that age differences among workers are a major cause of concern.This has been an important realization. The management difficulties and challenges have led some experts to study intergenerational differences for an understanding of problems in the workplace. What they have discovered is interesting and may provide ways of improving working conditions in companies that employ individuals from different generations.The first thing to realize, they say, is that differences of opinion about the importance of work and how to get work done are not a coincidence. _______68_______. In fact, if employers do not pay attention to these differences, it is possible that anger will build up between people and lead to difficulties in the company.Resentment (仇恨) between members of different generations, if not attended to, can lead to extreme anger and unhappiness and even lasting enmity(敌意) if people are not careful. ________69_______. It is natural for individuals from the same generation to form alliances (联盟), to come together for protection. Different generations represent different experiences in life, and these lead naturally to different opinions about oneself and one’s approaches to work.If you were raised in a time of plenty, when products were readily available and relatively inexpensive, you would believe that prosperity is natural and expectable. If, on the other hand, you were raised in a time of scarcity, you would always be careful not to waste things for fear you would not have enough. You would make angry people who seem to believe that problems will always solve themselves. ________70________. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to achieve a happy, agreeable atmosphere in the workplace.Section C.Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two extra sentences than you need.As recently as 15 years ago, if you wanted to catch up on the news, you could look at a handful of publications or a few nightly programs. And if you wanted to listen to music, you could turn on MTV or fiddle with your radio. People in major cities had more opinions, because a large population can support specialty shops. _______67______ .Today, as we all know, access to information has exploded. One consequence, according to Toure, a cultural critic writing in Salon, is that the ability of pop culture to unify us- he refers to the massive interest in Michael Jackson’s Thriller, or Nirvana’s Never mind-has been eroded, probably forever. Steven Hyden, also writing in Salon, counters that whatever the advantages and disadvantages of a centralized pop-culture authority, the monoculture never actually existed._______68______. Even when it supposedly existed, its content largely depended on other characteristics of your little corner of the world. In the 1992-1993 school year, I was a student at a multiracial and relatively urban junior high school in California’s central valley. We listened to Salt-n-Pepa, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Kris Kross, with the latter having inspired a trend in which kids wore their clothes backwards. The next year I was enrolled in a mostly white junior high school in leafy Chiago suburb. One of the houses was famous for having appeared in the 1990 film “Home Alone”; the pop ular bands were Nirvana, Hole and the Smashing Pumpkins; and the biggest pop- cultural event of the school year was Kurt Cobain’s suicide.But Toure’s point is about the virtues of common cultural experience. It seems he is recalling centralized media only insofar as it’s a distribution system that fostered that outcome. _______69_______. It doesn’t matter whether a record is released by an important label or an indie (独立制片人); if it’s online, people can usually find, forward,share and promote it. But what’s interesting and perhaps surprising, given that both Toure and Mr Hyden seem to agree that the old distribution favored big media- is that we still have widely shared cultural experiences. Just think of Barack Obama doing the little hand gesture from Beyo ncé’s “Single Ladies ” video. _______70_______. It’s safe to say that the monoculture never really existed,and that some artists still reach a wide audience, whether we like it or not.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur (诋毁) on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the teenagers see that they are annoyed. ______67______. Such a loss of dignity and a kind of childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the teenager, and makes them decide that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.Disillusionment(醒悟) with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.______68______. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and correctness, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this teen-aged reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation andindependent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by offending and resisting it. The teenagers, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. ______69______.Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating（伪装）behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too frightened to let them know how they really felt. ______70______. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentenceThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories - but not for everyone.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do._______67_______.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan.11,1964, by the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. Its finding thatsmoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation's attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today,many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. _______68______. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19._______69______. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack -- three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York's. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor.______70_______. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.It is a truth universally acknowledged that Pride and Prejudice by English novelist Jane Austen is one of the most popular. tales ever written. ______67______. In her own time, Austen's name never appeared on her books.In Pride and Prejudice, she was simply the author of Sense and Sensibility, which had carried the title By a Lady." The anonymity (匿名）worked so well that even friends of the Austen family had no idea that dear, sweet Jane was a novelist. A friend of Jane's brother Henry actually told him that Pride and Prejudice was "much too clever to be the work of a woman."______68______. Tom Paine, a Founding Father of the United States, kept his identity hidden for a short time after the publication of his famous Common Sense. For a woman, however, there was the added burden of societal expectations. Any sort of publishing or public display of talent was considered improper behavior for a woman. As Virginia Woolf, another English writer, declared in A Room of One's Own: "I would dare to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman."It wasn't only fear about "bad manners" that discouraged women from writing under their own names._______69_______. Charlotte Bronte author of Jane Eyre, once sent her poetry to Robert Southey, a famous poet. Southey simply responded: "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life." Bronte used her pen name, Currer Bell, to publish Jane Eyre in 1847. Her sister Emily published Wuthering Heights as Ellies Bell in the same year.The 20th century saw great progress towards gender equality. In theory, it should be unnecessary for women writers to follow Austen's path any longer, unless driven by personal reasons._______70______. Joanne Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, was advised to become J.K. Rowling. That's because boys might dislike the feeling of picking up a book by a woman, Connie Ann Kirk explained in her biography (传记)of Rowling.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The use of mobile wallet is growing. In fact, total mobile transaction is expected to increase almost 32% from 2016-2017 globally, to USD1.35 trillion in 2017, according to a study by Juniper Research.______67______. In a study released by Discover Global Network and 451 Research, 52 percent of respondents aged 25-34 say they believe mobile payments are more secure than traditional credit cards. But just 24 percent of respondents aged 55 and older say they can rest assured.So, how can retailers and wallet providers build a foundation of trust and begin to shift consumer perceptions? One word: tokenization（标记化）.Tokenization is the process of substituting a cardholder’s 16-digit account number with a payment token. Payment tokens limit the impact of a data breach（破坏）because tokens are limited to use on specific devices, for specific merchants, for specific types of goods and services. If a data breach occurs, the payment token is immediately removed and replaced with a new one. _____68_____.Here are three benefits to tokenization you should begin educating your consumers on:1. Restricted control limit usage of each payment token to a specific merchant. _____69______.Thus, its value can be reduced to hackers seeking to commit online fraud(欺诈).2. Payment tokens can reduce the need for cardholders to manually update their payment information when their card number changes. If a merchant stores tokens instead of PANs on their e-commerce site and the cust omer’s payment card is lost, stolen or expired, the payment token automatically updates on the customer’s merchant profile.3. _______70______. By storing payment tokens instead of the customer’s card number, the customer only needs to enter his or her CVV or CV2 number to complete the transaction.Section CDirections:After reading the passage below, choose the best answers from the six statements according to what you have just read.In the 19th century, millions of European went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life. Many of them couldn’t find work in cities like New York. ______67______. The people, called settlers, travelled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trail.Some of these people hoped to find gold in California. The journey sometimes took more than one year. There are a lot of films, called Westerns, about the settlers on the trail. In most of the film, we see the Native Americans (American Indians) attacking the settlers, and the “Indians” killing many white people. ______68_____. In fact, most of them were very helpful to the settlers.It is true that the settlers’ journey was extremely difficult. Many of them walked 3,200 kilometres, the whole length of the trail. The had wagons, but the wagons were often too full, sopeople could not travel in them. ______69______. The people were very poor and many did not even have shoes— they walked the whole trail barefoot, in extremely could temperature.More than 50,000 people, including many women and children, died on the trail. A lot of people died from illnesses like cholera, because the drinking water wasn’t clean.______70______. Many people died under the wheels of wagons, for example, and from accidental gunshots.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.“Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most believe it is of great importance. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. _______67______.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. ______68______. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme。

2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题试题汇编--阅读理解C篇--学生版(已校对)

Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Here’s the scary thing about the identity-theft ring that the feds cracked last week: there was nothing any of its estimated 40,000 victims could have done to prevent it from happening. This was an inside job, according to court documents. A lowly help-desk worker at Teledata Communications, a software firm that helps banks access credit reports online, allegedly (据说）stole passwords for those reports and sold them to a group of 20 thieves at $60 a pop. That allowed the gang to cherry-pick consumers with good credit and apply for all kinds of accounts in their names. Cost to the victims: $3 million and rising.Even scarier is that this, the largest identity-theft bust to date, is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans hav e their credit hijacked every year. It’s one of crime’s biggest growth markets. A name, address and Social Security number--which can often be found on the Web--is all anybody needs to apply for a bogus（伪造的）line of credit. Credit companies make $1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of that revenue（收入）to fraud, so there’s little financial incentive for them to make the application process more secure. As it stands now, it’s up to you to protect your identity.The good news is that there are plenty of steps you can take. Most credit thieves are opportunists, not well-organized gangs. A lot of them go Dumpster diving for those millions of “pre-approved” credit-card mailings that go out every day. Others steal wallets and return them, taking only a Social Security number. Shredding your junk mail and leaving your Social Security card at home can save a lot of agony later.But the most effective way to keep your identity clean is to check your credit reports once or twice a year. There are three major credit-report outfits: Equifax (at ), Trans-Union () and Experian (). All allow you to order reports online, which is a lot better than wading through voice-mail hell on their 800 lines. Of the three, I found TransUnion’s website to be the cheapest and most comprehensive--laying out state-by-state prices, rights and tips for consumers in easy-to-read fashion.If you’re lucky enough to live in Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey or Vermont, you are entit led to one free report a year by law. Otherwise it’s going to cost $8 to $14 each time. Avoid services that offer to monitor your reports year-round for about $70; that’s $10 more than the going rate among thieves. If you think you’re a victim of identity theft, you can ask for fraud alerts to be put on file at each of the three credit-report companies. You can also download a theft-report form at /idtheft, which, along with a local police report, should help when irate creditors come knocki ng. Just don’t expect justice. That audacious help-desk worker was one of the fewer than 2% of identity thieves who are ever caught.63. The expression “inside job”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ___________.A. a crime committed by a person working for the victimB. a crime that should be punished severelyC. a crime that does great harm to the victimD. a crime that poses a great threat to the society64. You can protect your identity in the following way except ___________.A. destroying your junk mailB. leaving your Social Security card at homeC. visiting the credit-report website regularlyD. obtaining the free report from the government65. It is easy to have credit-theft because ____________.A. More people are using credit serviceB. The application program is not safe enoughC. Creditors usually disclose their identityD. Creditors are not careful about their identity66. The best title of the text is ____________.A. The danger of credit-theftB. The loss of the creditorsC. How to protect your good nameD. Why the creditors lose their identitySection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)All across America, students are anxiously finishing their "What I Want To Be .." college application essays, advised to focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) by experts and parents who insist that's the only way to become workforce ready. But two recent studies of workplace success contradict the traditional wisdom about "hard skills".Google originally set its hiring systems to sort for computer science students with top grades from top science universities. In 2013, Google decided to test its hiring theory by quickly dealing with large amounts hiring, firing, and promotion data collected since the company's establishment.Project Oxygen shocked everyone by concluding that, among the eight most important qualities of Google's top employees, STEM capability comes in dead last. The seven top characteristics of success at Google are all soft skills: being a good coach; communicating and listening well; possessing comprehension into others, being supportive of one's colleagues; being a good critical thinker and problem solver, and being able to make connections across complex ideas.Those characteristics sound more like what one gains as an English or theater major than as a programmer.Could it be that top Google employees were succeeding despite their technical training, not because of it? After bringing in more experts to dive even deeper into the data, the company enlarged its previous hiring practices to include humanities majors, artists, and even the MBAs (Master of Business Administration).Project Aristotle, a study released by Google this past spring, further supports the importance of soft skill seven in high-tech environments. Project Aristotle analyzes data on inventive and productive teams. Google takes pride in its A-teams, assembled with top scientists, each with the most specialized knowledge and able to throw down one creative idea after another. Its data analysis revealed, however, that the company's most important and productive new ideas come from B-teams comprised of employees who don't always have to be the smartest people in the room.Project Aristotle shows that the best teams at Google exhibit a range of soft skills: equality, generosity,curiosity toward the ideas of your teammates, understanding, and emotional intelligence. And topping the list:emotional safety. To succeed, each and every team member must feel confident speaking up and making mistakes. They must know they are being heard.STEM skills are vital to the world we live in today, but technology alone, as Steve Jobsfamously insisted,is not enough. We desperately need those who are educated to the human, cultural, and social as well as the computational.63. The underlined word:“contradict”most probably means “____________”.A. add toB. back upC. bring aboutD. conflict with64. Google conducted the studies of workplace success in order to ____________.A. determine what makes a workplace-ready studentB. check whether its hiring system serves the purposeC. prove soft skills are more important than hard onesD.impress its competitors with the employees’ excellence65. What can be inferred from Project Aristotle?A. Emotional safety enables people to express themselves freely.B. Listening and hearing helps develop problem-solving abilities.C. Learning from mistakes doesn’t necessarily mean improvement.D. Those without specialized knowledge can also make inventions.66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. STEM skills our society needs for better educationB. The principal focus students have on application essaysC. The surprising thing Google learned about its employeesD. The soft skills Google programmers lack for career growthSection CDirections：Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.(C)“Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase,”George W. Bush said, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. “They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.”Yet there are vital differences between Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission. First,they were headed to a place where hundreds of thousands of people were already living. Second, they were certain to discover places and things of immediate value to the new nation. Third, their venture cost next to nothing by today’s standards. A Mars mission may be the single most expensive non-wartime undertaking in U.S. history.Appealing as the thought of travel to Mars is, it does not mean the journey makes sense, even considering the human calling to explore. And Mars as a destination for people makes absolutely no sense with current technology.Present system for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that merely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs --- or by raising taxes. Absent some remarkable discovery, astronauts, geologists, and biologists once on Mars could do little more than analyze rocks and feel awestruck （敬畏的）staring into the sky of another world. Yet rocks can be analyzed by automated probes without risk to human life, and at a tiny fraction of the cost of sending people.It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled his proposal, he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. All these accomplishments came from automated probes or automated space telescopes. Bush’s proposal, which calls for“reprogramming”some of NASA’s present budget into the Mars effort, might actually lead to a reduction in such unmanned science --- the one aspect of space exploration that’s working really well.Rather than spend hundreds of billions of dollars to hurl tons toward Mars using current technology, why not take a decade or two or however much time is required researching new launch systems and advanced propulsion（推进力）? If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready.63. What do Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission have in common?A. Instant value.B. Human inhabitance.C. Venture cost.D. Exploring spirit.64. Bush’s proposal is challenged for the following reasons except that __________.A. its expenditure is too huge for the government to afford.B. American people’s well-being will suffer a lot if it is implementedC. great achievements have already been made in Mars exploration in AmericaD. unmanned Mars exploration sounds more practical and economical for the moment65. Which cannot be concluded from the passage?A. Going to Mars using current technology is quite unrealistic.B. A Mars mission will in turn promote the development of unmanned program.C. Bush’s proposal is based on three recent great achievements of space exploration.D. The achievements in place exploration show how well unmanned science has developed.66. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Risky as it is, a Mars mission helps to re tain America’s position as a technological leader.B. A Mars mission is so costly that it may lead to an economic disaster in America.C. Someday people may go to Mars but not until it makes technological sense.D. A Mars mission is unnecessary since the s cientists once there won’t make great discoveries.Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dusty Nash, an angelic-looking blond child of seven, awoke at 5 one recent morning in his Chicago home and began to throw a fit. He cried and kicked. Every muscle in his 50-lb. body flew in violent motion. Finally, after about 30 minutes, Dusty pulled himself together sufficiently to head downstairs for breakfast. While his mother was busy in the kitchen, the extremely excited child pulled a box of Kix cereal from the cupboard and sat on a chair.But sitting still was not easy this morning. After grabbing some cereal with his hands, he began kicking the box, scattering little round corn puffs across the room. Next he turned his attention to the TV set, or rather, the table supporting it. The table was covered with a check-boardcon-tact paper, and Dusty began peeling it off. Then he became interested in the spilled cereal and started smashing it into bits.It was only 7: 30, and his mother Kyle Nash, who teaches a medical-school course on death and dying, was already feeling half dead from exhaustion. Dusty was to see his doctors that day at 4, and they had asked her not to give the boy the drug he usually takes to control his extreme excitement and attention problems, a condition known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). It was going to be a very long day without help from Ritain, a powerful drug which some people take for pleasure, but which they can become addicted to.Karenne Bloomgarden remembers such days all too well. The spirited, 43-year-old boss and gym teacher was a disaster as a child growing up in New Jersey. “I did very poorly in school,” she recalls. Her teachers and parents were constantly on her case for tough behavior. “They just felt I was being bad--- too loud, too physical, too everything.” A naughty tomb oy with few friends, she saw a psychologist at age 10. “but nobody came up with a diagnosis”. As a teenager she began prescribing her own medication: marijuana, and later cocaine.The athletic Bloomgarden managed to get into college, but she admits that she cheated her way to a diploma. “I would study and study, and I wouldn’t remember a thing. I really felt it was my fault.” After graduating, she did fine in physically active jobs but was anxious about administrative work. Then, four years ago, a doctor put a label on her troubles: ADHD. “It's been such a weigh off my shoulders” says Bloomgarden, who takes both stimulant Ritalin and the antidepressant Zoloft to improve her concentration. “I had 38 years of thinking I was a bad person. Now I’m rewriting the tapes of who I thought I was to who I really am.”63. What does the phrase “throw a fit” in the 1st paragraph probably mean?A. turn oneself around casuallyB. fall down to the ground carelesslyC. lose ones temper suddenlyD. shout and complain loudly64. Why did Dusty Nash mess the room?A. He was reluctant to listen to his motherB. He couldn't focus on anything for a while.C. He forgot to take the medicine he usually took.D. He was afraid to see the doctor with his mother.65. The passage is chiefly concerned with .A. the visible symptoms of the disease ADHDB. the precise definition of the disease ADHDC. D usty’s experiences in his childhood and collegeD. K arenne’s confessing of cheating to get a diploma66. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Dusty went to see his private doctor every week in the past yearsB. D usty’s mother took care of him till he was admitted to a college.C. A psychologist examined Karenne and cured her serious disease.D. Karenne didn't know herself well until she was diagnosed with ADHD.Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.The problem is not just what happens after publication —scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research — attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies.Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too” derision(嘲笑) that would waste resources — but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost — even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious(伪造的) results, eaten by termites(白蚁).There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant (“positive”) but nonreplicable results. Revising the present incentive(激励) structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions.63. What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.64. Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2?A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctor’s advice.C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.D. A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.D. Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings.66. The purpose of this article is to ___________.A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiencyB. explain the result of a recent scientific studyC. introduce some recent progress in medical researchD. highlight the possible problems of research studiesSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.COf all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud stated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised (伪装的)shadows of our unconscious desires and fears: by the late 1970se neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only influenced but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it change it."The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier onesbefore awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated(产生)during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life. we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day' s events—until, it appears, we begin to dreams.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over repeated bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.63. By saying that "dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat" in paragraph 1, theresearchers mean that__________.A. dreams can help us keep our mood comparatively stableB. dreams can be brought under conscious controlC. dreams represent our unconscious desires and fearsD. we can think logically in the dreams too64. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to________.A. become worse in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC. persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night65. Cartwright believed with much practice, we can lean to__________.A. control what dreams to dreamB. sleep well without any dreamsC. wake up in time to stop the bad dreamsD identify what is upsetting about the dreams66. Cartwright might advise those who sometimes have bad dreams to_________.A. lead their life as usualB. seek professional helpC. exercise conscious controlD. avoid anxiety in the daytimeSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.C"Monday morning feeling "could be a crushing pain in the chest which leaves you sweating and gasping for breath. Recent research from Germany and Italy shows that heart attacks are more common on Monday mornings and doctors blame the stress of returning to work after the weekend break.he risk of having a heart attack on any given day should be one in seven, but a six-year study helped by researchers at the Free University of Berlin of more than 2, 600 Germans revealed that the average person had a 20 percent higher chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day.Working Germans are particularly not protected against attack, with a 33 per cent higher risk at the beginning of the working week. Non-workers, by comparison, appear to be no more at risk on a Monday than any other day.A study of 11,000 Italians proved 8 am on a Monday morning as the most stressful time for the heart, and both studies showed that Sunday is the least stressful day, with fewer heart attacks in both countries.The findings could lead to a better understanding of what is the immediate cause of heart attacks, according to Dr. Stefan Willich of the Free University. "We know a lot about long-term risk factors such as smoking and cholesterol (胆固醇)but we don't know what actually causes heart attacks, so we can 't make specific recommendations about how to prevent them," he said.Monday mornings have a double helping of stress for the working body as it makes a rapidchange from sleep to activity, and from the relaxing weekend to the pressures of work. "When people get up, their blood pressure and heart rate go up and there are hormonal(荷尔蒙的) changes in their bodies.” Willich explained. “All these things can have an unfavorable effect in the blood system and increase the risk of a clot(血凝块) in the arteries(动脉) which will cause a heart attack. "When people return to work after a weekend off, the pace of their life changes. They have a higher workload, more stress, more anger and more physical activity," said willich. "We need to know how these events cause changes in the body before we can understand if they cause heart attacks."But although it is tempting to believe that returning to work increases the risk of a heart attack, both Willich and the Italian researchers admit that it is only a partial answer. Both studies showed that the over 65s are also vulnerable on Monday morning even though most no longer work. The reason for this is not clear, but the Italian team speculated that the social interactions-the thought of facing another week and all its pressures—may play a part.What is clear, however, is that the Monday morning peak seems to be consistent from the northern Germany to southern Italy in spite of the differences in diet and lifestyle.63. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. 20% of the Italians appear to have higher possibility of having heart attacks.B. 33% of the Germans have heart diseases, so heart attacks are more common in Germanythan in any other country.C. The risk of having heart attacks on Monday mornings is the same as on any other day ofthe week to non-workers.D. non-smokers are more likely to have heart attacks on Sundays.64. The over 65s are more likely to suffer from heart attacks on Monday mornings possiblybecause _________.A. they are afraid of returning to workB. they are reluctant to face the pressures of another weekC. most of them are not in good healthD. they are much busier on Mondays than on any other days of the week65. In the following research, Dr. Willich will probably try to find out___________.A. if smoking and cholesterol will cause heart attack。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解B篇--学生版(精确校对)

Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born-in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists—people trained to analyze large bodies of information — key workers in this emerging ―cognitive‖ technology economy. There are already critical applicat ions that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection system, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital—particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle—are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields request from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The most important factor weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of launching a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend ＄150m a year on a single application and the total bills is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent.Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expend their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.A third barrier to adapting to the coming era of ―smart‖ applications, however, is likely to becultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some many master this difficult transition.But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.60. What cannot be inferred from the passage about the machine learning ?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.61. The underlined word in the 3rd paragraph ―field s‖ mostly probably means______________.A. avoidsB. createsC. solvesD. classifies62. Which one is the biggest obstacle for many traditional companies to begin a machine-learning operation ?A. High costB. Expert crisisC. Technological problemD. Customer interactionsSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Think the world lovesyour selfiesas much as you do? Not exactly.It‘s becomesomethingofaritualformanyof us.Whenyou‘vebinge-watchedeverythingonNetflixand youaretiredofonlineshopping,youheadtothebathroomtoputonyourverybestmakeup.Y ourgoalisclear;t ogettheperfectselfieforFacebook,Instagram,Snapchat…or,more likely,alloftheabove.Afterperfecting youreyelinerandcurlingyourlashes,you‘re ready.Y ouhold up your phone,poutthoselipsreal tight,and inaninstant,snap.Butwait,haveyoueverwondered what‘s behindyourburningdesiretoself-document?Mostpeoplewouldsaythatthisisaformofexpressionorperhapsevenawayofboostingtheirself-esteem.Whateveryourreas onsmaybe,themomentyouuploadthatpicture,it‘s nolongeryours to judge.Indeed,youpassoverthat immensepower to theonlineworld.While you may think that your ever-growing collection of selfies endears people to you, quite the opposite may be true. That is, at least, according to a recent study, conducted by Sarah Diefenbach, a professor at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and published in Frontiers in Psychology. Diefenbach surveyed a total of 238 people in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland to find out how many people regularly take and upload selfies and what they thought when others didthe same thing.Ratherunsurprisingly,amassive77percentofthepeoplesurveyedadmittedtobeingobsessedwithreg ularlytakingselfies.Whatwasmoreinteresting,though,wasthefactthatanastonishing82percentofpeople saidthattheywouldratherseeotherselfiesonsocialmedia.Diefenbachcallsthis the ―selfies paradox‖:theidea thatwe like taking selfiesbutseriously dislikelooking atother people‘s selfies online.The research didn‘t just inquire into whether we want to see selfies, but also looked at how we view our own selfies as opposed to those of others. According to the results, people tend to see the selfies they like as ― self-ironic‖ and ―authentic‖, whereas they think that other people‘s selfies as ―less authentic‖ and more ―self-presentational‖.Inshort,thisresearchsuggeststhatthereisamassivegulfofdifferencebetweenhowweseeourownselfi esand howwejudgeother people‘s pictures.Itsuggeststhatwe arecomfortablewiththeselfieswepostsincewebelievetheyareobviouslynotseriousorvain,butwethinkev eryoneelseis a totalegotist for doing the very samething.―Thismayexplainhoweveryb odycantakeselfieswithoutfeelingnarcissistic.Ifmostpeoplethinklike this,thenitisnowonderthattheworldisfullof selfies,‖explainsDiefenbach.So,asillogicalasitsounds,thisc ouldbewhyweunashamedlypostselfiesandthenjudgeotherpeoplefordoingso.Somehow,weareabletose parateourownselfiesfromtheseaofthemonlineandnaively thinkthat oursare the only authentic ones.So,thenexttimeyouidlyreachforyourphoneandflickthroughthefilters,considerthis:Thepeoplearoundyoumaynotneedanothercarefullyplannedsna pofyourface.Instead,youmightbe betteroff, givingita breakandcallingofftheselfiephotoshoottoday.Whileyou‘re at it, makesure you never post these pictures on socialmediaeither.60. Which of the following may not be the reason for people uploading their selfies on the Internet?A. To show others what kind of persons they are.B. To be more confident about themselves.C. To encourage others to make comments on them.D. To make others like them more.61. What does the word ―paradox‖(line 4, paragraph 5) mean?A. complicated statementsB. contradictory statementsC. constructive statementsD. complimentary statements62. According to the passage, what are people‘s attitudes towards selfies?A. They tend to like their own selfies more compared with others‘ selfies.B. They believe that oth er people‘s selfies are much better than their own.C. They think that other people‘s selfies are as genuine as theirs.D. They sometimes feel ashamed of posting selfies on social media.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Outdoor RecreationGet outdoors with us this summer and experience the excitement and serenity within our unique programs. Research suggests that being physically active within green space helps reduce stress, anxiety, anger and improves moods and overall health and wellbeing. Our Department is integrating experiential activities for you enjoyment.All fitness levels are welcome; we accommodate most accessible needs. Please contact Laurie Wright atlwright utsc utoronto ca with any questions. Trips are offered to registered U of T students first and then if there is space to staff, non-registered students and guests of the participants. Register at recreg utoronto ca or in person at TPASC registration desk.Please check our website for all updated trip dates, prices, registration details and more! Refund are only available up to 5 business days prior to the trip.Upcoming adventuresTBD: Treetop Trekking and Mountain BikingParticipants will travel by bus up to Horseshoe Valley Resort. You may choose between a 3-hour Treetop Trekking adventure or 2 hours of x-country mountain biking through the forest trails. Treetop Trekking involves zip-lining and climbing through obstacle courses in a serene forest setting. Both adventures will be instructor lead and equipment will be provided. No experience necessary. Beginner to advanced courses will be available.Tuesday, June 13th: Outdoor Rock Climbing OR Hiking TrailsA bus will transport students to Milton to either hike the area or rock climb. The rock climbing will take place at Rattlesnake Point and there is an opportunity for students to challenge themselves to climb up to 80ft on some of the best rock in Southern Ontario. All instructors are fully certified and all equipment will be provided. A custom course will be set up to meet needs of climbers. The hike will take place through some of the Bruce Peninsula trains and Halton Parks. Participants will have over 20kms of trails to choose from. You may hike with a group or follow the map trails with some friends.Friday, June 30th (tentative date): Warsaw CavesThe Warsaw Caves Conservation Area and Campground takes its name from a series of seven caves found in the park. Join us as we explain the multiple courses and have a picnic lunch. Com enjoy this natural underground jungle gym.......60. If you are U of T teaching staff member who would like to take part in these programs, what kind of trouble could you come across?A. You can‘t get your fees for Tuesday trip back if you cancel it the previous Monday.B. These outdoor adventures exhaust you psychologically so that you are in low spirits.C. There is no space for you because registered students enjoy the priority.D. The program of exploring Warsaw Caves underground is sure to change its date.61. All the pictures below precisely illustrate the activities mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________.A. B.C. D.62. Which of the following is likely to be the next item mentioned in this passage?A. Friday, October 6th, Canoeing & Kayaking on the Humber River.B. Thursday, August 10th of Friday, August 11th: Biking at Studio 1.C. Wednesday, July 19th. Regular Checkup (Men‘s only) on Millitary Trail.D. August 25-27th White Water Rafting on the Ottawa River.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Hollywood‘s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics控制论）, put it this way: ―If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectivelyinterfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.‖A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate withliving things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds ofcomputer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but noteasy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is notpossible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just ―switch them off‖ as ifsuper intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, ―Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.‖ However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.58. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may__________.A. run out of human controlB. satisfy human‘s real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician59. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to____________.A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB. achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches60. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ____________.A.help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots‘ affecting the world61. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)4 Hotels That Will Make Your Life EasierBy John BrandonFor the business traveler who‘s all about efficiency: check out these hotels that will get you in and out with a minimum trouble.When you‘re pressed for time on a business trip, nothing can infuriate you more than a slow hotel check-in process. On your next trip, try these hotels that offer a speedier check-in process. 1. Yotel New YorkThe self-service kiosks at this high-tech New York -hotel are open 24x7 and work just likethe ones you‘d see at an airport. There are just five-steps to register and obtain your card key. There's even a robotic luggage bellboy. You tap in the number of bags you're carrying and sizes, then wait for a robot arm to swing down and store your luggage in a locker(say, for a day trip). This also speeds up the check-in process if the first thing you need to do, like me,is head to a series of meetings.2. Marriott Detroit AirportAnother option for business travelers in a hurry: Marriott is rolling out its mobile check-in app to 325 hotels this year, including the Marriott Detroit Airport hotel. (I‘ve tested the app itself but not for a real visit quite yet.) here is the basic idea: you download the iPhone or Android app. The night before, you can ―check-in‖ virtually. When you arrive, you get an alert that the room is ready and your key, which is already tied to your reservation, is waiting for you at the desk.3. Hyatt Regency MinneapolisI happened to stay at this hotel recently and liked haw fast the kiosk check-in works. Like the Yotel, the kiosk asks you to insert your credit card, similar to an airport terminal. The whole process took about 3' minutes. When I left, I was equally impressed with the fast check-out：An agent meets you in the lobby with, an iPad and asks for an email to use for a receipt. The big advantage: you never have to wait in line.4. Radisson LaCrosseThe Radisson is trying to make the kiosk process even faster. At a few select hotels like the Radisson Lacrosse in Wisconsin，you use a mobile app to register the then receive a barcode by email or text. When you get to the kiosk, you can scan the barcode to get your key without any other steps required. It's super fast. You can find this new check-in system at the Radisson hotels in Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Phoenix as well.60. What does the word ‗infuriate‘, in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?A. annoyB. remindC. amuseD. impress61. Which two hotels offer a mobile app for customers to check in ?A. Yotel New York and Marriott Detroit AirportB. Marriott Detroit Airport and Radisson LaCrosseC. Marriott Detroit Airport and Hyatt Regency MinneapolisD. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis and Radisson LaCrosse62. Which hotel will send you a receipt by email?A. Yotel New York'B. Marriott Detroit AirportC. Radisson LaCrosseD. Hyatt Regency MinneapolisSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)59. You and your friend just watched the eruption of Old Faithful at 12:26 p.m., at what time is itpossible for you to enjoy the next one?A. 13:10B. 14:06C. 15:06D. 13:1660. Which one of the following statement about Old Faithful is true?A. The geyser‘s name gives people an indication that it always erupts regularly, about 20 timeseach day, once every 74 minutes.B. When it is erupting, people should keep a safe distance from that due to the huge amount ofwater it expels as well as its freezing coldness.C. If visitors want to check the eruption time, they may refer to the posted timetables, on whichthe predictions are calculated by the naturalists.D. Old Faithful is a well-known geyser which can expel at least 3700 gallons water each timeand it‘s located in the world‘s l argest national park.61. Where does the article most probably appear?A. Local travel pamphlets introducing Yellowstone.B. The Yellowstone official website.C. A recently-issued guide book on Yellowstone.D. A travel magazine column about Yellowstone.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( B )Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that‘s not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn‘t even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren‘t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went tobig engineering ―factories‖ where they didn‘t care if you have values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.Now I‘m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students tryto reconcile（协调）engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don‘t‘ mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.60.The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he_________ .A)wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality.B)intended to be a combination of engineer and humanist.C)wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.D)intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals.61.In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected___________.A)to have an excellent academic record.B)to be wise and mature.C)to be imaginative with a value system to guide him.D)to be a technical genius with a wide vision.62.The author‘s experience shows that he was___________.A)creative B) ambitious C) unrealistic D) irrationalSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.inlearning English, especially for children and teens, it will be of particular interest toand communicative. Teens and young adults will find new ideas for combining personalDanielhediscovers that many of them have found for themselves the principle of learning by59. From the passage we can conclude that ―Learning English Video Project‖ is most probably .A. an online language learning courseB. audio documents on language learningC. a series of short video programsD. a set of films on English-speaking countries60. If someone is interested in the comparison between English and other languages, he might be interested to watch .A. Encounters in the UKB. Stories from MoroccoC. Thoughts from BrazilD. Insights from China61. What can we know about English learning in Sao Paulo, Brazil?A. Classroom teaching is more interactive and communicative.B. Homestay arrangement provides positive experience for learners.C. The Internet and games plays a major role in language learning.D. The principle of learning by doing is widely accepted by learners.Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.60.If you wish to complete two tours in one day,you would probably choose__________.A.Sunshine Coast and Montville Tour and Brisbane Highlights with Koala Sanctuary Tour.B.Brisbane City Morning Tour and Brisbane Highlights with Koala Sanctuary Tour.C.Brisbane City Morning Tour and Sunshine Coast and Noosa Tour.D.Sunshine Coast and Noosa Tour and Sunshine Coast and Montville Tour.61.Which ofthe following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.Visitors may learn the colonial history of Brisbane River from Kangaroo Point Cliffs.B.Visitors may have a close look at animals in Sunshine Coast and Noosa Tour.C.If you want to visit Underwater World,you may choose Brisbane City Morning Tour.D.If 2 adults and 2 children,aged 3 and 9,attend tour B410,they should pay $ 281.62.What is the tone of this tour guide information booklet?A.Welcoming and humorous.B.Warm and inviting.C.Modest and initiative.D.Casual and compulsory.Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Mapping AntarcticaAntarctica was on the map long before anyone ever laid eyes on it. Nearly 2,400 years ago, ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle believed that a great continent must exist at the bottom of the world. They though it was needed to balance out the continents at the top of the world. In the 1500s, mapmakers often included a fanciful continent they referred to as Terra Incognita(Latin for ―unknown land‖) at the bottom of their maps. But it was not until the 1800s -----after explorers had sighted and set foot on Antarctica----- that mapmakers got down to the business of really mapping the continent, which is one—and—a –half times rhe size of the U.S..While the coastline could be mapped by ships sailing around the continent, it took airplanes—and later, satellites---to chart Antarctica‘s vast interior(内陆). That job continues today. And it is a job that still require a mapmaker, or cartographer, to put on boots and head out into the wild.Cole Kelleher is familiar with that. He is a cartographer with the Polar Geospatial Center(PGC), which is based at the University of Minnesota and has a staff at McMurdo Station. PGC teamed up with Google to use the com pany‘s Trekker technology to capture images of Antarctica for the Internet giant‘s popular feature, Street View. A Trekker camera, which is the size of a basketball, is set about two feet above a backpack. The camera records image in all directions. ―It weighs about 50 pounds. I was out for two and a half days, hiking 10 to 12 hours each day,‖ says Kelleher. It was hard work, but really an incredible experience.‖ According to Kelleher there are plans to use the technology to create educational apps for museums.The PGC staff at McMurdo Station provides highly specialized mapmaking services for the U.S. Antarctic Program. For one project, Kelleher used satellite images to map huge cracks in the ice. That helped a team of researchers know whether they could safely approach their field camp on snowmobiles. Another recent project was to help recover a giant, high—tech helium(氦气) balloon used to carry scientific instruments high into the atmosphere. These balloons are launched。

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III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science—because other scientists might be able to make advances not foreseen by the data's producers—most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online. When Wolkovich, for instance, went hunting for the data from the 50 studies in her meta-analysis, only 8 data sets were available online, and many of the researchers whom she e-mailed refused to share their work. Forced to extract data from tables or figures in publications, Wolkovich's team could conduct only limited analyses.Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects –but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and the contextual information called metadata; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to ‘shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve’. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, thepractice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers –those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often – get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington DC, thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. ‘I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,’ she says. ‘It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.62. What do many researchers generally accept?A. Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.B. Open data sharing is most important to medical science.C. Repositories are essential to scientific research.D. It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.63. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?A. Ambiguous.B. Neutral.C. Liberal.D. Opposed.64. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?A. The fear of massive copying.B. The lack of a research culture.C. The belief that research data is private intellectual property.D. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.65. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?A. The ever-growing demand for big data.B. The advancement of digital technology.C. The changing attitude of journals and funders.D. The trend of social and economic development.66. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________.A. benefits sharers and users alikeB. saves both money and laborC. makes researchers successfulD. is becoming increasingly popularKeys: 62-66 ADCCAIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source. Not a president's social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to sharpen their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 an d 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media．In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsib ility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.63. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubt on ____________.A. the justification of the news-filtering practiceB. people's preference for social media platformsC. the administration’s ability to handle informationD. social media was a reliable source of news64. According to the knight foundation survey, young people .A. tend to voice their opinions in cyberspaceB. verify news by referring to diverse resourcesC. have a strong sense of responsibilityD. like to exchange views on “distributed trust”65. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is ______________.A. readers’ outdated valuesB. journalists' biased reportingC. readers' misinterpretationD. journalists' made-up stories66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendB. A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineC. The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social MediaD. The Platforms for Projection of Personal InterestsKeys: 63-66 DBCBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Privacy is necessary for human society to function. The problem is not that the information exists but that it reaches the wrong people. Information on the Internet could bring great benefits to society, and to individuals, when huge datasets(数据集集) can yield information otherwise unavailable. But once the information is gathered, a precautionary principle has to apply. It is unreasonable to agree with John Perry Barlow, the Internet rights pioneer, when he wittily remarked that "relying on the government to protect your privacy is like asking a peeping Tom to install your window blinds"; but it does not help when it appears that everything the public sector does with the huge datasets it has will be overseen by the media.Governments need to keep our trust; but technology wears away privacy in two ways. The first is simply smartphones. Most Britons-70%-now carry around with them devices which record and report their location, their friends and their interests all the time. The second is the ease with which two or more datasets can be combined to bring out secrets that are apparent in neither set on its own Now nearly 90% of the US population can be uniquely identified simply by combining their gender, date of birth and postal code. All kinds of things can be reliably inferred from freely available data: four likes on Facebook are usually enough to reveal a person's standard of spouse selection.Underlying such problems is human psychology. No one forces anybody to reveal their preferences on Facebook. The latest spectacular breach (泄露) of privacy came when the exercise app Strava published a global map of the 3 trillion data points its users had uploaded, which turned out to reveal the location of secret US military bases around the world. But the chance to boast about where you have been and how fast you were moving is exactly what makes Strava popular.Psychology, as much as technology, made this a massive security breach The users gave enthusiastic consent(允许), but it was fantastically ill-informed. Then again how could anyone give informed consent when not even the firms that collect the data can know how it will be used?The protection of private data from unintentional disclosure(公开) is primarily a social or psychological problem. What’s needed is a chance of attitude among those who harvest and process the data. They need constantly to ask themselves -or to be asked by society- how this information could be used for harm, and how to prevent that from happening.63. The underlined word “overseen”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to“______”A supervised B. disturbed C. overlooked D. underestimated64. The Strava incident is recalled to indicate____________.A. users should have stopped the app from publicly broadcasting their locationB. users should be reliably informed before giving consent for access to their dataC. users give away their personal data to satisfy their basic human desiresD. users have lost confidence in the government to protect their privacy65. According to the writer, the key to solving privacy problems is_____.A. for technicians to upgrade smartphone systems and instruct social media behaviorB. for data providers to give informed consent before using any appC for the government to ban the unapproved in formation exchange between datasetsD. for the data collectors to ensure the appropriate use of data66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Two datasets are better than oneB. It's the psychology, stupidC. Technology: a two-edged swordD. No privacy on the Internet, experts warnKeys: 63-66: ACDBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)The health benefits of engaging in physical activity (PA) during childhood include enhanced fitness,cognitive function and bone health;reduced body fatness,motor skill development,and favourable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles.Being active during childhood can also improve self-esteem and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.Participation in PA in youth is of great importance as PA mat track into adulthood where adequate levels pf PA are protective against many chronic diseases.However,in the UK appropriately 75% of boys and 80% of girls aged 5-10 years are not meeting the daily recommendation of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity...Unstructured play is also an essential part of childhood which enables children to develop a relationship with their surroundings and enhances social skills,coordination and strength.Outdoor environments facilitate play and are associated with increased levels of PA.Thus,children should be provided with daily opportunities to play outdoors. The school environment provides such an opportunity through the provision of playtime.Playtime normally takes place on the concrete school playground and lasts for at least one hour per day.However,universally playtime is reported to make relatively small contributions to children's overall daily activity requirements.In the UK,only one known study has reported the contribution of playtime to overall activity requirements,with contributions being as low as 4.5%.A number of studies have successfully increased playtime PA through the introduction of interventions such as sports or games equipment,playground markings,fitness breaks and playground structures.However,these types of interventions tend to facilitate structured rather than unstructured PA.Unstructured PA is essential to childhood development and therefore needs to be encouraged during playtime.Natural environments can encourage unstructured play and may therefore play a role in facilitating unstructured PA during playtime.Natural environments provide large open spaces which encourage individuals to be active,whilst areas lacking nature may restrict PA due to limited space and parental fears over crime and road traffic.Children report a preference for play in natural environments,with nature facilitating more imaginative and inventive play.Furthermore,adolescents living in urban settings with access to green spaces such as parks are more likely to be physically active than their peers without park access,indicating that all forms of nature can be used as a tool for engaging youth in PA.Thus,if school playtime were performed on the school field it is possible that children's PA levels would be increased.To date,there is a lack of data quantifying the impact of natural environments on levels of PA in children,particularly within the school setting.Performing PA in a natural environment ("Green Exercise") has also been demonstrated to provide improvements in self-esteem in adults,whether participants are simply viewing scenes of nature or directly interacting with natural environments.Studies in adolescents and children suggest that Green Exercise has no such additive effect on self-esteem compared to exercise in other environments.However,the only known study in children examined the impact of a green playtime intervention consisting of orienteering（定向越野比赛）.The task-oriented,structured nature of orienteering may not facilitate the green exercise effect.Unstructured free play in a natural environment may allow greater interaction with the environment, thus benefiting self-esteem.63.The main purpose of the passage is to ?A.defend an unpopular belief.B.confirm a previously untested hypothesis.C.summarize various studies of a social condition.D.expose common misconceptions surrounding an issue.64.As used in par.1 "track" most nearly means .A.carryB.assignC.monitorD.linger65.What does the author claim about "Green Exercise" in par.6?A.It benefits adults' self-esteem but its effects on children have not been fully determined.B.Looking at images of natural environments is the best way to improve self-esteem.C.Adolescents do not benefit from green exercise in the same way that adults do.D.Self-esteem can only rise through direct interaction with the environment.66.What does the author imply about physical activity in a natural environment?A.Scientific studies have determined that physical activity can only benefit self-esteem in adults.B.The relationship between physical activity in nature and self-esteem requires further study.C.Although it has been studied,physical activity in a natural environment's effects are unclear in both children and adults.D.Physical activity in a natural environment benefits self-esteem in both children and adults.Keys: 63-66 CDABIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchroni z ed（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias thathumans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between,for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internali z ed the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping,people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."63.The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting64.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes65.In the Implicit Association Test,before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them66. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlyKeys 63-66 BADCIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to theheart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.63. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.A. mainta in people’s interest in liberal educationB. define the government’s role in educationC.keep a leading position in liberal educationD. safeguard individual’s rights to education64. Which one of the following statements about what the AAAS plan suggests is true?A. an exclusive study of American historyB. a greater emphasis on theoretical subjectsC. the application of emerging technologiesD. funding for the study of foreign languages65. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. professor are routinely supportive of free marketsB. intellectual investigation are put great value on in collegeC. progressive public policy is out of boundaries of proper studyD. professors have prejudice against classical liberal ideas66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.. The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal EducationB. Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”C. Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”D. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationKeys: 63-66 CCDBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dr. Donald Sadoway at MIT started his own battery company with the hope of changing the world’s energy future. It’s a dramatic endorsement for a technology most people think about only when their smartphone goes dark. But Sadoway isn’t al one in boasting energy storage as a missing link to a cleaner, more efficient, and more equitable energy future.Scientists and engineers have long believed in the promise of batteries to change the world. Advanced batteries are moving out of specialized markets and creeping into the mainstream, signaling a tipping point for forward-looking technologies such as electric cars and rooftop solar panels.The ubiquitous （无所不在的）battery has already come a long way, of course. For better or worse, batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles, our screen culture, our increasingly globalized world. Still, as impressive as all this is, it may be trivial compared with what comes next. Having already enabled a communications revolution, the battery is now poised to transform just about everything else.The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones, tablets, and laptops, but also our cars, homes, and even whole communities. In emerging economies, rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power. Instead, some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.Today, energy storage is a $33 billion global industry that generates nearly 100 gigawatt-hours of electri city per year. By the end of the decade, it’s expected to be worth over $50 billion and generate 160 gigawatt-hours, enough to attract the attention of major companies that。