破解高考英语阅读理解必需的五种能力

破解高考英语阅读理解必需的五种水平湖南省岳阳市第十五中学(414014) 晏敏高考阅读理解所占分数一直高居榜首，是NMET的重头戏.阅读理解采取“多项选择题”的考查形式，测试点集中，考查角度灵活.阅读理解测试题中，干扰项目的设置具有一定的模糊性，它不但能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，所以，它常使很多考生陷入误区.在教学与学习中，学生的阅读理解水平培养也成为重点中的重点和难点中的难点.当然，考生阅读理解水平的高低更决定着其高考英语成绩的高低.所以，如何培养学生的阅读水平显得尤为重要.下面结合高考试题及作者平时教学中遇到的难点，谈谈破解高考英语阅读理解必需的五种水平.一、猜测词义水平所谓猜测词义，是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义，它是一种非常有用的阅读技巧，获得这种技巧之后，学生在阅读过程中能很快通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点推断出词义来，从而提升阅读速度和阅读水平. 猜词技巧是高考英语“阅读理解题”考查的一个重要方面，《考试说明》明确要求考生能读懂生词率不超过3%的阅读材料.所以，学生具备较强的猜测词义水平是所有阅读水平中最为重要的.词义的准确判断可依据以下几种方法.1、判断某些生词有没有实行精确猜测的必要2、根据语境线索，猜测生词意思A）根据解释性线索：（to be defined as ，to be called，that is to be ，to refer to ，in another word，in other words ，that is ，that is to say）例：The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid；that is ，it could not be tasted，seen，or smelled.(感觉不到的)B)根据同义词线索(or ，like，similarly，also )例：Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.（有害的）C）根据反义词线索(yet，but ，unlike，however，while ，not…but，instead，on the contrary，in contrast，rather than)例：Written language tends to be static，while spoken language constantly changes.（静止不变的）D）根据例证性线索(for example，for instance，such as，like etc.)例：Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt，headlights，and good brakes.（设备）E）根据修饰性线索(词，短语，从句）例：He began to shave his whiskers，which had grown thick on both cheeks.（胡须）F）根据标点符号线索（括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语）例：One of the major features of English vocabulary is polysemy—many meanings.（一词多义的）3、根据上下文理解词义例：The environmentalists said wild goats’ ____ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A．escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance译文：环境学家说草原上出现野生山羊是环境好转的迹象.4、利用词的派生、转化、合成等知识猜词（Derivation 派生、Conversion 转化、Compounding合成）例：Today，as computers are liberating us from more and more of the daily tasks in business and in our personal lives，we are faced with a less noticeable but also foreseen problems. People tend to beover-trusting of computers and are unwilling to challenge their authority.（noticeable——notice +able ；foreseen——fore +seen ；over-trusting——over +trusting；unwilling ——un +willing )5、根据常识、自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等方面的知识猜词例：She read my letter slowly to the end and then tore it to shreds.A piecesB the wholeC envelopeD fires答案：A注意：词义猜测类题型常见的设题方式有：1.The word _____could best be replaced by_____.2.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word_____.3.By______the writer means_____.4.In the ______ paragraph，the word "_____" means (refers to )_____.5.The underlined word _____ is closest in meaning to _____.二、单句理解水平提升阅读水平，除了需具备较强的推测、判断生词、短语或词组意义的水平外，还需要具备较强的单句理解水平，特别是理解难句、长句和常用句式的水平.1、难句和长句的理解对于理解长句或句子结构较复杂的难句，最好采用确认句子谓语的办法，这样能做到“纲举目张”，即抓住了句子的主要成分——谓语，并由此来分析句子的其他成分，然后在此基础上理清各种分句之间的关系.例如：1）It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are.(这个句子不长，但学生对这个句子的理解有一定的难度.其难点在于：对强调句式的判断)2）First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.（简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句）3）The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood，such as agricultural waste.（简析：关键词other than而不是）4）Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.（简析：夹杂两个定语从句）2、常用句式的理解英语中有一些固定的句式，如果能尽可能多地掌握这类句式，对提升提升阅读速度和阅读质量是很有好处的.常用的句式有：A）形式上是肯定句，实际上表示否定含义的句型.例：1）She is the the last person he `d like to see. 她是他最不愿意见的人.2)That`s the last thing I`d like to do . (我最不愿意干这件事)B）形式上是否定句，实际上是表示肯定含义的句型.例：1）I wish I had been more careful in yesterday`s exam.(我在昨天的考试中不够细心) 2）You can`t have too much help if you want to get progress.(=The more help you get，the better progress you will make).C)其他常用句型例：1) Hardly had I set out when it began to rain.= As soon as I set out it began to rain.2) Suddenly ，my legs gave out under me.=Suddenly，I was so tired that I couldn`t walk any farther.又如：1）It is not whether you win or lose，but how you play the game that counts.=Winning is less important than playing the game well.2) Tom would sooner do without a car than pay all that money for one.=Tom would never buy a car that costs so much.注意：对常用句型、常用搭配和固定表达法的掌握，需要实行大量的类似练习并有意识地在阅读训练中收集、记忆并使用所遇到的常用句型、搭配及固定短语.三、细节定位水平细节理解题属直接解答性问题，是阅读理解题中最简单的一种，多数属中低难度的送分题.但因为高考所占的比例很大，应特别引起注意.事实和细节题的命题特点是：把某词语、某个句子或某具体事实用不同于原文的另一方式或句型表达，即同义改写.解答这类题的窍门是：A)注意掌握英语的多种表达法；B）准确分析词语在句中的作用；C）熟练使用英语的句型转换；D）读懂题干所提出的问题，并准确地找到文中涉及该问题的句子.做细节题具体方法与步骤如下：1、略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨.2、按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及相关的信息词，如for example，first，second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实.3、将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案.细节题的出题形式很多，例如：1.Which of the following statements is true／false？2.Which of the following is （not）mentioned？3.The writer states…4.The author mentions that…5.What time does the writer think is…？6.How many／How much／Where／How／Why？例：下面的高考题就属于细节和细节理解题.60．The Taj Mahal was first built as ____.A. a prisonB. a gift to MumtuzC. a memorialD. a tourist attraction61.We learn from the text that Mumtaz probably died in ____.A.1626B. 1632C. 1634D. 165362. The underlined word “happiness” in the last sentence refers to ____.A、the married happiness of the emperor and his wifeB、the great pleasure Jehan once found in exercising his powerC、The happiness Jehan felt on completing the Taj MahalD、the pleasure tourists experience when visiting the Taj Mahal四、推测判断水平此类题的特点是让考生根据已知的文字或事实，推断出没有直接表达的内容.推断的内容包括作者的态度、某个人物的情感、事情发展的原因或结果等，常用词有：infer，imply，suggest，conclude 等词设问.要做好此类题，必须找准文章中提供的相对应文字信息，特别是关键词语，把握作者的观点、态度或写作目的，借助上下文的逻辑关系来判断，并能领会文字的弦外之音.也可借助常识或文化背景来判断.根据所推测的对象和推测目的，推测判断可分为：1、推测判断隐含意义.解答隐含意义的关键在于：1）具有较强的猜词水平；2）善于分析、理解难句；3）善于根据原文所提供的事实，原文所给予的特定信息，以及作者所暗示的意图，实行综合分析，以得出与原文意义相符的合理推断.（注意：对文章实行整体性理解，挖掘关键词语和句子的隐含意义.）例：Two young men went on a No.40 bus on Nanjing Road and each bought a five-fen ticket with a 10-yuan note.They did again when a further fare was required. Staying on the same bus for the return trip，for a third time they again took out 10-yuan notes and this time started a quarrel when the conductor ran out of change.They were then arrested ，according to Xinmin Evening News.1) Why you think the young men got on the No. 40 bus?a. They wanted to go to some definite place to go to and were just wasting their time.b.They had no definite place to go to and were just wasting their time.c. They had some definite place to go to but got on the wrong bus.d. They were running from the police and happened to get on that bus.2) Why do you think the young men used 10-yuan notes to buy tickets?a. They did not have small change about them.b. Ten yuan was in fact the right amount of their fare.c. They just wanted to give the conductor some trouble.d. They needed a lot of small change for some particular reason.(简析：在这篇新闻报道中，连续出现了again，on the same bus，for the return trip，for a third time等这样的词汇和短语.从这些词汇和短语中，我们能够推断出这两位年轻人是无所事事的人.把握这点，这两道题的答案就显而易见了.它们分别是：B和C2、推测判断数据.要提升数据理解的水平，必须掌握常用的表达数据的词、词组和句型.如：1）加减乘除的词汇有：plus 加；minus减；times 乘；divided by 除；be equal to /equal to 等于.2）表示增加和减少的句型；3）表示倍数的句型；4）表示分数的句型；例：Trinidad and Tobago is a single country composed of two islands；Trinidad ，with the majority of the country`s 900，000 inhabitants(居民)，is a rectangle(长方形)of about fifty by forty miles. Tobago，nineteen miles to the north，is smaller and has a population of about 35，000.A：at least 2，000 square miles B. less than 2，000 square milesC. more than 2，000 square milesD. less than 50 miles.(简析：题义要求回答多巴哥的面积，而原文中没有直接陈述，所以，我们必须找到可推断的前提，再从已知数据中推求一末知数.从原文两处已知数据中我们能够得知，多巴哥的面积不到2，000平方英里.所以选B)3、推测判断作者的意图.考查对作者及文章中人物的观点或意图的理解----要求学生有在准确理解文意的基础上，对其观点或意图实行分析、识别的水平.其常见题式如：The writer of the passage seems to think that____.The writer of the story wants to tell us that ____.What’s the writer’s attitude towards…?（注意：（1）答案一般不能直接找到，要根据作者的观点和态度推理判断.(2)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点.(3)推理的根据来自于上下文.）五、总结归纳水平做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，实行综合归纳，概括文章的主题.如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息.另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，所以，很多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词.抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心.1、如何抓主题词1)Sometimes the first sentence of a passage is the topic(key) sentence2)Sometimes the last sentence is the topic (key) sentence3)Sometimes the topic(key) sentence is in the middle of a passage4)Sometimes you have to put several key sentences together to get the main idea5)Sometimes you can’t find the topic(key) sentence in the passage. You have to sum it up yourself.2、对主题即中心的提问类题型常见的设题方式有：1． What is the best title for/of the passage?2．What can be inferred from the passage?3．What is mainly discussed in the article//passage//text?4．What is the main topic of this passage？5．The passage is chiefly concerned with _______.3、主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有：1) 概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意.2) 概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容.3) 无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息.例：下面一篇高考阅读题目介绍1971年版大众车.根据内容，是一篇说明小文.…It’s not the flashiest car in the world. Not even close. But in the 1971 V olkswagen named Helios can dosomething most cars can’t：run on solar energy—energy from the sun’s light and heat!66. What would be the best title for the text?A. The Making of HeliosB. 1999 American Tour on the RoadC. Sun—powered Cars on the RoadD. Use of Green Cars in Connection注意：做答这类问题时，不易直接找到答案；将阅读重点放在首尾部分，中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式；对选项要注意全面性和概括性.总来说之，英语阅读水平的培养是一个复杂的渐进过程，在高考备考练习时，我们教师应根据不同地题材分门别类地指导学生实行高考英语阅读的训练，引导学生熟悉并掌握不同阅读题材的相关阅读技巧和根据不同题材所设计的试题的解答方法，以提升学生的语言综合使用水平.。