破解高考英语阅读理解必需的五种能力

破解高考英语阅读理解必需的五种水平

湖南省岳阳市第十五中学(414014) 晏敏

高考阅读理解所占分数一直高居榜首，是NMET的重头戏.阅读理解采取“多项选择题”的考查形式，测试点集中，考查角度灵活.阅读理解测试题中，干扰项目的设置具有一定的模糊性，它不但能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，所以，它常使很多考生陷入误区.在教学与学习中，学生的阅读理解水平培养也成为重点中的重点和难点中的难点.当然，考生阅读理解水平的高低更决定着其高考英语成绩的高低.所以，如何培养学生的阅读水平显得尤为重要.下面结合高考试题及作者平时教学中遇到的难点，谈谈破解高考英语阅读理解必需的五种水平.

一、猜测词义水平

所谓猜测词义，是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义，它是一种非常有用的阅读技巧，获得这种技巧之后，学生在阅读过程中能很快通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点推断出词义来，从而提升阅读速度和阅读水平. 猜词技巧是高考英语“阅读理解题”考查的一个重要方面，《考试说明》明确要求考生能读懂生词率不超过3%的阅读材料.所以，学生具备较强的猜测词义水平是所有阅读水平中最为重要的.词义的准确判断可依据以下几种方法.

1、判断某些生词有没有实行精确猜测的必要

2、根据语境线索，猜测生词意思

A）根据解释性线索：（to be defined as ，to be called，that is to be ，to refer to ，in another word，in other words ，that is ，that is to say）

例：The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid；that is ，it could not be tasted，seen，or smelled.(感觉不到的)

B)根据同义词线索(or ，like，similarly，also )

例：Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.（有害的）

C）根据反义词线索(yet，but ，unlike，however，while ，not…but，instead，on the contrary，in contrast，rather than)

例：Written language tends to be static，while spoken language constantly changes.（静止不变的）D）根据例证性线索(for example，for instance，such as，like etc.)

例：Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt，headlights，and good brakes.（设备）E）根据修饰性线索(词，短语，从句）

例：He began to shave his whiskers，which had grown thick on both cheeks.（胡须）

F）根据标点符号线索（括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语）

例：One of the major features of English vocabulary is polysemy—many meanings.（一词多义的）

3、根据上下文理解词义

例：The environmentalists said wild goats’ ____ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.

A．escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance

译文：环境学家说草原上出现野生山羊是环境好转的迹象.

4、利用词的派生、转化、合成等知识猜词（Derivation 派生、Conversion 转化、Compounding

合成）

例：Today，as computers are liberating us from more and more of the daily tasks in business and in our personal lives，we are faced with a less noticeable but also foreseen problems. People tend to be

over-trusting of computers and are unwilling to challenge their authority.

（noticeable——notice +able ；foreseen——fore +seen ；over-trusting——over +trusting；unwilling ——un +willing )

5、根据常识、自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等方面的知识猜词

例：She read my letter slowly to the end and then tore it to shreds.

A pieces

B the whole

C envelope

D fires

答案：A

注意：词义猜测类题型常见的设题方式有：

1.The word _____could best be replaced by_____.

2.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word_____.

3.By______the writer means_____.

4.In the ______ paragraph，the word "_____" means (refers to )_____.

5.The underlined word _____ is closest in meaning to _____.

二、单句理解水平

提升阅读水平，除了需具备较强的推测、判断生词、短语或词组意义的水平外，还需要具备较强的单句理解水平，特别是理解难句、长句和常用句式的水平.

1、难句和长句的理解

对于理解长句或句子结构较复杂的难句，最好采用确认句子谓语的办法，这样能做到“纲举目张”，即抓住了句子的主要成分——谓语，并由此来分析句子的其他成分，然后在此基础上理清各种分句之间的关系.

例如：

1）It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are.

(这个句子不长，但学生对这个句子的理解有一定的难度.其难点在于：对强调句式的判断)

2）First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.

（简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句）

3）The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood，such as agricultural waste.

（简析：关键词other than而不是）

4）Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.

（简析：夹杂两个定语从句）

2、常用句式的理解