《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件
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语言学考点--隐喻(metapher)课件
隐喻和明喻的真值条件经常是不同的
张三像只大猩猩可能是真的，张三是只大猩猩 则一定是假的。这种论证依赖于真值条件意义 理论，否则就不能成立。
如果说隐喻所用的词儿另有一个〔隐含的〕意 义，那么，隐喻本身就会消失。例如我们说， the spirit of God moved upon the face of the water〔上帝的圣灵临近水面〕，如果这句话 里的face另有一个隐含的或曰扩展的意义，可 以用来述说水的表面，那么，水就有了面，水 面就不再是一个隐喻。牵涉到第二种意义的是 两可〔ambivalence〕，隐喻则并不牵涉第二 种意义，否则我们就要等隐喻死了以后才彻底 掌握这种意义。
The government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation.（隐喻）
(4a) The driver drove the bus too fast down the hill, so the brakes failed. (4b) The driver’s overrapid downhill driving of the bus caused brake failure. (4a)是一致式，(4b)通过语法隐喻把(4a) 的两个小句向下转移为两个名词性词组结构。
英国有个古诗人，John Donne，曾有这样的 句子：our blood labours to beget spirits〔我 们的血液辛勤劳作以孕育精神〕，现代人把这 视作隐喻，但原作者其实是在直陈字面的意思。
名词化
（1a）The brakes failed. (1b) brake failure (1a)为非隐喻形式，其中的the brakes是表示 参与者的名词，failed则是表示物质过程的动 词，但在(1b) 中句子转化成了名词短语。
metaphor暗喻PPT课件
little vessels then and there arranged in order, r
eady to gave imperial gallons of faell full to the brim.
那位讲话的人, 校长和在场的第三位成年人都
metaphor
.
1
Definition
Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），是 一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物 （喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其 比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更 深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力
.
2
Definition
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是： “a figure of speech containing an implied c
谁也没有料想到, 尤其是我, 更没有想到我的案子会越搞 越大, 以至成了美国历史上最闻名的审判之一。 would snowball (滚雪球) 是把“案件”比喻为“雪球”
The street around the threestorey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands s elling hot dogs.
omparison, in which a word or phrase o
rdinarily and primarily used of one thing is a pplied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐 喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的 基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被 用来表述另外的一种事物。由于比喻是隐 含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然 十分紧密。
概念隐喻ppt课件
[3]胡壮麟. 系统功能语言学概论[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.
[4] 王寅. 语义理论与语言教学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.
[5] 张捷. 概念隐喻在写作中的应用[J]. 绥化学院学报, 2009(1).
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Thank you for listening!
“在一场舞会上，男孩子都身着黑色晚礼服，女孩子都穿着白裙，他们 相拥旋转。如果灯光转暗，那么你能看到的只有女孩子。女孩子就像那 颗可见星，而男孩子就像那个黑洞。尽管看不见男孩子，但女孩子在不 断旋转，这就有力地证明一定有什么人在相拥着她旋转。”
这段文字中， John Wheeler教授就给出了一个隐喻：把黑洞比作看不 见的男孩子，把可见星比作女孩子，他们不断旋转是天体的运行方式。
1
“哪里有文字，哪里就有隐喻。” ——Derrida
“我们的概念系统主要是隐喻性的。” ——Lakoff &
Johnson
“我们日常生活中充满了隐喻，我们的口头交际中平均每
三句话中就会出现一个隐喻。”
——I. A. Richards
“一幅画的确可以抵得上千言万语，而在脑海中能唤起一
幅画的隐喻却是具有更大的威力。它和绘画一样，能刺激
始源域(source domain)
抽象的概念
具体的概念
Time Argument
Love He
Money War
Journey Pig
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概念隐喻理论的主要研究对象是常规 隐喻，根据始发域的不同可分为三类：
• 空间隐喻 (Orientational Metaphors)
• 实体隐喻 (Ontological Metaphors)
[4] 王寅. 语义理论与语言教学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.
[5] 张捷. 概念隐喻在写作中的应用[J]. 绥化学院学报, 2009(1).
精品课件
15
Thank you for listening!
“在一场舞会上，男孩子都身着黑色晚礼服，女孩子都穿着白裙，他们 相拥旋转。如果灯光转暗，那么你能看到的只有女孩子。女孩子就像那 颗可见星，而男孩子就像那个黑洞。尽管看不见男孩子，但女孩子在不 断旋转，这就有力地证明一定有什么人在相拥着她旋转。”
这段文字中， John Wheeler教授就给出了一个隐喻：把黑洞比作看不 见的男孩子，把可见星比作女孩子，他们不断旋转是天体的运行方式。
1
“哪里有文字，哪里就有隐喻。” ——Derrida
“我们的概念系统主要是隐喻性的。” ——Lakoff &
Johnson
“我们日常生活中充满了隐喻，我们的口头交际中平均每
三句话中就会出现一个隐喻。”
——I. A. Richards
“一幅画的确可以抵得上千言万语，而在脑海中能唤起一
幅画的隐喻却是具有更大的威力。它和绘画一样，能刺激
始源域(source domain)
抽象的概念
具体的概念
Time Argument
Love He
Money War
Journey Pig
精品课件
7
概念隐喻理论的主要研究对象是常规 隐喻，根据始发域的不同可分为三类：
• 空间隐喻 (Orientational Metaphors)
• 实体隐喻 (Ontological Metaphors)
第二讲含而不露的 隐喻metaphor 优质课件
第二讲： 隐喻（metaphor)
Questions: 1. What is metaphor? 2. What features dose it have? 3. How to appreciate metaphor in English
and Chinese? 4. Can you find more examples of this figure
thing is applied to another.
----Webster’s New World Dictionary
A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.
The next time Frank went to the restaurant, he walked up to the
hostess and told his guest, “ I want to introduce you to my friend
Venus.”
Simile and Metaphor
Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. 生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 Life is an isthmus between two eternities. 生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 Happiness is like sunshine: it is made up of very little beams. 幸福像阳光，皆由细小的光束构成。 The sunshine of happiness is made of very little beams. 幸福的阳光由非常细小的光束构成。 He is as stubborn as a mule. 他犟得像头骡子。 He is a mule. 他是头犟骡
修辞Metaphor ppt课件
PPT课件
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Three purposes Description Illumination Illustration
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Description
1. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.
• A description of the alternate bands of light and shade in the hall, like a Zebra’s stripes.
Visible metaphor Invisible metaphor Sustained metaphor Extended metaphor Mixed metaphor
Dead metaphor
PPT课件
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Visible metaphor
Definition: both the primary term (tenor) and the secondary term (vehicle) are present in the sentence.
• Function: leaves room for the reader’s imagination.
• Eg: The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker...(O. Henry)
movement of the
Heard it on the Agean, and
Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow
themselves against the
语言学教程Metaphorppt课件
2) Verbal metaphor Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is expressed by verb. * Her eyes bored into him. * Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
8) Alphabetic metaphor Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle * Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, working their way slowing acro.ss the fields.
6) Denominative-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor.
* He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it.
8) Alphabetic metaphor Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle * Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, working their way slowing acro.ss the fields.
6) Denominative-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor.
* He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it.
隐喻与认知语言学 38页PPT文档
(an effective cognitive tool for humans to know the abstract things in terms of concrete ones)
Target domain - what is actually being talked about. Source domain - the domain used as a basis for
Congnitive linguistics (认知语言学)
Definition Philosophical background Different schools Comments
Some examples:
Life is a journey.
(M)
The man has a heart of gold . (M)
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor 结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor 方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor
含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活 动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形 的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特 征及原因等。
Conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻
According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is not to be seen as a purely linguistic phenomenon,but a cognitive one.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
Target domain - what is actually being talked about. Source domain - the domain used as a basis for
Congnitive linguistics (认知语言学)
Definition Philosophical background Different schools Comments
Some examples:
Life is a journey.
(M)
The man has a heart of gold . (M)
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor 结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor 方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor
含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活 动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形 的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特 征及原因等。
Conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻
According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is not to be seen as a purely linguistic phenomenon,but a cognitive one.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
《英语中的暗喻》课件
总结词
隐喻和明喻虽然都是比喻，但存在明显的区别。隐喻更侧重于暗示和间接性，而明喻则更注重直接的比较和明确的相似之处。
详细描述
隐喻和明喻都是比喻的一种形式，但它们在表达方式上存在明显的差异。明喻通常明确指出两个不同事物之间的相似之处，使用诸如“像”、“似”等词语来连接本体和喻体。例如，“她像一朵花一样美丽”。而隐喻则不直接说明相似之处，而是通过暗示来引导读者或听众理解两者之间的相似之处。例如，“她是一朵盛开的花朵”。隐喻更侧重于暗示和间接性，而明喻则更注重直接的比较和明确的相似之处。
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Common metaphorical examples in English
总结词：狡猾
详细描述：在英语中，“He is a fox”这个表达通常用来形容一个人狡猾、机智、善于计谋。这个比喻来源于狐狸的天性，因为狐狸在动物界中以狡猾和机智著称。
总结词：独立
详细描述：在英语中，“She is a cat”这个表达通常用来形容一个女性独立、自主、不受他人控制。这个比喻来源于猫的特性，因为猫常常被视为一种独立、自主的动物，它们不需要依赖其他动物就能生存。
Identify the subject and the comparison: In a metaphor, the subject and the comparison are crucial elements. The subject is what the speaker is trying to express, while the comparison is how they are comparing it to something else. For example, in the metaphor "Life is a journey," the subject is life and the comparison is to a journey.
广告语中的隐喻PPT课件
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二、广告语中的语言特点和隐喻
1.广告语中的价值隐喻与认知 2.广告语中的道德隐喻与认知 3.广告语中的比较隐喻与认知
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1.广告语中的价值隐喻与认知
中国人受儒家传统文化“君臣父子”的影 响，还普遍存在着“上尊下卑” 的政治伦理 思想，人的地位越高，越是尊贵。广告语中不 少就采用“权威”、“权力”、“皇家”等字 眼，增加了“尊贵”的概念，意图提高商品的 地位和价值，让广告的受众产生好感和购买的 诉求，这里采用的是一种价值隐喻。
2021/3/12
广告语中的隐喻
The metaphor in advertisement
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A brief introduction about adertisement
“广告”一词源自拉丁语‘advertere’意指‘转向’， 是尽力引起我们注意的语篇。广告商借助广告使自 己的产品广为人知，广告词起着至关重要的作用。 广告商利用隐喻来更好地实现其说服受众购买产品 的目的。
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Orientional metaphors
The new Nokia 8800 Sirocco Edition builds on a heritage of impeccable design.
新款诺基亚8800建造基于无懈可击的设计传统
The new Jetta. It’s all grown up.-New Jetta 新捷达。它已完全成长起来了。
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2021/3/12
Orientional metaphors
向上‘up’与之相联的是好的、积极向上的，而向 下‘down’与之相联的有不好的、消极的一面。 Zoltan Kovecses提到向上的方位倾向于正面的价值，而 向下的方位有负面的价值，但正负价值并不限于空间 方位的上—下，他强调各种空间意象图式是双极的， 因此‘整体’、‘中心’、‘联合’、‘平衡’、 ‘在内’、‘目标’、‘向前’大多被视为积极的， 而他们的相反面‘非整体’、‘边缘’、‘非联合’、 ‘不平衡’、‘在外’、‘非目标’和‘向后’大多 被视为负面的。
2021/3/12
二、广告语中的语言特点和隐喻
1.广告语中的价值隐喻与认知 2.广告语中的道德隐喻与认知 3.广告语中的比较隐喻与认知
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2021/3/12
1.广告语中的价值隐喻与认知
中国人受儒家传统文化“君臣父子”的影 响，还普遍存在着“上尊下卑” 的政治伦理 思想，人的地位越高，越是尊贵。广告语中不 少就采用“权威”、“权力”、“皇家”等字 眼，增加了“尊贵”的概念，意图提高商品的 地位和价值，让广告的受众产生好感和购买的 诉求，这里采用的是一种价值隐喻。
2021/3/12
广告语中的隐喻
The metaphor in advertisement
1
2021/3/12
A brief introduction about adertisement
“广告”一词源自拉丁语‘advertere’意指‘转向’， 是尽力引起我们注意的语篇。广告商借助广告使自 己的产品广为人知，广告词起着至关重要的作用。 广告商利用隐喻来更好地实现其说服受众购买产品 的目的。
5
2021/3/12
Orientional metaphors
The new Nokia 8800 Sirocco Edition builds on a heritage of impeccable design.
新款诺基亚8800建造基于无懈可击的设计传统
The new Jetta. It’s all grown up.-New Jetta 新捷达。它已完全成长起来了。
6
2021/3/12
Orientional metaphors
向上‘up’与之相联的是好的、积极向上的，而向 下‘down’与之相联的有不好的、消极的一面。 Zoltan Kovecses提到向上的方位倾向于正面的价值，而 向下的方位有负面的价值，但正负价值并不限于空间 方位的上—下，他强调各种空间意象图式是双极的， 因此‘整体’、‘中心’、‘联合’、‘平衡’、 ‘在内’、‘目标’、‘向前’大多被视为积极的， 而他们的相反面‘非整体’、‘边缘’、‘非联合’、 ‘不平衡’、‘在外’、‘非目标’和‘向后’大多 被视为负面的。
Metaphor隐喻
Metaphor
隐喻
Definition
• Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another, ... A comparison is usually implicit, whereas in simile it is explicit.
--- A Dictionary of Literary Terms
隐喻也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接甲事物（喻） 当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中。 从而更生动，更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
隐喻与明喻的不同点
• 1. 明喻常用“似”, “像”之类的比喻词， 而隐喻则绝对不用； • 明喻 ：Life is like an isthmus between two eternities.
• 暗喻 ：Life is an isthmus between two eternities.
• 2. 明喻的主体和喻体一定同时出现在句子 中，而隐喻中的主体和喻体却不一定。
分类
• Lakoff and Johonson （莱可夫和约翰逊） classify conceptual metaphors into three categories: • ontological metaphors（实体隐喻） • structural metaphors（结构隐喻） • orientational metaphors（方位隐喻）
隐喻
Definition
• Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another, ... A comparison is usually implicit, whereas in simile it is explicit.
--- A Dictionary of Literary Terms
隐喻也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接甲事物（喻） 当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中。 从而更生动，更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
隐喻与明喻的不同点
• 1. 明喻常用“似”, “像”之类的比喻词， 而隐喻则绝对不用； • 明喻 ：Life is like an isthmus between two eternities.
• 暗喻 ：Life is an isthmus between two eternities.
• 2. 明喻的主体和喻体一定同时出现在句子 中，而隐喻中的主体和喻体却不一定。
分类
• Lakoff and Johonson （莱可夫和约翰逊） classify conceptual metaphors into three categories: • ontological metaphors（实体隐喻） • structural metaphors（结构隐喻） • orientational metaphors（方位隐喻）
英语中的暗喻
那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了 下去。
精选版课件ppt
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The boy is shooting up fast. 这个小孩长得特快。
Waves thundered against the rocks. 水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。
The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.
他尾随着她走进洞穴。
精选版课件ppt
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Exercise:
I have been wrestling with this problem
for half ah hour. 我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。
The train steamed into the station.
火车吐着气开进了车站。
He needled his way through the crowd.
他穿过人群。
精选版课件ppt
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( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) It is a thorny problem／issue／subject. 这是个棘手的问题(题目) 。
The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手!
wood. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。
精选版ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้件ppt
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Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。
Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
Tomorrow is another (a new) day. 重振旗鼓，东山再起。
He loves a rosy cheek. 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。
精选版课件ppt
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The boy is shooting up fast. 这个小孩长得特快。
Waves thundered against the rocks. 水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。
The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.
他尾随着她走进洞穴。
精选版课件ppt
11
Exercise:
I have been wrestling with this problem
for half ah hour. 我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。
The train steamed into the station.
火车吐着气开进了车站。
He needled his way through the crowd.
他穿过人群。
精选版课件ppt
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( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) It is a thorny problem／issue／subject. 这是个棘手的问题(题目) 。
The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手!
wood. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。
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Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。
Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
Tomorrow is another (a new) day. 重振旗鼓，东山再起。
He loves a rosy cheek. 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。
《英语文体学要略》-MetaphorPPT课件
drink like a fish 痛饮
as fresh as a rose 精神焕发
as timid as a mouse 胆小如鼠
as quiet as a lamb 像羔羊一样驯良
as sharp as a knife 像刀一样锋利
as sly as a fox
像狐狸一样狡猾
as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛2021ຫໍສະໝຸດ 3/9授课：XXX3
I wondered lonely like a cloud. (William Wordsworth)
我像一朵浮云独自漫步。 Beauty, sweet love, is like the morning dew.
(Samuel Daniel) 美丽、甜蜜的爱，犹若清晨的露珠。 My heart is like a singing bird.
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
2
明喻Simile
• 英语常用的比喻词有as (如)、like (像)、seem (看起来好像)、 as if (似乎)、as though (仿佛)、such as (像……一样)等。有 时还用than (比、胜似)来做更加强调、夸张的比喻词。
• 汉语常用的比喻词有“像、如、犹如、如同、比、好比、 似乎、似的、仿佛、犹、若、一样、一般”等等。
(Edgar Allan Poe)
他的眼睛紧盯着他，一脸严肃得像石头。
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
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"... a succession of startled substitutes had stood before them, ducked, winced and fled."
《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件
• abstract
• what we are unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
human beings think. • Metaphor has provided us with a better
understanding of our language.
.
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5. The classifications of metaphor -- nominal (n.) metaphor; -- verbal metaphor; -- adjective metaphor; -- adverbial metaphor;
4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• The economy is a machine.
-- The economy is overheating.
-- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
• Science is a vehicle.
.
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5.3 Adjective metaphor
• This evening when my father burst in, his mood seemed even more thunderous than usual.
Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件
பைடு நூலகம்
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2
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
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5
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
精品ppt
2
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
精品ppt
5
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
隐喻和转喻ppt课件
• 隐喻由认知而起，又是认知的结果，同时又推动了认知的发 展，这就揭示出隐喻在认知和推理中所起到的重要作用 , 它 对于人类认识世界、形成概念、发展知识、进行思维、作出 推理具有至关重要的意义。
引言
e.g. Time 独生子 概念域A 本体(Tenor) 主题(Topic) 目标(Target) 主项(Primary Subject) is 是 —— —— —— —— money 小皇帝 概念域B 喻体(Vehicle) 他们把两个领域之间的这 喻体 (Vehicle) 种 带方向性的互动称为 “ mapping”(映射 ), 这就 始源 (Source) 是 映 射 理 论 (mapping 次项 (Secondary principle) 。映射一般由起 Subject) 源域 向目标域进行,因此
Metaphor and Metonymy
Supervisor:
Reporter:
主要内容
1
引言 隐喻 转喻
2
3
4
隐喻和转 喻的关系
总结
5
引言
• 传统的语言学将隐喻和转喻看做是语言形式上的修辞，是
语言装饰的手段，因而只是修辞学、文学和文体学研究的 对象。
• 近期的认知语言学和心理学研究认为隐喻和转喻是人们对
语言层面
• 从语言层面角度分类，可分为：
（1）语音层面 （2）语句层面 （3）超局层面 （4）语法隐喻
语音层面
• (1) 语音层面：Ivan Fó nagy在其论文“Why Iconicity”一文 中首先提出“语音隐喻(Phonetic Metaphor)”，主要从语 音（或发音方式）与其表达的意义这一角度进行了论述。 他在文中总结出三个原则： (a) 有意识表达某种情感与特定发音方式对应。 (b) 发音器官的运动与身体姿态会一致。 (c) 不同程度的紧张、延时、言语速度反映出不同的情感。
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4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• The economy is a machine.
-- The economy is overheating.
-- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
• How could any man ever understand the workings of a woman’s mind?
• The coffee was perfect and by the time I was
halfway through my first cup my brain was ticking
.
9
The mind is a machine.
• He is still grinding out a solution.
• His mind isn’t operating today.
• He is a little rusty today.
• I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing vigor).
over much more briskly.
.
10
An argument is war.
• abstract
• what we are unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
-- The economy soared / skyrocketed.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
-- The economy plunged.
-- In economics, a soft landing is a situation in which
the economy stops growing but this does not
different domains. Unlike simile, the
-- A is B.
comparison is
implied rather than
clearly expressed.
.
3
- The world is a stage. - A romance was budding. - The economy is overheating. - She exploded. - The temperature fell to a murderous -40。C. - Embarrassed at our noisy children, we sheepishly
tried to sneak into the dining room, hoping not to be noticed by others.
.
4
3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor • The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). • - The romance was a plant. • - The economy is a machine. • - She is a container. • - The temperature was a murderer. • - We were sheep.
.
2
Metaphor
1. What is metaphor? 2 What is metaphor composed
• Metaphor is a
of?
comparison of two -- the subject (本体)
unlike things from -- the reference (喻体)
.
5
4. The thinking mode involved – A IS B.
• … is a plant. -- A romance was budding. -- The brilliant founders branched into many areas. • … is a building. -- to cement one’s popularity -- the shattered foundations of one’s life -- The theory was .totally based on solid 6
Metaphor 暗喻
.
1
Objectives
• To know what metaphor is.
• To know the thinking mode reflected by metaphor.
• To know the classifications of metaphor.
• To know the significance of learning metaphor.
produce a recession (衰退).
.
7
4. The thinking mode involved
The nouns:
The references:
• internet
• net
• stock market
• market
• stock market bubbles
• bubbles
• bullet train
• bullet
• solar storm
• storm
• Pittsburgh summit (峰会)
• summit
• Only a few would go that far and • go that far commit crimes.
.
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.4 The thinking mode involved