最新语言学概论复习重点题目附答案!!
语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的科学?A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的起源和发展2. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么?A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇构成C. 语言的发音机制D. 语言的书写形式3. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 化学4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素M. 词汇C. 语素D. 句子5. 语义学研究的是语言的哪一方面?A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写D. 语言的语法6. 语言的词汇量是如何增长的?A. 通过新词的创造B. 通过旧词的淘汰C. 通过语言的混合D. 通过语言的简化7. 什么是语言的方言?A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的地区变体D. 一种语言的官方标准8. 语言的同化现象是指什么?A. 语言的统一B. 语言的分化C. 语言的借用D. 语言的变异9. 语言的转换是指什么?A. 语言的翻译B. 语言的转写C. 语言的转述D. 语言的转换10. 什么是语言的语境?A. 语言的使用环境B. 语言的书写环境C. 语言的发音环境D. 语言的语法环境二、填空题(每题2分,共10分)11. 语言学的两大分支是________和________。
12. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。
13. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。
14. 语言的词汇化是指________转化为词汇的过程。
15. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在________中的使用。
三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)16. 简述语言的交际功能。
17. 简述语言的规范性与变异性。
四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)18. 论述语言与文化的关系。
19. 论述语言的演变过程及其影响因素。
五、案例分析题(每题20分,共20分)20. 请分析一种方言的形成过程,并讨论其对标准语的影响。
语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是一门研究什么的学科?A. 语言的起源和发展B. 语言的结构和功能C. 语言的学习和教学D. 语言的使用和理解答案:B2. 语音学是研究什么的分支?A. 语言的书写系统B. 语言的发音机制C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的词汇组成答案:B3. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 心理学答案:D4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素M. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C5. 什么是句子?A. 一系列音素的组合B. 一系列词的组合C. 一系列语素的组合D. 一系列句子的组合答案:B...(此处省略其他选择题,以保持试题的完整性)二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)1. 语言学的两大主要分支是______和______。
答案:语音学;语法学2. 语言的四个基本功能包括:______、______、______和______。
答案:表达功能;交际功能;思考功能;文化功能3. 语素是最小的______单位。
答案:意义4. 语言的______是指语言随时间的变化。
答案:历时性5. 转换生成语法是由______提出的。
答案:乔姆斯基...(此处省略其他填空题)三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述语言和方言的区别。
答案:语言通常指的是具有独立书写系统和标准化形式的交流工具,而方言则是语言在不同地区或社会群体中的变体,通常没有独立的书写系统,且在语法、词汇或发音上可能有所不同。
2. 解释什么是形态学,并举例说明。
答案:形态学是研究词的结构和构成的语言学分支。
它分析词如何由更小的单位——语素构成。
例如,单词“unbelievable”由前缀“un-”,词根“believe”和后缀“-able”组成。
3. 描述语音学中的音位和音素的区别。
答案:音位是指在特定语言中具有区分意义功能的最小语音单位。
音素是指实际发出的语音声音。
语言学概论复习题及参考答案

语言学概论一、填空题:1.双唇、浊、鼻音的国际音标是,舌面前、高、圆唇元音的国际音标是,舌面前、半高、不圆唇元音的国际音标是,舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是。
2.舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是,齿间、浊、擦音的国际音标是__________,双唇、不送气、浊、塞音的国际音标是__________,舌尖中、送气、清、塞音的国际音标是。
3.根据发音特征描述,写出下列元音:舌面后半高圆唇元音是,舌面前低不圆唇元音是,舌面前高圆唇元音是。
4.汉语的七大方言是、、、、、、,其中是现代汉民族共同语的基础方言。
5.根据语素在词中的不同作用,把词根和词缀叫作语素,而把词尾叫作语素。
6.世界上的语言从语法结构角度来划分,一般可以分为四种类型,即:、、和复综语,汉语属于。
7. 是由两个或两个以上构词语素组成的词。
8. 和是语言发展的两个突出的特点。
9.研究通常以词为界,词以上的规则叫,词以下的规则叫。
10.语言系统中的所有符号,既可以同别的符号组合,又可以被别的符号替换,符号之间的这两种关系是和。
11.语言符号的和是它的两大特点。
12.每个元音的音质是由、、三个方面的因素决定的。
舌位的高低,舌位的前后,嘴唇的圆展13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是,具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做。
14.一般说来,地域方言间的差别主要表现在上。
15.根据发音特点,音素可以分为和两类,例如汉语音节中的声母,主要就是由充当的。
16.用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义,完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员。
17.人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感性。
18.几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义,称为。
同一个句子表示几种不同的结构意义,称为。
19.语音的、、三个环节,分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。
20.句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型,例如“什么书他都喜欢看”是。
语言学:语言学概论必看考点

语言学:语言学概论必看考点1、名词解释单句和复句正确答案:单句由一个词或一个短语构成,又可分为主谓句和非主谓句两类。
复句是由两个或更多的单句结构复合而成的。
2、单选在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,最大的类别是()A(江南博哥).语族B.语支C.语系D.语群正确答案:C3、单选北京话“面”单念时读作[miæn],但“面包”却读作[miæmpu],这种语流音变现象是()A.弱化B.增音C.同化D.异化正确答案:C4、填空题文字学、音韵学、()是我国传统的语文学。
正确答案:训诂学5、单选下列诸现象中属于构词现象的是()A、汉语的“老”加“虎”变成“老虎”B、汉语的“儿童”加“们”变成“儿童们”C、英语的“help”(“帮助”,•现在时)加“ed”变成“helped”(“帮助”,过去时)••••D、英语的“dog•”(“狗”,•单数)加“•s•”变成“•dogs”(“狗”,复数)正确答案:A6、单选一般语汇(非基本语汇)最重要的来源是()A.古语词B.方言词C.新造词D.外来词正确答案:C7、多选关于“常用语汇”,下列说法正确的有()A.常用语汇和基本语汇不是一回事B.常用语汇是和非常用语汇相对而言的C.常用语汇都是使用频率较高的词D.常用语汇是和一般语汇相对而言的E.常用语汇和基本语汇有相当一部分是重合的正确答案:A, B, C, E8、多选下列各项词义引申中,采用借代方式的有()A.“领航”本指一种行为,后引申指实施这一行为的人B.“脉络”本指动脉和静脉,后引申指条理或头绪C.“谜”本指谜语,后引申指尚未弄明白的事物D.“面貌”本指相貌,后引申指事物所呈现的景象、状态E.“锯”本指一种工具,后引申指凭借这一工具的行为正确答案:A, E9、问答题基本词汇有哪些特点?这些特点是怎样互相影响的?正确答案:基本词汇具有三个特点:第一,全民常用。
所谓全民常用,就是指基本词汇在使用上具有普遍性,这种普遍性体现在不分阶级、阶层、行业、地域、年龄、性别,各行各业的人都懂得其含义,都要使用,而且经常使用。
语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案

语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案语言学概论复题一、单项选择题1.音高取决于什么?A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的持续时间D.共鸣器的形状2.北京话“慢”单念时读[man],但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[maimar],前一音节的语流音变现象是什么?A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音3.英语“worker”中的“-er”是什么?A.构词语素B.构形语素C.虚词语素D.词根语素4.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素(实义语素)的是什么?A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿5.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是什么?A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同6.“XXX说服了XXX”中“XXX”是行为的施事,“XXX”是行为的受事,这种意义是什么?A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义7.语言成分的借用,最常见、最突出的是什么?A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用8.下列几种类型的社会方言中,具有排他性的是什么?A.行话B.黑话C.官腔D.贵族语言9.下列辅音音素都是XXX的一组是什么?A.[d。
l]B.[b。
k]C.[p。
n]D.[t。
v]10.从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是什么?A.音位B.音素C.音节D.音渡11.英语“students”中的“-s”是什么?A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素12.下列现象中不属于词法手段的是什么?A.虚词B.重叠C.轻重音D.词形变化13.下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是什么?A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究14.下列成对的词语中,属于相对反义词的一组是什么?A.成功—失败B.合法—非法C.本地—外地D.勤劳—懒惰15.造成“北京人多”一句歧义的主要原因是什么?A.一词多义B.不同的句法结构关系C.不同的语义结构关系D.不同的层次构造16.下列关于语言起源的表述中,正确的一项是什么?A.语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿B.语言产生于人们的相互约定C.语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的D.语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的17.在儿童学会说话的过程中,“双词阶段”标志着儿童已经具备了语法能力,能够组合两个词来表达意思。
语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究语言的科学,其主要研究对象是语言的哪一方面?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案:B2. 索绪尔是现代语言学的奠基人,他将语言分为哪两个平面?A. 语音和语义B. 语法和修辞C. 语言和言语D. 词汇和句法答案:C3. 语音学是研究语言声音的学科,它主要关注哪些方面?A. 语音的生理机制B. 语音的物理属性C. 语音的感知和产生D. 所有以上选项答案:D4. 语义学是研究语言意义的学科,它主要探讨哪些内容?A. 词汇意义B. 句法意义C. 语境意义D. 所有以上选项答案:D5. 句法学是研究句子结构的学科,它主要分析哪些方面?A. 句子的语法结构B. 句子的语义结构C. 句子的语用结构D. 所有以上选项答案:A6. 社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的学科,它主要关注哪些问题?A. 语言与社会阶层的关系B. 语言与文化的关系C. 语言与性别的关系D. 所有以上选项答案:D7. 心理语言学是研究语言与心理过程关系的学科,它主要研究哪些内容?A. 语言的知觉和理解B. 语言的产生和使用C. 语言的学习和习得D. 所有以上选项答案:D8. 计算语言学是研究如何使用计算机来处理语言的学科,它主要涉及哪些技术?A. 自然语言处理B. 机器翻译C. 语音识别D. 所有以上选项答案:D9. 语言接触是指不同语言之间的相互影响,它主要通过哪些方式实现?A. 语言借用B. 语言融合C. 语言替换D. 所有以上选项答案:D10. 语言规划是指对语言使用和发展进行有计划的指导和管理,它主要关注哪些方面?A. 语言的标准化B. 语言的规范化C. 语言的现代化D. 所有以上选项答案:D二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)1. 以下哪些是语言学的主要分支学科?A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 社会语言学D. 心理学答案:A, B, C2. 语言的任意性是指语言符号的哪两个方面?A. 形式的任意性B. 内容的任意性C. 形式与内容的任意性D. 形式与内容的固定性答案:C3. 语言的层级结构包括哪些层次?A. 音位层B. 词汇层C. 句法层D. 语义层答案:A, B, C, D4. 语言的变异性主要体现在哪些方面?A. 地域变异B. 社会变异C. 个体变异D. 时间变异答案:A, B, C, D5. 语言的交际功能主要包括哪些?A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 思维工具答案:A, B, C, D三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)1. 简述语言学的定义和主要研究内容。
2023年电大本科语言学概论复习题及参考答案

福师1203考试批次《语言学概论》复习题及参照答案一一名词解释(20分)1词汇:一种语言中所有词和成语等固定用语旳总汇。
也指某作品或某一作家用语旳总汇。
可分为基本词汇和一般词汇两大部分。
2符号:人们用来指代某种事物旳标识3语法范围:几种互相对立而性质类似旳语法意义聚合在一起,形成一种更为概括旳类,就是语法范围。
二简答(45分)1地区方言旳形成有哪些原因?请简要阐明。
参照知识点:地区方言参看教材P2452词语旳搭配要受到哪些语义条件旳限制?参照知识点:词义旳组合参看教材P1013语言与思维旳关系?请简要阐明。
参照知识点:语言与思维参看教材P184语言与文化旳关系?参照知识点:语言与文化旳关系参看教材P385请简要阐明语法旳特性有哪些?参照知识点:语法旳特性参看教材P106—1086请简要阐明词义旳概括性表目前哪三个方面?参照知识点:词义旳特点参看教材P90—93三论述(35分)1怎样辩证地看待语言符号任意性旳特点,试举例论述。
参照知识点:语言符号旳特点参看教材P45—502请举例阐明语言发展旳原因。
参照知识点:语言发展旳原因参看教材P239—2433请举例阐明汉语语音审美形态重要表目前哪些方面?参照知识点:汉语语音审美形态参看教材P82—86语言学概论一、名词解释1.历时语言学。
专语语言学从纵旳方面,研究语言发展旳历史,观测其演变轨迹,例如汉语史、英语史等。
由于它从一种较长旳时段研究语言,研究语言旳发展动态,因此又叫历时语言学。
2.语言。
语言是人类最重要旳交际工具,同步也是思维工具。
3.符号。
符号,就是指代某种事物旳标识,记号,它是由一种社会旳全体组员共同约定用来表达某种意义旳标识和记号。
4.语言旳二层性。
第一,语言旳构造二层性指语言是由音位层和由音义结合旳符号序列层构成旳装置。
第二,语言旳底层是一套音位,语言旳上层是音义结合旳符号和符号旳序列,这一层又分语素、词、句子三级。
第三,语言构造二层性旳关键是以少驭多。
语言学概论题目和答案解析

语言学概论试题(一)一、填空(每空1分,共15分)1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具,文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。
• 3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学,通称为“小学”。
4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
• 5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式,从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程,从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6.是否能够独立运用,是区分词和语素的根本特点。
•7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母,大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
•8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
•9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
•10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、选择题(每题1分,共10分)••••••1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是( D )••A.文字学B.语音学••C.词汇学D.语法学• 2. 汉语属于( B )•A.屈折语B.孤立语•C.多式综合语D.粘着语• 3. 一种语言中数量最少的是( B )••A.音素B.音位••C.语素D.音节• 4. 文字的前身是( C )••A.结绳记事B.手势••C.图画记事D.实物记事• 5. 派生词中包含( B )••A.词尾B.词根••C.虚词D.根词• 6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是( C )••A.音素B.义素••C.语素D.音位7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是( C )••A.主语位置B.谓语位置••C.状语位置D.定语位置8. 以下各种语言变体中,属于社会方言的是( D )•••A.土话B.客家话•••C.客套话D.黑话9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是( C )•••A.初B.视•••C.人D.民10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换,•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫( D )••A.转换关系B.组合关系••C.层级关系D.聚合关系三、名词解释(每题4分,共20分)• 1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
精品文档Linguistics:I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.[ɑ:]B.[?:]C.[?:]D.[u:]7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by allmembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow精品文档.精品文档18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in__________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes精品文档.精品文档36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed tochange the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence isl__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of languageover a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more精品文档.精品文档than two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known ass__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are calledh__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands aloneas its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.精品文档.精品文档13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free. It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rule精品文档.精品文档governed.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word ookstore is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as itspoint of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rulesfor language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguisticsigns bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets ofstructure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users tosymbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourcefulbecause of its duality and its reccursiveness.petence: competence means the language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).精品文档.精品文档14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract atsome place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 15.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrowtranscription.18. Phone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It's aphonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in agiven language is a phoneme. It's a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but anabstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in themind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment,whichoccurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. 22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of theair can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call itregressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, isknow as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almostevery language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as thefour tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, suchas “man”, “-ly”, “teach”“-er”, “dark”, and “-en”in “manly”, “teacher”and “darken”. The meaning morphemesconvey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er”and grammatical meaningsuch as “-es”, “-ed”, and “-ing”in “teaches”“played”and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles andpronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives,and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.精品文档.精品文档33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, suchas classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g.the plural morpheme in “dog's”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initialpart of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in somecases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation ofsentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguisticunit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---wordgroups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the processgoes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentricconstruction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any ofits constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, theidentification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate,etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all thefeatures of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with therelationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.Questions:V.1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions includeinformative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performativefunction, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the followingthree parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:①According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded精品文档.精品文档④According to the length or tenseness of the vowel : tense vs. lax or long vs. short4. Compare phone and phoneme.we hear and produce during linguistic communication. It's A Phone refers to any of the possible speech soundsa phonetic unit or segment. it is the smallest identifiable unit found in the stream of speech. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a givencontrastive unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but language is a phoneme. It's a basican abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type inthe mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.5. What are the three senses of words?The three senses of words include the followinga. A physically definable unit: word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pausesor blanks.b. Both a general term and a specific term: Word is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit ofvocabulary, a lexical item, or a lexeme.。