举例、列举、分类ppt课件
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13
（研究显示，小孩观看电视越多，吃零 食的机会越多，消耗广告中推销的食物越 多，越能够左右家长购买食物的决定。例 如，暨南大学最近一个研究发现，那些就 餐时开电视的家庭消耗更多的腌肉、盐、 汽水和速食品，而消耗较少的水果和蔬 菜。）
14
表例证的一些常用表达 1. for instance, for example, to illustrate, as an
吸烟的弊端 There is little doubt that smoking tobacco is
extremely harmful to the smoker's health. In the US, for example, research by the American Cancer Society suggests that tobacco causes up to 400,000 deaths each year - more than AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, car crashes, murders, suicides, and fires combined. （毫无疑问，吸烟对吸烟者的健康构成严重威胁。
6
上述“主题句”指出，妇女在许多 领域可以做得跟男人一样好。要论 证这一观点，最有说服力的方法就 是选取典型例证。本段选择了女科 学家作为典型代表，而且进一步指 出，她们取得与男科学家同样的成 就是要付出更大的代价的。
7
例证法也是运用客观事实、统计数字、 实验结果、图表照片等作论据证明论点 的一种论证方法。“事实胜于雄辩”， 所以，例证法很自然地成为最主要的论 证方法之一。例证法属归纳推理的逻辑 推理过程。具体地说，它通过对一些个 别事例的分析和研究，归纳它们的共同 属性，综合它们的共同本质和规律，从 而得出一个带有普遍性的结论。尽量找 最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点， 给人说服力。
例如，在美国，美国癌症协会的研究显示，烟草每年导致的死亡 高达400，000--比艾滋病、酗酒、滥用药物、车祸、谋杀、自杀 和火灾造成的死亡人数还多。）
10
禁烟 To start with, smoking endangers
people’s health. As we all know, tobacco contains many toxic substances such as nicotine and tar. That is to say, if you are a heavy smoker, you are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases. For example, you may cough, have a sore throat or experience eye irritation. Medical research has already proved that smoking may cause some respiratory problems.
few happen to imagine that his gold belt is
won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood,
even life over years before the arrival of that
exciting moment.
9
18
列举法
运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据 对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全 面地陈述或解释。列举法如果使用得当， 能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清 楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含 表示数量的词，如：several, many, some, four 等。列举细节时，可以根据各种内容 的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。
illustration（例如） 2. for another instance（又如） 3. A case in point is…, ……是个例子。 4. A good example of this is…非常好的一个例子
是…… 5. There is evidence that…; It is reported that…
1. I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.
2.I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.
（首先，吸烟危害人们健康。正如我们所知，烟草 中含有许多有毒物质，如尼古丁和焦油。也就是 说，如果你是个烟鬼，你更可能患上一些慢性疾 病。例如，你可能会咳嗽，咽喉肿痛或者眼睛不 适。医学研究已经证实，吸烟容易导致一些呼吸 道疾病。说得具体一些，吸烟者可能得肺癌。数 据表明，在过去五年里，与吸烟相关的疾病发病 率急剧上升。）
2
However, there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means. For example, many students copy the papers written by others or cheat at examinations in order to get higher marks. The same thing may be said of some producers who try to get rich by making fake and poor products. Those people may succeed for a time, but sooner or later, they will get nothing but troubles.
12
电视与小孩健康
Research shows that the more television children watch, the more likely they are to snack between meals, consume foods advertised on TV, and attempt to influence their parents’ food purchases. For instance, a recent study at Jinan University found that families who had their television sets on during mealtimes consumed more processed meats, salt, soda, and quick-preparation foods and fewer fruits and vegetables.
Leabharlann Baidu
achieve something, he has to work and
tolerate more than others. The saying is true
of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is
boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner,
3
其中信号词 For example 和 The same thing may be said of 提 示本段举了两个例子(学生和生产 商)来说明主题句 there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means。
4
例证/举例
拓展段落的一些常用表达 1. in other words换言之 2. that is to say也就是说 3. to be more precise说的具体一些
15
For example 和such as 的使用
For example ，一般是用一个句子作例子， 而such as 是 并列两个以上名词或动名词短语作例子。如：
17
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example，those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides，people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short，no matter hat their interests are，people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.
3.I have such hobbies as playing badminton and collecting stamps.
16
Such as 可以跟在一个“总体名词” （如句 2中的hobbies ）之后，并列几个实例（如 句2），也可以将“总体名词”夹在 such…as 中间，然后再并列几个例子（如 句3）。
例证法/举例法
列举法 分类法
1
例证法/举例法
举例法是段落扩展最常用的方法，几乎所有 的“主题”都可以用举例法来论证。因此， 举例 法也经常与其他段落扩展方法同时使用。这种方 法是说明文、论说文的常用手段，也是大学英语 四、六级考试作文中最常用的方法。它主要是通 过举例、列举事实来说明主题，从而使文章显得 言之有物，具有说服力。例如 It Pays to Be Honest (2003.1 CET-4 & CET-6 ) 一文第2段
11
To be more precise, smokers may develop lung cancer. Statistics show that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has increased sharply over the past five years.
8
请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的 是拳击运动的例子。例文如下：
The saying “No pains, no gains” is
universally accepted because of the plain yet
philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to
采用举例法扩展段落，最关键的问题是如何选 择典型的例证。学生作文中普遍存在的问题，就 是不会选取恰当的例证。一般作文命题都是关于 日常生活或人们普遍关心的社会问题，学生应该 多观察生活，多思考一些普遍的社会问题，这样 在选取例证时，就可以信手拈来，而不会抓耳挠 腮，觉得无例可用。
下面语段的选例就十分精当。
5
Woman can work as well as man in
many fields. For example, many female
scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization. Most important of all, they have made such achievements while working as wives and mothers. In this case, they are more successful and respectable because they have to take on too much pressure in society and in family.
（研究显示，小孩观看电视越多，吃零 食的机会越多，消耗广告中推销的食物越 多，越能够左右家长购买食物的决定。例 如，暨南大学最近一个研究发现，那些就 餐时开电视的家庭消耗更多的腌肉、盐、 汽水和速食品，而消耗较少的水果和蔬 菜。）
14
表例证的一些常用表达 1. for instance, for example, to illustrate, as an
吸烟的弊端 There is little doubt that smoking tobacco is
extremely harmful to the smoker's health. In the US, for example, research by the American Cancer Society suggests that tobacco causes up to 400,000 deaths each year - more than AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, car crashes, murders, suicides, and fires combined. （毫无疑问，吸烟对吸烟者的健康构成严重威胁。
6
上述“主题句”指出，妇女在许多 领域可以做得跟男人一样好。要论 证这一观点，最有说服力的方法就 是选取典型例证。本段选择了女科 学家作为典型代表，而且进一步指 出，她们取得与男科学家同样的成 就是要付出更大的代价的。
7
例证法也是运用客观事实、统计数字、 实验结果、图表照片等作论据证明论点 的一种论证方法。“事实胜于雄辩”， 所以，例证法很自然地成为最主要的论 证方法之一。例证法属归纳推理的逻辑 推理过程。具体地说，它通过对一些个 别事例的分析和研究，归纳它们的共同 属性，综合它们的共同本质和规律，从 而得出一个带有普遍性的结论。尽量找 最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点， 给人说服力。
例如，在美国，美国癌症协会的研究显示，烟草每年导致的死亡 高达400，000--比艾滋病、酗酒、滥用药物、车祸、谋杀、自杀 和火灾造成的死亡人数还多。）
10
禁烟 To start with, smoking endangers
people’s health. As we all know, tobacco contains many toxic substances such as nicotine and tar. That is to say, if you are a heavy smoker, you are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases. For example, you may cough, have a sore throat or experience eye irritation. Medical research has already proved that smoking may cause some respiratory problems.
few happen to imagine that his gold belt is
won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood,
even life over years before the arrival of that
exciting moment.
9
18
列举法
运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据 对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全 面地陈述或解释。列举法如果使用得当， 能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清 楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含 表示数量的词，如：several, many, some, four 等。列举细节时，可以根据各种内容 的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。
illustration（例如） 2. for another instance（又如） 3. A case in point is…, ……是个例子。 4. A good example of this is…非常好的一个例子
是…… 5. There is evidence that…; It is reported that…
1. I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.
2.I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.
（首先，吸烟危害人们健康。正如我们所知，烟草 中含有许多有毒物质，如尼古丁和焦油。也就是 说，如果你是个烟鬼，你更可能患上一些慢性疾 病。例如，你可能会咳嗽，咽喉肿痛或者眼睛不 适。医学研究已经证实，吸烟容易导致一些呼吸 道疾病。说得具体一些，吸烟者可能得肺癌。数 据表明，在过去五年里，与吸烟相关的疾病发病 率急剧上升。）
2
However, there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means. For example, many students copy the papers written by others or cheat at examinations in order to get higher marks. The same thing may be said of some producers who try to get rich by making fake and poor products. Those people may succeed for a time, but sooner or later, they will get nothing but troubles.
12
电视与小孩健康
Research shows that the more television children watch, the more likely they are to snack between meals, consume foods advertised on TV, and attempt to influence their parents’ food purchases. For instance, a recent study at Jinan University found that families who had their television sets on during mealtimes consumed more processed meats, salt, soda, and quick-preparation foods and fewer fruits and vegetables.
Leabharlann Baidu
achieve something, he has to work and
tolerate more than others. The saying is true
of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is
boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner,
3
其中信号词 For example 和 The same thing may be said of 提 示本段举了两个例子(学生和生产 商)来说明主题句 there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means。
4
例证/举例
拓展段落的一些常用表达 1. in other words换言之 2. that is to say也就是说 3. to be more precise说的具体一些
15
For example 和such as 的使用
For example ，一般是用一个句子作例子， 而such as 是 并列两个以上名词或动名词短语作例子。如：
17
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example，those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides，people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short，no matter hat their interests are，people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.
3.I have such hobbies as playing badminton and collecting stamps.
16
Such as 可以跟在一个“总体名词” （如句 2中的hobbies ）之后，并列几个实例（如 句2），也可以将“总体名词”夹在 such…as 中间，然后再并列几个例子（如 句3）。
例证法/举例法
列举法 分类法
1
例证法/举例法
举例法是段落扩展最常用的方法，几乎所有 的“主题”都可以用举例法来论证。因此， 举例 法也经常与其他段落扩展方法同时使用。这种方 法是说明文、论说文的常用手段，也是大学英语 四、六级考试作文中最常用的方法。它主要是通 过举例、列举事实来说明主题，从而使文章显得 言之有物，具有说服力。例如 It Pays to Be Honest (2003.1 CET-4 & CET-6 ) 一文第2段
11
To be more precise, smokers may develop lung cancer. Statistics show that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has increased sharply over the past five years.
8
请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的 是拳击运动的例子。例文如下：
The saying “No pains, no gains” is
universally accepted because of the plain yet
philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to
采用举例法扩展段落，最关键的问题是如何选 择典型的例证。学生作文中普遍存在的问题，就 是不会选取恰当的例证。一般作文命题都是关于 日常生活或人们普遍关心的社会问题，学生应该 多观察生活，多思考一些普遍的社会问题，这样 在选取例证时，就可以信手拈来，而不会抓耳挠 腮，觉得无例可用。
下面语段的选例就十分精当。
5
Woman can work as well as man in
many fields. For example, many female
scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization. Most important of all, they have made such achievements while working as wives and mothers. In this case, they are more successful and respectable because they have to take on too much pressure in society and in family.