(中英文对照版)雅典宪章

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What is Athenian Democracy
• The Athenian democracy was a democratic
government in the city-state Athens and its surrounding lands in Attica.
Main bodies of governance
• the general possibility of taking part in public life for all free citizens
disadvantage and limitation
• only 10% of the Athenians had vote rights. women were given no freedom at all. • the people could be expelled from the country if given a majority vote by the Assembly . • limited possibility of taking part in the Assembly of Citizens for people living outside Athens. • The pace of making decisions was critisised
幻灯片解读英文版（一）地理位置：三面一面，战略性（二）政治特色：Sparta's government was an oligarchy. 独裁 autocracy ——Money was not used, for they didn't want any one person to be richer than another. Also, Spartan government would not allow trade with other countries for they didn't want the people to be exposed to foreign ideas. 尚武 militarism ——All citizens focused on the military. Spartan army The Spartan army was the military force of Sparta, one of the leading city-states of ancient Greece. The army stood at the centre of the Spartan state, whose citizens' primary obligation was to be good soldiers. Subject to military drill训练 from infancy, the Spartans were one of the most feared military forces in world history. At Sparta's heyday in the 6th to 4th centuries BC, it was commonly accepted that "one Spartan was worth several men of any other state." 纪律 discipline ——There was no freedom. Everybody served the state. Sparta’s social system Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates（斯巴达人） (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), Mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), Perioikoi (freedmen), and Helots（希洛人） (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world. （三）兴盛 The fall of Athens left Sparta once again supreme in the Greek world and demonstrated clearly its total unfitness for rule. Everywhere democracy was replaced by an oligarchy, usually consisting of ten men under ruler or governor promise to Spartan interests, and even in Laconia itself the narrow and selfish character of the Spartan rule led to a serious conspiracy. For a short time, indeed, under the energetic rule of Agesilaus, it seemed as if Sparta would pursue a Hellenic policy and carry on the war against Persia. （四）衰落 In the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.), Sparta defeated Athens and established an empire under Lysander. Sparta's supremacy ended at the Battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.), when its army was beaten by the forces of Epaminondas of Thebes. Sparta remained independent, but was further weakened by involvement in wars between the Aetolian and Achaean leagues. In 146 B.C. Sparta, with the rest of Greece, became subject to Rome.

(完整word版)威尼斯宪章(中英对照)

INTERNATIONAL CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES威尼斯宪章•[Preamble] •Definitions •Aim •Conservation•Restoration•Historic Sites•Excavations•Publication[Preamble] 前言Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions. People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage. The common responsibility to safeguard them for future generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity. 世世代代人民的历史文物建筑,饱含着从过去的年月传下来的信息,是人民千百年传统的活的见证.人民越未越认识到人类各种价值的统一性,从而把古代的纪念物看作共同的遗产.大家承认,为子孙后代而妥善地保护它们是我们共同的责任.我们必须一点不走样地把它们的全部信息传下去。

It is essential that the principles guiding the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country being responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and traditions. 绝对有必要为完全保护和修复古建筑建立国际公认的原则,每个国家有义务根据自己的文化和传统运用这些原则。

雅典宪章

邻里单位与小区规划与社区规划 20世纪30年代开始在美国，不久在欧洲相继提出“邻里单位”’的居住区规划理论。

“邻里单位”思想要求在较大的范围内统一规划居住区，使每一个“邻里单位”成为组成居住区的细胞。

开始时，首先考虑的是幼儿上学不穿越马路，“邻里单位”内部和外部的道路有一定的分工，防止“外部交通”在“邻里单位”内部穿越。

第二次世界大战后，欧洲一些城市的重建和卫星城市的规划建设中，“邻里单位”思想更进一步得到应用、推广，并且在它的基础上发展为“小区规划”理论，试图把小区作为一个居住区构成的“细胞”，将其规模扩大，不限于以一个小学的规模来控制，由交通干道或其他天然或人工的界限为界，划分小区成为居住区构成的基本单元，把居住建筑、公共建筑、绿地等进行综合安排，一般的生活服务可在小区内解决。

20世纪60年代，城市规划领域中对城市的社会问题的认识逐渐提高，居住区规划设计不再局限于住宅和设施等物质环境，而是将解决居住区内的社会问题提高到重要位置。

社区规划的概念逐步取代了小区规划的提法，规划师的责任重心更趋多元化，给与了社会问题，尤其是社区中的弱者以更多关心。

（一）有机疏散理论为解决城市膨胀而产生的“城市病”，伊利尔•沙里宁在1934年发表的《城市——它的发展、衰败与未来》一书中提出了有机疏散理论。

他从生物有机体的细胞成长现象中受到启示，认为把扩大的城市范围划分为不同的集中点所使用的区域，这种区域内又可分为不同活动所需要的地段。

他是把无秩序的集中变为有秩序的分散，把密集地区分为一个个的集镇或地区，彼此之间用绿化带分隔，以便城市居民接近大自然。

（二）区域规划和国土规划城市的发展和城市问题的复杂化，使人们认识到不能就城市论城市，必须从区域、国土的范围来研究有关社会、经济、资源、交通等各方面问题。

从地区着眼，对社会、经济的发展和生产力分布进行整体思考和规划调节。

西方区域规划理论从20世纪后期发展起来，英国盖迪斯提出了集合城市(组团城市)和区域规划概念。

美国宪法中英文对照版

Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。

Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

美国1787年宪法全文(中、英文版)

《美国宪法》（中、英文版）（中文）序言我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权,全属合众国的国会,国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。

第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成,各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

凡年龄未满二十五岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满七年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任众议员。

众议员人数及直接税税额,应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配,此项人口数目的计算法,应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役,但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外,再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。

实际人口调查,应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行,并于其后每十年举行一次,其调查方法另以法律规定之。

众议员的数目,不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人,但每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前,各州得按照下列数目选举众议员 : 新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。

任何一州的众议员有缺额时,该州的行政长官应颁选举令,选出众议员以补充缺额。

众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。

第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之,参议员的任期为六年,每名参议员有一票表决权。

参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时,应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。

第一组参议员的任期,到第二年年终时届满,第二组到第四年年终时届满,第三组到第六年年终时届满,俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选；如果在某州州议会休会期间,有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺,该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员,等到州议会下次集会时,再予选举补缺。

雅典宪章内容

雅典宪章(1933年8月国际现代建筑学会拟订于雅典)一定义和引言城市与乡村彼此融会为一体而各为构成所谓区域单位的要素。

城市都构成一个地理的,经济的,社会的,文化的和政治的区域单位的一部分,城市即依赖这些单位而发展。

因此我们不能将城市离开它们所在的区域作单独的研究,因为区域构成了城市的天然界限和环境。

这些区域单位的发展有赖于下列各种因素:(1)地理的和地形的特点――气候,土地和水源;区域内及区域与区域间之天然交通。

(2)经济的潜力――自然资源(包括土壤、下层土,矿藏原料,动力来源,动植物);人为资源(包括农工业产品);经济制度和财富的分布。

(3)政治的和社会的情况――人口的社会组织,政体及行政制度。

所有这些主要因素集合起来,便构成了对任何一个区域作科学的计划之唯一真实的基础,这些因素是:(1)互相联系的,彼此影响的。

(2)因为科学技术的进步,社会政治经济的改革而不断的变化。

自有历史以来,城市的特征,均因特殊的需要而定:如军事性的防御,科学的发明,行政制度,生产和交通方法的不断发展。

由此可知,影响城市发展的基本因素是经常在演变的。

现代城市的混乱是机械时代无计划和无秩序的发展造成的。

二城市的四大活动居住、工作、游息与交通四大活动是研究及分析现代城市设计时最基本的分类。

下面叙述现代城市的真实情况,并提出改良四大活动缺点的意见。

三居住是城市的第一活动现在城市的居住情况。

城市中心区的人口密度太大,甚至有些地区每公顷的居民超过一千人。

过度拥挤在现代城市中,不仅是中心区如此。

因为十九世纪工业的发展,即在广大的住宅中亦发生同样的情形。

在过度拥挤的地区中,生活环境是非常不卫生的。

这是因为在这种地区中,地皮被过度的使用,缺乏空旷地,而建筑物本身也正在一种不卫生和败坏的情况中。

这种情况,因为这些地区中的居民收入太少,故更加严重。

因为市区不断扩展,围绕住宅区的空旷地带亦被破坏了,这样就剥削了许多居民享受邻近乡野的幸福。

集体住宅和单幢住宅常常建造在最恶劣的地区,无论就住宅功能讲,或是就住宅所必需的环境卫生讲,这些地区都是不适宜于居住的。

雅典宪章

雅典宪章、柯布西耶、昌迪加尔雅典宪章，即国际建筑协会（C.I.M.）于1933年8月在雅典会议上制定的一份关于城市规划的纲领性文件——“城市规划大纲”。

它集中反映了当时“新建筑”学派，特别是法国勒·柯布西耶（Le Corbusier）的观点。

他提出，城市要与其周围影响地区成为一个整体来研究。

城市规划的目的是解决居住、工作、游息与交通四大功能活动的正常进行。

并认为：居住问题为人口密度过大、缺乏空地及绿化、生活环境质量差、公共设施少且分布不合理等。

建议住宅区要有绿带与交通道路隔离，住宅区按邻里单位规划；工作问题是由于工作地点在城市中无计划的布置，远离居住区，从而造成过分拥挤而集中的人流交通。

建议有计划地确定工业与居住的关系，缩小其距离，以减少上下班的人流；游息问题是大城市缺乏空地、城市绿地面积少且位置大多偏于郊区。

建议新建的居住区要多保留空地，增辟旧区绿地，降低旧区的人口密度，并在市郊保留良好的风景地带；针对交通恶化问题，靠局部的放宽改进道路并不能解决问题，须从整个道路系统的规划入手，考虑适应机动交通发展的全新道路系统。

街道要以车辆行驶速度作为功能分类的依据，分为交通要道、住宅区街道、商业区街道、工业区街道等，并按照调查统计的交通资料来确定道路宽度。

“宪章”认为城市的种种矛盾是由大工业生产方式的变化及土地私有而引起，应按全市人民的意志规划。

其步骤为：在区域规划基础上，按居住、工作、游息进行分区及平衡后，建立三者联系的交通网。

并强调居住为城市主要因素。

城市规划是一个三度空间科学，应考虑立体空间，并以国家法律的形式保证规划的实现。

昌迪加尔是由勒·柯布西耶设计的印度旁遮普邦的新首府，昌迪加尔的总体规划贯穿了勒·柯布西耶关于城市是一个有机体的规划思想，并以“人体”为象征进行城市布局结构的规划。

勒·柯布西耶把首府的行政中心当作城市的“大脑”。

主要建筑有议会大厦、邦首长官邸、高级法院等，布置在山麓下全城顶端,可俯视全城。

美国1787年宪法全文(中、英文版)

精心整理《美国宪法》（中、英文版）（中文）序言我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权,全属合众国的国会,国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。

第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成,各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

凡年龄未满二十五岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满七年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任众议员。

实际人口调查,应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行,并于其后每十年举行一次,其调查方法另以法律规定之。

众议员的数目,不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人,但每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前,各州得按照下列数目选举众议员:新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。

任何一州的众议员有缺额时,该州的行政长官应颁选举令,选出众议员以补充缺额。

众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。

第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之,参议员的任期为六年,每名参议员有一票表决权。

参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时,应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。

城市规划

一、选择题（10分，每题2分）1、人类社会第一次社会化大分工的标志是（）A、手工业与农业分离B、农业与商业分离C、农业与畜牧业分离D、工商业与畜牧业分离2、城市性质是由城市形成与发展的（）决定的。

A、总方向B、主导基本因素C、形态结构D、历史时期3、大城市的道路按骨架可分为（）。

A、主干路、次干路、支路B、快速路、主干路、次干路、支路C、客运道路、货运道路、综合性道路、生活性道路D、居住区（级）路、小区（级）路、组团（级）路4、“匠人营国，方九里，旁三门”出自（）。

A、《墨子》B、《商君书》C、《昔子》D、《周礼》5、《城乡规划法》规定城乡规划主管部门不得在城乡规划确定的（）范围以外作出规划许可。

A、规划区B、开发区C、建设用地D、规划条件二、名词解释（16分，每题4分）1、“城”与“市”2、冲突点3、城市规划管理4、历史文化名城三、填空题（19分，每题1分）1、请填写以下城市规划理论或其提出者：欧文—；一广亩城市；霍华德一；一带形城市。

2、《城市居住区规划设计规范》规定，新建居住区其绿地率不应低于%，旧区改建其绿地率不宜小于%。

3、在地震设防要求中，一般规定以下无需设防，以上不宣作为城市建设用地。

4、住宅可以按层数高低分为四类，分别是低层层、多层层、中高层层、高层层。

5、按照城市用地的适用性评定，城市用地一般分为、、三类。

6、，《雅典宪章》中提出的四大功能是、、、。

四、问答题（40分）1、请说明《马丘比丘宪章》和《雅典宪章》的区别与改进。

（9分）2、新的《城乡规划法》的颁布和实施有哪些特征和意义。

（10分）3、城市化有哪几种模式，并请简述其各自特点。

（8分）4、按照性质分类，广场可以分成哪六种类型？（6分）5、编制城市规划应遵循的原则。

（7分）五、论述题（15分）请分析说明住宅区规划设计的总体原则有哪些？一、选择题（10分，每题2分）1、通常所说的城市规模主要是指（）。

A、用地规模B、人口规模C、区域影响范围D、行政区划2、计算机软件业是属于（）。

雅典宪章

《雅典宪章》关于城市的四大功能《宪章》研究和分析了现代城市在居住、工作、游憩和交通四大功能方面的实际状况和缺点，并提出了改进的意见和建议；指出城市的四大功能要协调地发展，而且在发展的每个阶段中要保持各种功能之间的平衡。

居住《宪章》指出，现有城市中住宅区往往布置在不适宜于居住的地区，住宅区的人口密度太大，缺乏绿地和空地，环境极不卫生。

《宪章》认为，居住是城市的首要功能，住宅区应该占用最好的地区；在人口密度较高的地区建造高层公寓式住宅，但应留出必需的绿地和空地；沿交通干道不应建造住宅；要按照邻里单位的原则规划住宅区。

工作《宪章》指出，一些城市中的工作地点（如工厂、商业中心和政府机关区等）未能按照各自的功能在城市中作适当的配置。

《宪章》认为，必须按工业的性质和工业之间的关系，在全国或区域范围内合理地分布工业；城市中的工作地点和居住地点之间的距离，应该是以最短的时间可以到达的距离；工业区和居住区应用绿色地带或缓冲地带隔离开；同日常生活关系密切而又不引起干扰的小型工业，应留在市区内。

游憩《宪章》指出，现有城市中普遍缺乏绿地和空地，认为新建住宅区应预先留出空地作为建造公园、运动场和儿童游戏场之用;在人口稠密地区,清除旧建筑后的地段应作为游憩用地；城市附近的河流、海滩、森林、湖泊等自然风景优美的地区应加以保护，供居民游憩之用。

交通《宪章》指出，现有城市的街道系统多为旧时代的遗产，街道狭窄，交叉路口多，各条街道多未能按照不同的功能加以区分，所以不能适应现代交通工具和交通量的需要。

《宪章》认为用加宽原有街道、限制交通或其他办法是不能有效地解决现代交通问题的。

唯有实施新的城市规划，设计一个新的街道系统才能解决问题。

《宪章》强调街道系统的规划设计，应以正确的调查和统计资料为基础，根据不同的功能来区分和设计道路。

建筑物尤其是住宅应有绿带同交通干道隔开。

《雅典宪章》国际现代建筑协会(1933)

国际现代建筑协会《雅典宪章》（1933）中文名称：雅典宪章英文名称：Charter of Athens定义：1933年8月国际现代建筑协会（CIAM）第4次会议通过的关于城市规划理论和方法的纲领性文件，提出了城市功能分区和以人为本的思想。

一、概论城市及其区域现象(1)城市只是构成区域经济、社会、政治复合体中的一个元素。

城市的行政地域很少能与其地理单元保持一致。

在它确定之初，就被打上了人工的烙印，并随着后来的不断扩张而与其他城市建成区逐渐连为一体，最终必将吞噬其他镇区。

这时候，人为定义的行政界限就开始阻碍人们对新的城市聚合体进行良好的管理。

于是，人们任由某些郊区城镇以积极或消极的、不可预知的不同方式发展，如发展成豪华住宅区，或者成为重工业中心,或者把不幸的底层工人阶级挤到一起。

在这些例子中，行政边界把城市复合体分割得支离破碎，几近瘫痪。

实际上，城市聚合体才是地域的真正核心，地域的边界仅仅取决于另一聚合区块的影响范围。

而这种聚合体存在的前提条件，是要确保它与所在区域进行交换和保持联系的路径的畅通。

要研究城市规划的问题，我们只需持续关注该地区的组成元素，主要是其地理环境，因为这注定是解决该问题的决定性因素——分水岭的走向和周边的山峰，描绘出自然的轮廓，突显出自然系统在大地上运行的轨迹。

我们永远不能脱离整个地区的和谐统一来孤立地看待城市问题，城市规划仅是组成区域规划的诸多元素之一。

(2)与经济、社会和政治价值相提并论的是人的生理和心理本原的价值，它们与人类密不可分，并将个体和群体秩序引入了人们考虑的范畴。

只有当个体与群体这两个支配人性的对立原则达到和谐时，社会才能够繁荣发展。

孤立的人会感到缺乏保护的危机感，于是自然而然地加入群体之中。

凭个体的能力，一个人最多只能建造起小小的棚屋，过着危险、疲于奔命而又寂寞的生活，而在群体之中，个体虽然会感到社会规则的束缚力，然而作为回报，他也得到一定程度的保护，免受暴力、疾病和饥饿之苦。

英美概况词汇统计英汉对照

英美概况词汇统计英汉对照21 Confucians 孔子信徒26 Roman Empire 罗马帝国（公元前27年到公元476年罗马统治下的广大地域，势力范围东达美索不达米亚，西至伊比利亚半岛，北部直到莱茵河和多瑙河流域，向南延伸到埃及和地中海沿岸地区）27 Socrates 苏格拉底，古希腊哲学家，用发问的方法寻求真理，暴露谬误，探讨哲学和伦理等方面的问题。

28 Plato 柏拉图（428—347B.C.），古希腊哲学家，创建雅典学园，其思想体系对基督教哲学和西方哲学有深远的影响。

34 Aristotle 亚里士多德（358—323B.C.）古希腊哲学家，柏拉图的学生，创建雅典逍遥学派。

39 Roman Age 罗马时代41 Jesus Christ 基督耶稣（基督教的创始人，传到时间为公元28—30年间）。

42 Renaissance 文艺复兴（14—17世纪欧洲之古希腊文学、艺术、思想的重新发现和繁荣）54 Isaac Newton 牛顿，英国数学家，物理学家，爱因斯坦之前对理论物理学最有影响的科学家。

55 Francis Bacon 培根，英国政治学家和哲学家，其激进的哲学思想在其死后的一个世纪内仍然影响巨大。

56 Thomas Hobbes 霍布斯，英国哲学家，唯物论者。

59 John Locke 洛克（1632—1704），英国哲学家，经验论和政治自由主义奠基人。

著有《政府论》（1690），反对“天赋君权”；在《人类理解论》（1690）中提出所有知识由知觉经历而来。

60 David Hume 休谟（1711—1776），苏格兰哲学家，经济学家，历史学家，不可知论代表人物。

67 Enlightenment 启蒙运动（欧洲17世纪和18世纪文化思想运动，深受笛卡儿，洛克、牛顿等人的思想影响，崇尚理性，认为理性是人类知识和进步的核心）。

75 Romanticism 浪漫主义。

18世纪开始的艺术的艺术和文化运动，抵制理性主义，遵从灵感和非理性，代表人物有作曲家舒伯特、舒曼、诗人华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈等。

雅典宪章1931

第一届历史纪念物建筑师及技师国际会议《关于历史性纪念物修复的雅典宪章》（1931）（第一届历史纪念物建筑师及技师国际会议于1931年在雅典通过）在雅典会议上通过了以下七项决议，它被称为“修复宪章”（Carta del Restauro）：1创立纪念物保护修复方面运作和咨询的国际组织；2计划修复的项目应接受有见地的考评，以避免出现有损建筑特性和历史价值的错误；3所有国家都要通过国家立法来解决历史古迹的保存问题；4已发掘的遗址若不是立即修复的话应回填以利于保护；5在修复工程中允许采用现代技术和材料；6考古遗址将实行严格的“监护式”保护（custodial protection）；7应注意对历史古迹周边地区的保护。

雅典会议的概括性结论为：第一条学说和普遍原理会议听取了有关纪念物保护的普遍原理和学说的陈述。

尽管具体案例多种多样，可能也会有不同的解决方案，会议注意到不同国家主流的解决办法都反映出同样的趋势，即应通过创立一个定期、持久的维护体系来有计划地保护建筑，从而摒弃整体重建的做法，以避免出现相应的危险。

当由于坍塌或破坏而必须进行修复时，大会建议，应该尊重过去的历史和艺术作品，不排斥任何一个特定时期的风格。

会议认为建筑物的使用有利于延续建筑的寿命，应继续使用他们，但使用功能必须以尊重建筑的历史和艺术特征为前提。

第二条保护历史性纪念物的行政和立法措施会议听取了为保护具有艺术、历史和科学价值的纪念物，不同国家在法律措施方面的建议。

在尊重私有权问题的同时，还要认可某些公共权力的存在，这一基本倾向得到会议的一致认同。

会议意识到不同国家法律措施间存在的差异，是由于在协调公法和私人利益之间存在困难。

因而，会议形成了这样一个共识：在赞同这些措施总体趋向的同时，相关措施应该顺应当地状况和公众意见，以便在实施过程中使阻力最小化。

房产所有者为满足全局利益要求所做出的牺牲需得到应有的补偿。

会议建议每个国家的行政当局在面对紧急情况时，能够采取相应的保全措施。

城市规划-名词解释

名词解释：1．雅典宪章：1933年8月国际现代建筑协会第4次会议通过的关于城市规划理论和方法的纲领性文件，提出了城市功能分区和以人为本的思想。

2．城市性质：各城市在国家经济和社会发展中所处的地位和所起的作用，是各城市在城市网络以至更大范围内分工的主要职能。

3．城市规划：人类为了在城市的发展中维持公共生活的空间秩序而作的未来空间安排的意志。

4．城市人口：与城市活动有密切联系关系的人口，他们常年居住在城市的范围内，构成该城市的社会主体。

5．城市绿地：用以栽植树木花草和布置配套设施，基本上由绿色植物所覆盖，并赋以一定功能与用途的场地。

6．城市用地区划：城市地域因为不同的目的和不同的使用方式，而需将用地划分成不同的范围或区块，以表达一定的用途、权属、性质或量值等。

7．城市用地：城市规划区范围内赋以一定功能与用途的土地的统称，是用于城市建设和满足城市机能运转所需要的土地。

8．热岛效应：在大中城市由于建筑密集，绿地和水面偏少，生产与生活活动过程中散发出大量热量，出现市区气温比郊外高的现象。

9．城市空间系统：城市范围内社会生态、及基础设施各大系统的空间投影及空间关系的总和它是决定城市集聚效益的重要因素，同时也决定城市各构成要素关系的合理性和运营的有效性。

10．三类用地：不适于修建的用地和用地条件极差，必须付以特殊工程技术措施后才能用作建设的用地。

11．城市景观规划：根据城市的性质规模、现状条件、总体布局，形成城市建设景观布局的基本构思。

12．居住用地：由几项相关的单一功能用地组合而成的用途地域，一般包括住宅用地、与居住生活相关联的各项公共设施、市政设施等用地。

13．对外交通用地：指铁路、公路、管理运输、港口和机场等城市对外交通及其附属设施等的用地。

14．城市公共中心：居民集中进行政治、经济、文化等社会活动的地方，是公共设施相对集中而组合有序的地区或地段。

15．城市总体布局：城市的社会、经济、环境以及工程技术与建筑空间组合的综合反映，通过城市用地组成的不同形态体现出来。

(完整版)(中英文对照版)雅典宪章

雅典宪章I. 城市基本建设1。

城市都构成一个地理的,经济的，社会的,文化的和政治的区域单位的一部分，城市即依赖这些单位而发展.2。

人类的心里和生理与经济、社会和政治价值同等重要,上升为个人与社会关系的问题.生命与个人、社会这两个对立因素同等重要。

3.心理和生理常数受环境影响：地理和地貌状况以及经济和政治局势。

地理和地貌情况是最重要的，包括自然资源,土地和水，植物，土壤，气候等。

4。

接下来是经济状况,与外界沟通的手段包括本地区的自然资源或人造资源。

5。

第三是政治局势以及政府和管理制度。

6。

自有历史以来，城市的特征，均因特殊的需要而定：如军事性的防御，科学的发明,行政制度生产和交通方法（公路,水路，铁路,航空）的不断发展。

7.影响城市发展的基本因素是经常在演变的。

8.现代城市的混乱是机械时代无计划和无秩序的发展造成的，改变了人的习惯,居住地点和工作类型，机械运输的发展，造成城市的混乱。

II.城市四大功能A。

居住9.历史上，城市中心区的人口密度太大，甚至有些地区每公顷的居民超过一千人.(每英亩400-600人）。

10.在过度拥挤的地区中，生活环境是非常不卫生的。

这是因为在这种地区中,地皮被过度的使用，缺乏空旷地，而建筑物本身也正在一种不卫生和败坏的情况中。

这种情况，因为这些地区中的居民收入太少,故更加严重。

11.因为市区不断扩展，围绕住宅区的空旷地带亦被破坏了，这样就剥削了许多居民享受邻近乡野的幸福.12.集体住宅和单幢住宅常常建造在最恶劣的地区，无论就住宅的功能讲,或是就住宅所必需的环境卫生讲，这些地区都是不适宜于居住的13。

比较人烟稠密的地区，往往是最不适宜于居住的地点,如朝北的山坡上，低洼、潮湿、多雾、易遭水灾的地方或过于邻近工业区易被煤烟、声响振动所侵扰的地方。

14。

人口稀疏的地区,却常常在最优越的地区发展起来，特享各种优点：气候好,地势好，交通便利而且不受工厂的侵扰。

15.这种分区不合理的住宅配型，至今仍然为城市建筑法规所许可。

英国宪章运动英文版

Parliament,by a large majority,voted not even to hear the petitoners.
1842:Chartism's biggest petition and 'the General Strike '
The chartist send the petition to The Parliament
The first wave:People's Charter of 1838
The first wave:People's Charter of 1838 The working class organised a convention to present their petition(请愿书)。Some leaders in the presentation of the petition were arrested.
RESULT:It did not directly generate any reforms,but it opened the door for people to see the need for reform and the methods. Except the last of the Chartist aims-annual Parliaments,the rest of which passed.
Six basic reforms
Universal male suffrage(选举权); A secret ballot(投票); No property qualification for members of Parliament(国会); Pay members of Parliament (so poor men could serve); Constituencies(选区)of equal size; Annual elections for Parliament.

英国自由大宪章英文版

1215年自由大宪章（英文）The Magna Carta (The Great Charter)1215英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。

他们的宪法是由一系列的文件和法案组成，其中具有奠基意义的一份，就是在1215年6月15日，由英国国王与贵族们签订的《大宪章》。

这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。

大宪章（拉丁文Magna Carter, 英文Great Charter）是英国于1215年订立的宪法，用来限制英国国王（主要是当时的约翰）的绝对权力。

订立大宪章的主要原因是因为教皇、英王约翰及封建贵族对皇室权力出现不同的意见。

大宪章要求皇室放弃部分权力，及尊重司法过程，接受王权受法律的限制。

大宪章是英国在建立宪法政治这长远历史过程的开始。

Preamble: John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count of Anjou, to the archbishop, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his bailiffs and liege subjects, greetings. Know that, having regard to God and for the salvation of our soul, and those of all our ancestors and heirs, and unto the honor of God and the advancement of his holy Church and for the rectifying of our realm, we have granted as underwritten by advice of our venerable fathers, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry, archbishop of Dublin, William of London, Peter of Winchester, Jocelyn of Bath and Glastonbury, Hugh of Lincoln, Walter of Worcester, William of Coventry, Benedict of Rochester, bishops; of Master Pandulf, subdeacon and member of the household of our lord the Pope, of brother Aymeric (master of the Knights of the Temple in England), and of the illustrious men William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, William, earl of Salisbury, William, earl of Warenne, William, earl of Arundel, Alan of Galloway (constable of Scotland), Waren Fitz Gerold, Peter Fitz Herbert, Hubert De Burgh (seneschal of Poitou), Hugh de Neville, Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, Philip d'Aubigny, Robert of Roppesley, John Marshal, John Fitz Hugh, and others, our liegemen.1. In the first place we have granted to God, and by this our present charter confirmed for us and our heirs forever that the English Church shall be free, and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate; and we will that it be thus observed; which isapparent from this that the freedom of elections, which is reckoned most important and very essential to the English Church, we, of our pure and unconstrained will, did grant, and did by our charter confirm and did obtain the ratification of the same from our lord, Pope Innocent III, before the quarrel arose between us and our barons: and this we will observe, and our will is that it be observed in good faith by our heirs forever. We have also granted to all freemen of our kingdom, for us and our heirs forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be had and held by them and their heirs, of us and our heirs forever.2. If any of our earls or barons, or others holding of us in chief by military service shall have died, and at the time of his death his heir shall be full of age and owe "relief", he shall have his inheritance by the old relief, to wit, the heir or heirs of an earl, for the whole barony of an earl by £100; the heir or heirs of a baron, £100 for a whole barony; the heir or heirs of a knight, 100s, at most, and whoever owes less let him give less, according to the ancient custom of fees.3. If, however, the heir of any one of the aforesaid has been under age and in wardship, let him have his inheritance without relief and without fine when he comes of age.4. The guardian of the land of an heir who is thus under age, shall take from the land of the heir nothing but reasonable produce, reasonable customs, and reasonable services, and that without destruction or waste of men or goods; and if we have committed the wardship of the lands of any such minor to the sheriff, or to any other who is responsible to us for its issues, and he has made destruction or waster of what he holds in wardship, we will take of him amends, and the land shall be committed to two lawful and discreet men of that fee, who shall be responsible for the issues to us or to him to whom we shall assign them; and if we have given or sold the wardship of any such land to anyone and he has therein made destruction or waste, he shall lose that wardship, and it shall be transferred to two lawful and discreet men of that fief, who shall be responsible to us in like manner as aforesaid.5. The guardian, moreover, so long as he has the wardship of the land, shall keep up the houses, parks, fishponds, stanks, mills, and other things pertaining to the land, out of the issues of the same land; and he shall restore to the heir, when he has come to full age, all his land, stocked with ploughs and wainage, according as the season of husbandry shallrequire, and the issues of the land can reasonable bear.6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice.7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the inheritance which her husband and she held on the day of the death of that husband; and she may remain in the house of her husband for forty days after his death, within which time her dower shall be assigned to her.8. No widow shall be compelled to marry, so long as she prefers to live without a husband; provided always that she gives security not to marry without our consent, if she holds of us, or without the consent of the lord of whom she holds, if she holds of another.9. Neither we nor our bailiffs will seize any land or rent for any debt, as long as the chattels of the debtor are sufficient to repay the debt; nor shall the sureties of the debtor be distrained so long as the principal debtor is able to satisfy the debt; and if the principal debtor shall fail to pay the debt, having nothing wherewith to pay it, then the sureties shall answer for the debt; and let them have the lands and rents of the debtor, if they desire them, until they are indemnified for the debt which they have paid for him, unless the principal debtor can show proof that he is discharged thereof as against the said sureties.10. If one who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, great or small, die before that loan be repaid, the debt shall not bear interest while the heir is under age, of whomsoever he may hold; and if the debt fall into our hands, we will not take anything except the principal sum contained in the bond.11. And if anyone die indebted to the Jews, his wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; and if any children of the deceased are left under age, necessaries shall be provided for them in keeping with the holding of the deceased; and out of the residue the debt shall be paid, reserving, however, service due to feudal lords; in like manner let it be done touching debts due to others than Jews.12. No scutage not aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom, except for ransoming our person, for making our eldest son a knight, andfor once marrying our eldest daughter; and for these there shall not be levied more than a reasonable aid. In like manner it shall be done concerning aids from the city of London.13. And the city of London shall have all it ancient liberties and free customs, as well by land as by water; furthermore, we decree and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall have all their liberties and free customs.14. And for obtaining the common counsel of the kingdom anent the assessing of an aid (except in the three cases aforesaid) or of a scutage, we will cause to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and greater barons, severally by our letters; and we will moveover cause to be summoned generally, through our sheriffs and bailiffs, and others who hold of us in chief, for a fixed date, namely, after the expiry of at least forty days, and at a fixed place; and in all letters of such summons we will specify the reason of the summons. And when the summons has thus been made, the business shall proceed on the day appointed, according to the counsel of such as are present, although not all who were summoned have come.15. We will not for the future grant to anyone license to take an aid from his own free tenants, except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a knight, and once to marry his eldest daughter; and on each of these occasions there shall be levied only a reasonable aid.16. No one shall be distrained for performance of greater service for a knight's fee, or for any other free tenement, than is due therefrom.17. Common pleas shall not follow our court, but shall be held in some fixed place.18. Inquests of novel disseisin, of mort d'ancestor, and of darrein presentment shall not be held elsewhere than in their own county courts, and that in manner following; We, or, if we should be out of the realm, our chief justiciar, will send two justiciaries through every county four times a year, who shall alone with four knights of the county chosen by the county, hold the said assizes in the county court, on the day and in the place of meeting of that court.19. And if any of the said assizes cannot be taken on the day of the county court, let there remain of the knights and freeholders, who were present at the county court on that day, as many as may be required for the efficient making of judgments, accordingas the business be more or less.20. A freeman shall not be amerced for a slight offense, except in accordance with the degree of the offense; and for a grave offense he shall be amerced in accordance with the gravity of the offense, yet saving always his "contentment"; and a merchant in the same way, saving his "merchandise"; and a villein shall be amerced in the same way, saving his "wainage" if they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the oath of honest men of the neighborhood. 21. Earls and barons shall not be amerced except through their peers, and only in accordance with the degree of the offense.22. A clerk shall not be amerced in respect of his lay holding except after the manner of the others aforesaid; further, he shall not be amerced in accordance with the extent of his ecclesiastical benefice.23. No village or individual shall be compelled to make bridges at river banks, except those who from of old were legally bound to do so.24. No sheriff, constable, coroners, or others of our bailiffs, shall hold pleas of our Crown.25. All counties, hundred, wapentakes, and trithings (except our demesne manors) shall remain at the old rents, and without any additional payment.26. If anyone holding of us a lay fief shall die, and our sheriff or bailiff shall exhibit our letters patent of summons for a debt which the deceased owed us, it shall be lawful for our sheriff or bailiff to attach and enroll the chattels of the deceased, found upon the lay fief, to the value of that debt, at the sight of law worthy men, provided always that nothing whatever be thence removed until the debt which is evident shall be fully paid to us; and the residue shall be left to the executors to fulfill the will of the deceased; and if there be nothing due from him to us, all the chattels shall go to the deceased, saving to his wife and children their reasonable shares.27. If any freeman shall die intestate, his chattels shall be distributed by the hands of his nearest kinsfolk and friends, under supervision of the Church, saving to every one the debts which the deceased owed to him.28. No constable or other bailiff of ours shall take corn or other provisions from anyone without immediately tendering money therefor, unless he can have postponementthereof by permission of the seller.29. No constable shall compel any knight to give money in lieu of castle-guard, when he is willing to perform it in his own person, or (if he himself cannot do it from any reasonable cause) then by another responsible man. Further, if we have led or sent him upon military service, he shall be relieved from guard in proportion to the time during which he has been on service because of us.30. No sheriff or bailiff of ours, or other person, shall take the horses or carts of any freeman for transport duty, against the will of the said freeman.31. Neither we nor our bailiffs shall take, for our castles or for any other work of ours, wood which is not ours, against the will of the owner of that wood.32. We will not retain beyond one year and one day, the lands those who have been convicted of felony, and the lands shall thereafter be handed over to the lords of the fiefs.33. All kydells for the future shall be removed altogether from Thames and Medway, and throughout all England, except upon the seashore.34. The writ which is called praecipe shall not for the future be issued to anyone, regarding any tenement whereby a freeman may lose his court.35. Let there be one measure of wine throughout our whole realm; and one measure of ale; and one measure of corn, to wit, "the London quarter"; and one width of cloth (whether dyed, or russet, or "halberget"), to wit, two ells within the selvedges; of weights also let it be as of measures.36. Nothing in future shall be given or taken for a writ of inquisition of life or limbs, but freely it shall be granted, and never denied.37. If anyone holds of us by fee-farm, either by socage or by burage, or of any other land by knight's service, we will not (by reason of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage), have the wardship of the heir, or of such land of his as if of the fief of that other; nor shall we have wardship of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage, unless such fee-farm owes knight's service. We will not by reason of any small serjeancy which anyone may hold of us by the service of rendering to us knives, arrows, or the like, have wardship of his heir or of the land which he holds of another lord by knight's service.38. No bailiff for the future shall, upon his own unsupported complaint, put anyone tohis "law", without credible witnesses brought for this purposes.39. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.41. All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us. And if such are found in our land at the beginning of the war, they shall be detained, without injury to their bodies or goods, until information be received by us, or by our chief justiciar, how the merchants of our land found in the land at war with us are treated; and if our men are safe there, the others shall be safe in our land.42. It shall be lawful in future for anyone (excepting always those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom, and natives of any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be treated as if above provided) to leave our kingdom and to return, safe and secure by land and water, except for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public policy- reserving always the allegiance due to us.43. If anyone holding of some escheat (such as the honor of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other escheats which are in our hands and are baronies) shall die, his heir shall give no other relief, and perform no other service to us than he would have done to the baron if that barony had been in the baron's hand; and we shall hold it in the same manner in which the baron held it.44. Men who dwell without the forest need not henceforth come before our justiciaries of the forest upon a general summons, unless they are in plea, or sureties of one or more, who are attached for the forest.45. We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or bailiffs only such as know the law of the realm and mean to observe it well.46. All barons who have founded abbeys, concerning which they hold charters from the kings of England, or of which they have long continued possession, shall have the wardship of them, when vacant, as they ought to have.47. All forests that have been made such in our time shall forthwith be disafforsted; anda similar course shall be followed with regard to river banks that have been placed "in defense" by us in our time.48. All evil customs connected with forests and warrens, foresters and warreners, sheriffs and their officers, river banks and their wardens, shall immediately by inquired into in each county by twelve sworn knights of the same county chosen by the honest men of the same county, and shall, within forty days of the said inquest, be utterly abolished, so as never to be restored, provided always that we previously have intimation thereof, or our justiciar, if we should not be in England.49. We will immediately restore all hostages and charters delivered to us by Englishmen, as sureties of the peace of faithful service.50. We will entirely remove from their bailiwicks, the relations of Gerard of Athee (so that in future they shall have no bailiwick in England); namely, Engelard of Cigogne, Peter, Guy, and Andrew of Chanceaux, Guy of Cigogne, Geoffrey of Martigny with his brothers, Philip Mark with his brothers and his nephew Geoffrey, and the whole brood of the same.51. As soon as peace is restored, we will banish from the kingdom all foreign born knights, crossbowmen, serjeants, and mercenary soldiers who have come with horses and arms to the kingdom's hurt.52. If anyone has been dispossessed or removed by us, without the legal judgment of his peers, from his lands, castles, franchises, or from his right, we will immediately restore them to him; and if a dispute arise over this, then let it be decided by the five and twenty barons of whom mention is made below in the clause for securing the peace. Moreover, for all those possessions, from which anyone has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed, by our father, King Henry, or by our brother, King Richard, and which we retain in our hand (or which as possessed by others, to whom we are bound to warrant them) we shall have respite until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised, or an inquest made by our order, before our taking of the cross; but as soon as we return from the expedition, we will immediately grant full justice therein.53. We shall have, moreover, the same respite and in the same manner in rendering justice concerning the disafforestation or retention of those forests which Henry our father and Richard our broter afforested, and concerning the wardship of lands which are of the fief of another (namely, such wardships as we have hitherto had by reason of a fief which anyone held of us by knight's service), and concerning abbeys founded on other fiefs than our own, in which the lord of the fee claims to have right; and when we have returned, or if we desist from our expedition, we will immediately grant full justice to all who complain of such things.54. No one shall be arrested or imprisoned upon the appeal of a woman, for the death of any other than her husband.55. All fines made with us unjustly and against the law of the land, and all amercements, imposed unjustly and against the law of the land, shall be entirely remitted, or else it shall be done concerning them according to the decision of the five and twenty barons whom mention is made below in the clause for securing the pease, or according to the judgment of the majority of the same, along with the aforesaid Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be present, and such others as he may wish to bring with him for this purpose, and if he cannot be present the business shall nevertheless proceed without him, provided always that if any one or more of the aforesaid five and twenty barons are in a similar suit, they shall be removed as far as concerns this particular judgment, others being substituted in their places after having been selected by the rest of the same five and twenty for this purpose only, and after having been sworn.56. If we have disseised or removed Welshmen from lands or liberties, or other things, without the legal judgment of their peers in England or in Wales, they shall be immediately restored to them; and if a dispute arise over this, then let it be decided in the marches by the judgment of their peers; for the tenements in England according to the law of England, for tenements in Wales according to the law of Wales, and for tenements in the marches according to the law of the marches. Welshmen shall do the same to us and ours.57. Further, for all those possessions from which any Welshman has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed by King Henry our father, or King Richard our brother, and which we retain in our hand (or which are possessed by others,and which we ought to warrant), we will have respite until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised or an inquest made by our order before we took the cross; but as soon as we return (or if perchance we desist from our expedition), we will immediately grant full justice in accordance with the laws of the Welsh and in relation to the foresaid regions.58. We will immediately give up the son of Llywelyn and all the hostages of Wales, and the charters delivered to us as security for the peace.59. We will do towards Alexander, king of Scots, concerning the return of his sisters and his hostages, and concerning his franchises, and his right, in the same manner as we shall do towards our owher barons of England, unless it ought to be otherwise according to the charters which we hold from William his father, formerly king of Scots; and this shall be according to the judgment of his peers in our court.60. Moreover, all these aforesaid customs and liberties, the observances of which we have granted in our kingdom as far as pertains to us towards our men, shall be observed b all of our kingdom, as well clergy as laymen, as far as pertains to them towards their men.61. Since, moveover, for God and the amendment of our kingdom and for the better allaying of the quarrel that has arisen between us and our barons, we have granted all these concessions, desirous that they should enjoy them in complete and firm endurance forever, we give and grant to them the underwritten security, namely, that the barons choose five and twenty barons of the kingdom, whomsoever they will, who shall be bound with all their might, to observe and hold, and cause to be observed, the peace and liberties we have granted and confirmed to them by this our present Charter, so that if we, or our justiciar, or our bailiffs or any one of our officers, shall in anything be at fault towards anyone, or shall have broken any one of the articles of this peace or of this security, and the offense be notified to four barons of the foresaid five and twenty, the said four barons shall repair to us (or our justiciar, if we are out of the realm) and, laying the transgression before us, petition to have that transgression redressed without delay. And if we shall not have corrected the transgression (or, in the event of our being out of the realm, if our justiciar shall not have corrected it) within forty days, reckoning from the time it has been intimated to us (or to our justiciar, if we should be out of the realm),the four barons aforesaid shall refer that matter to the rest of the five and twenty barons, and those five and twenty barons shall, together with the community of the whole realm, distrain and distress us in all possible ways, namely, by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, and in any other way they can, until redress has been obtained as they deem fit, saving harmless our own person, and the persons of our queen and children; and when redress has been obtained, they shall resume their old relations towards us. And let whoever in the country desires it, swear to obey the orders of the said five and twenty barons for the execution of all the aforesaid matters, and along with them, to molest us to the utmost of his power; and we publicly and freely grant leave to everyone who wishes to swear, and we shall never forbid anyone to swear. All those, moveover, in the land who of themselves and of their own accord are unwilling to swear to the twenty five to help them in constraining and molesting us, we shall by our command compel the same to swear to the effect foresaid. And if any one of the five and twenty barons shall have died or departed from the land, or be incapacitated in any other manner which would prevent the foresaid provisions being carried out, those of the said twenty five barons who are left shall choose another in his place according to their own judgment, and he shall be sworn in the same way as the others. Further, in all matters, the execution of which is entrusted,to these twenty five barons, if perchance these twenty five are present and disagree about anything, or if some of them, after being summoned, are unwilling or unable to be present, that which the majority of those present ordain or command shall be held as fixed and established, exactly as if the whole twenty five had concurred in this; and the said twenty five shall swear that they will faithfully observe all that is aforesaid, and cause it to be observed with all their might. And we shall procure nothing from anyone, directly or indirectly, whereby any part of these concessions and liberties might be revoked or diminished; and if any such things has been procured, let it be void and null, and we shall never use it personally or by another.62. And all the will, hatreds, and bitterness that have arisen between us and our men, clergy and lay, from the date of the quarrel, we have completely remitted and pardoned to everyone. Moreover, all trespasses occasioned by the said quarrel, from Easter in the sixteenth year of our reign till the restoration of peace, we have fully remitted to all,both clergy and laymen, and completely forgiven, as far as pertains to us. And on this head, we have caused to be made for them letters testimonial patent of the lord Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, of the lord Henry, archbishop of Dublin, of the bishops aforesaid, and of Master Pandulf as touching this security and the concessions aforesaid.63. Wherefore we will and firmly order that the English Church be free, and that the men in our kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably, freely and quietly, fully and wholly, for themselves and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all respects and in all places forever, as is aforesaid. An oath, moreover, has been taken, as well on our part as on the art of the barons, that all these conditions aforesaid shall be kept in good faith and without evil intent.Given under our hand - the above named and many others being witnesses - in the meadow which is called Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of June, in the seventeenth year of our reign.。

附录二重要词汇中英文对照表-人教版必修3历史教案

附录二重要词汇中英文对照表-人教版必修3历史教案一、政治制度•封建制度：feudal system•中央集权制：centralized system•集权主义：centralism•分权主义：decentralism•三权分立：separation of powers•专制主义：autocracy•民主主义：democracy•共和制：republic•印欧式国会制：parliamentary system•美国式总统制：presidential system•议会制：parliamentary government•总统制：president system•内阁制：cabinet system•政权：regime•制度：system•立宪：constitution•统治：rule二、社会结构•上层贵族：aristocracy•地主阶级：landlord class•农民：peasant•城市贫民：urban poor•中间阶层：middle class•工人阶级： working class•贫苦阶级：poor class•资产阶级：bourgeoisie•无产阶级：proletariat•政治精英：political elite•社会精英：social elite•门阀社会：class society•社会阶层：social class三、政治制度和社会结构变革•政治制度转型：political system transformation •社会结构转型：social structure transformation •革命：revolution•自由主义：liberalism•民权主义：democracy•社会主义：socialism•党国体制：party-state system•民主化：democratization•君主立宪制：constitutional monarchy•新政治精英：new political elites•新社会阶层：new social classes•均贫富化：equal distribution of wealth •就业机会：employment opportunity 四、战争和社会变革•战争：war•军队：army•军事力量：military force•战略：strategy•战术：tactics•武器：weapon•武装力量：armed forces•战士：soldier•战役：campaign•战疫：war against epidemic•病毒：virus•社会变革：social change五、外交与国际关系•多边主义：multilateralism•双边主义：bilateralism•平等互利：equality and mutual benefit •经济全球化：economic globalization •战后秩序：post-war order•主权：sovereignty•外交政策：foreign policy•联盟：alliance•军备竞赛：arms race•冷战：Cold War•反思历史：reflection of history•和平：peace六、其他•爱国主义：patriotism•民族主义：nationalism•派系斗争：factional struggle•革命者：revolutionist•革命精神：revolutionary spirit•政治运动：political movement•意识形态：ideology以上就是人教版必修3历史教案中所涉及的重要词汇中英文对照表附录。