【英美文化】各章节知识点
英美文化常识
About American1.What is the full name of America?The United States of America2 How many states are there in the United States?Fifty states3 What is the capital of the USAWashington D.C.4 Where is the Stature of Liberty?In New York5 Where does the American president live ?In the white houseAbout Britain1 What does UK stand for ?The United Kingdom2 What us the full name of the UK?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3What are the four parts of the UK?England,Scotland,Wales,and Northern Ireland.4In which continent is the UK situated?In Europe.5 By which channel is the UK separatedThe English ChannelAbout China1.How many ethnic groups are there in China?562.In which continent is China locatedIn Asia3. what are the four great inventions in ancient China?Paper-making,printing,gunpowder,and the compass4. What is the largest island in China?Taiwan Island5. When was the people’s Republic of China founded?On October 1st,19496. How many stars are there on the national flag of China?Five7 .Name three neighboring countries of China(The answer varies.It could be any three of them) japan,Vietnam,Russia,Cambodia,Laos,etc) three well -known scenic spots in Beijing(The answer varies.It could be any three of them) The Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Imperial Palace,Tian’anmen Square,etc.9 .Why do the Chinese people usually eat at the Mid-Autumn FestivalThey celebrate the it to honor the great poet Qu Yuan10. what do Chinese people usually eat at the Mid-Autumn Festival.Moon cakes.11.What is the most important traditional festival in China? The spring Festival12. what do the Chinese do on New Year’s Eve?Family members get together and have a big dinner.13. what do people eat on the Lantern Festival?Rice dumplings14. What animal is called “The National Treasure of China”? The panda.。
英美文化的一些知识
1. British personalities(P6)（星）The best-known quality of the British , and in particular of the English, is “reserve”. A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers , does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty, within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. Its ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself—at one’s own faults, one’s own failures and embarrassments, even at one’s own ideals. Finally, sportsmanship . Like a sense of humor, this is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention.(152)2. Importance of Elizabeth Era in politics,military,internationalrelations and culture（月）Elizabeth Era is a British golden age. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. She followed a motto “I see, and say nothing” ,which saved her from political misalliances.Elizabeth restored the status of the episcopal church. And in the first two years she released the supreme law and a single laws, regulatingthe king is the supreme leader of church. Besides , she was cautious in foreign affairs and only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns. In military, She organized England pirates to raid The Spanish fleet that filled with Gold and silver jewelries constantly, which helps the British repayment of the debt. Later, Elizabeth defeated the Spanish armada, which is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in English history. In culture, famous above all is the flourishing of English drama that led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.(153)3. The establishment of constitutional mornarchy(P39)（月）As early as in 1215, the king John was forced to sign The Magna Carta, requiring that the king should respect the regulation and power of the nobles and church , ensure the liberty and property rights of the public and the king’s power in levy tax is l imited. This is the earliest origin of the constitutional monarchy, also is the beginning of the constitution.After The Glorious Revolution in 1689, the British parliament passed the Bill of Rights a year later. It included: without parliament’s permissio n , the king can’t publish laws or stop the implementation of law, shall not collecte or control taxes, and shall not recruit oraintain regular army. Besides, subjects have the right to petition the king. Parliament ,which members from people's free elections, should be held regularly and so on.A constitutional monarchy system of government That theparliament in supreme power and court is independent, subjects’ rights and freedoms from infringement was established.(160)4. The role of the monarch(P41)（月）The british monarch can be seen as having two roles: head of state, and “head of the station”.As Head of State, The queen undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. There are inward duties, parliament must be opened, orders in council have to be approved, acts of Parliament must be signed, and meeting with the prime minister must be held. There are out ward duties, such as the queen represents Britain to the rest of the world.As 'Head o f Nation'. The Monarch’s role is less formal, but no less important for the social and cultural functions it fulfils. These include: proving a focus for national identity, unity and pride; giving a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognising success and excellence; and supporting service to others.The queen also has an essential role in providing a sense of stability and continuity in times of political and social change.(157)5. Checks and balance（梅）“C hecks and balance” is a federal system of gowernment seted up by the constitution to divide powers between the national,state and governments.The American government is divided into three branches: legislative(立法), executive（行政）, and judicial（司法）. These three branches are not independent. Each branch has powers that it can use to check and balance the operations and power of the other two branches.Each branch serves a different purpose and presides over（负责）several different entities（实体）.The legislative branch has the powers to make the laws ,which oversees（监督）the house of representatives（众议院）and the senate（参议院）.The executive branch is given the power to carry out the laws and consists of the president,the cabinet（内阁）,and the federal departments and stly,the judicial branch is given the power to interpret the laws.It presides over the supreme courts and the other federal courts.But each of these three br anches’ power is restricted by other two btanches.(145)6. The election of American presidents(P54)（星）The President are elected every four years. They must be at least 35 years of age, benative-born citizens of the United States, and have been residents of the U.S. for at least 14 years.The national presidential election actually consists of a separate election in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia; in these51 elections, the voters vote for "electors" pledged to one of thetickets. These electors make up the "Electoral College."Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives。
英美文化知识点总结图
英美文化知识点总结图英美文化是指英国和美国两国的文化，由于历史和地理因素的影响，英美文化在很多方面有着共同的特点，但也有一些不同之处。
本文将从语言、食物、节日、音乐、体育和社会礼仪等方面对英美文化进行总结。
一、语言1. 英语英语是英美两国的官方语言，它们有着共同的语法和词汇，但在语音和部分词汇上有一些差别。
在英国，英语分为英格兰英语、苏格兰英语、威尔士英语和北爱尔兰英语等方言；而美国的英语则有着更多的地域性差异，比如东部和西部的口音、南部和北部的词汇用法等。
2. 俚语英美两国都有着丰富的俚语和口头禅，比如英国人说的“bloke”（家伙），美国人说的“cool”（酷），这些词汇的使用方式和含义在不同地区也会有一些不同。
3. 礼貌用语在英美两国，称呼方式和礼貌用语也有一些不同。
比如在英国，“sir”和“madam”被用于商务场合或对陌生人的称呼，而在美国，“sir”和“ma'am”更多地被用于尊敬长者。
二、食物1. 早餐英国人习惯吃牛奶、麦片、烤面包和熏肉等食物作为早餐，而美国人更喜欢在早餐时吃鸡蛋、培根、土豆和煎饼等。
2. 午餐英国人通常吃三明治、鱼和薯条、谢菲尔德派、烤土豆等作为午餐，而美国人更喜欢吃汉堡包、比萨、墨西哥卷饼和烤肉。
3. 晚餐在英国，晚餐通常由三道菜组成，包括开胃菜、主菜和甜点；而在美国，晚餐则更注重肉类和蔬菜的搭配，通常会有更多的甜点选择。
4. 茶文化英国人有着悠久的茶文化，他们通常会在下午喝茶，并且会搭配一些小点心；而美国人更喜欢喝咖啡，下午茶更多的是一种社交活动。
1. 圣诞节在英国和美国，圣诞节都是重要的节日，人们会装饰圣诞树、交换礼物、吃圣诞大餐等，但两国在庆祝方式上有些差别。
比如在英国，圣诞布置通常更加传统和典雅，而在美国，圣诞的装饰则更加繁华和华丽。
2. 独立日独立日是美国的国庆节，人们会进行烟花表演、游行、野餐和烧烤等庆祝活动。
而在英国，没有类似的国庆节，但人们会在特定的日期举行各种民俗活动和庆祝仪式。
Unit 1 英美文化背景知识
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Part I English in the World
According to research by the British Council, "English has official* or special status in at least seventy-five countries with a total population of over two billion.
To be involved in English culture.
To help English learning
To help better communicate with people from English-speaking countries
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Requirements
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Ireland - Photos
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New Zealand
• Maori name: Aotearoaan (= land of the white cloud) • Capital: Wellington • Size: 270,534 km² • Population: 3.5 million • Borders: no direct borders; surrounded by sea (South Pacific) • Currency: New Zealand Dollar • Official languages: English, Maori • Nationality / People: A person of New Zealand nationality is a New Zealander
A Brief Introduction to the Culture of the English-speaking Countries
英美文化复习重点
英美文化复习重点第一章古代西方哲学的发展一、Greek RationalismThe word “philosophy” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answers to life’s great questions.P11 Socrates (470—399 B.C.)名言⑴“One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing”P3⑵“he who know what good is, will do good.”P42 Plato (428—347 B.C.)名言⑴ The earlier natural philosophers asked “what allows our changing world to be based on something that is unchanging?”(不是Plato说的)Plato now asked, “what is eternally true”, “eternally beautiful”and “eternally good”? 真善美 P4⑵ If Plato’s motto was “mind over matter”then Aristotle’s motto was “matter over mind.”如果柏拉图的座右铭是“精神高于物质”，那么亚里士多德的格言是“财富高于物质” P53 Aristotle (385—323 B.C.)二、The Middle Ages(ca 476 A.D.—ca 1400A.D.)三、The Renaissance(ca 1400--1700)1 Rene Descartes (1596--1650) 笛卡尔 P8⑴He did not believe that man knew nothing. This belief led him to ask another important question, “what is the relatio nship between the body (matter) and the mind (spirit)?” according to Descartes, the human body is a perfect machine, followingnatural laws. But man also has a mind which interacts or operates independently from the body. 人体是一个完美的机器，遵循自然规律。
英美文化教程
英美文化教程复习资料一、知识点：英国部分1、英国组成，国旗，国歌：The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.The Union Jack is the national flag and God Save the King/Queen is used as the national anthem.2、英国语言经历点阶段：he history of the English language has generally been divided into Old English, spoken by theancient Germans lasting from 450 to 1150; Middle English from 1151 to 1500; and Modern English beginning from 1501.3、抵抗丹麦的皇帝：Alfred the Great, King of Wessex大宪章：The Great CharterThe Great Charter is a most important document in England history. It has been called “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter provides that the king should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns, which were growing in number and size.4、宪章运动In 1837 the London Workingman’s Association worked out the famous document, The People’s CharterThe People’s Charter constituted six points:（人民宪章）(1)Votes for all males.(2)Annual election of Parliament (instead of general election every seven years).(3)Payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in political activities).(4)Secret voting (so that to avoid bribery and intimidation).(5)Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Members (so that workers could seek to be elected).(6)Equal electoral districts (so that the large population of the workers could enjoy a corresponding share of thevotes).The People’s Charter was formally adopted at a meeting of workers held on August 8, 1838, on Newhall Hill.In 1840, the Chartist Movement witnessed the second upsruge.In 1848, the Chartist Movement expericenced the third and last upsruge.5、英国两院制上议院、下议院(议会)The parliament(议会) is bicameral (两院制), with an upper house, the non-elected House of Lords, and a lower house, the elected House of Commons.The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temproal.The House of Lords today is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. It main functions include debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately considered by the Commons before they are passed into low. In some rare cases, it may delay the passage of bills approved by the Commons, but only for up to a year.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it, held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster in London. House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the UK. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, head of the government. He or she then chooses an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministers.Power:1.Legislative(立法权)：The House of Commons has the supreme authority of the legislation, their motion can directly get Royal Assent.2.finace power(财政权)：only the house of commons has the right to propose the motion on tax or supply(只有下议院才有权力提出税收及供应的权力)3.Suprvise the government (监督政府)：as the head of the government, if the prime minister wants to continue in office, he/she must be admitted by the House of Commons. It has the right to impeach(弹劾) the prime minister or the government. Functions: Members of Parliament are involved in considering can drafting new laws.MPs can use their position to ask government ministers questions about current issues.To supervise, or oversee finance.6、两大政党The Conservative Party: 1 relatively rich and privileged;2 maintenance of the existing institutions as itspolicy;3last word in deciding policy by its leader;4 conference for the leader’guidance but a device for making the party’s policyThe Labor Party: 1 relatively poor and underprivileged; 2 strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and particularly associated with the working class; 3 nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions; 4 conference for making the party policy(1)The Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises. It is against too muchgovernment intervention, especially nationalization, which not only takes control away from the owners and builders of industry, but also leads to inefficiency. The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare. It policies are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism. (2)The Labor Party believes in an egalitarian(平等主义的) economy, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by meansof taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society. They deem the government responsible for the provision of range of public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport. The Labor government that came to power in 1945 had a major effect on British society. It set up the National Health Service to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave”, providing a range of welfare payments, and most controversially, it “nationalized”a wide range of industries, making a mixed economy of both private-and state-owned enterprises. The Labor Party became known as a party of high taxation.7.The Open University （开放大学）a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes.8. 19世纪末英国经济绝对—相对衰退Absolute Decline and Relative Decline9英国教育：四大私立中学，大学四大私立中学：Eton Harrow Rugby Winchester大学：Ancient Universities founded before the 19th centuryLondon Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesRed Brick Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesPlate Glass Universities founded in the 1960sThe Open Universities founded in 1968 (重点)P137New Universities created in or after 1992古老的大学：The university of Oxford(历史更久)；The university of Cambridge10 “British history has been a history of invasions”.British history has been a history of invasions. Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it f or slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the kni ghts' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alf red the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between nort herners and southerners in England. Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, kille d the king and William became the First of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rule d Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That dir ectly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, w e can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power graduall y transferred from the monarch to the parliament. So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.11.English Language (s三个阶段)：old English period—middle English period---modern English period二、英国选择、填空、简答题1、The British Isles are situated in the northwest of the Europe.2、The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and east of Britain.3、The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England.4、The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.5、Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.6、The British Isles are cut off from the continent by the English Channel.7、On the north and the east, the Isles face the North Sea and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean.8、The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9、The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.10、The seven Conurbations in Britain contain one third of the population of the country.11、The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.12、Middle English took shape about a century after the Norman Conquest.13、London dialect was once disseminated throughout the country NOT because London was a D center.A. commercialB. politicalC. printingD. linguistic14、Scotland has had a separate legal system.15、The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons , while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.16、Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a two-party system.17、In Britain, the parliament general election is held every five years.18、The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individual.19、The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it set up the National Health Service.20、Other countries have “citizens”. But in Britain people are legally described as subject.21、Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952.22、Which of the followings in not RIGHT to describe the Prime Minister? DA The head of CabinetB The head of civil serviceC The leader of the Party in powerD The head of the country23、The third largest political party in Britain is the Liberal Party.24、The British economy achieved global dominance by 1880s.25、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? CA. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven largest industrial economies.B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in 1945.C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capital.26、Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattleB. Dairy cattleC. ChichenD. Sheep27、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? CA. FordB. PeugeotC. RoverD.BMW28、In the aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain? The US and Russia29、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector? BA. ShellB. ICIC. PTZD. British Gas30、”The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire India, which provided raw material and a big market for British goods, gained independence in 1947.31、Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline.32、In recent years, Britain is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment.33、The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.34、Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first jet engine in 1937.35、What kind of secondary schools now receives the largest number of students? Comprehensive schools36、Which is incorrect to describe the independent schools? CA. They are public schools. C. They are fee-free schools.B. They emphasize the importance of character training. D. Many of them are boarding schools.37、Open University communicates with its students mainly by radio, television programs, local study programmes.38、The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain.39、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the exam called General Certificate of Education-Advanced.40、Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ41、On which day is Halloween celebrated? October 3142、Where are the international tennis championships held? Wimbledon43、Which one in the following is famous for its literary and dramatic criticism? DA. The EconomistB. The SpectatorC.TribuneD. Punch44、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? CA.Enjoying the Pantomime C.Eating chocolate eggs.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.45、Margaret Thatcher was the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.46、Margaret Thatcher’s nickname is the Iron Lady三、知识点：美国部分1、美国简介The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and a water border with Russia.It national day is on 4th of July (Independence Day).Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States of America.George Washington is the first president.Flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.The bald eagle was chosen on June 20, 1782 as the emblem.National anthem is the Star - Spangled Banner.The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2、二战与美国America in WWII: 1 From Isolation to Intervention(隔离-干预)2 Battle Against Germany (Normandy Landing诺曼底登陆1944)3 Battle Against Japan(The Pearl Harbor incident 珍珠港事件导火线---- T he Battle of Midway 中途岛战役1942<the turning point of the war>)America After WWII:1Truman and Cold War（The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义）2The Eisenhower Doctrine （艾森豪威尔主义）3The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis（猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机）3、美国政治：Three Branches of the American Government(三权分立)The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution.The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each state has a different number of representatives, with the number determined by the state's population. At present, there are 435 members of the House. The legislative branch, as a whole, is charged with passing the nation's laws and allocating funds for the running of the federal government and providing assistance to the 50 U.S. states.The executive branch The chief executive of the United States is the President, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. Thejudicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Its primary function is to hear cases that challenge legislation or require interpretation of that legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has nine Justices, who are chosen by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and have a lifetime appointment.4、美国宗教特征: Distinctive Characteristics1.freedom and toleration2.pluralism and diversity3.prospects5、美国教育：The Ivy League（常春藤联）:Harvard UniversityYale University University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Columbia University Brown University Cornell University Dartmouth College四．美国题目1.The United States has altogether fifty states.2.Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.3.Before their conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands.4.The longest river in America is Missouri River.ke Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world.6.The climate of the United States, as a whole, can be classified as temperate.7.The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, sees frequent severe thunderstorms andtornado outbreaks during spring and summer.8.One natural disaster that frequents the country are hurricanes, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coastor the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.9.The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, inWashington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains.10.America has plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands inthe world, and they are among the richest and most productive ones.11.The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico, and a water border with Russia.12.The United States secured its independence from Great Britain in 1783.13.The United States ranks as the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and China.14.The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part ofthe border with Canada.15.Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rlode Island.16.The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies EXCEPT DA. DelawareB.PennsylvaniaC.MassachusettsD.Georgia17.The victory of Saratoga was the turning point of the War of Inpendence.18.When the Second War of Inpendence broke out in 1812, the US President was James Madison.19.The Mexican territories annexed by US and as a result of the Mexican War include the following statesEXCEPT AA.OregonB.TexasC. CaliforniaD.Arizona20.Which of the following is NOT the measure taken by Lincoln’s Administration in 1862 to change the situationand win the Civil War? DA.The passage of the Homestead Act.B.The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.C.The allowance of Negroes to join the Union Army.D.The ordering of the Union Army to take over Richmond.21.The US imperialism was marked by all the following EXCEPT CA.highly developed industryB.high concentration of capitalC.free business competitionD.overseas territorial expansion22.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observestrict neutrality.23.The Post-WWII program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.24.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.。
(完整word版)新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结背完必过
《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others II Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created awhole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.(0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化是指英国和美国的文化，这两个国家有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化传统。
初中阶段是学生接触英美文化的重要时期，下面将从英美文化的饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面进行总结。
一、饮食文化 1. 英式早餐：英国人的早餐通常包括煎蛋、培根、烤面包和烤番茄等食物。
这种丰盛的早餐给人们提供了充足的能量。
2. 快餐文化：美国是快餐
的发源地，汉堡包、炸鸡、薯条等快餐食品在美国非常流行。
3. 下午茶：英国人
喜欢在下午享用茶和点心，这是英国人独特的传统习惯。
二、节日文化 1. 圣诞节：在英美文化中，圣诞节是最重要的节日之一。
人们会互相赠送礼物，家庭成员会聚在一起享用丰盛的晚餐。
2. 感恩节：感恩节是美国
人的传统节日，人们会感谢收获和亲友的关爱，并举行盛大的家庭聚会。
三、体育文化 1. 足球：英国人对足球情有独钟，足球比赛是英国人生活中的重要组成部分。
2. 棒球：棒球是美国最受欢迎的运动之一，每年的世界棒球经典赛
吸引了全球的关注。
四、艺术文化 1. 莎士比亚：莎士比亚是英国最伟大的剧作家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
2. 奥斯卡奖：奥斯卡奖是美国电影界最重要的奖项，每年颁发给优秀的电影和电影人。
总结起来，英美文化在饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面有着丰富多样的内容。
初中阶段的学生可以通过学习英美文化，了解不同国家的传统和习俗，拓宽自己的视野，丰富自己的知识。
英美文化基础第二章The People
4
5
The Warrior of Vikings
6
7
The Vikings’ Castle
诺曼底征服
• 1066年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。 • 对英国历史的发展产生了深远的影响，封 建制度从欧洲大陆带到了英格兰。 法国人。French Normans another ethnic component. (last major group )
Language Approx total Language Approx total
English
Greek French
608,500
6,300 5,600
German
Japanese
Regionalism
英国人口中百分之八十是英格兰人，其他是 苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人。英语是官方语 言，但许多人不讲英语，在威尔士讲凯尔特语， 在苏格兰高原有八万人左右讲盖尔语。
•The formation of Modern English
Because of the aggressions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Vikings, English was deeply affected by the Germanic dialects(日耳曼方言） and the language of the Danes（丹麦语）. Then from the 11th to 14th century ,under the French-speaking Norman kings, a hybrid speech combining Anglo-Saxons and Norman French elements developed and gradually became the official language known as Middle English. This hybrid language ,along with many additions from many other language in the world, subsequently evolved into modern English.
英美文化重点
Chapter one1.Anglo-saxon peotry 的特点1)Story is based on partly historical and partly legendary materials.2)It contains paganism and Christian elements,3)There is special technical structure. They are three alteration per line, twoin the first half line and one on.4)They are seafaring people and brave in their action. The old Saxon word “angul”means a hook, from which we can surmise that they lived by the sea and their lives were related to fishing. The name Saxon is from “seax”, that is, a short sword, and from that name we can judge that they were hardy fighters.2.BeowulfLike Homer’s poetry, Beowulf sings of the exciting adventure of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, his resolution to serve his country and kinsfolk, his time courage, excretes cireluet and his love of honor.Chapter two3. Middle English3 centuries after Norman conquest. Two languages were used side by side in England, Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, spoken at courts and used in churches and schools, official edicts and documents and literary works were written in Latin. Old English was weakened and a huge number of French and Latin words absorbed. What’s more, inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified.4.religious literature 定义教堂文学The church had a virtual monopoly of literature during much of the Middle Ages. The church nor only had this direct claim upon the majority of literate men but also was itself a larger producer of books in the physical sense as well as a maintainer of libraries.Chapter three5.Geoffrey chaucer 其伟大在何处1)Chaucer’s work gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The pilgrimscover a wide range of characters in the England of the time, from noblemen to peasants2)As a commoner he had a sympathy with and an understanding of the lower classesas is shown in his attitude towards the ploughman and the poor person.3)Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously.He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.4)Created a tradition of realism in English literature5)His work made great impact on many later writers, like Shakespeare and DickensChapter four6.15世纪重大历史事迹（时间地点原因人物）1)The hundred years’ warThe war continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry V defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to French throne. In 1453 all English territory in France and the English king had only a small port, Calais, left to him.2)The war of the roses/ the thirty years’ warIn EnglandA series of civil wars fight between two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It last 30 years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ. Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of the House of York, brought compromise between the two families, and established a highly consolidated rule.The House of Lancaster ----Red Rose as its emblem ; the House of York –White Rose Reason:Henry Ⅵ belonged to the House of Lancaster but members of the House of York believed that they were more entitled to the crown than Henry Ⅵ. Civil war broke out between the two families and almost all noble families were involved in it.3)The discovery of America and new sea routes1492, Christopher Columbus landed in America with the support of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.Reason: He believed he could reach India by sailing west,4)Reformation of the churchPerson: Henry Ⅷ Time:1534During his reign, Henry Ⅷ took decisive measures to break away from the Church of Rome. He passed through Parliament the Act of Supremacy which regarded him as the supreme head on earth, thus negating the claim of the Pope in Rome who regarded himself as the supreme power on earth. The church Henry Ⅷ founded is the Anglican Church.7.early english playsDrama was one of the most popular forms of entertainment. It was not until 9th and 10th centuries that the Catholic Church allowed some of dramatic performances to be used as part of religious services.By 14th century the liturgy had developed into mystery plays and miracle plays, there are no sharp distinctions between these two kind of plays, though the former are chiefly based on stories from the Bible, while the latter on the lives of Christian saints.The play was staged on a two decked cart, or pageant. The pageant consisted of anenclosed room which served both Hell and as retiring room, and a second storey open to the sky on which the action was performed. In the 14th and the 15th centuries mystery or miracle plays were performed in about 40 different places in England. Chapter five8.1,2,3, 考小题，概念，年代作品贡献9.Edmund Spenser 作品1)The Shephearde’s Calender _______his first important workA pastoral poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year. The poet’s intention is to give different descriptions of the English countryside The Shephearde’s Calender at each particular time of the year. The main themes embodied in the poem are love, poetry, and religion.2)The Faerie Queene 《仙后》______his major achievementIt is an unfinished allegorical romance, Spencer’s original plan---there should be 12 books, each telling the adventures of one of the 12 knights dispatched by the Faerie Queene, Gloria, who represents Glory and Queen Elizabeth in particular,10.the flourishing of drama 其主要原因The flourishing of drama was explained by the follow reasons:1)cities and towns grew rapidly in the 16th century and since there was no othermeans of entertainment than watching bear-baiting, visiting lunatics imprisoned in Bedlam, and watching executions and hangings at Newgate, drama naturally became the only form of amusement to city dwellers and noblemen.2)The only means of entertainment was theatre.3)It was only place where people could socialize and know what was going on, itis a place where both the rich and the poor went.11.Christopher MarloweThe most prominent of the University Wits was no doubt Christopher Marlowe. All his plays were written in the five years from 1587 to 1592 and they are all tragedies.His first play Tamburlaine the Great (1587) is about the story of Timur the Tartar. The central figure Tamburlaine represents the Renaissance desire for infinite power and authority.The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1592), adapted from a popular old German legend, is a sort of companion to Tamburlaine in reflecting the Renaissance desire for infinite knowledge, though the tragic ending suggests that the writer conforms with the orthodox teachings of the church, the towering figure of Faustus is eloquent evidence that the author has a will power as fierce as Faustus’, a will to search the infinite knowledge of life and to express his atheism and patriotism.As a dramatist Marlowe has limitations. His plot construction is loose and his characters are merely embodiments of ideas. But Marlowe is the only dramatist ofthe time who is ever compared with Shakespeare. His works are remarkable for their imagination, burning passion, sensuous richness, variety of pace, and response to varying emotions. His verse is known for its stateliness and its poetic beauty.Thomas Malory____the death of king ArthurThe death of king Arthur tells the whole life of king Arthur, but the finest part in the book is about the death of king Arthur. It happens that one of the knights, Sir Launcelot, has an illicit love affair with Queen Guinevere. At the insistence of his nephew, Arthur goes to punish Launcelot. He besieges the castle in which Sir Launcelot stays. But king Arthur does only for the sake of Sir Gawain, and his attempt to capture Sir Launcelot fails. Word comes to ht king that his bastard son Mordred has seized the kingdom during his absence, and king Arthur leads his forces back to England. More=dred attacks them upon their landing, and both Mordred and Arthur die at the battle.12.William shakespearewas an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.莎翁的伟大之处？P93-91)Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires andaspirations of the people.2)Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time,Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.3)Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in hischaracterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. 4)Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sourcesthat were known to his audience; some from Roman dramas, some from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and some from other writer’s play.5)Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, butalso a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry.6)Shakespeare as master of the English language: Shakespeare was the master ofthe English language. It is estimated that he had a command of about 15,000 words.Many of his quotations and phrases have been absorbed into English language.其创作时期分为几个阶段？每个时期2-3个作品？1)From 1592 to 1593, during this period, he wrote his early history plays orhistories and a group of comedies. King Henry Ⅵ in three parts, Richard Ⅲ, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love’s Labour Lost.2)The second period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595to 1600. Midsummer Nighr’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, the two parts of Henry Ⅳ, As You Like It, Julius Caesar.3)The third period is a period of gloom and depression, dating from 1602 to 1608.It is a period of tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.4)The fourth period is a period of restored serenity, from 1608 to 1612. It isa period of calm after storm, with such plays as The Winter’s Tale, and TheTempest.对于悲剧哈姆雷特的理解P149， p152-p153 注解1和20Hamlet is a representative of humanist thinker with disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived. What troubles him most is the injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society. He is a man with a sense of justice, pessimistic and gloomy view about life, cynical attitude towards society. Wide range of knowledge, belief in the Christian doctrine about heaven and hell.Hamlet’s revenge is not only a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society. His father is murdered by his uncle and his mother is married to his uncle right after his father’s death. The marriage of his mother is the first blow to him as he had regarded her as a virtuous woman. Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dispatched by the king to spy on him. This is a second blow, for as a humanist he sets great store by friendship. Then his girl friend Ophelia is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad. This is something he can no longer endure. One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint” and man is not so good as he had imagined. Hamlet would have been a tragedy of “blood and thunder” if Shakespeare had not imbued the play with this sort of philosophical thinking, this humanistic search for the value of man and the disappointment of such ideas.The greatest of the play lies in the fact that in it Shakespeare expressed his praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.13.What’s sonnet? P98Shakespeare, besides his two long poems and plays, also wrote sonnets, 154 all together in number.A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch who wrote sonnets to a lady named Laura. Shakespeare wrote his sonnets in about 1589 and they were published in 1609. The writing of sonnets, either to one’s love, or to one’s patron, or to one’s friend, was a fashion in his time.Beginning with sonnet 18, Shakespeare is concerned about the effect of passing time on the young man. He says that though his friend may grow old and lose his beauty, he will be immortalized in the sonnets that Shakespeare wrote for him. In the thirdpart of the group, Shakespeare no longer treats his friend’s beauty as subject of decay, but as perfect model of beauty, and many other beauties on earth are its expressions.The metrical form of Shakespeare’s sonnets is different from that of Petrarach’s. Shakespeare’s sonnet consists of three quatrains with a rhyming scheme “abab caca efef” and ends with a couplet rhyming “gg”. In the three quatrains the theme is put forward and developed, and in the couplet the sonnet ends with a surprise conclusion or a shift of ideas.The speaker opens the poem with a question addressed to the beloved: "ShallI compare thee to a summer's day?" The next eleven lines are devoted to sucha comparison. In line 2, the speaker stipulates what mainly differentiates the young man from the summer's day: he is "more lovely and more temperate." Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are shaken by "rough winds"; in them, the sun ("the eye of heaven") often shines "too hot," or too dim. And summer is fleeting: its date is too short, and it leads to the withering of autumn, as "every fair from fair sometime declines." The final quatrain of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in that respect: his beauty will last forever ("Thy eternal summer shall not fade...") and never die. In the couplet, the speaker explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this feat, and not perish because it is preserved in the poem, which will last forever; it will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see."Shall I compare thee to a summer`s day?(this is a rhetorical question that does not expect an answer)Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(art: are, temperate: moderate)Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May.And summer`s lease that hath all too short a date.(summer’s leaser: a lease is a written agreement, made according to law, by which the use of a building or piece of land is given by its owner to somebody for a certain time in the return for rent. Here summer is personified as a tenant holding a “lease ”for short term and time is holding that “lease”like some kind eternal landlord.)(hath all too short a date: has too brief a duration. Notice the second effect of the clipped syllables)Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines.(Sometime: sometimes the eye of heaven: the sun)And often is his gold complexion dimmed.(his: its)And every fair from fair sometime declines.(And every fair from fair sometime declines.: and the beauty of every beautiful thing will fade at some future time)But chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed.(untrimmed: stripped of beauty)But thy eternal summer shall not fade.Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st.(ow’st: own)Nor shall death brag thou wander`st in his shade.(Nor shall death brag thou wander`st in his shade: and the beauty of every beautiful thing will fade at some future time.)When in enternal lines to time thou grow’st(When in enternal lines to time thou grow’st: when you and the eternal time are one and the same.)So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this give life to thee.Shall I│compare│ thee to │a sum│mer’s day? ( a)Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines, (c)And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed; (d)And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines, (c)By chance, │or na│ture’s chan│ging course, │ untrimm’d; (d)But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade, (e)Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow’st; (f)Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der’st in│ his shade, (e)When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow’st. (f)So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see, (g)So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee. (g)。
英美文化第十章课外
第十章《泰晤士报》（The Times），是世界上第一张以“Times”命名的报纸，是综合性全国发行的日报，关注的领域包括政治、科学、文学、艺术等等，并几乎在每个领域都赢得了良好的口碑。
版面主要可以分为两部分，一是国内外新闻、评论、文化艺术、书评，一是商业、金融、体育、广播电视和娱乐。
报道风格十分严肃，报道内容也很详尽。
《泰晤士报》的英文名称The Times，中文直译过来应该是《时报》。
然而它的译名却变成与读音相近、但与“泰晤士河”（River Thames）一样。
由于约定俗成的关系，错译保留至今。
《泰晤士报》利润空间非常之大，几乎没有另外一张报纸能在质量或经济上与之抗衡。
《泰晤士报》的从业人员，包括记者、编辑和专栏作家的收入要高于供职于其他报纸的新闻从业者。
特征《泰晤士报》一直秉承“独立地、客观地报道事实”、“报道发展中的历史”的宗旨，但纵观其200多年的历史，可见该报的政治倾向基本上是保守的，在历史上历次重大国内及国际事务上支持英国政府的观点。
卫报《卫报》（The Guardian）是英国的全国性综合内容日报。
总部于1964年从曼彻斯特迁至伦敦，一般公众视《卫报》的政治观点为中间偏左。
自由民主党：favouring indivi dual liberty, free trade, and m oderate political and social ref orm（政治上支持个人自由、自由贸易和适度的政治和社会改革）大卫卡梅伦David Cameron英国保守党的前身是1679年成立的托利党(Tory),1833年改称保守党。
其最高领导人称领袖、副领袖。
党主席是第三号人物。
在保守党执政时,其领袖出任首相。
保守党是英国的老牌大党，距今已有300多年的历史。
是英国两大主要执政党之一，另一个是英国工党。
保守党在20世纪的英国占主导地位的政党，出过邱吉尔和撒切尔夫人等著名首相，并在20世纪80年代和90年代创下4次连续执政(1979—1997年)的业绩，但此后又创下该党下野时间最长的记录。
英美文化知识
5 the New Deal(罗斯福新政)
It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped “save American democracy” and overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system at that time.
Halloween(万圣节前夕），原为欧洲凯尔特人于凯尔特年最后一天10月31日庆祝新年，欢迎死者幽灵归来的节日，后逐渐与基督教的万圣节前夕（ALL HALLOWS'EVE)一起庆祝。苏格兰和爱尔兰移民将此庆祝习惯带给美国。
感恩节（Thanksgiving Day），美国和加拿大节日，由美国首创的，原意是为了感谢印第安人，后来人们常在这一天感谢他人。感恩节是在每年11月的第四个星期四，在这一天起将休假两天，都要和自己的家人团聚，不管多忙（有些特殊岗位除外）都是如此。感恩节在每年11月22－28日之间，感恩节是美国国定假日中最地道、最美国式的节日，加拿大的感恩节则起始于1879年，是在每年10月第二个星期一，与美国的哥伦布日相同。
英美文化讲义
英美文化讲义文化是一个民族精神的集合体，是一种生活方式和文明积淀的体现。
英美文化作为世界上最有影响力的文化之一，一直受到世界范围内的关注和推崇。
本文从不同角度对英美文化的方方面面进行介绍。
一、历史文化英美文化源远流长，有着悠久的历史和文化积淀。
从英国的莎士比亚、狄更斯到美国的爱迪生、林肯，英美文化的历史人物和文学艺术家层出不穷，他们的作品在世界文化史上占据了重要地位。
英美文化还有其它独具特色的文化遗产，如英国的乡间庄园文化、美国的“牛仔文化”等，这些文化不仅是英美文化独有的，也是世界文化宝库的重要组成部分。
二、价值观念英美文化的价值观念深刻影响了现代世界。
其中最重要的是民主、自由和平等。
英国和美国都是历史悠久的民主国家，这种价值观贯穿于每个人的心中，民主体制为政治、经济和社会发展提供了良好的制度保障。
自由是英美文化的核心，自由思想体现了人类自我意识和自我解放的过程，这种解放为人类社会的文明进步奠定了基础。
平等是英美法治文化的体现，它是一个人能够自由发挥才华和创造的基础，一直为人类的发展提供了有力支持。
三、礼仪文化英美文化的礼仪文化和人文气息也一直吸引世界的目光。
英国和美国虽然分别位于亚欧大陆和美洲大陆，但是文化上的交流和互动一直非常广泛和深入，成为有着相同礼仪文化的代表国家之一。
“英吉利”国家是非常重视礼仪和规矩的国家，他们有着传统的礼节，包括“下午茶”、“手指放平”等，有时候做事情也比较繁琐和讲究。
美国则是以开放、自由和活泼为主流文化，他们重视个性，喜欢追求新鲜和独立自主的生活方式。
不论哪种文化，他们的礼仪文化都是值得学习和借鉴的，让我们对人文文化的魅力和历久不衰的吸引都有所了解。
四、人际交往英美文化的人际交往方式更是令人叹服。
他们重视与人沟通和交流，注重人们之间的互动和情感沟通。
英美人容易接纳外来文化，热爱旅游和习惯在交流中分享他们的成功和困境。
他们的社交活动丰富多彩，各有特色，包括庆祝和聚会等多种方式，通过这些社交活动，彼此之间建立了紧密的联系，也展现了英美文化的独特特点和魅力。
英美文化基础第一章The Country
※Great Britain (England, Scotland, and the principality of Wales. )
※Northern Ireland (also known as Ulster)
※Numerous smaller islands
Northern Ireland
William Wordsworth
a romantic oet
appointed poet laureate in 1843
Living in the Lake district after 1797
（1770—1850）
Dove Cottage was the home of William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850), one of the earliest and perhaps greatest, of the English Romantic poets.
The Lake District
Pastoral scene in Lake District
The north and west --- highlands.
The east and southeast --- lowlands
Geographical features
LOGO
rivers
The longest river in England: River Severn
（220 miles，354 km)
English Channel
Scotland Administrative divisions
The official title of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解(英联邦)【圣才出品】
第12章英联邦12.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The CommonwealthⅡ. Mixed Territories: the Present SituationⅢ. Color Problems in BritainⅠ. The Commonwealth(英联邦)The Commonwealth of Nations’ contains three groups of territories as follows:(1) ‘White’ territories, whose inhabi tants are mainly of British descent, and who speak English as their mother tongue, viz. Canada (with Newfoundland), Australia and New Zealand.(2) ‘Non-white’ territories, where the British have never settled, except temporarily as traders and administrators, e.g. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West African countries and Malaya.(3) Mixed territories, whose inhabitants are partly British and partly non-British,e. g. the Central African and East African countries.英联邦领土包含如下三组：(1) 白人地区，其居民主要是英国血统，英语是他们的母语，这三个地区是加拿大（与纽芬兰），澳大利亚和新西兰。
(2) 非白人地区，除了将其用作短暂的交易员和管理员外，英国从来没有真正征服过这些地区，包括印度，巴基斯坦，斯里兰卡，马来亚和西非国家。
英美文化知识点整理
Chapter 11.the geographical composition of the U.K.: two/four parts2.the population: the majority / the earliest inhabitants3.the English language: the Germanic group of the Indo-European family / threeperiodsChapter 24.Westminster Abbey5.1066, Norman Conquest, feudalism6.Henry II—jury system7.Magna Carta8.the Hundred Years’ War9.House of Tudor: medieval to modern10.Religious Reformation: the Roman Catholic Church VS. Henry VIII11.two camps of the Civil War12.the Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy13.the Industrial Revolution: reasons / effects14.the British Empire —colonization15.Three Majestic CirclesChapter 316.the British Constitution: three parts17.a division of powers among three branches18.Parliament —the law-making body; two housesThe House of Commons —center of parliamentary power19.the role of the Prime Minister20.The House of Lords —Supreme Court21.Scotland —a distinct legal system22.right/left wing party23.a general election —every 5 years24.The Commonwealth —decolonization; an unpolitical union of sovereign statesChapter 425.Margaret Thatcher and her controversial policies26.three sectors of economy —primary, secondary and tertiary27.the major trends in the British economy28.two pillar industries of the current British economyChapter 529.British compulsory education —5 to 1630.four stagessecondary education —comprehensive schoolfurther education —sixth form31.two systemsindependent system —public schools32.GCSE, A-levels33.Oxford University —oldestCambridge University —more Nobel Prize winners34.“Big Three” of the quality press35.Boxing Day / Easter / Trooping the Color / Bonfire NightChapter 636.the Renaissance —sonnet / dramaWilliam Shakespeare, Hamlet37.the Neo-Classical Period:Jonathan Swift —satire, Gulliver’s TravelsDaniel Defoe —progenitor of the novel in English, Robinson Crusoe38.the Romantic Periodthe Lake Poets / second generation39.the Victoria Period —novelRealism: Charles Dickens / Thomas HardyNew literary trends —Neo-Romanticism / Aestheticism40.the Modern Period:stream of consciousnessChapter 841.Stars and Stripes42.50 states (48+2) and Washington D.C.the smallest and the largest43.the Appalachian Range / Rocky mountains44.Great Lakes / Niagara Falls45.the Mississippi River46.New England47.New York (the largest city), Los Angeles (second largest), San Francisco (largestChinatown)48.population —while /blacks / asians / natives / mixed race49.a “melting pot” and a “salad bowl”50.dominant American culture / cultural diversityChapter 951.1607, James Town52.American War of Independencefirst shots / turning point / a decisive victory53.1755, Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress54.July 4th, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Day (the national day)55.American Civil WarAbraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation—abolishing slavery56.America’s policy at the first stage of WWI —neutralityAmerica’s policy at the first stage of WWII —“sit on the fence”The direct cause for America’s entrance into WWII —Pearl Harbor Attack57.Franklin D. Roosevelt —“New Deal” aimed at Great Depression58.“Truman Doctrine”—the Cold War (containment and intervention)59.the Vietnam War —Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson60.Richard M. Nixontwo diplomatic breakthroughs; the Watergate ScandalChapter 1061.the Constitution of the U. S.1787; checks and balances; the first ten amendments—Bill of Rights; 27 amendments62.federalism / the separation of powers63.Congress —the legislative branch —to pass lawsthe Senate amd the House of Representatives64.to introduce a bill —to hold hearings —to report to the Congress —to go tothe President for approval65.the President’s powers —limited66.the qualification of a candicate for President67.the Supreme Court —one Chief Justice+ eight Associate Justices68.a two-party system —a donkey and an elephant69.a general election, not a direct election / every 4 years538 electors (270 needed to win) / Electoral College System / “winner-take-all”(two exceptions)Chapter 1170.progress of the modern American economy: colonial—farming—industrial71.Wall Street —financial services industryDetroit —automobile industrySilicon Valley —high-tech industryChapter 1272.ideals of American Education73.three stages of American educational system12-year compulsory education —elementary and secondary74.Ivy League —8 top private universities with long historyHarvard University —the oldest75.The New York Times(the most influential); The Washington Post(the secondlargest & the first to expose the Watergate scandal)76.Thanksgiving ( the origin; celebration: significance)Chapter1377.the Romantic PeriodJames Fennimore Cooper —the author of the “Leather Stocking Tales”Ralph Waldo Emerson —the chief spokesman of TranscendentalismNathaniel Hawthorne —The Scarlet LetterEdgar Allan Poe —detective story / science fiction / horror fictionHerman Melville —Moby Dick/The Whaletwo founts of American poetry —Walt whitman (free verse) & Emily Dickinson 78.the Realistic PeriodMark Twain —colloquialism; the true father of American modern literature 79.the Naturalistic PeriodTheodore Dreiser —describing the sordid side of the everyday life of the lower societySister Carrie; An American Tragedy80.the Modern Periodthe Lost Generation & the Beat MovementTory Morrison —the first African-American Nobel Prize Winner。
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Outline of chapters
After learning this chapter you should learn to
Chapter 1
I. terms:
culture, iceberg, culture shock, low context culture/ high context culture, collectivism/ individualism, relationship-oriented/ task-oriented, multicultural person, monocultural person, multilingual person, the characteristics of culture
II. Questions:
1. List some cultural differences between the west and east. at least 5.
2. What is cultural stereotype and its influence on cultural learning?
3. What kind of attitude shall we take towards cultural learning and cultural generalizations?
Chapter 2
I. Terms: value, individualism, collectivism, individual-oriented society, group-oriented society
II. Questions：
1. The core value of the U.S.: individualism, privacy, equality, informality,
directness and assertiveness.
2. The core value of Britain: class system, British food, socializing, understatement
and so on.
3. Different value in American and British daily life.
4. Cultural reasons of cheating.
5. The child-parent relationship in different culture.
6. The difference of American dream and Chinese dream.
Chapter 3:
I. Terms：
Western-style conversation, Japanese-style conversation, low-context communication, high-context communication
II. Questions:
1.Can you use different ballgames to explain western-style conversation and
Japanese-style conversation?
2.What are the differences between low-context and high-context communication?
3.How should students organize their expository writing in English?
4.What are the unspoken rules for a language?
5.Can you give a specific example of directness in verbal interaction between
Americans?
Chapter 4
1.Illustrate the importance of nonverbal communication.
2.Know at least 5 aspects of silent language.
3.Explain the functions of nonverbal cues.
4.Explain Americans’ perception of time and their time concept.
5.Know cultural space and 4 different zones of distance in social space.
6.Know two basic American patterns about space.
Chapter 5
1. what are the five general ideas Americans hold towards politics in life?
2. why are Americans proud of their political system?
Chapter 6
1. The characteristics of the methods of the western education and the eastern
education.
2. The ideals of American education.
3. The advantages and disadvantages of the American education.
4. Assumptions underlying the higher education system.
5. Student-Student Relationships in American schools.
6. Student-Professor Relationships.
7. The American’s attitud e to plagiarism.
8. The reasons why the Asian students excel in American universities.。