博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解(12)【圣才出品】
博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解(13)【圣才出品】
博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解（13）Part I Reading comprehension (40 points)Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are 4 answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passagecarefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.(1)The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation industry, has recommended that all airlines ban such devices from being used during “critical” stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s computers. Experts know that portable devices emit radiation, whichaffects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the task that terrorists may use radio system in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear t he instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too loud.1. The passage is mainly about ______.A. a new regulation for all airlinesB. the defects of electronic devicesC. a possible cause of aircraft crashesD. effective safety measures for air flight2. Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices, because ______.A. they don’t belie ve there is such a danger as radio interferenceB. the harmful effect of electromagnetic interference is yet to be provedC. most passengers refuse to take a plane which bans the use of radio and cassette playersD. they have other effective safety measures to fall back on3. Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplane’s computers?A. Because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane.B. Because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered with.C. Because research scientists have not been able to produce the same effects in labs.D. Because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author ______.A. is in favor of prohibiting passengers’ use of electronic devices completelyB. has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interferenceC. hasn’t formed his own opinion on this problemD. regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight【答案与解析】1.C 通篇文章讲述的都是portable electronic devices可能对飞机的安全造成影响。
北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions：In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneI was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteraciesin learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and re presented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of “sharing, solida rity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings.” Liter acy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of acommunity of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education text books on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?1．A literacy animator is one who ______.A．struggles for a more meaningful lifeB．frees people from poverty and illiteracyC．is committed to marginalize the illiterateD．is concerned with what is behind illiteracy2．The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way ______.A．promote students' home languagesB．force students to accept their cultureC．teach nothing but reading and writingD．consider literacy as of non-neutral nature3．Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.A．teach American customs and ideologyB．make a choice of culture to be fosteredC．reject the values of the dominant classD．help maintain Nigerian language and culture4．According to the author, “choral reading” may represent ______.A．individualism B．collectivismC．competition D．immersion5．Animator ideology emphasizes more on ______.A．the social function of literacyB．students' performance in testsC．the dominant group’s languageD．the attainment of life skillsPassage TwoAccording to one survey of 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year'sresolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5actually stays on track for six months or more, reports ediets．com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now.“The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, ‘Is this going to get me the results that I want?',” says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist．“And if you're doing something every day to eat heal thy, then that's going to pay off in the long run.”Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule.“If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably.”She says s he believes that “healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution.”The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping you're your routine.Setting goals too high is another common mistake. “If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry,” say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout—and the resulting pain and stiffness—is discouraging and may force most to abandon a pro gram. Starting slowly is key.But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside，Uria says to start up again immediately.“A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride...drive toward that goal,” he says.6．According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that ______.A．the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as wellB．those who have made their resolution should give up their effortC．whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chipsD．long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles7．What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?A．You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.B．You should feel free to eat 10％of the time.C．You should learn to eat healthy gradually.D．Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.8．Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?A．Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.B．Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.C．Making a schedule with too high goals in it.D．Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.9．How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.10．What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?A．You should be struggling with yourself all the time.B．You should constantly evaluate the results you want.C．You should try to keep yourself motivated.D．You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.Passage ThreeOur present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has been cast adrift, with out any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to supportserious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number.Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, con tent to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of university critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations.Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of thePuritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove. Has the level of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of course the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely to the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so encrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they became largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the fatuous, but not a typical, case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, lamented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She sur veyed a literary culture that had embraced “snark”, her termfor hostile, self-serving reviews.The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in “critical condition.” For him, the postmodern turn to, theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theater critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultural criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, asJohn Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a goldenage that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.11．What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?A．Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherished by publications and institutions.B．Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.C．Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.D．Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.12．How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?A．Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style.B．Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallow standards.C．Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not real ly trust it.D．Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.13．What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the other fields?A．When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless.B．It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of com mercialism.C．Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape.D．It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing.14．What does “the snark review” refer to according to Heidi Julavits?A．Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfish.B．Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.C．Entertainment reviews in the film industry.D．Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.15．In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultural criticism, the author suggests that ______.A．we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challengesB．pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticismC．democratic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon systemD．we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitudePassage FourIn July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3 km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division feltit was safe for poultry movements in the area to resume．This weekend, with the news that H5N1, a far more deadly bird virus, has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is that the H5N1 virus, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained and—most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out. “Eve ry time a new person getsinfected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic,” said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. “It's a v ery small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,000 or less. ”Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If Ian Brown, the head of avian virology there, confirms the cause of death as H5N1, the alert level will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine, restriction of poultry movements to culling, will swing into action. Other agencies, such as the Department of Health, the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of De fence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that theoutbreak cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibility of vaccination.At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities. The Civil Contingency Secretariat (CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to terrorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June, CCS officials warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic preparedness plan later this month.In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many deaths in the 12weeks of an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000people would requite hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tamiflu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14 courses, enough for a quarter of the population, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professionals and essential civil servants the first in line. The government would also come under pressure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for justtwo to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual human flu strains will also work against H5N1．The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the East Midlands codenamed, Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuaries would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, any of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group,said: “All you can do is plan for the worst case scenario.”The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to poultry on British farms.In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week that they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds—three times the normal level. “The risk of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low,” said Defra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. “Howe ver, we have said all along that we must remain on the look out.”16．What does the “scenario” in Paragrap h 2 mean to Turkey?A．Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severely attacked country on these shores.B．Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.C．Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of H5N1 on these shores.D．All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.17．What is, according to Neil Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?A．Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.B．Each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird flu.C．The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him. D．It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain persons will cause a national bird virus spreading.18．The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that__.A．all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possibleB．the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistanceC．the most serious situation of bird flu has appearedD．the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do19．What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with the risk of the virus spreading to human population?A．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to publish documents for the pandemic preparedness.B．The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.C．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan as soon as possible.D．The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.20．British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to ______.A．the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to BritainB．the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wild geeseC．the migration of the wild geese every winterD．British shores infected by the geese virusPart ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points) 21．Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about.Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block our path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we believe we have been, how low we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.22．We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know our selves. If werealized how precious the gift of life is, we would not waste a moment trying to improve it. If we really understood how precious we are to the gift of life, we would not waste time trying to fix ourselves.23．We cannot draw to us more than we believe we are worth.Everything that happens to us and every choice we make is a reflection of what we believe about who we are. Our inspiration comes from our self-acceptance. Our motivation comes from our self-reliance. When we accept ourselves and rely on ourselves, we feel good about ourselves. When you feel good about something, you believe in it. When you believe in it, it will work for you !24．It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yourself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignore you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has very little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your “self”. Self-esteem begins and ends with you, the self. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.Section BDirections：Translate the following paragraph into English．(20 points)现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。
复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题(附答案)
复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure（15 points）Directions： There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰwith a single line through the center.1．Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not ______ to a close examination.A．keep up B．put up C． stand up D．look up2．When I bent down to tie my shoelace, the seat of my trousers______.A．split B．cracked C．broke D．holed3．His ______ thighs were barely strong enough to support the weight of his body.A． inanimate B．rustic C．malleable D．shrunken 4．To get my travellers' cheques I had to ______ a special cheque to the bank for the total amount.A．make for B．make out C．make up D．make off5．She described the distribution of food and medical supplies as a ______ nightmare.A．paranoid B．putative C．benign D． logistical6．A sordid, sentimental plot unwinds, with an inevitable ______ ending.A． mawkish B．fateful C．beloved D．perfunctory 7．Despite ______ efforts by the finance minister, inflation rose to 36 points.A．absurd B．grimy C．valiant D．fraudulent8．In ______ I wish I had thought about alternative courses of action.A．retrospect B．disparity C．succession D．dissipation 9．Psychoanalysts tend to regard both ______ and masochism as arising from childhood deprivation.A．attachment B．distinction C．ingenuity D．sadism 10．Fear showed in the eyes of the young man, while the old man looked tired and ______.A．watery B．wandering C．weary D．wearing11．The clash between Real Madrid and Arsenal is being ______ as the match of the season.A． harbinger B．allured C．congested D．lodged 12．What he told me was a ______ of downright lies.A．load B．mob C．pack D．flock13．We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______.A．out of work B． out of stock C．out of reach D．out of practice14．______ I realized the consequences, I would never have contemplated getting involved.A．Even if B．Had C．As long as D． If15．They managed to ______ the sound on TV every time the alleged victim's name was spoken.A．deaden B．deprive C．punctuate D．rebuff16．He had been ______ to appear in court on charges of incitement of lawbreaking.A．illuminated B．summoned C．prevailed D．trailed17．The computer doesn't ______ human thought; it reaches the same ends by different means.A．flunk B．renew C．succumb D．mimic18．How about a glass of orange juice to ______ your thirst？A．quench B．quell C．quash D．quieten19．The rain looked as if it had ______ for the night.A．set off B．set up C．set out D．set in20．My aunt lost her cat last summer, but it ______ a week later at a home in the next village.A． turned up B．turned in C．turned on D．turned out 21．As is known to all, a vague law is always ______ to different interpretations.A．invulnerable B．immune C．resistant D． susceptible 22．The manager ______ facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.A．beguiled B．besmirched C．juxtaposed D．juggled23．To our great delight, yesterday we received a（n） ______ donation from a benefactor.A．handsome B．awesome C．miserly D．prodigal 24．Students who get very high marks will be ______ from the final examination.A．expelled B．banished C． absolved D．ousted25．It ______ me that the man was not telling the truth.A． effects B．pokes C．hits D．stirs26．John glanced at Mary to see what she thought, but she remained ______.A．manifest B．obnoxious C．inscrutable D．obscene 27．My neighbor tended to react in a heat and ______ way.A．impetuous B．impertinent C．imperative D．impe rceptible28．This morning when she was walking in the street, a black car______ beside her.A．drew out B．drew off C．drew down D． drew up29．She decided to keep reticent about the unpleasant past and______ it to memory.A．attribute B．allude C．commit D．credit30．It did not take long for the central bank to ______ their fears.A．soothe B．snub C．smear D．sanctifyPart ⅡReading Comprehension（40 points）Directions： There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰwith a single line through the center.Passage OneJean left Alice Springs on Monday morning with regret, and flew all day in a “Dragonfly”' aircraft; and it was a very instructive day for her. The machine did not go directly to Cloncurry, but flew to and for across the wastes of Central Australia, depositing small bags of mail at cattle stations and picking up cattle-men and travelers to drop them off after a hundred or a hundred and fifty miles. They landed eight or ten times in the course of the day, at places like Ammaroo and Hatches Creek andmany other stations; at each place they would get out of the plane and drink a cup of tea and have a talk with the station manager or owner, and get back into the plane and go on their way. By the end of the day Jean Paget knew exactly what a cattle station looked like, and she was beginning to have a very good idea of what went on there.They got to Cloncurry in the evening, a fairly extensive town on a railway that ran eastward to the sea at Townsville．Here she wasin Queensland, and she heard for the first time the slow deliberate speech of the Queensland that reminded her at once of her friend Joe Harman. She was driven into town in a very old open car and deposited at the Post Office Hotel; she got a bedroom but tea was over, and she had to go down the wide，dusty main street to a café for her evening meal. Cloncurry, she found, had none of the clean attractiveness of Alice Springs; it was a town which smelt of cattle, with wide streets through which to drive them down to the stockyard, many hotels, and a few shops. All the houses were of wood with red-painted iron roofs; the hotels had two floors, but very few of the other houses had more than one.She had to spend a day here, because the air service to Normanton and Willstown ran weekly on a Wednesday． She went out after breakfast while the air was still cool and walked in one direction up the huge mainstreet for half a mile till she came to the end of the town, then came back and walked down it a quarter of a mile till she came to the other end. Then she went and had a look at the railway station, and, having seen the airfield,with that she had seen all there was to see in Cloncurry. She looked in at a shop that sold toys and newspapers, but they were sold out of all reading matter except a few books about dress-making; as the day was starting to warm up she went back to the hotel. She managed to borrow a copy of the Australian Women's Weekly from the manageress of the hotel and took it to her room, and took off most of her clothes and lay down on her bed to sweat it out during the heat of the day. Most of the other citizens of Cloncurry seemed to be doing the same thing.She felt like moving again shortly before tea and had a shower, and went out to the café for an ice. Weighed down by the heavy meal of roast beef and plum-pudding that the Queenslanders call “tea” she sat in a folding chair for a little outside in the cool of the evening, and went to bed again at about eight o'cock. She was called before daybreak, and was out at the airfield with the first light.31．When Jean had to leave Alice Springs, she ______.A．wished she could have stayed lodgerB．regretted she had decided to flyC．wasn't looking forward to flying all dayD．wished it had not been a Monday morning32．How did Jean get some idea of Australian cattle station？A．She learnt about them at first hand.B．She learnt about them from friends.C．She visited them weekly.D．She stayed on one for a week.33．Jean's main complaint about Cloncurry in comparison with Alice Springs, was ______.A．the width of the main street B．the poor service at the hotel C．the poor-looking buildings D．the smell of cows34．For her evening meal on the second day Jean had ______.A．only an ice-cream B．a lot of cooked foodC．some cold beer D．a cooling, but non-alcoholic drink35．Jean left Cloncurry ______.A． early on Wednesday morning B．late on Tuesday eveningC．after breakfast on Tuesday D．before breakfast on TuesdayPassage TwoIt was unfortunate that, after so trouble-free an arrival, he should stumble in the dark as he was rising and severely twist his ankle on a piece of rock. After the first shock the pain became bearable, and he gathered up his parachute before limping into the trees to hide it as best he could. The hardness of the ground and the deep darkness made it almost impossible to do this efficiently. The pine needles lay several inches deep so he simply piled them on top of the parachute, cutting the short twigs that he could feel around his legs, and spreading them on top of the needles. He had great doubts about whether it would stay buried, but there was very little else that he could do about it.After limping for some distance in an indirect course away from his parachute he began to make his way downhill through the trees. He had to find out where he was, and then decide what to do next. But walking downhill on a rapidly swelling ankle soon proved to be almost beyond his powers. He moved more and more slowly， walking in long sideways movements across the slope, which meant taking more steps but less painful ones. By the time he cleared the trees and reached the valley, day was breaking. Mist hung in soft sheets across the field. Small cottages and farm buildings grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church,whose pointed tower, pointed high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning.“I can't go no further，” John Harding thought.“Someone is bound to find me, but what can't I do？ I must get a rest before I go on. Ther'll look for me first up there on the mountain where the plane crashed. I bet they're out looking for it already and they're bound to find the parachute in the end. I can't believe they won't. So they'll know I'm not dead and must be somewhere. They'll think I'm hiding up there in the trees and rocks so they'll look for me, so I'll go down to the village. With luck by the evening my foot will be good enough to get me to the border.”Far above him on the mountainside he could hear the faint echo of voices, startling him after great silence. Looking up he saw lights like little pinpoints moving across the face of the mountain in the grey light. But the road was deserted, and he struggled along, still almost invisible in the first light, easing his aching foot whenever he could, avoiding stones and rough places, and limping quietly and painfully towards the village. He reached the church at last. A great need for peace almost drew him inside, but he knew that would not do. Instead, he limped along its wails towards a very old building standing a short distance from the church doors. It seemed to have been there for ever, as if it hadgrown out of the hillside. It had the same air of timelessness as the church. John Harding pushed open the heavy wooden door and slipped inside.36．It is known from the passage that John Harding was ______.A．an escaped prisonerB．a criminal on the run from the policeC．an airman who had landed in an enemy country areaD．a spy who had been hiding in the forest37．John Harding found it hard to hide his parachute because ______.A．he got his ankle twisted severelyB．the trees did not give very good coverC．the earth was not soft and there was little lightD．the pine needles lay too thick on the ground38．In spite of his bad ankle John Harding was able to ______.A．carry on walking fairly rapidlyB．walk in a direction that was less steepC． bear the pain without changing directionD．find out where he had landed39．When John Harding got out of the forest he saw that ______.A．it was beginning to get much lighterB．washing was hanging on the lines in the villageC．the fields were full of sleeping cowsD．some trees had been cleared near the village40．John Harding decided to go down to the village ______.A．to find a doctor to see to his ankle B． to be near the frontier C．to avoid the search party D．to find shelter in a buildingPassage ThreeA trade group for liquor retailers put out a press release with an alarming headlin e: “Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals.”The announcement, from the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America received wide media attention. On NBC's Today Show, Lea Thompson said, “According to a new online survey, one in 10 teen agershave an underage friend who has ordered beer, wine or liquor over the internet. More than a third think they can easily do it and nearly half think they won't get caught.” Several newspapers mentioned the study, including USA Today and the Record of New Jersey. The news even made Australia's Gold Coast Bulletin.Are millions of kids really buying booze online？ To arrive at that jarring headline, the group used some questionable logic to pump up results from a survey that was already tilted in favor of finding a large number of online buyer.For starters, consider the source. The trade group that commissioned the survey has long fought efforts to expand online sales of alcohol; its members are local distributors who compete with online liquor sellers. Some of the news coverage pointed out that conflict of interest, though reports didn't delve more deeply into how the numbers were computed.The Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America hired Teenage Research Unlimited, a research company, to design the study. Teenage Research, in turn, hired San Diego polling firm Luth Research to put the questions to 1,001 people between the ages of 14 and 20in an online survey. Luth gets people to participate in its surveys in part by advertising them online and offering small cash awards—typically less than $ 5 for short surveys.People who agree to participate in online surveys are, by definition, internet users, something that not all teens are. （Also, people who actually take the time to complete such surveys may be more likely to be active, or heavy internet users. ） It's safe to say that kids who use the internet regularly are more likely to shop online than those who don't. Teenage Research Unlimited told me it weighted the survey results to adjust for age, sex, ethnicity and geography of respondents, but had no way to adjust for degree of internet usage.Regardless, the survey found that, after weighting, just 2.1 points of the 1,001 respondents bought alcohol online—compared, with 56 points who had consumed alcohol. Making the questionable assumption that their sample was representative of all Americans aged 14 to 20 with access to the internet—and not just those with the time and inclination to participate in online surveys—the researchers concluded that 551,000 were buying alcohol online.But that falls far short of the reported “millions of kids”. To justify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online. Some 12 points said they did. Of course, it's ridiculous to extrapolate from a state like that—one buyer could be known by many people, and it's impossible to measure overlap. Consider a high school of1,000 students, with 20 who have bought booze on line and 100 who know about the purchases. If 100 of the school's students are surveyed at random, you'd expect to find two who have bought and 10 who know someone who has—but that still represents only two buyers, not 10．（Not to mention the fact that thinking you know someone who has ordered beer online is quite different from ordering a six pack yourself. ）Karen Gravois Elliott, a spokeswoman for the wholesalers' group, told me, “The numbers are real,” but referred questions about methodology to Teenage Research. When I asked her about the potential problems of conducting the survey online, she said the medium was a strength of the survey: “We specifically wanted to look at the teenage online population.”Nahme Chokeir, a vice president of client service for SanDiego-based Luth Research Inc., told me that some of his online panel comes from word of mouth, which wouldn't necessarily skew toward heavy internet users. He added that some clients design surveys to screen respondents by online usage, though Teenage Research didn't.I asked Michael Wood, a vice president at Teenage Research who worked on the survey， whether one could say, as the liquor trade group did, that millions of teenagers had bought alcohol online. “You can't,” he replied, adding, “This is their press release.”41．Which of the following is the message that this passage is trying to convey？A．The severe social consequences of kids buying alcohol online.B．The hidden drawback of the American educational system.C．The influence of wide coverage of news media.D．The problems in statistic methodology in social survey.42．According to the author, what is wrong with the report about kids buying alcohol？A．It is unethical to offer cash awards to subjects of survey.B．The numbers in this report were falsified.C． The samples and statistic methods were not used logically.D．The study designers and survey conductors were bribed.43．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “extrapolate” in paragraph 8？A．Conduct. B． Infer. C．Deduct. D．Whittle.44．By saying “To justify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if theyknew a teen who had purchased alcohol online”, the author implies that ______.A．it is absurd to conduct a survey among teenagersB．the ways the wholesalers' group conducted surveys are statistically questionableC．this kinds of survey is preliminary, therefore undependableD．teenagers might not be honest since buying alcohol online is an indecent behavior45．Which of the following is more likely to be the source for problems in this survey？A．This survey is tilted in favor of local alcohol distributors, who have a conflict of interest with online sellers.B．The data collection and analysis are not scientific and logical.C．Subjects are not sampled in a right way and can not represent the whole American teenage population.D．The survey results are affected by gifts to subjects, which can be misleading.Passage FourI had visited the capital before although my friend Arthur had not, I first visited London as a student, reluctantly released from the bosom of a tearful mum, with a traveling trunk stuffed full of home-made fruit cakes and woolly vests. I was ill-prepared for the Spartan standards of the South. Through even the grimmest post-war days, as kids we had ploughed our way through corner cuts of beef and steamed puddings. So you can imagine my dismay when I arrived, that first day, atmy London digs to be faced with a plate of tuna-paste sandwiches and a thin slice of cake left curling under a tea-towel. And that was supposed to be Sunday lunch!When I eventually caught up with my extremely irritating landlady, I met with a vision of splendor more in keeping with the Royal Enclosure at the races than the area in which she lived. Festooned with jewels and furs and plastered with exclusive cosmetics, she was a walking advert for Bond Street.Now, we have a none too elegant but very apt phrase for this in the North of England, and it was the one my friend Arthur todescribe London after three days there: “All fur coat and nothing underneath.”Take our hotel. The reception area was plush and inviting, the lounge and diningroom poor enough to start Arthur speaking “properly”. Butjourney upstairs from one landing to the next, at the veneers of civilization fell away before your eyes. By the time we reached our room, all pretension to refinement and comfort had disappeared. The fur coat was off （back in the bands of the hire purchase company）, and what we were really expected to put up with for a small fortune a night was exposed in all its shameful nakedness. It was little more than a garret, a shabby affair with patched and peeling walls. There was a stained sink with pipes that grumbled and muttered all night long and an assortment of furnishings that would have disgraced Her Majesty's Prison Service. But the crowning glory was the view from the window. A peek behind the handsome facade of our fabled city, rank gardens choked with rubbish, all the debris of life piled against the back door. It was a good job the window didn't open, because from it all arose the unmistakable odor of the abyss.Arthur, whose mum still polishes her back step and disinfects her dustbin once a week, slumped on to the bed in a sudden fit of depression. “Never mind，” I said, drawing the curtains. “You can watch telly.” This was one of the hotel's luxuries, which in the newspaper ad had persuaded us we were going to spend the week in style. It turned out to be a yellowing plastic thing with a picture which rolled over and over like a floundering fish until you took your fist to it.But Arthur wasn't going to be consoled by any cheap technological gimmicks.He was sure his dad had forgotten to feed his pigeons and that his dogs were pining away for him. He grew horribly homesick. After a terrible night spent tossing and turning to a ceaseless cacophony of pipes and fire doors, traffic, drunks and low-flying aircraft, Arthur surfaced next day like a claustrophobic mole. London had got squarely on top of him. Seven million people had sat on him all night, breathed his air, generally fouled his living space, and come between him and that daily quota of privacy and peace which prevents us all from degenerating into mad axemen or reservoir poisoners.Arthur had to be got out of London for a while.46．When the writer first came to the capital ______.A．he had been very reluctant to leave his motherB． his mother had not wanted him to leave homeC．he had made no preparations for his journey southD．he had sent his possessions on ahead in a trunk47．The writer was surprised at what he received for Sunday lunch because ______.A． food had always been plentiful at homeB．he had been used to grimmer times at homeC．things had been difficult after the war up NorthD．beef had always been available from the butcher on the corner at home48．The landlady seemed to epitomize a phrase used in the North of England to indicate that things were ______.A．tender underneath the surface B． vulnerable to the outside worldC． more profound than they seemed D．beautiful but only superficially49．The room which the writer and his friend were to share ______.A． was more suited to housing prisoners than hotel guestsB．had a magnificent view from one of its windowsC．had a door which provided access to a rubbish tipD．was situated above some foul-smelling gardens50．The writer feels that in order to remain sane, one needs a certain amount of ______.A．physical exercise B．fresh airC．daily nourishment D． breathing space注意：以下各题的答案必须写在ANSWER SHEETⅡ上。
博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解(2)【圣才出品】
博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解（2）Ⅰ. Vocabulary 10%Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then put a ‘√’ in the corresponding place onthe Answer Sheet.1. How can personal income tax be levied to ______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?A. interestB. benefitC. profitD. concern【答案】B【解析】句意：怎样才能使个人所得税的征收使尽可能多的人受惠而同时又能确保国家的财政不会因此损失很多呢？benefit对…有好处，使得利益。
interest使有利害关系，使感兴趣。
profit有益于，有利于。
concern关系到，使担心。
2. To fund the ______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A. beneficentC. costlyD. luxurious【答案】C【解析】句意：为了为这项花费巨大的全国运动会提供基金并同时提升其市场价值，组织委员会创建了市场开发部。
博士生入学考试英语模拟试题集
博士生入学考试英语模拟试题集Doctoral Entrance Examination English Mock Test Collection。
Introduction:The Doctoral Entrance Examination is a crucial step for aspiring students seeking admission to doctoral programs. The English section of the examination tests the candidates' language proficiency and comprehension skills. To help students prepare for this challenging test, we have compiled a collection of mock test questions that cover various aspects of the English language. This article aims to provide an overview of the mock test questions and offer guidance on how to approach them effectively.Section 1: Reading Comprehension。
The reading comprehension section evaluates the candidates' ability to understand and analyze written texts. It consists of passages followed by multiple-choice questions. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. It is essential for candidates to carefully read the passages and pay attention to details, main ideas, and supporting evidence. They should also practice time management to ensure sufficient time for all the questions.Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar。
博士入学英语试题及答案
博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。
The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, andof these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But thecancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack againstthe invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broadumbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targetedtreatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence theeight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in thelabB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin,transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue ofthe New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe theauthor's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday.A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among thecity's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's excitingabout the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact onhealth according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Graduate Entrance Exam English Test Questions and Detailed ExplanationsIntroduction:The doctoral entrance exam is an important step for students who want to pursue their higher education in a field of study. The English test is a crucial component of this exam as it assesses the candidate's language proficiency. In this article, we will discuss some sample questions for the English test and provide detailed explanations for each question.Sample Questions:1. Sentence Completion:Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Example: Despite his ______________ efforts, he was unable to meet the deadline.A. diligentB. lazinessC. energeticD. fatigueExplanation: The correct answer is A. "diligent" is the opposite of "laziness" and fits the context of someone making efforts to meet a deadline.2. Reading Comprehension:Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage: Climate change is a pressing issue that requires urgent action. Rising global temperatures have led to more frequent natural disasters and threaten the existence of many species.Question: What is the main concern of the passage?A. The impact of climate change on natural disasters.B. The extinction of species due to climate change.C. The urgency of taking action on climate change.D. The causes of rising global temperatures.Explanation: The correct answer is C. The passage emphasizes the urgency of taking action on climate change, making it the main concern.3. Error Identification:Identify the error in the sentence.Example: The students is going to the library to study for their exams.A. studentsB. is goingC. to studyD. their examsExplanation: The correct answer is A. "students" should be plural, so it should be "The students are going to the library..." to match the plural verb "are going."4. Vocabulary:Choose the synonym for the word in bold.Example: He is known for his **meticulous** attention to detail.A. carelessB. sloppyC. thoroughD. messyExplanation: The correct answer is C. "meticulous" means careful and thorough, which is synonymous with "thorough."5. Essay Writing:Write an essay discussing the advantages and disadvantages of online education.Explanation: In this essay question, candidates are expected to provide arguments for both the advantages and disadvantages of online education. Points to consider for the advantages could include flexibility, accessibility, andcost-effectiveness. For disadvantages, candidates could discuss issues such as lack of face-to-face interaction, technical difficulties, and potential isolation.Conclusion:The English test for the doctoral entrance exam is a crucial assessment of a candidate's language skills. By practicing sample questions and understanding the detailed explanations, candidates can improve their performance on the test and increase their chances of success in the entrance exam. Good luck to all the aspiring doctoral students!。
研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题答案.doc
研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题答案Section I Use of English1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.A 23.D 24.B 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.D31.C 32.D 33.A 34.B 35.A 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.DPart B41.G 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.DPart C46）一百年前，运动仅仅局限于那些在后院或者农场中举行的活动。
那时候，恐怕没有人会想到它在二十世纪的今天所受到的关注程度。
47）虽然说现代社会是一个休闲社会有些言过其实，但是大多数人却比以前拥有更多的业余时间。
48）无论是体育迷还是参与者，运动都能使他们以某种方式表达来他们的感情（如愤怒和挫折感），而这种方式是社会所接受的，甚至是社会所鼓励的。
49）一般来说，下层劳动人民倾向于参与棒球和篮球这样的运动，因为这类运动只需要一块场地，一个球和几名球员而已。
50）虽然和美国社会的其他职业相比，从事职业运动中的有色人种获取高收入的机会大一些，这是事实；但是，几乎所有的经理或者运动队老板都是白人，这也是事实。
Section III WritingPart ASample answer:Dear Sir or Madam,I write in response to your invitation to students to propose ways for the improvement of the library.I am a fourth-year student majoring in educational psychology and I find that the level of student service is excellent. Indeed, every member of your staff is, without exception, extremely polite and helpful.However, I feel that our library is in need of more up-to-date publications as well as a full set of classical and reference works. In addition, if you could supply more computers in the library, the research needs of both the students and the teachers will be more fully satisfied.I am looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li MingPart BSample answer:As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a boy is contemplating the true meaning of happiness. It is indeed a tough question for him: what on earth is happiness? He is puzzled as to in which circumstance he will feel happy---when he makes money, or wins true love, or is in good health, or what?It is obvious that happiness is difficult to define. We all know people who have a relatively easy and comfortable life, and yet are essentially unhappy. And we may also have friends who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy. Therefore, happiness is actually of one's own making. If you have a positive attitude and are determined to find the little happiness of life, you are destined to be jolly, no matter what kind of situation you are in.Happiness is an attitude, not a condition. It lies in the struggle to be happy. People sometimes go to extremes and frantically pursue money, power, high social status, etc., which are all symbols of success—but never of happiness. Perhaps if they shifted their goal from ultimate success to unswerving efforts and to a confidence that they will be successful one day, they'd be a great deal happier.。
复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附参考答案和解析
复旦大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附参考答案和解析Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through center.1．Official figures show that unemployment ______ in November and then fell slowly over the next two months.A．plodded B．peeped C．plunged D．peaked2．The old lady was immediately sent to a nearby hospital when she ______ from heat stroke.A．passed away B．passed off C．passed out D．passed by 3．Her spirits ______ at the thought of all the work she had to do that morning.A．sagged B．sacked C．saddled D．scored4．Jack would rather his younger sister ______ in the same hospital as he does.A．worked B．works C．to work D．work5．Jane was badly taken in when she paid $ 300 for that second-hand bicycle; it was not worth ______.A．that all much B．all that much C．much all that D．that much all6．A patient crowd had ______ around the entrance to the theatre, hoping to catch a glimpse of the stars of the show.A．contracted B．consulted C．contemplated D．congregated 7．UN diplomats are suspicious that the country's ______ weapons programme may be broader than reported.A．flail B．clandestine C．temperate D．fake8．Fortunately the acting and photography are so good that they somehow manage to ______ the limitations of the film plot.A．trace B．transcend C．tranquilize D．trail9．When the report was published, various environmental groups criticized it for being too ______.A．alert B．zealous C．meek D．gregarious10．Her friends helped her ______ after her sister was killed in a car crash.A．pull off B．pull out C．pull through D．pull on11．Nell's father said to him that he was ______ dog to learn new tricks.A．so old a B．a too old C．too old a D．a so old12．The skipper was not willing to risk ______ his ship through the straits until he could see where he was going.A．taking B．to take C．having taken D．being taken13．We were running out of money and things were looking ______.A．grim B．glossy C．gorgeous D．gracious14．If law and order ______ not maintained, neither the citizens nor their properties are safe.A．were B．are C．is D．was15．He saw writers and artists as being important to the state for they could ______.credibility on the regime.A．bestow B．embrace C．disperse D．undertake16．When import taxes on goods are high, there is a greater chance that they will be ______.A．bartered B．counterfeited C．manufactured D．smuggled 17．There's been so little rain, the forest is ______ to go up in flames at any moment.A．precarious B．feeble C．convenient D．liable18．The school's development committee has deliberated the question ______ great length.A．on B．along C．at D．for19．On a Summer evening it is ______ to hear the joyful sound of the shepherd's flute floating across the valley.A．treacherous B．enchanting C．rash D．furtive20．Let's ______ the arrangements with the others before we make a decision.A．talk over B．talk into C．talk down D．talk round21．He'll have to ______ the music when his parents find out he's been missing school.A．listen to B．compose C．face D．play22．Her eyes were shining brightly and her face was suffused ______ color.A．with B．in C．by D．of23．In my opinion Elizabeth and Henry are not ______ friends as lovers.A．too much B．as much C．very much D．so much24．Yesterday my brother ______ with his girlfriend over where to go on holiday.A．fell off B．fell out C．fell away D．fell apart25．The writer ______ the newspaper readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.A．spurred B．menaced C．cautioned D．induced26．Some of his colleagues say he's loud and ______ and that everyone hates him.A．obnoxious B．straightforward C．considerate D．genial 27．She claims that the pressure on public hospitals could be ______ by combining medical resources in the public and private sectors．A．relieved B．replaced C．retrieved D．resurrected28．Please ______ it that the door is locked before you leave.A．see through B．see to C．see into D．see after29．I will ______ you personally responsible if anything goes wrong in this project.A．get B．hold C．let D．have30．The burglars ______ the house but found nothing valuable.A．ransacked B．besieged C．mortgaged D．renovatedPart ⅡReading Comprehension （40 points）Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.Passage OneNowadays, with plentiful ice and electric churning, few people recall the shared excitement of the era when making ice cream was a rarely scheduled event. Then the iceman brought to the back door, on special order, a handsome 2-foot-square cube of cold crystal and everyone in the family took a turn at the crank. The critical question among us children was, of course, who might lick the dasher. A century or so ago the novelist Stendhal knew only hand-churned ice cream and, when he first tasted it, exclaimed, “What a pity this isn't a sin!”Hand-churning is still tops for perfectionists for no power-driven machine has yet been invented that can achieve a comparable texture. Even French Pot, the very best commercial method for making ice cream, calls for finishing by hand．Ice creams are based on carefully cooked well-chilled syrups and heavy custards, added to unwhipped cream. No form of vanilla flavoring can surpass that of vanilla sugar or of the bean itself, steeped in a hot syrup. If sweetened frozen fruits are incorporated into the cream mixture instead of flesh fruits, be sure to adjust sugar content accordingly.Make up mixtures for chum-frozen ice creams the day before you freeze, to increase fill the container only 3/4 full to permit expansion. To pack the freezer, allow 3 to 6 quarts of chipped or cracked ice to 1 cup of coarse rock salt. Pack about 1/3 of the freezer with ice and add layers of salt and ice around the container until the freezer is full. Allow the pack to stand about 3 minutes before you start turning. Turn slowly at first, about 40 revolutions a minute, until a slight pull is felt. Then triple speed for 5 to 6 minutes. If any additions, such as finely cut candied or flesh fruits or nuts are to be made, do so at this point. Then repack and taper off the churning to about 80 revolutions a minute for a few minutes more. The cream should be ready in 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the quality.If the ice cream or ice is to be used at once, it should be frozen harder than if you plan to serve it later. Should the interval be 2 hours or more, packing will firm it. To pack, pour off the salt water in the freezer and wipe off the lid. Remove the dasher carefully, making sure that no salt or water gets into the cream container. Scrape the cream down from the sides of the container. Place a cork in the lid and replace the lid. Repack the container in the freezer with additional ice and salt, using the same proportions as before. Cover the freezer with newspapers, a piece of carpet or other heavy material.The cream should be smooth when served. If it proves granular, you used too much salt in the packing mixture, overfilled the inner container with the ice cream mixture or turned too rapidly. If you are making a large quantity with the idea of storing some in the deep-freeze, package in sizes you plan on serving. Should ice cream be allowed to melt even slightly and is then refrozen, it loses in volume and even more in good texture.31．In the first paragraph, “took a turn at the crank” could be paraphrased ______.A．“helped to mix the ice cream”B．“ate some ice cream”C．“helped break up the ice with a hammer”D．“protected the ice cream from children”32．According to the writer truly perfect ice cream ______.A．is now common and inexpensive at most storesB．is only possible with hand laborC．should be melted and then refrozenD．needs to be a sin33．When ice cream is being hand-churned it is surrounded by a mixture of ______.A．syrup and cream B．syrup and iceC．salt and ice D．flesh fruit and ice34．In paragraph 4, “taper off” means ______.A．cut up B．stop C．speed up D．slow down35．This passage reflects an era when ______.A．people liked a little salt in their ice creamB．making ice cream was an occasional form of family entertainmentC．ice cream was not popularD．people did not knew now to make cheese with their creamPassage TwoFood and drink play a major role in Christmas celebrations in most countries, but in few more so than in Mexico. Many families over the festive season will do little more than cook and ingest a seemingly constant cycle of tortillas, fried beans, meat both roasted and stewed, and sticky desserts for days on end．Thus does the extended family keep on extending—further and further over their collective waistlines.Lucky them, you might think. Except that Mexico's bad eating habits are leading to a health crisis that most Mexicans seem blissfully unaware of. Obesity and its related disorder, diabetes, are now major health concerns in a country where large rural regions are still concerned more with under- than with over-nourishment. In its perennial rivalry with the United States, Mexico has at last found an area in which it can match its northern neighbor—mouthful for mouthful.The statistics are impressive, and alarming. According to the OECD, Mexico is now thesecond fattest nation in that group of 30 countries A health poll in 1999 found that 35% of women were overweight, and another 24% technically obese. Juan Rivera，an official at the National Institute of Public Health, says that the combined figure for men would be about 55%, and that a similar poll to be carried out next year will show the fat quotient rising. Only the United States, with combined figures of over 60%, is a head.That situation also varies geographically. Although Mexicans populate the north of their country more sparsely than the south, they make up for it weight-wise. A study published by the Pan-American Health Organization a month ago showed that in the mostly Hispanic population that lives on either side of the American-Mexican border, fully 74%of men and 70％of women are either over weight or obese.Moreover, even experts have been surprised by how rapidly the nation has swollen. Whereas the 1999 poll showed 59％of women overweight or obese, only 11 years previously that figure was just 33 %. Nowhere is the transformation more noticeable than in the prevalence of diabetes, closely linked to over-eating and obesity. In 1968, says Joel Rodriguez of the Mexican Diabetes Federation, the disease was in 35th place as a direct cause of mortality in Mexico, but now it occupies first place, above both cancer and heart disease. With about 6.5m diabetics out of a population of 100m, Mexico now has a higher rate than any other large country in the world. Not surprisingly, Mr. Rodriguez argues that Mexi co is in the grip of an “epidemic”.Nor does it tax the brain much to work out that the causes of these explosions in obesity and diabetes are the Mexican diet and a lack of exercise. For most Mexicans, food consumption, not just at Christmas but all year round, is an unvarying combination of refried beans, tortillas, meat and refrescos, or fizzy drinks; they consume 101 liters of cola drinks per person per year, just a little less than Americans and three times as much as Brazilians.Meanwhile, the lack of exercise, Mr. Rivera argues, is a symptom of rapid urbanization over the past 30 years. Obesity and diabetes rates remain slightly lower in rural areas, indicating that manual labor endures as an effective way to stave off weight gain. In Mexico City, though, pollution and crime have progressively driven people out of the parks and the streets, so most now walk as little as possible—preferably no further than from the valet-parking service to the restaurant. To combat the fat, health professionals say that the country must first realize that it is indeed in the grip of an epidemic．Other diseases, such as AIDS and cancer, have captured mostof the publicity in recent years; obesity and diabetes have been comparatively neglected.But these are also, as in other developing countries, mainly problems of the urban poor. It is a symptom of their growing prosperity that these parts of the population have, probably for the first time, almost unlimited access to the greatest amount of calories for the smallest amount of money. But with little knowledge of nutritional values, their diets are now unbalanced and unhealthy.Low-carb products and other dietary imports from the United States have already made an appearance on the posher Mexican supermarket shelves. They may go into be shopping baskets of the rake-thin and utterly unrepresentative models who dominate the country's advertising hoardings. But they are still comparatively expensive. For the heaving mass of the population, things may have to get worse before the government, doctors and consumers realize that things have got to start getting better.36．The phrase “on end” in the first paragraph can be replaced by ______.A．until all been consumed B．uprightC．continuously D．until the last day37．Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage?A．Mexicans are eating a lot because of the country's affluence.B．Mexicans can match Americans in the nourishment of their diet.C．Mexicans only overeat during festive seasons.D．Mexico is now the second fattest nation in this world.38．Judging by the context, the word “perennial” in the second paragraph most probably means ______.A．perpetual B．recurring C．transient D．perilous39．Which is the most significant cause of mortality in Mexico?A．Cancer. B．Heart disease. C．Diabetes. D．Epidemic.40．It is known from the passage that from 1988 to 1999 the figure of women overweight or obese in Mexico rose by ______.A．30% B．26% C．35% D．55%Passage ThreeWhen you are small, all ambitions fall into one grand category：when I'm grown up. When I'm grown up, you say, I'll go up in space. I'm going to be an author. I'll kill them all and thenthey'll be sorry. I'll be married in a cathedral with sixteen bridesmaids in pink lace. I'll have a puppy of my own and no one will be able to take him away.None of it ever happens, of course—or dam little, but the fantasies give you the idea that there is something to grow up for. Indeed one of the saddest things about gilded adolescence is the feeling that from eighteen on, it's all downhill; I read with horror of an American hippie wedding where someone said to the groom (age twenty), “You seem so kind a grown up somehow”, and the lad had to go around seeking reassurance that he wasn't, no, really he wasn't. A determination to be better adults than the present incumbents is fine, but to refuse to grow up at all is just plain unrealism.Right, so then you get some of what you want, or something like it, or something that will do all right; and for years you are too busy to do more than live in the present and put one foot in front of the other; your goals stretching little beyond the day when the boss has a stroke or the moment when the children can bring you tea in bed—and the later moment when they actually bring you hot tea, not mostly slopped in the saucer. However, I have now discovered an even sweeter category of ambition. When my children are grown up …When my children are grown up I'll learn to fly an aer o plane. I will career round the sky, knowing that if I do “go pop” there will be no little ones to suffer shock and maladjustment; that even if the worst does come to the worst I will at least dodge the geriatric ward and all that looking for your glasses in order to see where you've left your teeth. When my children are grown up I'll have fragile, lovely things on low tables; I'll have a white carpet; I'll go to the pictures in the afternoon. When the children are grown up I'll actually be able to do a day's work in day, instead of spread over three, and go away for a weekend without planning as if for a trip to the Moon. When I'm grown up—I mean when they're grown up—I'll be free.Of course, I know it's got to get worse before it gets better. Twelve-year-olds, I'm told, don't go to tend at seven, so you don't even get your evenings; once they're past ten you have to start worrying about their friends instead of simply shooting the intruders off the doorstep, and to settle down to a steady ten years of criticism of everything you've ever thought or done or worn. Boys, it seems, may be less of a trial then girls, since they can't get pregnant and they don't borrow your clothes—if they do borrow your clothes, of course, you've got even more to worry about.The young don't respect their parents any more, that's what. Goodness, how sad,still, likeeating snails, it might be all right once you've got over the idea: it might let us off having to bother quite so much with them when the time comes. But one is simply not going to be able to drone away one’s days, toothless by the fire, brooding on the past.41．What interests the writer about young children is that they ______.A．have so many unselfish ambitions B．have such long-term ambitionsC．don't all want to be spacemen D．all long for adult pleasures42．The writer maintains that fantasies ______.A．satisfy ambition B．lessen ambitionC．stimulate ambition D．frustrate ambition43．What does the writer feel is wrong with the modern generation?A．Their wanting to grow up. B．Their not wanting to grow up.C．Their wanting to improve adults. D．Their not wanting to improve adults.44．The writer feels that as an adult one must ______.A．achieve one's ambitions at all costsB．continue to be ambitiousC．find a compromise between ambition and realityD．give up all one's earlier ambitions45．When the children leave home, the writer thinks that ______.A．there will be compensations B．she will be delightedC．she will be desolated D．there will be nothing to doPassage FourFor years, pediatricians didn't worry much about treating hypertension in their patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it's hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use? The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things, maybe they'll grow out of this too.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in childhood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with high bloodpressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well,” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But it's worrisome.”Who's most at risk? Boys more than girls, especially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow more dense. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately, the abnormal thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under control—through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment—allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670,000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure? It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure for a particular child's age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn't a fake. He'll also check, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could he the source of the trouble. Because hypertension can be hard to detect, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood pressure checks for every child over age 3．About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight. And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the US who are overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%, or 4.7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and hooking your kids—the earlier the better—on healthy, attractive snacks like fruits (try freezing some grapes) or carrot sticks with salsa. Not only will they lower your children's blood pressure；these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playground than with their Play Station. Even if they don't shed a pound, vigorous exercise will help keep their blood vessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course, they'll be more likely to eat right and exercise if you set a good example.46．This piece of writing is mainly addressed to ______.A．parents B．boys C．gifts D．pediatrician47．The word “unclog” in paragraph 6 can be replaced by ______.A．fix B．clear C．hinder D．dismantle48．By saying “It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”, the writer implies ______.A．hypertension is hard to detectB．children often refuse to have their blood pressure testedC．you'll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child's blood pressure checked in a groceryD．in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child's blood pressure examined49．Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A．Drug treatments. B．Weight loss.C．Exercise. D．Overwork.50．We can conclude from the passage that ______.A．children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and strokeB．parent's blood pressure decides their children's blood pressureC．besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertensionD．vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart troublePart ⅢCloze (10 points)Directions：Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.Even geologist is familiar with the erosion cycle. No sooner has an area of land been raised above sea-level than it becomes subject to the erosive forces of nature. The rain beats down on the ground and washed 51 the finer particles, sweeping them into rivulets and into rivers and out to sea. The frost freezes the rain water in cracks of the rocks and breaks 52 even the hardest of the constituents of the earth's crust. Blocks of rock dislodged at high levels are brought down by the force of gravity. Alternate heating and 53 of bare rock surfaces causes their disintegration. In the dry regions of the world the wind is a powerful force in removing materialfrom one area to another. All this is natural. But nature has also provided certain defensive forces. Bare rock surfaces are in 54 course protected by soil, itself dependent initially on the weathering of the rocks. Slowly 55 surely, different types of soil with differing “profiles” evolve the main types depending primarily on the climate. The protective soil covering, once it is formed, is hold together by the growth of vegetation. Grass and herbaceous plants, 56 long, branching tenuous roots, hold firmly together the surface particles. The 57 is true with the forest cover. The heaviest tropical downpours beating on the leaves of the giant trees reach the ground only 58 spray, gently watering the surface layers and penetrating along the long passages provided by the roots to the lower levels of the soil. The soil, thus protected by grass, herb, or trees, furnishes a quiet habitat for a myriad varied organisms—earthworms that importantly modify the soil, bacteria, active in their work of converting 59 leaves and decaying vegetation into humus and food for the growing plants. Chemical action is constantly taking 60 ; soil acids attack mineral particles and salts in solution move from one layer in the soil to another.Part ⅣTranslation (20 points)Section A (10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into Chinese.Dun took a deep breath, thinking over what had been said and searching in his mind for a possible course of action. Not for the first time in his flying career, he felt himself in the grip of a cute sense of apprehension, only this time his awareness of his responsibility for the safety of a huge, complex aircraft and nearly sixty lives was tinged with a sudden icy premonition of disaster. Was this, then what it felt like? Older pilots, those who had been in combat in the war, always maintained that if you kept at the game long enough you'd buy it in the end. How was it that in the space of half an hour a normal, everyday, routing flight, carrying a crowd of happy football fans, could change into a nightmare nearly four miles above the earth, something that would shriek across the front pages of a hundred newspapers?Section B(10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into English．在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。
中南大学--年博士研究生入学考试英语试题的答案解析doc资料
中南大学2008 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Paper OnePart I Using of EnglishSection One Vocabulary and Structure1【答案】A【解析】从题目中neither side 可以看出，是两方在讨论，所以应该是one side and the other side。
本句采用了岛状结构，起强调作用。
强调“双方在争论中没有达成协议”，因为双方都不愿让步。
所以正确答案是A 选项2【答案】D【解析】四个选项的意思分别是lightest 最轻的；furthest，最远的；smallest，最小的；faintest，模糊的。
the faintest idea 意思是，一点概念没有。
句意是，我对你的意思一点也不明白，你能再讲清楚点么？所以正确答案是 D 选项，如We haven't the faintest idea what the murderer looks like.（这个杀人犯长得怎么样我们连一点概念也没有。
）3【答案】A【解析】语法题。
it's no good doing something 的意思是，做某事无济于事。
这里的good 还可以替换成use，it 可以替换成there。
据此，可以推出正确答案是A 选项。
句意是，我还不知道什么时候可以去度假，现在做决定没有意义。
It’s no如good crying now!（现在哭也没用了！。
）4【答案】B【解析】四个选项的意思分别是give away 赠送，泄漏；give off 发出（光，声音等），散发出（气味）；give in 认输，投降；give up 停止，放弃。
句意是加装了防护过滤器以后，这烟囱已不再散发成股的废气到大气中去了。
根据句子意思推出正确答案是B 选项，如As motor vehicles burn fuel, they give off carbon monoxide as a waste.（汽车燃烧燃料时，会产生废气—一氧化碳。
新东方博士生入学英语考试模拟题
新东方博士生入学英语考试模拟题English Entrance ExaminationFor Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesModel Test OneNovember, 2010Part I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are twenty questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.1.The large towers of the George Washington Bridge were not encased in masonry but were left exposed to reveal their handsome steel structure.A. harshB. hoarseC. good-lookingD. flagrant2.The jewel was kept by the money-lender as a pledge.A. guaranteeB. speculationC. pulchritudeD. guise3.The revolt was foiled by troops loyal to the king.A. blockedB. frustratedC. flutteredD. faltered4. It is interesting to note how public opinion oscillates between the extremesof optimism and pessimism.A. swingsB. hoversC. convergesD. foils5. G. Jung had a lot of to say about the human psyche.A. worldB. mindC. enthusiasmD. determination6. Caesar ridiculed his wife?s foreboding about the approaching of the family plague.A. forewarningB. predictingC. signalD. signification7. I?m amazed at the imbecility of the readers of these trashy magazines.A. stupidityB. weak-mindednessC. potentialityD. idiosyncrasy8. Though the subway system of the city has been well-planned for years, its funding is still in theair.A. widely spreadingB. totally uncertainC. hysterically unconstrainedD. already broadcast9. As they crumbled back, he ordered everyone to sit down and keep quiet. .A. retreatedB. crawledC. stumbledD. went10. Add religion to the humblest of edifices and you have a sanctuary.A. officesB. adjunctsC. buildingsD. chapel11. They were asked to curb those orgies and resume the pose of self-deceiving innocence. .A. positionB. airC. actionD. bombast12. Revolutions are often caused when the legitimacy of a government is questioned by the people.A.validityB.effectivenessC. bureaucracyD. prejudice13. When they others went swimming, I followed suit.A. learned fromB. secedeC. did the same as othersD. tried to follow the same rule14. The counterfeit stamps were a good facsimile of the real ones.A. pictureB. likelinessC. identificationD. duplicate15. Our football team is now contending with one from the University of British Columbia.A. meetingB. contestingC. concedingD. contemplating16. After scrutinizing the Stern Hitler Diaries, handwriting experts proclaimed them to beforgeries.A. examiningB. judgingC. protractingD. detecting17. Hare Karishnas are a religious cult that is often charged with brain washing its members.A. churchB.traditionC. cultureD. sect18. Your belligerent attitude is often the cause for your lack of popularity.A. aspiringB. courageousC. cowardlyD. aggressive19. The solution is there if you can reason it out.A. judge it outB. believe it outC. think it outD. prove it right20. In public, Prince Charles has proven to be a scrupulous dresser.A. unserviceableB. fashionableC. carefulD. uncannyPart II Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. where, signs, alive, suggests, manufacturers, concerned, someone, Some, whether, to, investigating, or, must, knowing, off, likely, for example, involves, loosely, well-spacedSleep laboratories around the world are finding that an alarming number of drivers on motorways may be falling asleep at the wheel. Although researchers have difficulty in 21for certain 22 an accident has been caused by sleepiness, it appears that a driver who is on the road between 4 am and 6 am is about 10 times as 23 to have a sleep-related accident as someone who is driving in the middle of the morning or early in the evening.24 British police forces have become sufficiently 25 to launch campaigns to alert the public 26 the danger. Leicestershire police, 27 , consider sleepiness to be the cause of 20 percent of accidents on motorways and in the summer of 1990 ran a campaign with the slogan “Stay awake, Stay 28 ”. Major motor 29 such as Ford and Renault are 30 ways of incorporating sleepiness detectors and alarms into their vehicles.……If an accident 31 only one vehicle, which runs 32 the road into the certain crash barrier, the embankment, a tree 33 a bridge, then sleepiness is likely to be the cause, especially if there are no skid marks or other 34 of braking. A driver who is alert to an impending crash grips the steering wheel and suffers different injuries from 35 who is asleep and holding the steering wheel 36 . This pattern of injury, combined with an absence of skid marks on the road, also 37 that the driver was asleep in accidents 38 one vehicle runs into the back of another, especially if it occurs where traffic is light and vehicles are consequently 39 on the road. Under these conditions, the driver?s “inattention”40have been more than just momentary.Part III Reading Comprehension (30points)Directions: There are six passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneOn the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperateoffice workers -- were coming down, someone-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.…… Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. But healing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling, while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41. According to paragraph one, the author?s office was ______.A. at Washington HeightsB. just beside the World Trade CenterC. in the South Street SeaportD. far from the WTC42. The passage tells us that the author ______.A. was a social workerB. worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC. was asked to take some pictures of WTCD. ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43. What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A. There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.B. A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C. People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.D. He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44. What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A. He watched in horror and cried, but couldn?t move.B. He ran nearer to help out.C. He ran nearer to take pictures.D. He ran away to try to find a shelter.45. In the last paragraph, the author?s attitude is that ______. A. different people have different ideas.B. however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forward.C. people should go back to work immediately.D. people shouldn?t walk with expressionless faces.Passage TwoFor the five passengers aboard an American Airline flight form Tokyo earlier this month, it was a dilemma worthy of reality television: Go with Santa Clara County health authorities and risk being held in quarantine(隔离) for hours for no good reason. Or go home, make the next connection or get to that business meeting, and risk spreading a potentially deadly new disease to family, fellow passengers and business associates. Emergency vehicles had the aircraft surrounded, and across the nation, Americans watching on live TV got a new look at an old weapon in the fight to protect the public?s health: the quarantine.In an age of mysterious diseases like SARS, and of bioterrorism threats likesmallpox, the quarantine is staging a comeback. By April 4, President Bush signed an unusual executive order that would add SARS to a list of diseases for which federal health officials may quarantine U. S. citizens against their will. It was the first such action since 1893, when the dreaded Eborla virus was added to a series of epidemics. Quarantine was first used in Venice during the 14th century. In America, its history is long and periodic. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, outbreaks of tuberculosis（肺结核）, smallpox, scarlet fever, cholera and other plagues prompted periodic quarantines throughout the nation When these quarantines were challenged, courts invariably defended the state?s authority to act: Quarantine, the Supreme Court ruled in 1909, does not invade constitutional rights, since individuals have no right to harm others.But though quarantines were frequently effective in protecting the public from the spread of illness, they can be a blunt (钝的) instrument, and have often been abused or misapplied. In 1900, the death of a Chinese laborer suspected of having bubonic plague（腺鼠疫）in San Francisco prompted authorities to quarantine that city?s entire Chinatown district. Trapped behind crude barriers and barbed wire, and experiencing food shortages. San Francisco?s Asian population successfully challenged the measure as an act aroused by racial prejudice rather than concern for public health.Today, federal officials have broad rights, through the Centers for Disease Control, to examine and quarantine foreign citizens coming into the United States if they may be carriers of contagious diseases. And state and local officials across the country have broad powers to detain Americans if they are clearly ill with a contagious disease and they resist treatment.46. What does the first paragraph introduce to us?A. A scene from a soap opera.B. A piece of news about a shocking scene.C. A scene from a medical advertisementD. A piece of news item telecast live.47. The five passengers were surrounded by emergency vehicles when landing because they were ______.A. seriously illB. involved in some illegal dealingsC. seriously injured in an accidentD. suspected to have some contagious disease48. Why is the old weapon back again?A. Because we are facing with the severe attack of some secret disease like SARS.B. Because we are facing with global bioterrorism attack.C. Because the environmental crisis has made its coming back necessary.D. Because we are in an age when we turn pale at the mere mention of something terrible.49. From the passage we can see that ______. A. quarantine has a very, very long history in America.B. quarantine has been used several times in America to protect people from the spread of epidemics.C. when quarantine is carried out, human rights are infringed upon.D. American citizens have the right to protect their rights at any time and under any circumstances. .50. From this passage, we can infer that ______.A. faced with the threat of deadly unknown diseases quarantine is an outdated weaponB. quarantine is not very effective as compared with some other stronger measuresC. just like other laws, quarantine can be abused for evil purposesD. quarantine is a weapon to harm others so as to benefit oneselfPassage ThreeHe has been at the helm (舵) of the Securities and Exchange Commission for onlythree months, but William Donaldson has given individual investors reason to believe that he will prove to be an effective champion of their interests as a vigilant regulator of the nation's financial markets. The challenges ahead remain daunting, but Mr. Donaldson is steadily restoring the agency's credibility in the wake of its disastrous stewardship by Harvey Pitt.The S.E.C. chairman passed his first big test by persuading William McDonough, the respected president of the New York Federal Reserve, to run the new accounting oversight board created by Congress last summer. He has also opened an important inquiry into trading practices at the New York Stock Exchange. The commission has issued rules to tighten corporate boards' oversight over financial audits. Mr. Donaldson should now see that more is done to shore up shareholder democracy.A reassuring sign that there is a new sheriff（治安官）on Wall Street came in the aftermath of the recently announced landmark settlement with 10 brokerage（经纪人业务）firms over their tainted stock research. The S.E.C. chairman sternly rebuked Philip Purcell, the chief executive of Morgan Stanley, for trying to minimize the extent of his firm's involvement in the scandals. Mr. Donaldson, a former Wall Street banker himself, wrote a letter to Mr. Purcell describing concern over his "troubling lack of contrition," and reminding him that Morgan could face further legal problems if it denied the settled charges.Besides being unusual, Mr. Donaldson's move was a powerful use of his office's bully pulpit（讲坛）. With all the talk about whether the S.E.C. has enough material resources to pursue corporate malfeasance--the agency's budget is being increased significantly--it was easy in the Harvey Pitt era to forget that a strong SEC chairman can wield a great deal of moral authority. This is especially true given financial institutions' absolute need to retain public trustMr. Donaldson should be ready to use his bully pulpit often. Wall Street is awash in a "troubling lack of contrition" for its past misdeeds.51. From the first sentence of paragraph one we can see that ______.A. Mr. William Donaldson is a very capable chairman of the Securities and Exchange CommissionB. the Commission is on a boatC. Mr. William Donaldson is a steward of a sailing boatD. Mr. William Donadson was once a sailing champion52. From the first paragraph we can infer that Mr. William Donaldson is ______.A. inexperienced as a stewardB. capable, alert and reliableC. not much better than Harry PittD. following the steps of Mr. Harry Pitt53. From paragraph two we can see that ______.. A. Mr. William Donaldson asked Mr. William McDonough to take the exam instead of himselfB. Mr. William McDonough was asked to do what the Congress wanted him toC. what Mr. William Donaldson has done might violate shareholder democracyD. Mr. William Donaldson has somewhat exceeded his authority54. Which of the following statements agrees with the facts appear in the passage?A. As a former banker Mr. William Donaldson sought to do others down.B. Being the S. E.C. chairman, Mr. William Donaldson is somewhat warlike.C. Mr. William Donaldson goes to the church regularly.D. Mr. William Donaldson has done all he can to rebuild the credibility of the S.E. C.55. Which of the following will you choose as the title of the passage?A. New Sheriff of Wall StreetB. A CareeristC. A Former Banker Gets on in LifeD. A Man Who Knows No FearPassage FourThere is no question that raising teenagers is a challenge no matter how many parents are living in the home. Particularly challenging are the ages between 12 and 16, which are marked by mood swings, defiant attitudes, and attempts to push the limits set by their parents. During this time, teens are trying their hardest to gain adult independence, which is a normal part of the natural growing process.So, we accept this as a time to help them learn lessons and find their way to adulthood, despite the fact that it sometimes makes us feel like we are raising aliens from another planet! Two parents in the household can be a definite plus during these years, especially if both are healthy and loving. In single parent homes, a healthy and loving atmosphere is also a key ingredient to raising responsible teens. Also, teens are often masters at pitting (使人相斗) their parents against one another, so when they have divorced parents living in different households, it can be extra difficult to co-parent with effectiveness.What can single parents do to make the teens in their homes more pleasant? The suggestion is to create realistic and enforceable boundaries. Let your kids know that you will negotiate boundaries every six months, for instance. Let them come up with ideas so that they will be more apt to comply. The topics to discuss may be such as how they spend their time after school, how they spend time with their friends and how should be their dress code and their hairstyles, and so on.However, when it comes to alcohol, drugs, smoking and other obvious health risks, there should be no negotiation at all. I never give them permission to drink – and that was final. Let them know they are responsible for their own behavior and should take themselves out of situations that could lead to trouble.A week before your six-month meeting with your teen, call the other parent and talk about how things have been going in each household. Most of the time, there is a wide range of healthy variations in parenting styles. Explain to your teens thatwhen they enter the workforce, they will work with different supervisors, so operating under different household guidelines should be respected and will be good training for their future.56. The first paragraph tells us that ______.A. it is necessary for the parents to bring the teenagers to a doctor if they have au unsteady moodB. raising children from 12 to 16 is an especially difficult task for parents as a wholeC. It is not normal for teenagers to try to gain adult independenceD. In raising children, the more adults there are in a family, the better57. In the second paragraph, the author implies that ______.A. on their way to adulthood, some children just behave like foreignersB. only in single parent homes, a healthy and loving air is a very important factor in arising teensC. raising teenagers is a difficult task especially in a single parent familyD. many parents divorced as a result of their children?s pitting58. What is the best way to make the teens more pleasant?A. It is to distinguish the responsibilities of the parents from those of the children.B. It is to be more tolerant to them.C. It is to establish the highest mark children can get.D. It is to discuss with them the rules of behavior they have to comply59. By using the sentence “ that is final”, the author ______.A. shows his firm standpoint on these mattersB. implies that there was to be a sports meetC. shows that it is the last time for them to discuss this matterD. shows that he likes to use sports terms60. What is the main idea of the passage ?A. It is to teach the single parent how to raise teens successfully..B. It is to show how difficult it is to raise teens..C. It is to show to the children that following different rules in different homes is helpful for their future workD. It is to show the single parent that he or she should make friends with the other parent. Passage FiveShe was slim and he liked her that way. So he called a lawyer. The result was a contract. According to the document, the fresh-faced bride agreed to pay a fine for each pound she gained in weight, the money refundable upon its loss. The paper signed, and the wedding went on. This is a prenuptial (婚前的) agreement – one more indication of the strange pass of marriage in this most transactional decade. You are welcome to marriage, contractual style, where increasingly detailed legal documents spell out everything from who?s going to do the dishes to who?s going to get the house when you split. This is family planning taken to extreme. Once employed solely by the rich, second-timers and the old industrialist carrying off the latest young cookie, the prenuptial agreement – a written pact between a couple outlining the financial obligations in the event of divorce – is becoming commonplace in a litigious (爱打官司的), disillusioned and materialistic age in which one in every two marriages is projected to end in divorce.The only question is: What about love? When asked whether anyone believes in Cupid (爱神) anymore, Dr. Michael Vincent Miller says, “Given a century that is full of sexual liberation, computer-dating services and so on, one feels tempted to reply, …only in a mood of desperate nostalgia (怀旧)?.”“Pre-nups”(pre-nuptial agreements) do assume negativity. Founded on disillusionment, they cannot be separated from the high divorce rate in the United States. The result, argues Miller, is a kind of defending mentality. “We?ve gotten good at managing finiteness, failure and trouble with a sort of …What?s yours is yours and what?s mine is mine?s realism. We?ve seenit isn?t all about love. We?ve seen there?s power politics in there -- a fight for control, and when you?ve got those things, you?re halfway to lawyers and money.” In other ways, however, the compacts embody positive, even idealistic thinking about marriage, love and relations, a law scholar Isabel Marcus believes. Marcus says, “contracts could spell the end of romantic love as salvation. They say love exists, but that it?s best accompanied by good, hard thinking about equitability（公平）.” By writing a contract, the couple gains control of its marriage. “What?s good is it contributes to honesty; what?s unfortunate is the idea that any contract can govern your emotions,” says the author of the book “The Nature of Love.”61. What is your impression about the first paragraph?A. It is a part of a comedy film.B. It is something rare.C. It is something real and becoming common daily.D. It is ridiculous. 62. According to the passage, the Americans ______.A. know more about how to protect their interestsB. are enjoying more equality in their marriagesC. believe the law undoubtedlyD. have a high divorce rate63. The phenomenon of pre-nups ______.A. shows the improvement of people?s lifeB. shows that people nowadays are more realistic than romanticC. is the product of women liberationD. shows that people don?t believe each other64. Some people argue that pre-nups are positive because they ______.A. guarantee the equality of everyoneB. make love accompanied by a balanced relation between the twoC. guarantee the freedom and equal rights of womenD. make marriages suit the modern times better65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Cupid is cast aside as prenuptial agreements become common.B. Prenuptial agreements will provide you dignity when you divorceC. Prenuptial agreements and marriages are mutually inclusiveD. Yours is yours and mine is minePassage SixLast week was the 70th anniversary of an event in American history. On April 6, 1933, the Senate overwhelmingly passed a bill that would have made the standard 30-hour workweek. The bill passed by the Senate was an effort to reduce a national unemployment rate of 25 percent. It had strong support from labor and religious leaders who argued that working people needed time for family, education, recreation and spirituality as much as they needed higher wages. But the bill failed in the House. The Fair Labor Standards Act, passed five years later, gave Americans a statutory 40-hour workweek. Yet today, in an era when American productivity is several times what it was then, most Americans find it hard to get all their work done in 40 hours. Meanwhile, millions of Americans are without work. According to the International Labor Organization, Americans now work 1,978 hours annually, 350 hours more than Western Europeans. In effect, the United States as a society took all of its increases in labor productivity in the form of money and stuff instead of time. Of course, we didn't all get the money; and the largest share of the increase went to the richest Americans. The harmful effects of working more hours are being felt in many areas of society. Stress is a leading cause of heart disease and weakened immune systems. Consumption of fast foods and lackof time for exercise has led to an epidemic of obesity( 肥胖) and diabetes( 糖尿病). Many parents complain that they do not have enough time to spend with their children and much less become involved with their community.By contrast, over the past 30 years, Europeans have made a different choice --to live simpler, more balanced lives and work fewer hours. The average Norwegian, for instance, works 29 percent less than the average American，yet his average income is only 16 percent less.Work and consumption are not necessarily bad. But producing and consuming can become the focus of a person's life at the expense of other values. Americans should reflect on those values. .66. In 1933, the Senate passed the bill of the standard 30-hour workweek because ______.A. there was an unemployment rate of 25 percentB. workers needed more time to take care of their familiesC. workers needed more time for educationD. workers needed more time going to the church67. From the passage we can see that ______.A.the American workers turn their high productivity into more money.B.workers should work less time with the increase of their productivity.C.the higher the productivity, the less time the Americans work and the more money they get.D.the higher the productivity, the longer vacation the Americans get.68. According to the passage, the Europeans ______.A.not only work better but also enjoy life better than the AmericansB.earn much less money than the American workersC. work less hours because they are not so strong as the Americans.D. live a more balanced life than the Americans do.69. What can you infer from the passage?A.It?s not a bad thing to earn more money.B.Work and consumption are not so good as we think.C.Working and consuming can be harmful if they surpass a certain level.D.Life is work.。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及答案
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及答案攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题APart I: Vocabulary (20 points)1. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other .A. bruisesB. blundersC. handicapsD. drawbacks2. Some studies confirmed that this kind of eye disease was _ _ in tropic countries.A. prospectiveB. prevalentC. provocativeD. perpetual3. After several nuclear disasters, a has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A. quarrelB. suspicionC. verdictD. controversy4. He is a(n) and well-behaved child, but his parents worry about him for he talks too little.A. obedientB. transientC. consciousD. passionate5. Mary once with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.A. mergedB. collaboratedC. coincidedD. constituted6. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment7. Earl was balancing himself on top of the fence when he lost his and fell off.A. equilibriumB. equivalenceC. equivalentD. equation8. The of a society, club, etc, are the records of its doings, especially as published each year.A. proceduresB. processesC. proceedingsD. projects9. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves know where to look.A. virtuallyB. initiallyC. invariablyD. infinitely10. Outsiders have the success of Eastern Asia's economics with admiration, wonderment andsometimes hostility.A. gazedB. glancedC. contemplatedD. peered11. It took a lot of imagination to come up with such an plan.A. inherentB. ingeniousC. infectiousD. indulgent12. There are some between their two descriptions; we are puzzled which we should believe.A. discrepanciesB. distractionsC. diversionsD. discretion13. In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to dreams were likely to behighly respected.A. interpretB. interveneC. inheritD. impact14. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainlyon .A. consciousnessB. impulseC. instinctD. response15. Equipment not official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.A. conforming toB. consistent withC. predominant overD. providing for16. According to a growing number of experts, it is already technically to construct a pioneeringspace colony, powered by solar energy.A. practicalB. flexibleC. feasibleD. beneficial17. Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly _ _ to hot, dry winds.They are what we call weather-sensitive people.A. subjectiveB. subordinateC. liableD. vulnerable18. These areas rely on agriculture almost , having few mineral recourses and a minimum ofindustrial development.A. respectivelyB. extraordinarilyC. incrediblyD. exclusively19. There is no doubt that the of these goods to the others is easy to see.A. prestige 'B. superiorityC. priorityD. publicity20. Military orders are and cannot be disobeyed.A. defectiveB. conservativeC. alternativeD. imperative21. Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of grouping is advisable.A. homogenousB. instantaneousC. spontaneousD. anonymous22. All the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloonsslowly into the sky.A. ascendingB. elevatingC. escalatingD. lingering23. He obviously displayed a great for some of your poems.A. consentB. admirationC. respectD. pleasure24. The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause of vegetables in the coming days.A. rarityB. scarcityC. invalidityD. variety25. The continuous unrest was _____________ the nation’s economy.A. exaggeratingB. aggravatingC. amendingD. fastening26. With a wave of his hand, the magician made the duck .A. scatterB. vanishC. abandonD. fly away27. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this __________ producesartificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction28. They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to it because of the rainyweather.A. cancelB. eliminateC. delayD. prolong29. This dictionary is intended for American learners of Chinese.A. especiallyB. particularlyC. specificallyD. uniquely30. A UN official said that aid programs would be until there was adequate protection for reliefconvoy.A. dependedB. suspendedC. postponedD. expended31. The problem is that most local authorities lack the ____to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise32. Awards provide a(n)____for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive33. The physician had to visit his patient six ___________days before the patient could be considered in a faircondition.A. consequentB. consecutiveC. consistentD. conservative34. Oil is derived from the ____of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. 1eftovers35. Successful students sometimes become so ____with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed36. Apparently there were ____between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions37. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, ____at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse intounconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing38. The 12-year-old civil war had____1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted。
清华大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
清华大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear some people talking about how their parents met each other and got married. Each of the conversations is followed by an interview with one of their parents about his or her marriage. Listen to the recording and answer the questions below with what you hear. You should use a short sentence or a phrase for each answer. You will hear the recording only once.1．How did Craig's parents meet each other?2．What was his father's first impression of his mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.3．How did Dave's parents meet each other?4．What was his mother's first impression of his father?5．What does she think now?6．How did Sara's parents meet each other?7．What was her father's first impression of her mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.8．How did Lisa's parents meet each other?9．What was her mother's first impression of her father?10．What does she think now?Section TwoDirections.. In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes below about the lecture. You will hear the recording only once.Lecture NotesLecture field/area:11．_______________________________________Lecture Topic/Theme: MemoryThree types of memory:12．_______________________________________13．_______________________________________14．_______________________________________Three ways of measuring memory:15．_______________________________________16．_______________________________________17．_______________________________________Three Techniques for remembering information:18．_______________________________________19．_______________________________________20．_______________________________________Part ⅡVocabulary (10 points)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21．Ploughs and other agricultural implements were on display at the recent exhibition.A．equations B．playthings C．tools D．machinery22．My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A．symptom B．likeness C．habit D．tendency23．The combination of lenses in a compound microscope makes possible greater amplification than can be achieved with a single lens.A．management B．magnificence C．magnetism D．magnification 24．The degree of downward slope of a beach depends on its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A．sentiment B．sediment C．semester D．segment25．The rigor of the winter in Russia was often described by Mogol.A．harshness B．perturbation C．dismay D．pessimism26．Nowadays, the prescribed roles of t he man as “breadwinner” and the woman ashousewife are changing.A．ascribed B．prevalent C．original D．settled27．A divorcee, Tom is the sole provider in a typical “single parent” family.A．religious B．spiritual C．exclusive D．chief28．The old woman is chronically ill in bed and seldom goes out.A．seriously B．dangerously C．continually D．incurably29．The driver stopped his car so abruptly that he was hit by the cab right behind him.A．impolitely B．violently C．suddenly D．maladroitly30．Benin Mayer Alcott based the principal characters of her book Little Women on her sisters and herself.A．original B．central C．subjunctive D．oriental31．Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu, every college student here works ______.A．industrially B．industriously C．consciously D．purposefully 32．I don't think it's sensible of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the chairwoman, for it may well offend her.A．show up B．show off C．show out D．show away33．______, he did become annoyed with her at times.A．Much as he liked her B．As he liked her muchC．Although much he liked her D．Much although he liked her34．If we don't stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will ______.A．empowered B．punished C．polluted D．annihilated35．One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A．invent B．stimulate C．renovate D．advocate36．When in his rebellious years, that is when he was sixteen or eighteen, Frank Anderson ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.A．took to B．took up C．took on D．took in37．In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or ______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.A．appointed B．assembled C．acknowledged D．adapted 38．In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ______ Europe into a bloody war.A．imposed B．plunged C．pitched D．inserted39．The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ______.A．privileges B．efficiency C．revenues D．validity40．The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ______ again next spring.A．convention B．conference C．session D．assemblyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊)removed by surgeons operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient.In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc., that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problemincludes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.France Telecom's en gineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,” says Marescaux.The successful collaboration (合作)among medicine, advanced technology, and telecommunications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a “third revolution” in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部)and thorax (胸腔)do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance—currently several meters in the operating room—could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.41．The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.A．How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes OutB．The Telesurgery RevolutionC．A Patient Was SavedD．Dream Comes True42．The italicized word “telesurgery” (Para. 1, Sentence 2) can be best explained as ______.A．an operation done over a distanceB．an operation done on televisionC．an operation demanding special skillD．an operation demanding high technology43．How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A．24 hours B．48 hoursC．about a week D．almost a month44．What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A．distance B．advanced technologyC．delay D．medical facilities45．The writer implies that ______.A．difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world nowB．compared to the “third revolution” in surgery, the first two are less importantC．all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operationD．a new breakthrough has been made in surgeryPassage TwoQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The multi-billion-dollar western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著) ,” said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998．The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle,” the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). “Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of ‘recreational’ drug use,” it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars—including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs—have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar tothe members of every household,” the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues—especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization—which encourages,rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive,” says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs,” he says.Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.46．Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A．The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B．The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond country boundaries.C．No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D．The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.47．The italicized phrase “under fire” (Para. 1, Sentence 1) means ______.A．in an urgent situationB．facing some problemsC．being criticizedD．quite popular48．Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A．They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B．They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C．They try to confront the deadly effect of “recreational” drug use.D．They may stop abusing the drugs.49．Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A．The spreading of pop music.B．The media.C．Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D．The low price of some drugs.50．The pop music ______.A．has a great influence on young people of most culturesB．only appeals to a small number of young peopleC．is not a profitable industryD．is the only culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage ThreeQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northern most state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely operate.The steel pipe cresses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.Resting on H-shaped steel racks called “bents”, long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permanently frozen ground. A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $ 8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry.In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oilfields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages,equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagements, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.51．The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's ______.A．operating costs B．employeesC．consumers D．construction52．The word “it” (Para. 1, Sentence 3) refers to ______.A．pipeline B．oceanC．state D．village53．The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the ______.A．climateB．lay of the land itselfC．local vegetationD．kind of soil and rock54．How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?A．3．B．4．C．8．D．12．55．Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?A．How much oil field land each company owned.B．How long each company had owned land in the oil fields.C．How many people worked for each company.D．How many oil wells were located on the company's land.Passage FourQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Margherita is a London girl and arriving at Capital was like coming home. “I grew up listening to Capital Radio,” she says, “People say, ‘Wasn't it frightening, joining such well-known presenters?' But everyone here is so down to earth. It would be off-putting if the others had people doing their make-up, or star sings on their office doors. But there's none of that—Mick Brown, forinstance, finishes his show and wanders off to get the bus home with everyone else.”Margherita says that her own musical tastes varied. But she doesn't pick her own music for her shows. The Capital computer selects the records in advance from a list approved by the station managers. “The station has a certain sound, and if we all picked our own music, it wouldn't sound like Capital,” she says, “But for someone who likes music, this is a dream job. I get to go to concerts and meet the bands you can hear on my show. It's great to hear the ‘behind the scenes' gossip.”Most people would expect that a presenter's most important qualities are a nice voice and huge amounts of confidence, but Margherita say that basic maths is handy as well.“You have to make sure that you've got an eye on everything that's going on in the studio,but you've got to be able to add and subtract and think in minutes and seconds,” she says,“You're dealing with timed records, and with announcements and commercials that are also timed precisely, and you have to be ready to switch to the news at exactly the right second. If you're going over to a live event, you need to be ready, for that on time, not a second earlier or later.”This isn't the sort of girl to let the rock ‘n' roll lifestyle g o to her head. Even if she did her family would bring her down to earth. “When I started at Capital the only thing my brothers asked was whether they'd get free records,” she remembers, “And my mum couldn't even find the station on her radio.”Margherita Taylor is very nice and very easy-going, but very much in control. She is so much a “Capital Radio girl” that you might think she is just doing a good job for the station's publicity, department, although you know what she's saying really comes from the heart. She smiles a lot, laughs a lot and is generally a great advert for Capital.56．What does “that” (Para. 1, Sentence 5) refer to?A．The fame of the other presenters.B．Margherita's fear of the other staff.C．Self-important behaviour by the other presenters.D．Bad treatment of Margherita by the other staff.57．One point Margherita makes about her job is that ______.A．she has changed her attitude to musicB．she is unhappy that records she plays are chosen for herC．she likes most of the music that she plays on her showD．she enjoys talking to the people whose records she plays58．What does Margherita say about presenting a show?A．It is essential to keep in mind what is going to happen next.B．It is more complicated than she had previously thought.C．The ability to add and subtract is the most important requirement.D．The contend of a show is sometimes changed suddenly.59．How have Margherita's family reacted to her success?A．with cautionB．without interestC．with surpriseD．without excitement60．In the final paragraph, what does the author say about Margherita?A．She was different from what she had expected.B．She genuinely believes that Capital is a good radio station.C．She feels it necessary to talk about Capital Radio all the time.D．She has already changed her job at Capital radio.Part ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can 61 the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you. It may be an idea or a bit of information you 62 across accidentally—or a sudden 63 , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal 64 are the “pay off” in education.A teacher may 65 you to learning and even encourage you in it—but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's 66 to you.A research paper, 67 in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, 68 you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a 69 where the joy of discover and learning can come to you many times. 70 the research paper is an active and individualprocess, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure 71 which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to 72 a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others 73 you can do. Waiting a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in 74 out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills 75 to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly 76 experience!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages often more than ever produced 77 , is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work 78 is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to 79 . Instead, consider it a goal to 80 , a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.61．A．exterminate B．impulse C．intervene D．exceed62．A．conform B．confront C．come D．console63．A．insight B．relaxation C．relay D．ingredient64．A．serials B．separations C．encounters D．segregations 65．A．help B．salute C．scrub D．direct66．A．here B．off C．up D．with67．A．assigning B．assigned C．lounged D．lounging68．A．litters B．intervenes C．jots D．leads69．A．process B．interface C．interpretation D．prosecution 70．A．Designing B．Designed C．Preparing D．Prepared 71．A．outside B．within C．without D．upon72．A．grease B．glare C．suffix D．suit73．A．which B．what C．how D．because74．A．searching B．supplementing C．popularizing D．polarizing 75．A．arrogant B．concise C．chronic D．applicable76．A．segmenting B．satisfying C．characterizing D．chartering 77．A．later B．beforehand C．afterwards D．before78．A．accordingly B．acceptably C．independently D．infinitely 79．A．overwork B．overcome C．lumber D．lull80．A．accelerate B．caution C．accomplish D．boycottPart ⅤWriting (20 points)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “My Aim for Doctoral Study” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1．你攻读博士学位的目标是______。
博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解(11)【圣才出品】
博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解（11）SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY (40%)Part ADirections: In questions 1-15, each sentence has an underlined word. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one word or phrase that best matches the underlined word.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answersheet.1. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that in most humans the left half of the brain controls language.A. fields of studyB. groups of expertsC. seminarsD. regulations【答案】A【解析】句意：不同领域的科学证据证明绝大部分人的大脑的左半区是控制语言的。
discipline学科，科目。
seminar研究会，讨论会。
regulation规则，规章。
2. Your analogy was not a good one because the two situations are not similar.A. comparisonB. categorizationC. classificationD. cognition【答案】A【解析】句意：你的类比不好，因为这两种情况不一样。
analogy类比，类推。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
2022年博士生入学考试英语试题
博士生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I. Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete eachof the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Tom doesn't think that the situation here is as good as his hometown's.A. economicsB. economicC. economyD. economical2. the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paperLhat we need has risen as well.A. Along withB. AltogetherC. AlthoughD. All along3. The food was divided __ according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficienfiyD. proportionallycommurllC att. rt4. Our new firm for a credible, aggressive individual with.great s~!Is to fill this position. :A..have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look5. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their c!ea-mess,toughness and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC. for the sake ofD. as opposed to6: He ___ hinzseLf bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A.. repealedB. resentedC. replayedD. reproached7. Many of ~e fads of the 1970s as today's latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revoked.D. is being reviled8. All of the international delegates attending the conference to bring a souvenirfrom their own countriesA. has asked B,! askingC. were askedD. was asking9. Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ..... yesterday, whenHunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A. a severe set-backB. sharp set-backC. s severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up10. If you want to do well on the exam, you on the directions that the professorgives and take exact notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will beconcentratedD. will be concentrating11. What ____ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitudecool enough, professional enough and, therefore, creel enough when facing that tragedy.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. putme forward12. Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he in the game.A, did not play B, must not playC. not playD. not to play13. According to the latest report, consumer c0nfidence a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in ten yearsA. soared :B.mutatedC~ plummeted : D. fluctuated '14. Our car trunk with suitcases and we could hardly make room for anythingA. went crammingB. was crammedC. is crammingD. was been crammed15. The secretary didn't know who he was, or she him more politely.A, will be treating B. would have treatedC. was treatingD. would have been treated ~16. The instructions on how to use the new:machine that nobody seemed to be able to understand. ;simpli A. were v sfic B, was very confusedC. were so confusingD. was so simplistic.. i ....17. John played basketball in college:and .... active ever since.A. have extremely beenB.has been extremelyC. will be extremely' D: should extremely be18. The of the spring water attracts a lot:of visitors from all over the country,A. clashB. c larifyC. clarityD. clatter19. __ the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.A. Having wrappedB. To wrapC. WrapD. Wrapping20. The advertisement for Super Suds detergent that the sale' has increased by 25% in the first quarter of the year. ,A. have been so successfulB. had been so successfulC. has been so successfulD. will be so successful21. Tom and Alice having a new car to replace their old one for year's.A. has been dreaming ofB. have been dreaming ofC. has &'eamedD. will have dreamed22. Whenthe air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to beA. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated23. the heavy pollution, the cityofficialshave decided to cancel school for the day. .A.:PriorB.By means of24. Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my newdress for the occasion.A. has been cleanedB. should have been CleanedC. is being cleanedD. has been cleaning25. erry s mother kept telling him that in the street is dangerous, but he wouldnot listen.A. played 'B. will playC. playingD. been playing26. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingthe contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC. offers 'D. satisfies27. He wouldn't even think of wearing 'clothes; they nake him look so old!A. sameB. despiteC. suchD. that.28. Mary finalty decided all the junk she had kept in the garage.A. get ridB. gotten rid ofC. getting rid ofD. to get rid of29. The team leader of mountain climbers marked outA. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be tile best routeD. something that to be the best route30. Tom Jones, who around the world, will come to Asia next month.A. will be touringB. have touredC. had been touringD. has been touring31. The paint on the clown's face that it scared the children he was trying toentertain.A. was so exaggerationB. were an exaggerationC. was such an exaggerationD. was exaggerating32. Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, andwomen live about six years longer than men on an average.A. instead ofB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. because33. The . emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate34. There is conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.A. so much.B. so manyC, too few D: a few35. It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all to the flow ofideas shall be removed.A. propheciesB. transactionsC. argumentsD. hindrances36. Not until the 1980s in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildingsfrom destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concenfmg citizensD. did some concerned citizens37. After failing his mid-term exams, Jeremy was face his parents.A. too ashamed toB. too embarrassing toC.very ashamed of ..... : :D. very embarrassing to38. My grandmother has been going to a better dentist, so this problems she ishaving with her dentures.A. won't eliminateB. will be eliminationC. should have been eliminatedD. should help eliminate39. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never a chrome to practice herChinese.A. passed byB. passed on~ C. passed out D. passed upPart II. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following pa~sages and then choose the best answer(from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark yourchoice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage 1British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. Iris difficultto explain the re'on for this.Unformnately, however; superb raw ingredients are oftenmined h the kitchen s0 that:they come to the table without any of theh' natural flavorand goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant.If they do go to one: they ate usury full of prejudice against the food. Ks is a pity,because :there are:: excellent cookS'in England,exCellent restaurants, and excellenthome-cooking. How, then;has the bad reputauon been built up.Perhaps one reason iS that Bfitain's InduStrial Revolution occurred very early, in therrdddle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the quality of food changed too. This(wasbecause Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the townsincreased enormously between 1840 and 1.870, and_people could no longer grow. theirown food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to thetowns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" the food. The rich middleclasses ate long; elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. Frenchbecame, and has remained, the official language of the dining room. Out-of-seasondelicacies were served in spite of their expense,' for there, were a large number 'ofextremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The "look" ofthe food was more important than its taste.In the 1930s, the supply of servafftS began to decrease. People still tried to producecomplicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second orld War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As aresult, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meatfrom a well-stocked butcher's shop, but were content and grateful to accept anythingthat was offered to them.Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only after this had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travel' P' eabroad again and taste other ways of preparing food, that the English md~fferenc toeating became replaced by a new enthusiasm for it.41 According to the author, it is difficult to explain .~ A. why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cooking-B. why people do not like English cookingC. why British food often has a natural flavorD. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food42. The negative effect of Britain's Industrial Revolution on English cooking is thatA. the population in the countryside decreased dramaticallyB. people no longer grew their own food on their own farmsC. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the citiesD. Britain was no longer an agnSculmral country43 As a result of the Industrial Revolution,A. more attention was given to the look of the food ....B. French became the official language .in English restaurantsC. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurantsD. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive44. The Second World 'Wm' worsened the problem becauseA. there was an increasing demand f6r serv-antsB. there was a lack of raw ingredient supplyC. many women refused to choose meat from butcher's shopsD. French chefs dominated English restaurants45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in BritainA. when many women fmaUy had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat from aiwell-stocked butcher's shop.B. when butter, eggs and cream became availableC. when people started traveling to other cities ....D. after the early 1950s -Passage 2In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confrontedIsabeta about not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer fromMexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authorityfigures teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informedher that most Americans interpret tack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness.Ultimately, he convinced Isabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did.People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eyecontact as a sign of respect. Many African Americans, especially from the South,observe this custom, too:A master's thesis by Samuel Avoian, a graduate student atCentral Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs canhave a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American playersfor the~ teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from thelistener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening theyare expected to look at the speaker all the timeManyAfdcan Americans communicate inan opposite way. When speaking, theytend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening; theYmostly lo0k away.' Therefore,if v&ite sports recruiters are not informed about these significant difference, they can bemisled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African Americanballplayers.In mulficulmral America, issues of. eye'contact' have brought about social conflictsof two. different kdnds: in ,many urban centers,.non-Korean customers .became angz-ywhen Korean shopkeepers did not look at: them' directly. The customers translated thelack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect,a habit blamed for contributing tothe openconfrontation raking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York,Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroomconflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children,s lack ofeye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact hasnow taken'on a newmeaning among theyounger generation and across ethnic borders: Particularly in urban centers, when oneteenager looks directly at another, this. is considered a provocation, Sometimes calledmad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict."' Mad-d0gging has become the source of many campus conf'ficts.: In one high school,it resulted, in. a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students.The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Amerienas behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians' intentions and the fight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign ofrespect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another,this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Much like the archaic phrase "I demandsatisfaction," which became the overture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a preludeto a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal'Studio's "City Walk" attraction in Los Angeles, theyhave posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against "physically orverbally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterousactivities or by unnecessary staring .... "46. Many African Americans from the South __ .A. adopt a typically American open style of communicationB. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC. avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever talldng to the others47. When listening to the others, white communicators tend to.A. look at the speaker all the timeB. glance at the speaker periodicallyC. look away from the speakerD. stare at the s per:drer.:':48. Many customersin American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because~ A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB. they expect a more enthusiastic recelSfi0n from the shopkeepersC-. there are some social conflicts in' many urban centersD. they are not informied about difference between cultures49. Mad-dogging refers to __A. a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers50. The archaic phrase ,'I demand satisfaction"A. was connected with the avoidance of. eye contactB. often led to a fightC. was. asign of disrespect:D. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretationPassage 3When television is good, nothing not the theatre, not the magazines, ornewspapers- nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite youto sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and staythere without a book, magazine, newspaper, or an2~hing else to distxact you and keeptfyour eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you willobserve a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence, audienceparticipation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood andthunder, mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen, Western goodmen,private eyes, gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials thatscream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a few things you willenjoy. But they will be yery, very few. And ifyou think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to Stretch, to enlarge hecapacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the children'sunderstanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a children's news showexplaining something~about the world for them at their level of understanding? Is thereno room for. reading g.the great literature ..... ofthe past,teaching them the great-traditions offreedom?There are some f'me children's shows, but they are drowned out in the massivedoses of cartoons, violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Searchyour conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young children whosefuture you guard so many hours each and every day. There:: are many people inthis: great country, and you must serve all of us. You willget no argument from me if you Say that, given a choice between a Western and asymphony, more people will watch the Western. I like :Westerns and private eyes,too .-but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. Weall know that people .would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated orinformed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you lookonly to popularity as a test ofwhat to broadcast. You are not only in show business; you are free to communicate ideasas welt as to give relaxation. You must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity,more alternatives. It is not enough to caret to the nation's whims you must also servethe nation's needs. The people own the air. They own it asmuch in prime evening timeas they do at six o'clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you~youowe them something. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service.51. What the author advises us to do is to!A. read a book while watching television programsB. observe a vast wasteland on telev/sionC. watch all the programs of our television stationD. find out why television is good52. What seems to have offended the author most on television isA. violenceB. commerci,'dsC. WesternsD. private eyes53. As far as children are concerned, the author's chief complaint is that __A. cartoons and violence have become trademarksB. there is no children's-news show on televisionC. there is no reading of great literature for childrenD. there are not enough good television programs for children54. According to the author, it is in the public interest toA. broadcast only popular television programsB. cater for the needs-of all the peopleC. broadcast both Westerns and symphoniesD. entertain people only55. It is the obligation of television business to __A. caterto the nation's whimsB. provide best programs in prime evening freeC. broadcast news. programs, at six in the morningD. serve the nation's needs all the timePassage 4Some Of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group on the Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their own laptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group in the same room. Their dorm was silent the whole'night. the only sound came from tapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighed and said, that's ridiculous."Information Technology brings about revolufionary changes to human communication. The Internet makes the world aglobal village; thatis to say, we can get in touch with each other :swiftly regardless'of one's location. However, does the convenience in commumication mean that we are actually getting closer? i don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access to broadband made my fellow classmatesfall in silence. The Cambridge International Dictionary defines "comrn unication" as "various farther from each other to some extent.Mutual understanding is based on expression. However, expression doesnt necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. When we $ afrO,. with a mere acquaintance, we normally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don't establish communication with him, because we do not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form and content.The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and express ourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recent statistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today, Bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and give comments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon the bloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are not always that perfect.Marly netJzens :are: abusing their right of free expression. Once you open the Explorer:and browse a website, trash information about sex and violence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and Bulletin Board System (BBS).' When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer such vulgarity into their personal spaces, and show it to the public.In the era of the Informafion Technology, boom, the farthest distance On earth is no longer die polar distance the. negative impacts brought about by cyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we -carmot communicate to each other likebefore, the distance between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of the anecdote is thatA. there was a dead silence in the dorm roomthe whole nightB. the only sound cane from tapping the keyboardC. those living in the same room communicated by. sending messages via the NetD. they all faced their own laptops57 A....ordmo tO the author, Information TechnologyA; brings people closer to each otherB. results/n silence, among her fellow classmatesC. enables us to reach anyone swiftlyD. helps to make the world a global village58. The author believes that the booming of ri' in modern societyA. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding between peopleB. leads to soul touching communication and understandingC. helps to establish a satisfactory relationshipD. results in further separation between people59. The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other becauseA. many people abuse their right of free expression on the NetB. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spacesC. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their willD. anyone is able to read blog and give comments60. The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom the distance'between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth because __.A. there is always a silenceB. people are not able to communicate to each other like beforeC. the Intemet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express ourselvesD. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at will~ Passage 5According to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Corrunission, at the present rate of ,'progress" it will take forty-three years tO end job discrimination--hardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is then we need affirmative action.to catch upi We are behihd as a result of discrimination and denial ofopportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 wtfites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8,400 blacks. Less th,mi 1 percent of all.engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black. Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need cre'ative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U.S. context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a conradicfion in terms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem..There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began somein fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the yearbefore affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282members of minority groups entered U.S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of "whiteplaces" actually rose by 49 percent: white access to medical training was not diminished,but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969,the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group memberswere enrolled; in 1976, the number was-up to 8,484. But during the same period, lawschool enrollment for whites rosefrom 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. Inshort, it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he madeno challenge:to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumniand the facultv,or to athletes or the very talented only tominorities.61. The author is for affirmative actionA. because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U.S.B. if we aim at educational and economic equity and parityC. because it wAll take 43 years to end job discriminationD. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.62. It requires to close the gap's between the whites and the blacks in the U.S.A. one black attorney for ever)' 4000 blacksB. a lot more black engineers and chemistsC, education and economic developmentD. creative justice and compassion63. Blacks are not ma Lng progress at the expense of whites, according to the author,because _A. what whims give up is only unfair advantageB. there are 49 percent more w!fites in medical school today alreadyC. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminate against themselvesD. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today64. william Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggestsA. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC. to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD. to interfere with what whites already have。
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博士研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及详解（12）
SECTION I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20%)
（略）
SECTION ⅡSTRUCTUREAND VOCABULARY (35%)
Part A
Directions: Questions 31-40 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one
word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your
answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
31. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent ______.
A. it is the American antelope
C. being the American antelope
B. is the American antelope
D. the American antelope is
【答案】B
【解析】句意：这个大陆草地典型居住者是美洲羚羊。
本句是倒装句结构。
32. In order to remain in existence ______ must, in the long run, produce something
consumers consider useful or desirable.
A. a profit-making organization
C. therefore a profit-making organization
B. a profit-making organization which
D. whichever a profit-making organization
【答案】A
【解析】句意：从长远来看，为了生存，一个赢利组织必须生产出消费者认为有用或者称心的东西。
空白部分所填内容应在句中充当主语。
33. The regulation requires that everyone ______ the federal government in January each year.
A. who held a non-immigrant visa reported his address to
B. who holds a non-immigrant visa reports his address to
C who holds a non-immigrant visa report his address to
D. who holding a non-immigrant visa report his address to
【答案】C
【解析】句意：规章要求持非移民签证的人每年1月向联邦政府报告他的地址。
require that句型中需用虚拟语气，结构为(should)＋do。
34. The greater the population there is in a locality, ______ for water, transportation,
and disposal of refuse.
A. the greater the need there is
C. is there great need
B. greater need
D. the more greater need
【答案】A
【解析】固定结构，the more…, the＋比较级。
35. Economic goods may take the form ______ of material things or of services.
A. because
B. as
C. either
D. both
【答案】C
【解析】句意：经济产品以实物形式或以服务形式出现。
either…or两者中的任何一个，表选择。
36. When ______ in arctic regions, they construct huts as temporary winter shelters.
A. travel
B. traveled
C. traveling
D. they traveled
【答案】A
【解析】省略句型，原句应为when they travel in arctic regions。
37. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil
______ the plants grow.
A. which
B. on which
C. in which
D. that which
【答案】C
【解析】in which引导定语从句修饰the soil，原句正常语序为the plants grow in the soil。
38. The operetta first ______ as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century.
A. to emerge
B. emerging
C. had emerged
D. emerged
【答案】D
【解析】句意：19世纪小歌剧最初以流行音乐剧院形式出现。
本句陈述过去发生事实，用一般过去式。
39. ______ by transferring the blames to others is often called scapegoating.
A. Eliminate problems
C. Eliminating problems
B. The eliminated problems
D. Problems being eliminated
【答案】C
【解析】句意：通过把过失转移到别人身上解决问题的行为通常被称为“找替罪羊”。
现在分词短语在句中做主语。
40. These compounds could not have formed if the chemical reaction ______ stopped.
A. has been
B. was
C. would have been
D. had been
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果这些化学反应被终止的话，就不可能形成这些化合物。
虚拟语气结构if had done,…could/ would have done，表示对过去情况的虚拟。
Part B
Direction:In questions 41-50, each sentence had four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must he changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
【答案】D
【解析】改为had not ended。
发生在过去动作left之前，应用过去完成时。
【答案】D
【解析】改为go out。
let sb. do sth.
【答案】C
【解析】改为and。
between…and…结构。
【答案】C
【解析】改为more modest, 形容词比较级与stronger, healthier并列做become的表语。