关于旅游真实性问题的批判

哲 学 层 面 (philosophical level)
认识的真实性 (cognitive authenticity)
舞台化真实 (staged authenticity) 文 化 层 面 (cultural level) 事实的真实性 (factual authenticity) 事实性真实性 (factual authenticity) 生活的真实性 (life authenticity)
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
（一）事实性真实性（Factual Authenticity)
舞台化真实与生活的真实（Staged Authenticity and Life Authenticity） 如前面所讨论的舞台化真实，游客在目的地所看见的前台的表演和生 活场景的演示，游客就某个事实、活动、场景的真伪判断，属于客观 性真实性范畴，它实际上是对旅游地文化这一事实的真实性的判定。 Like the staged authenticity discussed earlier, both the front stage show and scenes of life demonstration appreciated by visitors in destination, and visitors’ determination on the authenticity or inauthenticity of a particular fact, event, scene belong to the category of object authenticity. It is actually to judge the authenticity of tourism destination culture.
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
一、关于旅游真实性问题研究的回顾
( Reviewing Tourism Authenticity Research)
真实性问题和旅游的真实性问题究竟是什么？其实一直就没有弄清 楚过，尽管它已经成为旅游研究的一大理论热点。有关真实性问题 的研究已经扩展到了许多学科。 What’s the definition of authenticity and tourism authenticity? A hot
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
问题在于，舞台化真实也不全是真实的。它带有表演性质，不等于 生活本身。从终极追问来说，原住民生活的文化信息和文化符号， 也肯定不全是真实的，因为它们也是不同时代的文化融合和变迁的 结果。 The problem is, the staged authenticity is not totally true. It is with the nature of performance, so does not mean life itself. Ultimately, the indigenous residents cultural information and cultural symbols are certainly not all true, because they are the results of cultural integration and change over different times.
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
提
纲
Contents
一、关于旅游真实性问题研究的回顾 ●Reviewing Tourism Authenticity Research 二、关于真实性问题的结构构建及其 ●Constructing and Interpreting 解析 Authenticity 三、旅游的本质，短暂的诗意地栖居 ●Tourism Essence: Transient Poetic Dwelling 四、结论 ●Conclusion
theoretical research as it is, it is still bewildering. The theoretical research
of authenticity has been extended to many disciplines. .
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
例如丽江大研古镇除了环境、建筑、空间具有纳西民族文化的真实性之外， 纳西民族文化在城中所见寥寥，所见者皆为纳西文化的舞台化表演，各种不 同的文化包括其他民族的、现代时尚的、西方的文化在这里相融共生。
Take Lijiang Dayan Ancient Town for instance, the authenticity of Naxi culture can be seen only in environment, building and space, while Naxi ethnic culture is left sparsely, which is taken place by Naxi culture performances, a variety of cultures coexistence and symbiosis of other ethnic, modern and stylish and western culture.
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
而处于后台地区的原住民，他们的日常生活不是为吸引游客，而是 真实性的生活，反映出生活的真实性。而后台是一般人很少去访问 的，游客也很难体验到，并且随着旅游业的发展，后台的原住民的 生活应列入文化保护范畴（杨振之，2006）。
While with regard to the region’s indigenous people in the back stage, their daily life is not to attract tourists, reflecting the life authenticity. Generally, very few people can be attracted to the back stage, as such can hardly experience it. And with the development of tourism, the indigenous people’s life in the back stage should be included in cultural protection.
关于旅游真实性问题的批判
Criticism for Tourism Authenticity Theory
杨振之
博士
Dr. Yang Zhen-zhi
四川大学旅游学院教授、博导 四川大学中国休闲与旅游研究中心主任
Professor and Ph.D. Supervisor of Tourism School of Sichuan University Director of Center for the study of Chinese Leisure and Tourism，Sichuan University
戈夫曼在社会学领域提出了前台后台理论，将人的日常生活看作是一种舞台 化的表演（Golfman，1959) ;麦坎内尔将戈夫曼（Golfman）前台后台理论引 入 旅 游 研 究 ， 提 出 了 舞 台 化 真 实 性 理 论 （ Staged authenticity ） （ Mac
Cannell,1973)；科恩(Cohen, 1988)在此基础上提出了建构性真实性与自然生成
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
笔者观点（The Author’s View）
笔者认为，旅游的真实性问题如果放在旅游地事实的“真”与“不真”的讨 论上，放到“舞台化真实性”的真实与否的探讨上，是永远说不清的。还有 一个研究前提也是预设错误的，那就是认为游客旅游的动机和目的是追问真 实性问题。此外，真实性问题的探讨有的是在哲学层面，有的是在文化事实 层面，这些不同层面混淆在一起，使“真实性”问题的讨论延续至今也没有 一致的结论。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
二、关于真实性问题的结构构建及其解析（ Constructing and Interpreting Authenticity
在这个世界上，真实性问题是否确实存在？如何辨析它就 是真实的？它又是如何存在的？我们通过建立真实性结构 图（图1）来回答这些问题。 In this world, does the authenticity problem really exist? How can it be distinguished to be true?
The author believes that it’s always difficult to clarify the authenticity issue if being involved in the true-or-false aguement on the problems of destination factual authenticity and staged authenticity. It is also a false premise for research that tourists travel motivation and purpose is for questioning the authenticity. In addition, mixing up different levels of authenticity exploration such as philosophical level, cultural factual level has resulted in disagreement on “authenticity” problem until now.
的真实性；王宁却独辟蹊径，提出了存在性真实性（Wang，1999）。
In the field of sociology, Golfman put forward the theory of front stage and back
stage, regarding the person‘s daily life as a stage of performance. Mac Cannell introduced Goffman’s theory into tourism research, advancing “staged authenticity. Cohen proposed “constructed authenticity” and “emergent authenticity” on this basis. Wang Ning blazed a new trail, proposing existential authenticity.
信念层面 （faith level） 信念的真实性 (faith authenticity) 绝对性真实性 （absolute authenticity0 客观性真实性 (object authenticity) 相对性真实性 （relative authenticity) 存在性真实性 (existential authenticity) 自然生成的真实性 (emergent authenticity)
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想

因此，有必要进行逻辑结构上的梳理，以进一步推动这一问题的 研究走向深入。 Therefore, it is necessary to comb the logical structure to advance the research of this issue.
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
In what way does it exist?
We establish the structure of authenticity (Figure 1) to answer these questions.
论“原乡规划”及其乡村规划思想
图 1 ： 真 实 性 结 构 体 系 图 (Fig1:Authenticity Framework)